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F\NI@U \FIKO@U NO PV@DKS@SKZF UF\F@ULA

]@UK\ !JU@OLF+$ :SA)1SA CFLFIEFU 0;;6

SAF JVSVUF NJ PV@DKS@SKZF UF\F@ULA

e{ ]fsfu Lnn}fu

`oc

\kino ]`ssfu|noLU@I Kosfuo`skno`d Dsc

Voksfc Hkobcni

\VII@U[

Sak| ]`}fu |fs| jnur`uc }un}n| d| jnu foa`olkob saf Kosfuo`skno d |s`ockob `oc

uf}vs`skno nj Pv`dks`skzf Uf|f`ula e{ f|s`edk|akob `o Kosfuo`skno`d Enc{ |}flkjkl`dd{ sn

|fuzf saf offc| `oc kosfuf|s| nj Pv`dks`skzf Uf|f`ulafu| rnudcrkcf/

Nvu `ubvifos$ ko eukfj$ k| `| jnddnr|7

@ }`u`ckbi |akjs k| s`hkob }d`lf ko Ev|kof||$ I`uhfskob$ \nlk`d `oc ]ndkskl`d cflk|kno)

i`hkob$ `oc saf \nlk`d \lkfolf| bfofu`dd{$ rakla k| }d`lkob ofr cfi`oc| no Uf|f`ula/

Pv`dks`skzf Uf|f`ula k| onr rkcfd{ v|fc ko dnl`d i`uhfs| `oc kosfuo`skno`dd{$ `oc k|

koluf`|kobd{ kojdvfosk d ko incfuo i`uhfskob `oc |nlk d }ndkl{)i`hkob/ Ks|

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8/6/2019 Future of Qualitative Research

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Sav|$ bkzfo saf vocfu)f|ski`skno ko saf |s sk|skl| Pv`dks`skzf Uf|f`ula i`{lno|fuz`skzfd{ `llnvos jnu 06& ko z`dvf nj `dd i`uhfs uf|f`ula rnudcrkcf `oc v} sn `

sakuc nj `dd @c Anl uf|f`ula/ Ko nsafu rnuc|$ rfdd ko fqlf|| nj nof ekddkno FLV|/

Z`uknv| lniifos`snu| a`zf |vbbf|sfc sa`s ko |nif `uf`| dkhf lnolf}s cfzfdn}ifos$

kcf` fz`dv`skno$ }nusjndkn }d`ookob `oc |su`sfb{ `oc }ndkl{)i`hkob$ Pv`dks`skzf uf|f`ula

k| saf }ukif |nvulf$ `oc bunrkob/ \kikd`ud{$ `| kockl`sfc e{ saf |vegfls nj sak| \fiko`u$

Ev{fu| nj Uf|f`ula `uf |ffhkob vocfu|s`ockob nj `dd `|}fls| nj saf Nub`ok|`skno `| }`us

nj saf I`uhfskob jvolskno/ Pv`dks skzf Uf|f`ula k| `d|n efkob `}}dkfc sn saf|f ofr `oc

lni}dfq `uf`|/

Rf |anvdc onsf snn sa`s jvoc`ifos`d la`obf| `uf s`hkob }d`lf ko saf i`hf)v} nj

i`uhfs uf|f`ula `| ` randf/ Lnoskovnv| Uf|f`ula k| |sf`ckd{ koluf`|kob !v} juni 30&

ko 0;;5 sn 32& ko 0;;3+$ `s saf fq}fo|f nj @c Anl Pv`osks`skzf Uf|f`ula/ Efl`v|f nj

lni}vsfuk|`skno$ e`u lnckob$ |kobdf |nvulf c`s $ vdski`sfd{ rf i`{ |ff ` buf sfu

koluf`|f ko Lnoskovnv| Lno|vifu c`s`/ I`uhfskob safo rkdd ef j`lfc rksa srn c`s

ufpvkufifos|/

Jku|s$ lnoskovnv| c`s` jnu if`|vukob }fujnui`olf$ rksa koluf`|kob `llf||$ |}ffc `oc

`llvu`l{/ \flnoc$ sn vocfu|s`oc$ `osklk}`sf `oc }d`o v|kob Pv dks`skzf Uf|f`ula/ Sak|

k| rafuf rf rkdd `d|n |ff saf jvsvuf nj Pv dks`skzf Uf|f`ula sn dkf/ ]`us nj saf jvsvuf

bunrsa ko Pv`dks`skzf Uf|f`ula k| safo dkhfd{ sn uf|vds juni saf koluf`|f ko |affu

kojnui`skno ) inuf `oc inuf kojnui`skno evs df|| `oc df|| if`okob/ Inuf

ki}nus`osd{$ ks rkdd `d|n uf|vds juni bfovkof offc| e{ I`o`bfifos$ I`uhfskob `oc

\nlk`d Cflk|kno)I`hfu| sn lnif sn buk}| rksa saf lni}dfqkskf| `oc kosukl`lkf| nj

Incfuo Lno|vifu| `oc saf Lno|vi}skno }unlf||/

8/6/2019 Future of Qualitative Research

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5/ PV@DKS@SKZF NUB@OK\@SKNO\

@s sak| }nkos ko skif$ safuf `uf ]unjf||kno`d I`uhfs Uf|f`ula @||nlk`skno| `oc Su`cf

Enckf| ko in|s nj saf i`gnu i`uhfs| `unvoc nj saf rnudc !saf 0;;6 F\NI@U

Ckuflsnu{ jnu fq`i}df dk|s|

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PUL@ r`| f|s`edk|afc ko 0;1< `oc a`| 60= ifiefu| !nj rakla |nif 3=)6= `uf

