Functions of the Conducting Zone 1. Provides a low-resistance pathway for air flow; resistance is...

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Transcript of Functions of the Conducting Zone 1. Provides a low-resistance pathway for air flow; resistance is...

Page 1: Functions of the Conducting Zone 1. Provides a low-resistance pathway for air flow; resistance is physiologically regulated by changes in contraction.
Page 2: Functions of the Conducting Zone 1. Provides a low-resistance pathway for air flow; resistance is physiologically regulated by changes in contraction.
Page 3: Functions of the Conducting Zone 1. Provides a low-resistance pathway for air flow; resistance is physiologically regulated by changes in contraction.
Page 4: Functions of the Conducting Zone 1. Provides a low-resistance pathway for air flow; resistance is physiologically regulated by changes in contraction.
Page 5: Functions of the Conducting Zone 1. Provides a low-resistance pathway for air flow; resistance is physiologically regulated by changes in contraction.

Functions of the Conducting ZoneFunctions of the Conducting Zone

• 1. Provides a low-resistance pathway for air flow; 1. Provides a low-resistance pathway for air flow; resistance is physiologically regulated by changes resistance is physiologically regulated by changes in contraction of airway smooth muscle and by in contraction of airway smooth muscle and by physical forces acting upon the airways.physical forces acting upon the airways.

• 2. Defends against microbes, toxic chemicals, and 2. Defends against microbes, toxic chemicals, and other foreign matter, cilia, mucus, and phagocytes other foreign matter, cilia, mucus, and phagocytes perform this function.perform this function.

• 3. Warms and moistens the air.3. Warms and moistens the air.• 4. Phonates (vocal cords).4. Phonates (vocal cords).

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ALVEOLAR VENTILATIONALVEOLAR VENTILATION

• Alveolar ventilation is defined as the Alveolar ventilation is defined as the volume of atmospheric air entering alveoli volume of atmospheric air entering alveoli each minute.each minute.

• Minute ventilation is the total ventilation Minute ventilation is the total ventilation per minute.per minute.

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Regulation of RespirationRegulation of Respiration

Respiratory Center

Dorsal respiratory group of neurons - its inspiratory and rhythmical function

Pneumotaxic center limits the duration of inspiration and increases the respiratory rate

Ventral respiratory group of neurons - functions in both inspiration and expiration

Possibility of an “Apneustic Center” in the lower pons

Lung inflation signals limit inspiration - The Herring-Breuer Inflation Reflex

Control of Overall respiratory Center Activity

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Pathophysiologic Causes of Hypoxemia

RespiratoryDiffusion impairment (edema, fibrosis) IncreasedPhysiologic shunt IncreasedGeneralized hypoventilation (emplysema) NormalLocal low VA/Q (depressed respiration) Increased

NonrespiratoryIntracardiac right-to-left shunt IncreasedDecreased PIO2, low PB, low FIO2 NormalReduced oxygen content (anemia and carbonmonoxide poisoning) Normal

.

Causes

Effect onP(A-a)O2

Gradient

CO2 20 X O2

PVO = 40 mmHg

PAO = 104 mmHg

PVCO = 47 mmHgPACO = 40 mmHg

2

2

2

2

64 mmHg

7 mmHg

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Manifestations of Respiratory Manifestations of Respiratory DistressDistress

Manifestations of Respiratory Manifestations of Respiratory DistressDistress

• Altered mental status• Increased work of breathing

– Tachypnea– Accessory muscle use, retractions, paradoxical

breathing pattern • Catecholamine release

– Tachycardia, diaphoresis, hypertension• Abnormal arterial blood gas values

• Altered mental status• Increased work of breathing

– Tachypnea– Accessory muscle use, retractions, paradoxical

breathing pattern • Catecholamine release

– Tachycardia, diaphoresis, hypertension• Abnormal arterial blood gas values

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Acute Respiratory Failure Management

Acute Respiratory Failure Management

• Oxygen supplementation– Increase FIO2

– Match flow between delivery device and inspiratory demand

– High- vs. low-oxygen systems– High- vs. low-flow systems

• Oxygen supplementation– Increase FIO2

– Match flow between delivery device and inspiratory demand

– High- vs. low-oxygen systems– High- vs. low-flow systems

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Orotracheal Intubation –Preparation

Orotracheal Intubation –Preparation

• Appropriate monitoring – oximetry, ECG, BP– Assemble equipment– Laryngoscope –test light, select blade– Endotracheal tube – test cuff, lubricate– Stylet – insert, angulate– Suction – test– Magill forceps

• Appropriate monitoring – oximetry, ECG, BP– Assemble equipment– Laryngoscope –test light, select blade– Endotracheal tube – test cuff, lubricate– Stylet – insert, angulate– Suction – test– Magill forceps

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Orotracheal Intubation –Preparation

Orotracheal Intubation –Preparation

• Don protective garb

• Elevate occiput with pad if no cervical spine injury suspected

• Provide anesthesia, sedation, amnesia, and neuromuscular blockade as required

• Don protective garb

• Elevate occiput with pad if no cervical spine injury suspected

• Provide anesthesia, sedation, amnesia, and neuromuscular blockade as required

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Orotracheal Intubation – Technique

• Proper operator position

• Holding the laryngoscope handle

• Application of cricoid pressure

• Mouth opening methods

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Orotracheal Intubation – TechniqueOrotracheal Intubation – Technique

• Insertion of laryngoscope blade – tongue control

• Tongue displacement medially – visualize epiglottis

• Insertion of laryngoscope blade – tongue control

• Tongue displacement medially – visualize epiglottis

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Orotracheal Intubation – TechniqueOrotracheal Intubation – Technique

