Gal Zohar - OECD Activation Policies.pdf · Gal Zohar July 1st 2014 ELS Seminar (OECD)...
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Transcript of Gal Zohar - OECD Activation Policies.pdf · Gal Zohar July 1st 2014 ELS Seminar (OECD)...
Dual pole research
A. The Development of the Activation Policy and ALMPs (Reflection of major principles at the OECD Employment Outlook Series) Labour Market Literature; The Welfare State.
B. The Development of the Epistemic Communities in a Global Context
1. How was Activation Policy socially constructed?
Rational Choice Theories (employment, unemployment, income-support)
Socially Construction of Policy Repertoire:
Inner bureaucratic conflicts and epistemic (professional) communities
Geopolitical landscape 2
Active Society Activation Policy
Activation and ALMPs (Quotes) in Employment Outlook Series
OECD (1987-2008)
3
1 19
1
8
40
93
11
101
71
39
20
38
109
4
63
25
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Activation (Paragraphs and Titles) ALMP
“Current strong employment growth
provides both the opportunity and a
particular need to reactivate the long-
term unemployed.” (1989 Employment Outlook – Editorial: p. 1)
Activation and Countries
Ranking among OECD Countries
(Number of Quotations in Relevant Paragraphs)
4
DENMARK, 8
IRELAND, 3
KOREA, 2
SWEDEN, 1
UNITED STATES, 3
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Rank #1 Rank #2
Context :
Global Diffusion/Translation of
Policy Paradigms
5
France, UK,
Germany,
Canada, etc.
US
Sweden
UK
OECD Sifting-out and framing
Local level Global level
•eg. Weishaupt 2011
• Paradigm shifts: Shift towards the activation periods - Few
epochs
• Ask in what way activation is different
• But not why it was changed.
• What diffuse? The main effort is trying to analyze what
diffuse? diffusion of the already crystallized recommendation
• Empirical research – adoption of Activation:
Zohar & Frenkel; Daguerre, Kildal etc.
• Theoretical – Konle-Seidle: in what way does
the activation is different
• Esping-Andersen’s Welfare state
• How organizations affect countries: EU VS. OECD
• Weishaupt 2011
• Noaksson and Jacobsson (2003)
• Dostal (2007): Campaigning on expertise: how the OECD framed
EU welfare and labour market policies – and why success could
trigger failure
• Kildal 2007
•Diffusion Literature
• Rogers
• Czarniawaska (translation)
• Djelic
Epistemology Social Construction of
Reality Episteme; Discourse
1. Framing :
Coser, Goffman
Ontology: Paradigm Shift
Hall’s Policy paradigm goals, tools and the nature of policy
Institutional Change
Institutional
Entrepreneurs
1. Agencies vs.
2. Structures: Epistemic; organizational;
geopolitical
Theoretical
Development: Diffusion Literature
International
Organizations
Epistemic Communities;
Communities of Practice
1. Changing role of IO
2. OECD
Empirical Research:
Activation Welfare State Literature
Employment:
Neo-Liberal VS.
Social Democratic
1. Activation Policy
Direct pressures:
Pressures to adopt certain policy paradigm
Indirect pressures:
Narrows and frames (Goffman) the menu from which countries
can choose to adopt
Generating Global Discourse Through
the Prisms of the OECD
Global level analysis: the role of IOs
Sifting-out and selection process of alternatives
A Global ‘super’ policy paradigm?
Discourse, terminology, social problem, set of
alternatives
Path Dependency and Policy Sequences
6
"selectively punctuate and encode objects, situations, events,
experiences and sequences of actions (Snow & Benford, 1992:137)
Do International Organizations are
detached from the local sphere?
Activation Policy Revisited
7
Conditionality Level
How strong is the linkage?
Human Capital Development
What countries want to achieve?
Hu
man
Cap
ital
Develo
pm
en
t
Conditionality Level
Train-first & Long Term oriented approach
Loose Coupling
Strong Conditionality
Workfirst & Short-term oriented approach
“0”-”12” “0”-”12”
More
About the
Typology
Multiple Typologies and Numerous Researches
(Partial list)
Barbier (2000, 2004, 2007) Holzer (2004, 2009) Pascual (2004, 2007)
Bonoli (2010) Kildal (2001) Peck and Theodore (2000)
Classen & Clegg (2006) Lerman & Watson 1998 Van Berkel & Borghi
(2008)
Eichhorst & Konle-Seidle
(2008)
Lodemel and Trickey
(2001)
Verschraegen &
Vanhercke (2011)
Geldof (1999) Ochel (2005) Weishaupt (2011)
Graziano (2012) Pascual & Magnusson
(2007)
Zohar & Frenkel (2011)
And many more….