L`o`ck`o `oc : juni nzfu|f`|+/ Safku negflskzf| `uf7

' Sn foa`olf saf }unjf||kno`dk|i nj pv`dks`skzf i`uhfskob uf|f`ula `oc |nlk`d

uf|f`ula/

' Sn }uninsf `oc i`kos`ko saf akbaf|s |s`oc`uc| nj fsakl| `oc kosfbuks{ no saf

}`us nj saf pv`dks`skzf uf|f`ulafu| ko safku rnuh `oc ko safku ufd`skno|ak}| rksa

ldkfos| `oc jkfdc |v}}dkfu|/

' Sn eun`cfo `r`ufof|| `oc `}}uflk skno nj pv`dks`skzf uf|f`ula rksako saf

i`uhfskob uf|f`ula lniivoks{/

' Sn }unzkcf ` lniivokl`skno la`oofd inob ifiefu| `oc efsrffo

pv`dks`skzf uf|f`ula lno|vds`os| `oc nsafu| fob`bfc ko i`uhfskob `oc |vuzf{

uf|f`ula/

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@PU] a`| ` rkcfu ifiefu|ak} ) Pv`dks`skzf Uf|f`ulafu| ) rafsafu Juffd`olf nu

rnuhkob ko Pv`dks`skzf Uf|f`ula Lni}`okf| nu @czfusk|kob @bfolkf|$ `| rfdd `| Jkfdc

Ckuflsnu|$ Jkfdc Lnosunddfu| `oc Pv dks`skzf Ev{fu|/ PUL@ ifiefu|ak} k| inuf|fdflskzf `oc dkiksfc sn }u`lsk|kob Pv`dks`skzf Uf|f`ulafu| ) Ifiefu| iv|s ef

}ukolk}df| nu fi}dn{ff| nj kocf}focfos i`uhfskob `oc |nlk`d uf|f`ula lni}`okf|/

Safku }unjf||kno`d undf| iv|s ef }uki`ukd{ cf|kbokob$ lnocvlskob `oc `o`d{|kob

pv`dks`skzf uf|f`ula/ \kolf ifiefu| iv|s `d|n pv`dkj{ `| Lno|vds`os|$ pv`dks`skzf

uf|f`ulafu| ran rnuh jnu `czfusk|kob `bfolkf|$ i`ovj`lsvufu|$ nu |fuzklf jkui| nvs|kcf

saf uf|f`ula kocv|su{ `uf ons fdkbkedf/

Saf|f srn `uf d`ubfd{ o`skno`d nub`ok|`skno|$ rksa ` }ufcniko`osd{ o`skno`difiefu|ak}$ rnuhkob rksa saf }ukolk}df| rakla s{}kj{ Pv`dks`skzf uf|f`ula ko safku

lnvosu{/ Safuf k| lfus kod{ on lvuufos Kosfuo skno`d Enc{ uf}uf|foskob Pv`dks`skzf

Uf|f`ula `unvoc saf rnudc/ Gvcbkob juni ifiefu|ak} nj @PU] `oc PUL@ safuf

iv|s ef |fzfu`d sanv|`oc kockzkcv`d| kosfuo`skno`dd{ rnuhkob ko nof r`{ nu `onsafu ko

Pv`dks`skzf Uf|f`ula ko saf i`uhfs uf|f`ula kocv|su{$ dfs `dnof nsafu| ran `uf

kozndzfc ko Pv`dks`skzf rnuh ko ufd`sfc jkfdc|/

O`skno`d Su`cf Enckf| uf}uf|foskob saf kosfuf|s| nj i`gnu uf|f`ula lni}`okf| cn|nifskif| jf`svuf Pv`dks`skzf Uf|f`ula/ Jnu fq`i}df$ \{osfl ko Ju`olf ko ks| d`sf|s

fckskno njBvkcf ]u`skpvf cf d` Pv`dks fo Fsvcf| cf I`ula $ bkzf| Df| Fsvcf| Pv`dks`skzf|

ks| nro ck|skols la`}sfu no bnnc }u`lsklf$ }d`lfc `s saf efbkookob nj saf ennh/ Sak|

i`{ ufjdfls saf launondnb{ nj I`uhfs Uf|f`ula$ k/f/ sa`s {nv |anvdc cn pv`dks`skzf

uf|f`ula jku|s$ evs `d|n i`{ef |{i}sni`skl nj saf }fulfkzfc |s`sv| nj Pv`dks`skzf

Uf|f`ula ko Ju`olf/

Pv`dks`skzf Uf|f`ula ko Ju`olf k| nj lnvu|f rfdd f|s`edk|afc `oc |nif Jufolauf|f`ulafu|$ `s df`|s$ efdkfzf sa`s uf`d Pv`dks`skzf Uf|f`ula ! Pv`dks`skj D` Ju`ol`k|+

|s`usfc safuf/ Saf @ifukl`o|$ no saf nsafu a`oc efdkfzf sa`s ks |s`usfc ko saf V/\ `oc

lfdfeu`sfc saf 6=sa `ookzfu|`u{ nj saf Jnlv| Bunv} ko 0;;0/ Ensa `}}f`u sn a`zf

jnubnssfo saf j`inv| I`|| Ne|fuz`skno |svckf| lnocvlsfc ko saf VH ko saf 0;

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Anrfzfu kosfuo`skno`d lnn}fu`skno k| efbkookob sn s`hf }d`lf$ sn |a`uf `oc fqla`obf

kcf`|$ ko uf|}no|f sn saf bunrsa nj kosfuo skno`d pv`dks`skzf uf|f`ula/ Kocffc ks r`| `

Rnuh|an}$ `s saf 0;;3 F\NI@U Lnobuf||$ sa`s safo ko|}kufc ` jvusafu Rnuh|an}rakla snnh }d`lf ko Unif ko G`ov`u{ 0;;6 nub`ok|fc e{ L`udn \`osvllk `oc \v|`oo`

L`|`ukok/ Afuf$ |nif 0< }`usklk}`os| juni 2 Fvun}f`o Lnvosukf| ck|lv||fc k||vf|

}`usklvd`ud{ ufd`sfc sn ckjjfufos }u`lsklf| fi}dn{fc e{ ckjjfufos `bfolkf| `oc ckjjfufos

lnvosukf|$ `oc ufd`skno|ak}| efsrffo }`usofu `bfolkf|/

Safuf k| ` bfofu`d cf|kuf sn u`k|f saf |s`sv| nj Pv`dks`skzf Uf|f`ulafu|/ Nzfu uflfos

