Gabriel B. Buela

BS Biology 2-2

Task Sheet # 1

Reflection:

Vision, Mission and Objectives. These are guides the authority and its subordinates of a certain department follow, in order to commit their ambitions, and also to be able to stay in the right path along their journeys. These simple group of words may have a big impact in one’s decision and understanding. Now, how can the vision, mission and the objectives of the College of Humanities, Arts and Social Science be put in practice in studying literature?

These three have their certain roles, when used in studying literature. When we put them into practice , studying and learning can be easy and enjoyable. First is by the vision of the College of Humanities, Arts and Social Science. It is stated that CHASS is a premier college that upholds the PLM culture of academic excellence, integrity and social responsibility. We can take that we need these three core values in order to be successful in literature. Our academics excellence may increase when we study literature. Our integrity may be of used, because when we communicate with others we need to be completely our selves. And also we are responsible to our environment with what we say and share with them. Next is the mission and the objective of the CHASS, we can base our goals with these when studying literature. For example, we don’t just study for ourselves but also for the people and the world around us. We don’t just stop in acquiring knowledge and wisdom in what we learn. We should also share them and improve them in order for others to improve, and not far away, the world.

There are many ways we can learn about literature, not only our own but also others from around the world. Because when we do this thing, it can give us positive outcomes and better understanding.

DEFINITION OF LITERATURE

There have been various attempts to define "literature".[1] Simon and Delyse Ryan begin their

attempt to answer the question "What is Literature?" with the observation:

The quest to discover a definition for "literature" is a road that is much travelled, though the

point of arrival, if ever reached, is seldom satisfactory. Most attempted definitions are broad and

vague, and they inevitably change over time. In fact, the only thing that is certain about defining

literature is that the definition will change. Concepts of what is literature change over time as

well.[2]

Definitions of literature have varied over time; it is a "culturally relative definition".[3] In Western

Europe prior to the eighteenth century, literature as a term indicated all books and writing.[3] A

more restricted sense of the term emerged during the Romantic period, in which it began to

demarcate "imaginative" literature.[4][5] Contemporary debates over what constitutes literature can

be seen as returning to the older, more inclusive notion of what constitutes literature. Cultural

studies, for instance, takes as its subject of analysis both popular and minority genres, in addition

to canonical works.[3]

The value judgement definition of literature considers it to exclusively include writing that

possesses high quality or distinction, forming part of the so-called belles-lettres ('fine writing')

tradition.[6] This is the definition used in the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–

11) when it classifies literature as "the best expression of the best thought reduced to

writing."[7] However, this has the result that there is no objective definition of what constitutes

"literature"; anything can be literature, and anything which is universally regarded as literature

has the potential to be excluded, since value-judgements can change over time.[6]

The formalist definition is that the history of "literature" foregrounds poetic effects; it is the

"literariness" or "poeticity" of literature that distinguishes it from ordinary speech or other kinds

of writing (e.g., journalism).[8][9] Jim Meyer considers this a useful characteristic in explaining the

use of the term to mean published material in a particular field (e.g., "scientific literature"), as

such writing must use language according to particular standards.[1]The problem with the

formalist definition is that in order to say that literature deviates from ordinary uses of language,

those uses must first be identified; this is difficult because "ordinary language" is an unstable

category, differing according to social categories and across history.[10]

Etymologically, the term derives from Latin literatura/litteratura "learning, a writing, grammar,"

originally "writing formed with letters," from litera/littera "letter".[11] In spite of this, the term has

also been applied to spoken or sung texts.

LITERARY DEVICESAlliteration: The repetition of initial consonantsounds used especially in poetry to emphasizeand link words as well as to create pleasing,musical sounds. Example—the fair breeze blew,the white foam flew.Allusion: A reference to a well-known person,place, event, literary work, or work of art toenrich the reading experience byadding meaning.Characterization: Techniques a writer uses tocreate and develop a character by what:• he/she does or says,• other characters say about him/her, or howthey react to him/her• the author reveals directly or through anarrator.Dialect: Speech that reflects pronunciation,vocabulary, and grammar typical of ageographical region.Flashback: Interruption of the chronological(time) order to present something that occurredbefore the beginning of the story.Figurative Language: Language that has meaningbeyond the literal meaning; also known as“figures of speech.”• Simile: comparison of two things using thewords “like” or “as,” e.g. “Her smile was ascold as ice.”• Metaphor comparison of two thingsessentially different but with somecommonalities; does not use “like” or “as,”e.g. “Her smile was ice.”• Hyperbole: a purposeful exaggeration foremphasis or humor.• Personification: human qualities attributedto an animal, object, or idea, e.g. “Thewind exhaled.”Free Verse: Poetry that does not conform to aregular meter or rhyme scheme. Poets who writein free verse try to reproduce the natural rhythmsof spoken language.Foreshadowing: Important hints that an authordrops to prepare the reader for what is to come,and help the reader anticipate the outcome.