OECD Employment Outlook Series
8
Oth
er S
up
po
rting
Se
rvic
es
Te
mp
ora
ry E
mp
loym
en
t
Po
ve
rty
Re
cip
roc
ity o
f La
bo
ur M
ark
et a
nd
O
the
r Fie
lds
(Ca
pita
l, Tra
de
, etc
.)
Info
rma
l Em
plo
ym
en
t
Ho
us
eh
old
Se
lf-Em
plo
ym
en
t an
d
En
trep
ren
eu
rsh
ip
Co
llec
tive
Ba
rga
inin
g
Ac
tiva
tion
an
d A
LM
P, 5
Wo
rkin
g H
ou
rs a
nd
Pa
rt-Tim
e
Wo
rk
Ins
titutio
na
l La
nd
sc
ap
e (P
ES
, etc
) a
nd
Po
licie
s
Se
cto
res
Pe
riod
ica
l
En
terp
rise
s a
nd
Wo
rkp
lac
es
EP
L (F
lex
icu
rity a
nd
Le
ave
P
rac
tice
s)
Wa
ge
& S
ala
ries
Fin
an
cia
l Inc
en
tive
s to
Wo
rk V
S.
Co
mp
an
sa
tion
Pro
gra
mm
es
Sk
ills, O
cc
up
atio
ns
, an
d T
rain
ing
So
cia
l Gro
up
s
La
bo
ur fo
rce
- Ba
sic
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Total
Number of Chapters by Main Subjects*
* Some chapters have 2 main subjects
Employment Analysis and Perspectives
1976 Manpower
Policy
1977 McCracken
Report 1983 EO
1984 EO 1985 EO
1986 EO
1987 EO 1988 EO
1989 EO
1990 EO
1991 EO
1992 EO
1993 EO 1994 Job
Study
1995 EO
1996 Job Strategy
1996 EO
1997 EO 1998 EO 1999 EO
2000 EO
2001 EO 2002 EO
2003 EO
2004 EO 2005 EO
2006 Boosting Jobs and Incomes
2006 EO 2007 EO
2008 EO
2009 EO
2010 EO
2011 EO
0
3
6
9
12
0 3 6 9 12
2.
Hu
man
Cap
itla
Dev
elo
pm
en
t A
pp
roah
c
1. Conditionality Level
Activation Policy Revisited - OECD Activation Policy Regimes: Conditionality Level & Human Capital Development
Activation Policy Regimes
(main principles)
~ Neo-Liberal
~ Inclusive
~ Social Democratic
Chronicle
Development
of the OECD
Activation
Policy
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Hu
ma
n C
ap
ita
l A
pp
roa
ch
Conditionality level
Chronicle Development of Activation’s principles:
Conditionality and HCD 1960-2008
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
19
64
19
65
19
66
19
67
19
68
19
69
19
70
19
72
19
73
19
74
19
75
19
76
19
77
19
78
19
79
19
80
19
81
19
82
19
83
19
85
19
86
19
87
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
11
Conditionality Level Human Capital Development Approaches
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
19
64
19
65
19
66
19
67
19
68
19
69
19
70
19
72
19
73
19
74
19
75
19
76
19
77
19
78
19
79
19
80
19
81
19
82
19
83
19
85
19
86
19
87
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
11
Conditionality Level Human Capital Development Approaches
Conditionality Human Capital Development
Approach
5th Order Polynomial Trendline
The OECD: Innovator or Early Adopter?