{f`u| anrfzfu saf |ksv`skno a`| |s`usfc sn la`obf$ }`usd{ `| ` uf|vds nj cfi`oc| juni

nvs|kcf sa`s rf }ndklf nvu|fdzf| efssfu evs `d|n `inob|s nvu nro u`oh|$ ko sfui| nj `

rk|a sn u`k|f \s`sv| `oc ]unjf||kno`d |s`ockob/

@| |ffo ko saf V/\$ saf PUL@ cf|lukef safi|fdzf| `| Lno|vds`os|/ Saf @PU]

cf|lukef safi|fdzf| `| Uf|f`ula ]u`lsksknofu|/ F`udkfu sak| {f`u @PU] ko saf VH

lnocvlsfc ` ifiefu|ak} |vuzf{/ @| ` uf|vds ` ofr dnbn `oc ` eunlavuf rfuf

}uncvlfc/ Saf uf`|no| jnu sak| la`obf ko ki`bf rfuf bkzfo `| cfi`oc|$ akbadkbasfc ko

nvu nro uf|f`ula$ jnu ` inuf }unjf||kno`d ki`bf$ `oc jnu saf @PU] sn u`k|f ks| nro

}unjkdf `oc sa`s nj Pv`dks`skzf Uf|f`ula `inob|s saf rkcfu ev|kof|| lniivoks{/

Saf cf|kuf jnu ]unjf||kno`d \s`sv| k| eflnikob koluf`|kobd{ nezknv|/ Ifiefu|ak} nj

`o Kosfuo`skno`d Pv`dks`skzf Uf|f`ula Enc{ rnvdc }nsfosk`dd{ ef ` |sf} ko saf ukbas

ckuflskno/

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Anr

ufdk`edf `uf saf{> Anr cn rf `znkc ]unjf||kno`d Uf|}nocfos|>

Pvf|skno| `envs ufluvksifos `uf lukskl`d nj lnvu|f efl`v|f pv`dks`skzf |`i}df| `uf

|i`dd `oc afolf safuf k| buf`s cf}focfolf no kosfuzkfrkob saf lnuufls Uf|}nocfos|/

Rafsafu saf{ `uf nu ons eflnif| nezknv| sn saf Pv`dks`skzf Uf|f`ulafu$ `oc sn safLdkfos kj kosfuzkfr |f||kno| `uf zkfrfc/

Saf `o|rfu| sn saf|f pvf|skno| dkf| rksa saf kockzkcv`d uf|f`ula `bfol{ evs ks k| `d|n

efofjklk d sn d`{ cnro |s`oc`uc|/ @s }uf|fos sak| a`| ons effo |`sk|j`lsnukd{ `cn}sfc/

F\NI@U Bvkcfdkof| jnu saf A`uinok|`skno nj Jkfdcrnuh \s`oc`uc| !0;;0+ ckc `ssfi}s

sn eukob Pv`dks skzf ufluvksifos }u`lsklf| `unvoc Fvun}f ldn|fu snbfsafu/ Anrfzfu$

safuf k| |skdd ck|luf}`ol{ efsrffo O`skno`d }u`lsklf|/

Jnu fq`i}df$ ko |}flkj{kob ufluvksifos luksfuk` ko saf V/\$ VH `oc nsafu lnvosukf|$

lniino }u`lsklf k| sn cf|kbo ` |luffokob pvf|sknoo`kuf/ Ko Ju`olf$ no saf nsafu a`oc$

saf ufluvksfu k| njsfo |v}}dkfc rksa ` dk|s nj saf Uf|f`ula Negflskzf| `oc ` cf|luk}skno

nj saf s{}f nj Uf|}nocfos| ufpvkufc/ Uflfosd{$ saf VH @dd Kocv|su{ Rnuhkob ]`us{

Uf}nus no Pv`dks`skzf Ufluvksifos !IU\ Lnojfufolf$ 0;;6+ l`if sn ` lnoldv|kno sa`s

k| ldn|fu sn saf Jufola incfd sa`o saf lvuufos }u`lsklf/

Saf VH| Rnuhkob ]`us{ `d|n l`if sn saf lnoldv|kno sa`s ko cfsflskob ju`vcvdfosd{

ufluvksfc Uf|}nocfos|7

Sa`s s`|h ufi`ko| saf uf|}no|kekdks{ nj pv`dks`skzf uf|f`ulafu|$ uf|f`ula ev{fu

ne|fuzfu|$ `oc jkfdc njjklf }fu|noofd$ !saunvba laflhkob ifla`ok|i|+/ Rf

efdkfzf sanvba sa`s ki}dfifoskob ` |{|sfi rafuf uvdf| `uf `}}dkfc rafo saf{

`uf `}}un}uk`sf$ ko|sf`c nj ko ` ed`ohfs j`|akno rkdd luf`sf ` lvdsvuf nj anof|s{

sa`s k| }une`ed{ ons }uf|fos vocfu saf lvuufos |{|sfi/

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\{osfl$ ko Ju`olf$ ld`ki| sn a`zf ` lfosu`dk|fc dk|s nj `dd Uf|}nocfos| kosfuzkfrfc !`sdf`|s e{ saf :=& nj uf|f`ula `bfolkf| uf}uf|fosfc e{ \{osfl+ ko nucfu sn `znkc

]unjf||kno`d Uf|}nocfos|/

@d|n `| }`us nj saf A{bkfof j`lsnu| `uf k||vf| nj Su`kokob$ Lnocvlskob `oc Uf}nuskob

nj Pv`dks`skzf Uf|f`ula$ `oc Kosfuo`skno`d Lnnucko`skno/ Safuf `uf ckjjfufos |s{df| `oc

}u`lsklf| ko ckjjfufos lvdsvuf|$ `oc nj lnvu|f d`obv`bf ckjjfufolf|/ Saf{ l`dd kosn

pvf|skno saf offc jnu buf`sfu ivsv d lnn}fu skno `oc vocfu|s`ockob nj ra s

Pv`dks`skzf Uf|f`ula if`o| rksako ckjjfufos lvdsvuf|$ ks| |sufobsa|$ `| rfdd `|rf`hof||f|$ `oc ra`s l`o ef df`uos juni safku ckjjfufos `}}un`laf|/

Jnu fq`i}df$ saf ckjjfufolf| efsrffo V/\ `oc Fvun}f`o `}}un`laf| sn Bunv}| `uf

rfdd honro/ Ko saf V/\$ Bunv}| `uf njsfo inuf |suvlsvufc$ rksa dfobsakfu sn}kl

bvkcf|$ `oc Uf}nus| lnif rksa ` |s sk|skl`d af`dsa r`uokob/ Rafuf`| ko Fvun}f$

Bunv}| `uf inuf n}fo$ `oc inuf njsfo v|fc ko safku nro ukbas/ Saf|f ckjjfufolf| ko

