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>> Type of fungi symbiosis

>> Just a simple introduction

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Just a simple introduction

Damage by fungi

Types of hyphae

Forms of fungi

Yeast unicell fungiEx: Saccharomyces

Molds Small multicellular fungi Ex: Rhizopus

Mushrooms Big multicellular fungiEx:Ganoderma

Adapted to liquids• unicellular - most

reproduction is asexual and takes

• place by cell fission or budding• ferment carbohydrates -

produce ethanol as byproduct

CandidaSaccharomyces

Yeasts

• Rapidly growth• Asexual spores• Many human importances

– Food spoilage– Food products– Antibiotics, etc.

Antibiotic activityNoble Rot - Botrytis

Molds

Reproduction of fungi

• Unicell fungi: a. asexual : division, buding, asexual sporeb. sexual : sexual spore

• Multicell fungi :a. asexual : - fragmentation

- zoospora - konidia

b. sexual : - conjugation - sexual spore

Fungal Ecology

• Heterotrophic (decomposer, parasite, symbiotic)

• Saprobes– Decomposers

– Mostly of plants, some animals

• Parasites– Harm host

– Mostly on plants, some animals

• Mutualists– Lichens symbiosis fungus + alga or cyanobacteria

– Mycorrhizas symbiosis fungus + root plant

Characteristic

>Eukaryotic>Have no chloroplast and amylum >Fungi are made of hyphae>Hypha - filamentous body - forming mycelial >Multicellular mycelium with cell wall composed of

chitin>Mycelial forming fruiting body>Fruiting body thalus>On paracyte fungi hyphae can modified into haustoria

(food absorber)

Classification>> divison Zygomycota

>> divison Ascomycota

>> divison Basidiomycota

>> form divison Deuteromycota

Chytridiomycota – “chytrids”

• Simple fungi

• Produce motile spores

• Mostly saprobes and parasites in aquatic habitats

• Could just as well be Protists

Chytridium growing on spores

Zygomycota – “zygote fungi”

• Hyphae has no partition (aseptate)• 3 types of hyphae :

a. rhizoid b. stolon c. sporangiofor have

sporangium • Reproduction:

a. sexual : conjugation zygospora (diploid)

b. asexual : sporangiofor

Rhizopus stoloniferus tempe and tape yeasts.

Rhizopus oryzae tempe producer

Rhizopus on strawberries

Ascomycota

• Hypha is partitioned (septate)• Haploid nucleus• Reproduction :sexual : ascospore that formed by ascus, a group of ascus forming fruiting body

(askokarp)

• The ascocarp carries asci within cupsasexual :

Multicell fungus : conidia/ conidiospore produced by konidiofor,,Unicell fungus : buding (blastospora)• Some have mutualistic relationships with cyanophyte to

form Lichenes

1. Saccharomyces cerevisiae

• Unicelluar

• Called yeast

• Have no main body

• Asexual reproduction by blastospore bud

• Used in the making of tape, alcohol, bread, and beer

2. Neurospora crassa and N. sitophila

• Oncom making

3. Penicillium sp.

• P. requeforti and

P. camemberti Cheese making

• P. notatum and

P. chrysogenum penicillin making

4. Aspergillus sp.

• A. wentii sake, kecap, tauco, citrate acid making

• A. niger remove oxygen and purify fruit extarct

• A. oryzae bread making• A. flafus produce aflatoksin

(cause liver cancer)• A. nidulans ear disease

(automikosis)• A. fumigatus paracyte on

birds lungs.

5. Trichoderma

• Produce sellulose enzym

• Cell wall consist of sellulose

They have multiple cell structures with long and round conidia. They are little black organisms that can be foung on a rotten tree stem.

6. Xylaria

7. Nectri tabarina

Kayu Manis Paracyte

Basidiomycota

They are multiple cell organisms. Their myceliums are at their substrate of live. They have segmented hypha with one or two nuclei. Each of them performs a fruit bag that is called basidiocarps, which are the places for basidium. Production. Each basidium has 4 basidiosphores.

Try to compare the differences between ascus and basidium. The fruit bag size is large with many kinds of shapes.

They have vegetative reproduction by means of conidia or fragmentation and generative reproduction by creating basidiosphores.

Non-eatable Basidiomycota•Amanita muscariaLive in animal wastePoisonous cause hallucinationProduce fly poison muskarin•Amanita phalloidesCalled kampegnon fungiPoisonous and deadly if eatenProduce fly poison phalin•Puccinia graminis(carat fungi) parasite on Graminae family like corn and wheatHave no basidiokarp•Corticium salmonellaParasite on fruity plan stalk and rubber stalk•Ustilago scitaminea Parasite on sugar cane

Eatable BasidiomycotaVolvariella volvaceae have umbrella – like fruit bag shapes. They grow at cellulose medium, such as dry rice – straw. They are often called rice – straw mushroom.  Auricularia polytricha (yellow mushroom), they have fruit bag shapes like the ones on ear mushroom. They grow at died stems. Lentinus endodes (shitake) that being grew widely on China and Japan. They grow at wood stem lump Pleuroteswith fan – like shape fruit bag. They grow on ligneous and cellulous substrate, such as saw grain.

They are multiple cell organism with segmented hypha. It is rarely that they have fruit bag. Their vegetative reproductions are by means of conidia, and their generative ones are not known yet. They are called as imperfect fungi. Some kinds of Deuteromycota are:

• Epydermophyton floocossum, athlete feet disease initiates• Microsporum and Trighophyton, ringworm disease initiates.• Sclerothium rolfsie, rotten disease of cultivation crops initiates• Candida albicans, look like yeast and live parasitically. They can

cause infection on the vagina.• Chladosporium• Curvularia• Monilia sitophyla (oncom fungi). Formerly, they are grouped as

Deuteromycota, but after finding their sexual reproduction that is by ascuis, they are then grouped at Ascmocota by name of Neurospora crassa.

Deuteromycota

Type of fungi symbiosis

Myccorrhiza Mycorrhiza is a kind of symbiosis type of fungi and plant root. • EctomycorrhizaEctomycorrhiza is a kind of mycorrhiza symbiosis procces, with fungi hypha perforation do not reach cortex, but reach epidermis only.For examples, pines and belinjo tree symbiosis with a certain fungi of Basidiomycota division.• EndomycorrhizaEndomycorrhiza is a kind mycorrhiza symbiosis process, with fungi hypha perforation capable of reaching the cortex part of plant.For examples, vegetables plants, such as cabbage, symbiosis with a certain fungi of Zygomycota division.

Lichens Lichens are kinds of symbiosis of algae and fungi. The fungi obtain food from the alga photosynthesis products. The algae obtain water and mineral from the fungi.•Parmelia sp.They live at stem skin, look like a grey crust.•Graphis sp.They are also called as line lichens, with a shaper of smaal sketches.They live epiphytically at plant stem skin.•Usnea sp.They are also called as beard lichens. The ends of their bodies are like hanging thread on the air. They stick on the plant stem, especially on mountainous plants. They produce antibiotics, usnin acid and bioticum tuberculoses, so they are used as drugs.