• Advance laryngoscope into position (vallecula for curved blade; under epiglottis for straight blade)

• Elevate base of tongue and expose glottic opening

• Advance laryngoscope into position (vallecula for curved blade; under epiglottis for straight blade)

• Elevate base of tongue and expose glottic opening

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Orotracheal Intubation – TechniqueOrotracheal Intubation – Technique

• Elevate base of tongue Elevate base of tongue further to fully expose further to fully expose glottic opening and glottic opening and surrounding anatomysurrounding anatomy

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Orotracheal Intubation – TechniqueOrotracheal Intubation – Technique

• Insert endotracheal tube under direct vision to Insert endotracheal tube under direct vision to 23–25 cm at lip23–25 cm at lip

• Remove stylet and laryngoscope, inflate tube Remove stylet and laryngoscope, inflate tube cuffcuff

• Confirm tube position Confirm tube position – – breath sounds, CObreath sounds, CO22 detectordetector

• Secure endotracheal tubeSecure endotracheal tube• Obtain chest radiographObtain chest radiograph

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Orotracheal Intubation – TechniqueOrotracheal Intubation – Technique

• Straight blade position, Straight blade position, elevating the epiglottiselevating the epiglottis

• Be aware of Be aware of laryngospasm when laryngospasm when epiglottis is touchedepiglottis is touched

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INTRODUÇÃO

A traqueostomia é um procedimento de acesso cirúrgico às vias aéreas superiores, descrito desde a eraAntes de Cristo, com o objetivo primordial de aliviar ou transpor obstruções que impedissem a respiração.Era, portanto, procedimento realizado em situações de emergência. Nas últimas duas décadas, entretanto,sua utilização tem sido estendida a várias outras situações, tornando-a um procedimento mais freqüente,principalmente nas Unidades ou Centros de Tratamento Intensivo.

TraqueostomiasTraqueostomias

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TraqueostomiasTraqueostomias

INDICAÇÕES

A traqueostomia está indicada, de forma clássica, para o alívio de obstruções das viasaéreas superiores, controle das secreções nessas vias e suporte ventilatório na falênciarespiratória. Nesta última indicação não é a primeira escolha mas substitui o uso do tuboendotraqueal no suporte ventilatório prolongado, tendo a capacidade de diminuir aincidência de estenose laríngica e traqueal. Outras indicações seriam a de diminuir oespaço morto anatômico e o trabalho muscular respiratório, levando a uma melhora naventilação e oxigenação.

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TraqueostomiasTraqueostomias

LocalA traqueostomia é raramente um procedimento de emergência, portanto deve serrealizado, sempre que possível, dentro do Centro Cirúrgico. Nas situações em que odeslocamento do paciente é de alto risco o procedimento pode, eventualmente, serrealizado dentro da Unidade ou Centro de Tratamento Intensivo.

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TraqueostomiasTraqueostomias

MaterialÉ fundamental que entendamos que o traqueostomia, mesmo que realizada fora doambiente cirúrgico, deve ter os mesmos cuidados e rotinas, necessitando que a equipe deprofissionais que venham a atuar estejam equipados com goro, máscara, óculos, capote eluvas estéreis. A seguir descreveremos os materiais necessários para a realização doprocedimento:

1. Antisséptico (álcool iodado, povidine, clorexedine, etc.).2. Caixa de pequena cirurgia contendo campo fenestrado, compressa e gaze.3. Anestésico (Lidocaína a 2% com ou sem vasoconstritor).4. Seringa de 10 ml ou de 20 ml.5. Agulha hipodérmica de 40/12 (uma unidade) e de 30/7 (uma unidade).6. Fio cirúrgico monofi lamentado 3-0 ou 4-0 (uma unidade).7. Lâmina de bisturi para cabo no 3 (nos 10, 11, 12 e 13) ou para cabo no 4 (nos 21, 22

e 23)Cânula de traqueostomia com calibre adequado ao tamanho e idade do paciente (umaunidade).

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TraqueostomiasTraqueostomias

EquipeÉ necessária a presença do cirurgião, de um auxiliar e, dependendo do local, do tipo deanestesia a ser realizada e da gravidade do paciente, de um anestesista. Este seráresponsável pelo procedimento anestésico, se necessário, manuseio do tubo oro-traqueal,se presente, pela oxigenação do paciente e pela avaliação e suporte dos sinais vitais.

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TraqueostomiasTraqueostomias

Posição do pacienteO paciente é colocado em decúbito dorsal, com um coxim colocado transversalmente sobos ombros, de forma que o pescoço fique hiperextendido.

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TraqueostomiasTraqueostomias

AnestesiaA traqueostomia pode ser, na maioria das vezes, realizada por anestesia local. Umasedação associada faz com que o paciente tolere melhor o procedimento. Eventualmentehá a necessidade do paciente ser submetido a uma anestesia geral.

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TraqueostomiasTraqueostomias

• Cuidados– RX tórax– Pressão balonete– Sangramento– Secreções– Nebulização– Hidratação– Troca

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TraqueostomiasTraqueostomias

• Complicações– Per-operatórias– Precoces– Tardias

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TraqueostomiasTraqueostomias

• Per-operatórias– Sangramento– Lesão nervosa– Lesão tireóide– Lesão parede posterior traquéia– Colocação cânula posição inadequada– Arritmias

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TraqueostomiasTraqueostomias

• Precoces– Pneumomediastino– Pneumotórax– Embolia gasosa– Fístula tráqueo-esofágica

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TraqueostomiasTraqueostomias

• Tardias– Infecção– Sangramento– Obstrução cânula– Fístula tráqueo-esofágica– Fístula tráqueo-cutânea– Cicatriz hipertrófica– Traqueomalácia– Estenose traquéia