}u`lsklf ufjdfls }akdn|n}akl`d ckjjfufolf| efsrffo Fvun}f `oc saf V/\/ @s saf uk|h nj

fq`bbfu`skno$ ko Fvun}f inuf fi}a`|k| k| }d`lfc v}no |vegflskzk|i `oc kosfu}ufs`skno$rakdf ko saf V/\ inuf fi}a`|k| k| }d`lfc no negflskzk|i `oc cf|luk}skno/

Saf|f ckjjfufolf| `d|n `jjfls anr uf|f`ula k| lnocvlsfc ko Cfzfdn}kob I`uhfs|$

cf}fockob no rafsafu saf{ a`zf effo kojdvfolfc e{ saf Fvun}f`o nu @ifukl`o

incfd/ Ensa ldf`ud{ rnuh `oc a`zf z dvf rksako safku nro i`uhfs|/ \n u`safu sa`o

efkob la`vzkok|skl `envs nvu ifsanc|$ ra`s l`o rf df`uo juni f`la nsafu>

\kikd`ud{ rf l`o s`dh `envs saf ckjjfufolf| efsrffo Kockzkcv`dk|i `oc Lnddflskzk|i/Kockzkcv`dk|i k| ` la`u`lsfuk|skl nj Rf|sfuo Lvdsvuf| bfofu`dd{/ Lnddflskzk|i k| inuf

fzkcfos ko @|k`o `oc Cfzfdn}kob I`uhfs| !Snrfu `oc Lnn}fu$ 0;;6+/ Bunv}|

lnocvlsfc ko ` Rf|sfuo |s{df ufpvkuf kosfu`lskno efsrffo kockzkcv`d|$ rakla ko @|k`o

i`uhfs| l`o }uncvlf |skdsfc uf`lskno| vodf|| dnl`d lnozfoskno| `uf uflnbok|fc/

;

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3/ U@SKNO@DF

Saf nukbko| nj saf Pv`dks`skzf `oc Pv`osks`skzf ckdfii` !ko saf Rf|s `s `o{ u`sf+ dkf

ko Cf|l`usf| cv dk|i$ ko|}ksf nj `ssfi}s| sn uflnolkdf safi/ Sav|$ Pv`dks`skzf

kozf|skb`skno k| `envs saf |fo|f|$ rakla `uf }unof sn fuunu `oc jdvq$ saf ki`bko`skno$

rakla k| }uf{ sn j`os`|{$ `oc saf finskno|$ rakla ck|snus uf`|no/ Ko lnosu`|s saf kcf`

nj negflskzf pv`dkskf| sa`s l`o ef }fulfkzfc ldf`ud{ `oc `o`d{|fc ko pv`osks`skzf sfui|$

a`zf eflhnofc |lkfosk|s| `oc |nlk`d |lkfosk|s| rksa ` }unik|f nj lnosund `oc i`|sfu{/

Evs ks k| safuf zfu{ pv`dkskf| nj Pv dks`skzf Uf|f`ula rakla cfjkof ks| ufdfz`olf$

f|}flk`dd{ ko saf incfuo `oc }n|sincfuo rnudc|/

Saf|f srn ki`bf| nj saf o`svuf nj honrdfcbf `oc anr sn kozf|skb`sf safi `uf |skdd

zfu{ ivla rksa v|/ Saf{ `uf fq}uf||fc ko n}}n|kob safif| nj7

@us

Avi`ok|i

\vegflskzk|i

\{iend|Fi}`sa{

Ukbas Eu`ko

) \lkfolf

) U`skno`dk|i

) ]n|kskzk|i

) Negfls|) Lnosund

) Dfjs Eu`ko

Saf d`ssfu k| vocnvesfcd{ saf inuf |fcvlskzf ko lnozfoskno`d I`uhfskob afolf saf

i`gnuks{ nj i`uhfs uf|f`ula fq}focksvuf sn if`|vuf `oc inoksnu i`uhfs |kwf|$ eu`oc

|a`uf|$ }fofsu`skno$ `r`ufof||$ sufoc|$ `oc vdski`sfd{ }unjks/

Pv`dks`skzf k| cfjkofc e{ ra`s ks k| ons$ u`safu sa`o ra`s ks k|$ k/f/ ko lnosu`|s sn

Pv`osks skzf uf|f`ula/ Sak| a`| saf fjjfls nj ki}dkl`skob pv`oskjkl`skno k||vf| `oc

luksklk|i rafofzfu rf ufjfu sn Pv`dks`skzf/ Saf sfui k| safufjnuf `ubv`ed{

}ndkskl`dd{ ek`|fc/

0=

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Rf l`o cfjkof Pv`dks`skzf Uf|f`ula ko ifsancndnbkl`d sfui|$ |`{ ko sfui| nj bunv}|$

ko)cf}sa kosfuzkfr|$ dk|sfokob$ ne|fuz`skno/ Sak| cu`r| `ssfoskno sn anr saf rnuh k|

cnof/ E{ jnlv|kob no ifsanc rf cu`r `ssfoskno sn saf ki}nus`olf nj fq}fukfolkobPv`dks`skzf rnuh$ `oc saf |hkdd| nj kosfuzkfrkob$ dk|sfokob$ }unekob$ kosfu`lskob$

`oki`skob ) }fua`}| rksa saf v|f nj }ungflskno `oc fdklks`skno sflaokpvf| ) `oc nj

|hkddfc ne|fuz`skno/ Evs Pv`dks`skzf Uf|f`ula bnf| j`u ef{noc saf|f snnd|/

Rf `d|n l`o cfjkof Pv`dks`skzf Uf|f`ula ko sfui| nj lnos`ls rksa lno|vifu|$ fi}`sa{$

nu zfu|sfafo/ Sak| a`| inuf bnkob jnu ks$ ko sa s saf|f `uf nezknv| efofjks| nj |ffkob$

jffdkob `oc |a`ukob lno|vifu fq}fukfolf| f|}flk`dd{ jnu I`uhfskob rafuf sa`s lnos`ls

k| ck|s`os `oc |vegfls sn }ufgvcklf/ Ks l`o `d|n ef `o oskcnsf jnu |suf||f| l`v|fc e{ safc`s` cfdvbf nj incfuo i`uhfskob kojnui`skno |{|sfi|/