Imagery: Words or phrases that appeal to thereader’s senses.Humor: The quality of a literary or informativework that makes the character and/or situationsseem funny, amusing, or ludicrous.Irony: A technique that involves surprising,interesting, or amusing contradictions orcontrasts. Verbal irony occurs when words areused to suggest the opposite of their usualmeaning. An irony of situation is when an eventoccurs that directly contradicts expectations.Onomatopoeia: The use of words that imitatesounds. Examples would be hiss, buzz, swish,and crunch.Point of View: Perspective from which the storyis told• First-person: narrator is a character in thestory; uses “I,” “we,” etc.• Third-person: narrator outside the story;uses “he,” “she,” “they”• Third-person limited: narrator tells onlywhat one character perceives• Third-person omniscient: narrator can seeinto the minds of all characters.Satire: Writing that comments humorously onhuman flaws, ideas, social customs, orinstitutions in order to change them.

Style: The distinctive way that a writer useslanguage including such factors as word choice,sentence length, arrangement, and complexity,and the use of figurative language and imagery.Suspense: A feeling of excitement, curiosity, orexpectation about what will happen.Symbol: Person, place, or thing that representssomething beyond itself, most often somethingconcrete or tangible that represents anabstract idea.LITERARY FORMSAutobiography: A writer’s story of his or herown life.Biography: A writer’s account of some otherperson’s life.Comedy: Writing that deals with life in ahumorous way, often poking fun atpeople’s mistakes.

Drama: Also called a play, this writing form usesdialogue to share its message and is meant to beperformed in front of an audience.Essay: A short piece of nonfiction that expressesthe writer’s opinion or shares information abouta subject.Fable: A short story that often uses talking animalsas the main characters and teaches an explicitmoral or lesson.Fantasy: A story set in an imaginary world inwhich the characters usually have supernaturalpowers or abilities.Folktale: A story originally passed from onegeneration to another by word of mouth only.The characters are usually all good or all badand in the end are rewarded or punished asthey deserve.Historical Fiction: A made-up story that is basedon a real time and place in history, so fact ismixed with fiction.Myth: A traditional story intended to explain somemystery of nature, religious doctrine, or culturalbelief. The gods and goddesses of mythologyhave supernatural powers, but the humancharacters usually do not.Novel: A book-length, fictional prose story.Because of its length, a novel’s characters andplot are usually more developed than those of ashort story.Poetry: A literary work that uses concise, colorful,often rhythmic language to express ideas oremotions. Examples: ballad, blank verse, freeverse, elegy, limerick, sonnet.Prose: A literary work that uses the familiar spokenform of language, sentence after sentence.Realistic Fiction: Writing that attempts to show lifeas it really is.Science Fiction: Writing based on real orimaginary scientific developments and often setin the future.Short Story: Shorter than a novel, this piece ofliterature can usually be read in one sitting.Because of its length, it has only a few charactersand focuses on one problem or conflict.Tall Tale: A humorous, exaggerated story oftenbased on the life of a real person. The

exaggerations build until the character canaccomplish impossible things.LITERARY ELEMENTSAction: Everything that happens in a story.Antagonist: The person or force that works againstthe hero of the story. (See protagonist)Character: One of the people (or animals) ina story.Climax: The high point in the action of a story.Conflict: A problem or struggle between twoopposing forces in a story. There are four basicconflicts:• Person Against Person: A problem betweencharacters.• Person Against Self: A problem within acharacter’s own mind.• Person Against Society: A problembetween a character and society, school, thelaw, or some tradition.• Person Against Nature: A problem betweena character and some element of nature-ablizzard, a hurricane, a mountain climb, etc.Dialogue: The conversations that characters havewith one another.Exposition: The part of the story, usually near thebeginning, in which the characters areintroduced, the background is explained, and thesetting is described.Falling Action: The action and dialogue followingthe climax that lead the reader into thestory’s end.Mood: The feeling a piece of literature is intendedto create in a reader.Moral: The lesson a story teaches.Narrator: The person or character who actuallytells the story, filling in the backgroundinformation and bridging the gaps betweendialogue. (See Point of View.)Plot: The action that makes up the story, followinga plan called the plot line.Plot line: The planned action or series of events in astory. There are five parts: exposition, risingaction, climax, falling action, and resolution.Protagonist: The main character in a story, often agood or heroic type.Resolution: The part of the story in which the

problems are solved and the action comes to asatisfying end.Rising Action: The central part of the story duringwhich various problems arise after a conflict isintroduced.Setting: The place and the time frame in which astory takes place.Style: The distinctive way that a writer useslanguage including such factors as word choice,sentence length, arrangement, and complexity,and the use of figurative language and imagery.Theme: The message about life or human naturethat is “the focus” in the story that the writer tells.ADDITIONAL VOCABULARYArticle: A complete piece of writing, as a report oressay, that is part of a newspaper, magazine, orbook.Atlas: A book of maps.Encyclopedia: A book that contains information onmany subjects; or comprehensive information ina particular field of knowledge; usually arrangedalphabetically.Fiction: A literary work whose content is based onthe imagination and not on fact.Glossary: An alphabetical listing of difficult,technical, or foreign terms with definitions ortranslation; usually found at the end of a book.Index: An alphabetical listing that gives pagenumbers or books where information can befound.Mystery: A novel, story, or play involving a crimeor secret activity and its gradual solution.Nonfiction: True writing, based on factualinformation.Periodical: Another word for magazine.Reference: A type of book that providesinformation arranged for easy access.Series: Several books related in subject, or dealingwith the same characters.Table of Contents: The part of a book which liststhe chapters or contents within the book.