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Conditionality Level Human Capital Development Approaches
Chronicle Development of Activation’s principles :
Conditionality and HCD 1960-2008
1989: “Active Society” and the
New Framework for Active
Labour Market Policies
The Ministerial Meeting: the
mandate to develop an
independent study
The OECD Job Study
Initiation of many Activation
programmes
(de facto or de jure(
Mid-End 1990’s
Unemployment Rate (OECD Average 15-65)
and the Development of Activation Policy Recommendations
Conditionality Human Capital
Development Approach
5th Order Polynomial Trendline
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
15
25
35
45
55
65
75
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
19
83
19
84
19
84
19
85
19
86
19
86
19
87
19
88
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
10
20
11
Chronicle Development of Activation’s principles :
Employment Rate
(OECD Average 1987-2008)
OECD 60-64
OECD 55-64
OECD 15-64
Chronicle Development of Activation’s principles :
Out-of-Work Income Maintenance and Support
(Expenditures as a % of GDP)
OECD Average
Denmark
Canada
France
Germany
United Kingdom
Netherlands
United States
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1
1
1
2
2
2
1 2 1
1 2
1 1 1 1 1
“History of all hitherto Activation Policy Regimes is the history of ????? struggle”
Social Construction of
Policy Alternatives Professional Decision making (Rational Choice Theories)
Social Constructivists Theories
Inner bureaucratic conflicts: Triangular (ELS-ECO-
Secretariat) and the role of Institutional Entrepreneurs
Geopolitical landscape: OECD’s autonomy from its member
countries; status of countries among members and non-
members (incl. super-power struggle)
16
Inner bureaucratic
conflicts and
Epistemic
Communities
Geopolitical power
relations
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
The OECD as an Organizational Reflection
of the locals institutional landscape
ELS as part of the A-Grades (%)
ECO
ELS
EDU
Entrepreneurship
1985, 1994, 2000, 2004 2008
1976 Manpower
Policy
1977 McCracken
Report 1983 EO
1984 EO 1985 EO
1986 EO
1987 EO 1988 EO
1989 EO
1990 EO
1991 EO
1992 EO
1993 EO 1994 Job
Study
1995 EO
1996 Job Strategy
1996 EO
1997 EO 1998 EO 1999 EO
2000 EO
2001 EO 2002 EO
2003 EO
2004 EO 2005 EO
2006 Boosting Jobs and Incomes
2006 EO 2007 EO
2008 EO
2009 EO
2010 EO
2011 EO
0
3
6
9
12
0 3 6 9 12
2.
Hu
man
Cap
itla
Dev
elo
pm
en
t A
pp
roah
c
1. Conditionality Level
Activation Policy Revisited - OECD Activation Policy Regimes: Conditionality Level & Human Capital Development
Conversion of policies?
More variations within narrow domains
~ Neo-Liberal
~ Inclusive
~ Social Democratic
Final notes
The paradigm shift begun during the 1980s From encouraging early retirement to foster Activation
From a ‘naïve’ to a more mature Activation (Martin 2014)
A renew “Full Employment Policy”?
The future of ‘Labour’? Employment, Skills, Local, Entrepreneurship, Health
The role of the employment outlook – and the OECD Annual Reports
Organizational questions – Tackling built-in biases
The next part of the research: Finding the model can explain the process.
19
Priorities – ELSAC
21
Adults Skills and Occupations Disabilities Education System (Genearl)
Employment Outlook
General Outlook (exc. Employment Outlook)
Health Industrial and Trade Relations
Labour Market Policieis/Programmes
Labour Market Standards and Statistics
Migration
Retirement, Senior Citizens and Pension
Social Policies and Benefits
Wage and Income
Women Youth
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1986 1987 1991 1992 1993 1994 1996 1997 1998 2001 2002
Adults Skills and Occupations Disabilities Education System (Genearl) Employment Outlook
Families and Work General Outlook (exc. Employment Outlook) Governance Health
Industrial and Trade Relations Labour Market Policieis/Programmes Labour Market Standards and Statistics Migration
Retirement, Senior Citizens and Pension Social Policies and Benefits Wage and Income Women
Working Time Youth
Wisconsin in Israel
Global Fashion with local Policy Paradigms
Global Local
22
Followers
Antagonists
;משרד האוצר1.
(שלמה קרמר)שחקנים פרטיים 2.
(epistemic community)קהילה מקצועית 3.
(אדוה)ארגוני מחקר , ארגוני סינגור1.
(*שירות התעסוקה)גורמים ממשלתיים 2.
.1 (בשלב מאוחר יותר)כים ושרים "ח3. Structures vis-à-vis Agents
1. American Fountainhead (practice and discourse)
2. Followers and Antagonists (Autonomous role)
Now the Wisconsin Plan is being adopted all around the world… we are the
first one to adopt it outside of the US”.
Importing Welfare to Work Model (Activation Policy) to Israel – Policy Making in Israel, Israel Economic
Quarterly (Hebrew),