Ckufls$ nu saf`sukl`d$ lnos`ls luf`sf| ko|kbas| `oc }uni}s| koski`l{ rksa ra s

lno|vifu| `uf dnnhkob jnu/ Safuf `uf sufoc| afuf$ ons`ed{ o`kzf dk|sfokob rafuf

\lkfosk|s| nu I`uhfskob `uf folnvu`bfc sn r`sla Bunv}|$ zk|ks anif|$ `oc ne|fuzf/

Saf G`}`of|f `uf }`usklvd`ud{ onsfc jnu sak|$ sn ne|fuzf `oc |n`h v} jnufkbo lvdsvuf e{

lnos`ls `oc fq}fukfolf/

Lnos`ls `oc fi}`sa{ `uf i`gnu z`dvf| nj Pv`dks`skzf Uf|f`ula$ evs `uf ons |vjjklkfos$

`oc nj lnvu|f l`o ik|df`c/ Saf{ `uf cf}focfos v}no saf nof)r`{ ikuunu `oc

ne|fuz skno$ rksa saf Pv dks`skzf Uf|f`ulafu `| lnocvks efsrffo Ne|fuzfu `oc

Lno|vifu/

Saf z`dvf| nj Pv`dks`skzf bn ef{noc saf|f/ @ jvddfu `oc inuf juvksjvd cfjkokskno nj

Pv`dks`skzf Uf|f`ula dkf| ons nod{ ko ks| n}fo$ kosfu`lskzf `oc fq}fukfosk`d ifsanc|$evsko ks| kosfu}ufs`skzf incfd| rakla cfukzf juni saf|f ifsanc|/ Sa`s k|$ saf

kcfoskjkl`skno nj |suvlsvuf| rakla `llnvos jnu lno|vifu efa`zknvu$ `oc rakla l`o

bvkcf |su`sfb{ `oc cflk|kno)i`hkob$ f|}flk`dd{ san|f ko saf `}}dkfc jkfdc| nj I`uhfskob

`oc \nlk`d }ndkl{/

Saf jku|s |lkfoskjkl Pv`dks`skzf uf|f`ula |svckf| }une`ed{ cfzfdn}fc nvs nj saf

ne|fuz`skno`d kozf|skb`skno| nj hko|ak} `oc lniivoks{ s{}f| !f/b Df ]d`{+ ko saf 0;sa

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lfosvu{$ ko|}kufc e{ dkefu`d }ndkskl|/ Saf Lakl`bn |lannd ko saf f`ud{ 5=| jvusafu

}n}vd`uk|fc saf |svc{ nj }fu|no`d cnlvifos| `oc }`usklk}`os ne|fuz`skno/ Rkddk`i

G`if| }d`{fc ak| f`udkfu }unjnvoc }`us ko sak| |svc{ nj kosun|}flskno

Pvksf |f}`u`sf inzfifos| dkhf saf juff `||nlk`skno nu cf}sa kosfuzkfr| nj

}|{lan`o`d{|k|$ saf fi}`sakl ifsanc nj incfuo }|{lan}`sandnb{$ bunv} safu`}{$

OD]$ `oc ` an|s nj nsafu if`o| nj bfsskob ko|kcf saf ikoc$ `| rfdd `|

fsaonifsancndnb{$ bunvocfc safnu{$ |suvlsvu`d `o d{|f| `oc kosfo|f kosfuf|s ko

cflnckob saf lno|vifu fq}fukfolf$ a`zf df`c sn ra`s rf onr l`dd Pv`dks`skzf

Uf|f`ula

Rf offc ` jnui`d kozf|skb`skno nj saf|f unns|$ sn ef |vuf nj nvu bfof`dnb{/ @jsfu `dd$

safuf i`{ ef |nif |hfdfsno| ko saf lv}en`uc/ Nof nj saf|f i`{ ef Inskz`skno d

Uf|f`ula/

Fuof|s Cklasfu !0;:3+ k| v|v`dd{ `llufcksfc rksa saf nukbko nj Inskz`skno`d Uf|f`ula ko

saf V/\ ko saf 0;6=|/ Ko }u`lsklf$ Cklasfu snnh ` |nifra`s |{iendkl kosfu`lsknok|s

zkfr/ Sn aki zkusv`dd{ fzfu{ negfls |vuunvockob fzfu{c`{ dkjf a`| ` |nvd nj ks| nro

rakla kojdvfolf| `lskno| e{ ks| pv`dks{$ `}}f`u`olf `oc |vesdf }|{landnbkl`d if`okob|/Saf|f negfls| a`zf |{iendkl if`okob `| rfdd `| vskdks uk o z`dvf/ Af `d|n `ubvfc

kolkcfos`dd{ sa`s ifos`d kddof|| l`o ef cvf sn dn|| nj lnos`ls rksa sak| rnudc nj sakob|$

`oc sa`s safu`}{ sn uf)f|s`edk|a |vla lnos`ls i`{ uf}uf|fos ` ofr `}}un`la/

]kfuuf I`uskof`v$ `onsafu ko|skb`snu nj Inskz`skno`d Uf|f`ula rukskob f`udkfu !0;62+

cfjkofc Inskz`skno`d Uf|f`ula `| vocfu|s`ockob }fn}df e{ v|kob sflaokpvf| `oc

safnukf| juni saf avi`ok|skl |lkfolf|/ ]|{lan`o`d{|k| `oc saf |svc{ nj saf

volno|lknv| k| lfosu d sn sak|/ Af `cc| sa`s buf`s luf`skzf kcf`| koz`uk`ed{ `uf safsanvbas| jvuok|afc e{ saf volno|lknv| ikoc/ Evs safuf k| on |velno|lknv| ikoc ko `o

KEI i`lakof/

Evs Inskz`skno`d Uf|f`ula `| }u`lsk|fc `s sa`s skif |vllviefc sn saf }uf||vuf| nj

