Further Challenges to the Catholic Church Chapter 14:v.
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Transcript of Further Challenges to the Catholic Church Chapter 14:v.
![Page 1: Further Challenges to the Catholic Church Chapter 14:v.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032611/56649e8a5503460f94b906b2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Further Challenges to the Catholic Church
Chapter 14:v
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Switzerland emerged as the centre of the Protestant Reformation.
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Ulrich Zwingli, a priest in Zurich,
abolished the Catholic Mass,
confessions, and indulgences. He
also allowed priests to marry.
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Zwingli held services in
undecorated buildings and read sermons based on the
Bible.
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John Calvin, a leader of the
Protestant Reformation in
Switzerland, published the
Institutes of the Christian
Religion in 1536.
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Calvin believed in predestination, the idea that God had chosen who would
be saved.
God alone decided whether an individual received eternal life.
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Calvin established churches with strong, disciplined leadership based on the strict morality taught in the Old Testament.
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Calvinsim rapidly won many converts amongst
middle-class townspeople.
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Calvinism reflected
their belief that people should live simply and work hard.
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Huguenots
• French Calvinists
• were powerful in southern France
• experienced persecution at the hands of Roman Catholics
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Gaspardde Coligny
(1519-72)
• French admiral and Huguenot leader
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St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
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John Knox took the Reformation to Scotland.
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Puritans
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Anabaptists
• called Baptists today• argued against infant baptism
-restricted church baptism and membership to adults
• were vigorously persecuted by other Protestants and Roman Catholics alike
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The Reformation in England
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The young English King Henry VIII published stinging
attacks on the teachings of
Martin Luther in 1521.
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The pope awarded
Henry VIII the title
“Defender of the Faith.”
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When his wife of eighteen
years failed to produce a male heir, Henry VIII
asked the pope to annul their
marriage.Catherine of Aragon
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Pope Clement VII refused to grant King Henry VIII an annulment so he could remarry.
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King Henry VIII took the
English church from
under the pope’s control and placed it
under his own rule.
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Parliament recognized the king as the supreme head of the Church of England by the Act of Supremacy.
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Thomas Cranmer
[Here or Later!?]
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Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, annulled Henry VIII’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon.
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Henry VIII secretly
married Anne Boleyn months
before his marriage to Catherine of Aragon had
been formally annulled.
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Sir Thomas More, lord
chancellor of England,
opposed Henry VIII’s attempt to get his first
marriage annulled.
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More was imprisoned in the Tower of London in 1534 and beheaded in 1535.
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The six wives of
King Henry VIII of
England.
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Changes during Henry VIII’s reign
• closed monasteries-sold the lands he seized to nobles, wealthy farmers, and merchants to raise money
• established the Anglican Church-allowed the use of English Bibles-allowed priests to marry
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Edward VI
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Mary Tudor, daughter of
Henry VIII by his first wife, tried to make
England a Catholic
nation again.
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Mary Tudor alienated
many of her subjects when she married Philip II, the Catholic king
of Spain.
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She was known as “Bloody Mary”
because of the number of people executed
during her reign.
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Elizabeth I followed her
half-sister Mary I on
the throne as the ruler of England.
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Elizabeth I adopted a skillful policy of
religious compromise.
Although she firmly established England as a Protestant nation, she managed to preserve many traditional Catholic beliefs.
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Sir Francis Drake
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The arts - particularly literary - flourished during her reign.
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The Catholic Reformation
Aka The Counter Reformation
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Pope Paul III
• led the reform of the Catholic Church
-appointed scholars and reformers to high church offices
-summoned the council at Trent
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Council of Trent
• reaffirmed traditional Catholic doctrine
• called for
-better trained priests
-reform of church finances and administration
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Ignatius Loyola founded the
Society of Jesusin 1534.
The Jesuits had as their object the spread of the church by preaching and teaching.
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Loyola wrote the treatise
Spiritual Exercises, a manual that taught strict
religious discipline.
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The Catholic Church tried to prevent the spread of Protestant ideas by reviving the Inquisition.
The Church also published the Index, a list of books Catholics were forbidden to read.
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The lines between Protestant and Catholic areas were sharply drawn by 1600.
Protestant:• England• Scotland• Scandinavia• northern
Germany
Catholic:• Italy• France• Spain• Ireland• southern
Germany