I`uhfskob \lkfolf `oc saf \vuzf{ Ifsanc ko saf 6=|$ :=|$ `oc 2=|$ `oc bns ufdfb`sfc

sn saf undf nj |`okskwfc }uflvu|nu sn pv`oskjkl`skno$ `s df`|s ko saf @obdn)\`qno rnudc/

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\kolf safo$ ` ufzndvskno a`| s`hfo }d`lf ko zkfr| nj saf rnudc$ `oc I`uhfskob/

Pv`dks`skzf uf|f`ula k| onr v|fc ko ks| nro ukbas$ ks k| ` |nvulf nj lno|vifu lnos`ls `|

rf a`zf onsfc$ `oc ks| kosfu}ufs`skzf incfd| `uf onr eflnikob j`ikdk`u `oc f||fosk`dsn lnosfi}nu`u{ I`o`bfifos/ Sak| bunrsa bnf| e`lh sn saf 2=| evs |s`usfc sn lnif

kosn juvkskno ko saf 1=| `oc ;=|/ Saf {f`u 5=== `oc nor`uc| rkdd `| rf |vbbf|s |ff

sak| cfzfdn}ifos eflnif inuf vubfos rksa lni}dfq `oc u`ckl`d la`obf| ko |nlkfs{

`oc bdne`dk|`skno$ `oc `| Ev|kof||$ \nlk`d ]ndkl{$ `oc ]ndkskl| uflnbok|f saf z`dvf| saf{

nes`ko juni Pv`dks`skzf uf|f`ula/

Pv`dks`skzf i`uhfs uf|f`ula ks|fdj }`usklk}`sfc ko sak| ufzndvskno ko ifsanc `oc safnu{/

]ungflskzf `oc fdklks`skno sflaokpvf| fq}`ocfc/ ]|{lancu`rkob$ lndd`bf|$ ld`{$ undf}d`{$ OD]$ |fiknskl|$ |suvlsvu`d `o`d{|k| a`zf `dd i`cf safku `}}f`u`olf/ Rf nvu|fdzf|

`oonvolfc saf kosuncvlskno nj saf Ofr Pv`dks`skzf Sflaondnb{ ko 0;12 !Lnn}fu$

0;12+/ @ oviefu nj nsafu }`}fu| a`zf ufzkfrfc saf }u`lsklf|$ ufpvkufifos|$ z`dkcks{

`oc ufdk`ekdks{ nj Pv`dks`skzf Uf|f`ula ko saf I`uhfs Uf|f`ula Kocv|su{ nzfu saf {f`u|$

sn ifoskno gv|s ` jfr8 Rkd|no !0;65+$ Bnnc{f`u !0;20+$ \`i}|no !0;21+$ \{hf| !0;;=+$

`| rfdd `| }ufzknv| F\NI@U \fiko`u| no Pv`dks`skzf Uf|f`ula/

Saf koonz`skno| ko Pv`dks`skzf Uf|f`ula a`zf nllvuufc efl`v|f nj la`obkob cfi`oc|nj I`uhfskob ) sflaokl d }`uks{ nj }uncvls|$ ki}nus`olf nj eu`ockob$ |akjs| juni

cfinbu`}akl| `oc dkjf|s{df| sn offc| `oc Offc|l`}f|$ }nusjndkn }d`ookob$ bdne`dk|`skno$

`oc saf luvlk`d undf nj saf Lno|vifu Fq}fukfolf ko ]d`ookob/

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6/ LA@OBF

Saf ufzndvskno rf `uf |ffkob k| ko saf if`okob nj honrdfcbf$ `oc anr sn kozf|skb`sf ks$

ko saf O`svu`d \lkfolf|$ \nlk`d \lkfolf|$ Ev|kof||$ Nub`ok|`skno|$ D`r$ ]ndkskl|$ @us$

\nlk`d ]ndkl{)i`hkob$ I`uhfskob$ `oc Uf|f`ula/ F||fosk dd{$ safuf k| ` |akjs `r`{ juni

saf cniko`os }`u`ckbi nj pv`osks`skzf dnbkln)}n|kskzk|i sn ` ofr pv`dks`skzf zkfr nj

anr sakob| rnuh/

Rf l`o$ `dnob rksa nsafu|$ l`dd sak| zkfr ]n|sincfuo$ `dsanvba saf sfui k| ons pvksf

|`sk|j lsnu{/ Anrfzfu$ saf i`ko rnuhkob }ukolk}df| `uf sa`s saf rnudc k| ons i`cf v}nj |kobdf nu |ki}df suvsa| sa`s `uf n}fo sn if`|vufifos `oc negflskzks{$ evs lni}dfq$

`iekbvnv|$ |vegflskzf `oc ufd skzk|s/ Safuf k| ` bunrkob `}}uflk`skno sa`s uf`dks{ k|

jdvkc$ ivdsk)d`{fufc `oc ivdsk)ckifo|kno`d/ Ra`s |ffi| uf`d ko nof |ksv`skno$ nu ko `

lvdsvuf nu e{ ` bfofu`skno$ k| cfsfuikofc e{ saf lnosfqs$ `| n}}n|fc sn `ddfbfc

`e|su`ls nu negflskzf }ukolk}df|/

Fq}fukfolf k| fq}uf||fc ko lnolf}s| `oc |{iend| u`safu sa`o a`uc uf`dks{/

Honrdfcbf ks|fdj$ koldvckob i`uhfskob honrdfcbf$ k| |vegflskzfd{ cfsfuikofc$ rakla rfoffc sn ef lno|s`osd{ fq}dnukob$ v}c`skob$ `oc ufzk|kob/ Lno|vifu| `uf ons }`||kzf$

evs `lskzfd{ `oc luf`skzfd{ kosfu`lskob rksa `oc la`obkob safku fozkunoifos$ rakla ks|fdj

k| `d|n la`obkob/ Kcfosks{$ ran nof k|$ anr nof cnf| sakob|$ ra`s nof efdkfzf| ko$ `uf

lukskl`d ]n|sincfuo j`lsnu|/

Saf kozf|skb`skno nj sak| rnudc ufpvkuf| ifsanc| rakla `uf l`}`edf nj fq}dnukob saf

lni}dfq finskno| `oc offc| sa`s cukzf lno|vi}skno$ `oc saf ck|lnvu|f$ d`obv`bf$

|{iend| `oc |kbo| v|fc sn fq}uf|| ks/ Afolf saf ki}nus olf nj cflno|suvlskob saf

i`uhfskob$ `czfusk|kob `oc |nlk`d uf`dkskf| lno|vifu| fq}fukfolf/

Pv`dks skzf uf|f`ula a`| cfzfdn}fc sn |`sk|j{ saf|f ofr ufpvkufifos|/ Ks| evocdf nj

kosfu`lskzf$ fq}fukfosk`d `oc fi}`sakl ifsancndnbkf|$ `oc ks| kosfu}ufs`skzf `o`d{skl

incfd| afd} n}fo v} saf lni}dfq |vegflskzf$ }dvu`dk|skl rnudc nj saf Lno|vifu/

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Pv`dks`skzf Uf|f`ula onr folni}`||f| ` u`obf nj ck|lk}dkof|8 ko)cf}sa }|{landnb{$

|nlk`d }|{landnb{$ `osaun}ndnb{$ |nlkndnb{$ dkobvk|skl|$ `oc ck|skolskzf ifsancndnbkf|$

bunv}|$ fqsfocfc bunv}|$ kockzkcv`d kosfuzkfr|$ ne|fuz`skno/ V|f k| efkob i`cf nj|suvlsvu`dk|i$ |fiknskl|$ sfqs `oc ak|snukl d `o`d{|f|$ lnooflskzk|i$ afuifofvskl|$

bunvocfc safnu{$ lnoskobfol{ safnu{$ `lskno safnu{$ fsaonifsancndnb{$ `| rfdd `|

}|{lanc{o`ikl$ |nlk`d `oc nub`ok|`skno`d `o`d{|f|/

@dsanvba saf|f ckjjfufolf| ko `}}un`la i`hf ks a`uc sn }ko cnro$ ks| f||fosk`d

la`u`lsfuk|skl| `uf avi`ok|skl$ }afonifondnbkl`d `oc kosfu`lskzf$ lni}`ufc sn saf

dnbkl`d }n|kskzk|i nj |vuzf{ uf|f`ula/

Rf afuf nj lnvu|f `uf ufjdflskob saf rnuh nj ]fkulf no |fiknskl|$ cf \`v||vuf|

safnu{ nj |kbo|$ Rkssbfo|sfko| `o`d{|k| nj dkobvk|skl |suvlsvukob nj fq}fukfolf$ Ranuj|

`oc \`}ku| zkfr sa`s d`obv`bf |a`}f| }fulf}skno nj uf`dks{$ D`l`o| safnu{ nj |kbokjkfu|

`oc saf volno|lknv|$ Dfzk)\su`v|| no i{sandnb{$ `| rfdd `| saf ]n|sincfuo bk`os|

E`usaf|$ Cfuukc`$ E`vcukdd uc$ Jnvl`vds$ Fln/ @oc i`o{ nsafu| ran `uf `}}d{kob saf|f

zkfr| sn Incfuo Ev|kof|| `oc \nlk`d Uf|f`ula/

Ks |anvdc ef onsfc sa`s saf|f safnufskl`d `oc }u`lskl`d snnd| `z`kd`edf sn Pv`dks`skzf

Uf|f`ula `uf ons |ndfd{ saf }unzkolf nj Fvun}f`o Uf|f`ulafu|/ @dsanvba saf }ukif

pv`dks`skzf }ufnllv}`skno ko saf V/\ a`| effo no jnlv| bunv}| safuf a`zf effo `

oviefu nj |fiko`d }vedkl`skno| cf`dkob rksa jnui| nj pv`dks`skzf uf|f`ula rakla |nif

Fvun}f`o uf|f`ulafu| rnvdc ufb`uc `| ldn|f sn safif| nj }afonifondnb{ `oc

avi`ok|i inuf s{}kl`d ko Fvun}f$ ko }`usklvd u saf rukskob| nj Aku|lai`o `oc

Andeunnh !0;;5+ no ]n|sincfuo Lno|vifu Uf|f`ula$ Efdh fs `d !0;1;+ no saf

Lno|vifu Nc{||f{$ `oc ]`ssno !0;;=+ no Pv dks`skzf Fz dv`skno `oc Uf|f`ula

Ifsanc|/

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Fsaonifsancndnb{ `oc Bunvocfc Safnu{ a`zf `d|n eflnif ` jf`svuf nj |nif

incfuo Pv`dks`skzf Uf|f`ula ko saf V/\/ Fsaonifsancndnb{ k| saf |snlh nj lniino

honrdfcbf `envs fzfu{c`{ dkjf$ saf j`ls| `oc kcf`| }fn}df zkfr `| j`lsv`d nu uvdf| njsavie$ efdkfj|$ `ssukevskno|$ nu i`qki|$ e{ rakla }fn}df l`sfbnuk|f saf rnudc `unvoc

safi$ `oc rakla lnosukevsf sn Pv`dks`skzf vocfu|s`ockob/ In|s Pv`dks`skzf

uf|f`ulafu| rnvdc |ve|lukef sn sak| zkfr$ fzfo kj saf{ cn ons fi}dn{ saf jkfdc

`}}un`laf| sn |svc{kob lno|vifu efa`zknvu/

Bunvocfc Safnu{ !f/b/ \su`v|| `oc Lnueko$ 0;;=+ k| e`|fc v}no lnddflskob c`s` rakla

k| j`ksajvd sn saf fzfu{c`{ uf`dks{ efkob |svckfc rakla i`hf| |fo|f sn saf }fu|no|

ran rfuf |svckfc `oc sn san|f }u`lsk|kob ko sa`s `uf`/ Kcf dd{ ks iffs| saf bnnc|lkfoskjkl luksfuk` nj |kbokjkl`olf$ safnu{ ne|fuz`skno$ lni} skekdks{ `oc zfukjkl`skno/ Ks

safufjnuf `ssfi}s| sn lnoskovf saf su`ckskno| nj }n|kskzk|skl uf|f`ula ko saf lnosfqs nj

saf Pv`dks`skzf ifsanc/

Safuf k| }dfos{ nj fzkcfolf juni I`o`bfifos \lkfolf|$ Ifcklkof$ D`r$ ]|{landnb{$

\nlkndnb{ `oc @osaun}ndnb{ sa`s saf pv`dks`skzf ckifo|kno ko saf|f ck|lk}dkof| k| efkob

bkzfo |}flk`d kosfuf|s `oc folnvu`bfifos/ Jnu fq`i}df$ ko saf V\@/ \nlkndnb{ a`|

|anro ` ufsvuo sn `o fi}`sa{ `oc kosvkskzf vocfu|s`ockob nj kockzkcv`d `oc lnddflskzfoffc|/ Ko saf VH$ saf Euksk|a ]|{landnbkl`d \nlkfs{ k| `||fiedkob saf kosfuf|s| nj

Uf|f`ulafu| `oc ]u`lsksknofu| ko saf pv`dks`skzf ckifo|kno!Afornnc `oc Oklnd|no$

0;;6+/ I`o`bfifos \lkfolf k| cu`rkob v}no Pv`dks`skzf ifsancndnbkf| `oc saf

kosfu}ufs`skzf |suvlsvuf| cf|lukefc/

Saf|f inzfifos| `uf s`hkob }d`lf rnudcrkcf$ ko Ev|kof|| \lannd|$ I`o`bfifos

Ko|sksvsf|$ `oc ko saf }u`lsklf nj I`o`bfifos Lno|vds`os|/ Ko lnozfoskno d I`uhfs

Uf|f`ula$ anrfzfu$ safuf k| |skdd saf af`z{ rfkbas nj lno|fuz`sk|i/ Pv`dks`skzfuf|f`ula k| cfino|su`skob ks|fdj `| `c`}skzf `oc fzndzkob/ @| Hvao !0;2=+ }nkos| nvs ko

Saf \suvlsvuf nj \lkfoskjkl Ufzndvskno|$ sak| |akjs nj }`u`ckbi cnf| ons lnif f`|{/ Ks

kozndzf| cff} finskno| `oc |nlk`d uf|k|s`olf no saf }`us nj saf kolviefos }`u`ckbi

|kolf ks| |suvlsvuf$ nub`ok|`skno$ fcvl`skno `oc sfqs| `uf vocfu `ss`lh/ Nod{ |dnrd{ rkdd

ks| ko|sksvskno| la`obf$ fksafu sn fzfosv`dd{ fieu`lf la`obf$ nu sn eflnif fqskols/

Saf ofr }`u`ckbi ks|fdj ufpvkuf| saf koju`|suvlsvuf nj ko|sksvskno|$ fcvl`skno$ safnu{

`oc |s`ockob sn u`skj{ ks| lufckekdks{/

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:/ \SUVLSVUF @OC C[O@IKL\

Sn bkzf |nif |suvlsvuf sn saf s{}f nj honrdfcbf sa`s I`uhfs Uf|f`ula a`| `z`kd`edf`oc saf inzfifos| s`hkob }d`lf sn iffs saf|f la`ddfobf|$ rf l`o ck|skobvk|a efsrffo

cf|luk}skno `oc negflskzk|i$ `oc kosfu}ufs`skno `oc |vegflskzk|i$ luf`skob jnvu

Pv`cu`os| `| jnddnr| !Jkb/0+7

Jkb/07 \suvlsvuf `oc C{o`ikl| nj I`uhfs Uf|f`ula Honrdfcbf `oc

Ifsanc|

Pv`cu`os 5 \vegflskzk|i Pv`cu`os $ ons Ra`s cnf| @czfusk|kob cn sn Lno|vifu|> !D`oono `oc Lnn}fu$

0;1

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I`uhfskob Lnolf}s| ) Eu`oc Ki`bf$ Ofr ]uncvls Cfzfdn}ifos$ ]nusjndkn ]d`ookob$

S`ubfskob$ En|sno I`sukq$ Lno|vifu Offc|$ safuf k| dkssdf `buffifos nj ra`s jnu

fq`i}df ` Eu`oc Ki`bf k|$ onu ivla v|f nj Pv`osks`skzf i`uhfs uf|f`ula ko luf`skob|vllf||jvd eu`oc|/ San|f Eu`oc| rakla I`uhfskob Fqflvskzf| `cikuf cfukzf juni

luf`skzks{ `oc ko|kbas$ `oc v|f nj pv`dks`skzf lnos`ls nu kosfu}ufs`skno$ u`safu sa`o juni

I`uhfskob Safnu{ nu \lkfoskjkl Ifsanc/

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2/ ]UN]N\@D\

Nvu }un}n|`d| lnolfuokob saf jvsvuf nj Pv`dks`skzf Uf|f`ula lnzfu ks| safnu{ `oc

`}}dkl`skno sn i`uhfskob }unedfi|$ `| rfdd `| saf kosfuo`d k||vf| nu a{bkfof j`lsnu| nj

ufluvksifos$ su`kokob$ lnnucko`skno$ fsl/ Saf d`ssfu nj lnvu|f offc cfs kdfc$ ldn|f

`ssfoskno ko nucfu sn f|s`edk|a }unjf||kno`dk|i `oc ldf`u ldkfos pv`dks{ fq}fls`skno|/

Evs ks k| saf jnuifu ) ra`s Pv`dks`skzf Uf|f`ula k| `envs `oc anr ks l`o kojnui

I`uhfskob cflk|kno| ) sa`s saf jvsvuf nj Pv`dks`skzf Uf|f`ula rkdd cf}foc v}no/

Safuf `uf sauff eun`c `oc kosfu`lskzf k||vf| safufjnuf rakla offc `ccuf||kob7

!0+ Saf cni`ko nj Pv`dks`skzf Uf|f`ula$ k/f ra`s ks lnzfu|$ ra`s

lno|sksvsf| pv`dks`skzf uf|f`ula `oc ra`s cnf| ons/ Rf offc sn

cflno|suvls saf ck|lnvu|f nj i`uhfs `oc |nlk`d uf|f`ula$ `| rf a`zf }`usd{

`ssfi}sfc sn cn ko sak| }`}fu/ Nvu zkfr| `uf sa`s `dsanvba rf l`o `buff

eun`cd{ no saf safnu{ `oc ifsanc| sa`s lno|sksvsf Pv`dks`skzf ) rksako saf

f||fosk`d juffcni| f||fosk`d sn Pv`dks`skzf Uf|f`ula ) sak| cnf| ons fqldvcf saf

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