FUNCTIONALLY-GRADED NPR (NEGATIVE POISSON’S RATIO ...FUNCTIONALLY-GRADED NPR (NEGATIVE POISSON’S...
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FUNCTIONALLY-GRADED NPR (NEGATIVE POISSON’S RATIO) MATERIAL FOR A BLAST-PROTECTIVERATIO) MATERIAL FOR A BLAST-PROTECTIVE
DEFLECTORZheng-Dong Ma, Gregory M. Hulbert, University of Michigan
Hongxin Bian Ce Sun MKP Structural Design Associates Inc
UNCLASSIFIED: Dist A. Approved for public release 1
Hongxin Bian, Ce Sun, MKP Structural Design Associates, Inc.Krishan Bishnoi, Farzad Rostam-Abadi, US Army TARDEC
August 19, 2010
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1. REPORT DATE 06 AUG 2010
2. REPORT TYPE Briefing Chart
3. DATES COVERED 07-01-2010 to 11-07-2010
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE FUNCTIONALLY-GRADED NPR (NEGATIVE POISSON’SRATIO) MATERIAL FOR A BLAST-PROTECTIVE DEFLECTOR
5a. CONTRACT NUMBER W56HZV-09-C-0037
5b. GRANT NUMBER
5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER
6. AUTHOR(S) Zheng-Dong Ma; Gregory Hulbert; Hongxin Bian; Krishan Bishnoi;Farzad Rostam-Abadi
5d. PROJECT NUMBER
5e. TASK NUMBER
5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER
7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) University of Michigan,4260 Plymouth Road,Ann Arbor,Mi,48109
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER ; #21087
9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) U.S. Army TARDEC, 6501 East Eleven Mile Rd, Warren, Mi, 48397-5000
10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S) TARDEC
11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORT NUMBER(S) #21087
12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release; distribution unlimited
13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES For 2010 GROUND VEHICLE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SYMPOSIUM(GVSETS) AUGUST 17-19
14. ABSTRACT briefing charts
15. SUBJECT TERMS
16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATIONOF ABSTRACT
Public Release
18. NUMBEROF PAGES
32
19a. NAME OFRESPONSIBLE PERSON
a. REPORT unclassified
b. ABSTRACT unclassified
c. THIS PAGE unclassified
Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18
Presentation Outline
θ2
θ2
θ2
θ2
θ1
θ1heθ1
θ1he
Application to blastFunctional and
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NPRApplication to blast
protectionFunctional and
Functionally-graded NPR
Presentation Outline
θ2
θ2
θ2
θ2
θ1
θ1heθ1
θ1he
Application to blastFunctional and
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NPRApplication to blast
protectionFunctional and
Functionally-graded NPR
Negative Poisson’s Ratio (NPR) Material
• NPR materials first introduced in• NPR materials first introduced in 1987 (Lakes, Science)
• Unlike conventional materials, NPR materials may shrink whenmaterials may shrink when compressed along a perpendicular direction.
• Engineered NPR material concepta) NPR effect
ε
Original shape Deformed shape
• Engineered NPR material concept obtained from a topology optimization process (Larsen, 1997)
εy εx
• Extended to three-dimensional NPR design (patent pending)
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b) NPR design from a topology optimization process (Larsen 1997)
Three-Dimensional NPR Material(MKP Patent Pending)( g)
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(made of steel)
Design Variables
θ2
θ2
θ2
θ2 2mm X 5mmtendon
Unit Cell
θ
θ2
θ
θ2
θ1 = 60 degrees
θ1
θ1heθ1
θ1he
θ2 = 130 degrees
he = 22.2 mm
3mm X 5mm
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stuffer
Effective Material Properties
6
7
(GPa)
0
θ2
heθ1
4
5
's Modulus
-40
-30
-20
-10
n's Ratio
30
801
2
3
ctive Young
80
-70
-60
-50
Poisson
13040 60 80 100 120 140 160
0
1
Effec
3060
90120
150
4070
100130160
-80
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Effective Young’s Modulus Effective Poisson’s Ratio
Variations of Arrangement
θ
θ2
θ
θ2 Unit Cell
θ1
θ1
θ2
heθ1
θ1
θ2
he
PPR-1 PPR-2
Parallel Configuration Diagonal configuration PPR config ration
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Parallel Configuration (NPR-p)
Diagonal configuration (NPR-d)
PPR configuration(PPR-1/PPR-2)
Stiffness Comparison of NPR & PPR Materials
NPR materials are much
400
500
600
MPa)
stiffer and stronger than PPR materialsWhen normal pressure i
NPR-diagonal
200
300
400
g's Modulus ( increases
– Stiffness of NPR material increases
– Stiffness of PPR material
NPR-parallel
PPR-2
0
100
200
Youn
decreasesNPR diagonal material– Is the strongest
PPR-1PPR 2
Young’s Modulus with respect to normal pressure
0 5 10 15 20
Vertical Pressure (MPa)NPR parallel material– Is the second strongest
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g p pSame weight and same area density (area density of the NPR-diagonal is 2X)
Manufacturing Process forCoupons Development
Manufacturing process
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Prove manufacturability and fabrication methodDevelop testing specimens
Virtual Blast Testing
6 kg TNTParameters:TNT: 6kg with offset 75cm
Material: Steel
Tensile: 2 0 mm x 2 0 mm
g
0.75 m
Top plate
140 mm
140 mm
Top plate
140 mm
140 mm
Tensile: 2.0 mm x 2.0 mm
Stuffer: 2.0 mm x 4.0 mm
Plate thickness: 3.0 mm
Theta 1: 60 deg
Tensile material
Stuffer material96.8
mm
Tensile material
Stuffer material96.8
mm
Theta 2: 130 deg
Cell unit periodicity in x: 4
Cell unit periodicity in y: 4
Cell unit periodicity in z: 4
Bottom plateBottom plate
Cell unit periodicity in z: 4
Damping: 0.1%
BCs: nodes on bottom plate no displacement in vertical direction
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Simulation Result
Deformation and effective Von Mises stress
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Deformation and effective Von Mises stress on the top plat (in Mbar)
Blast Force Mitigation
6 kg TNT
7
8
g
0.75 m
4
5
6
5 N)
5 N
)
2
3
4
force (e5
Forc
e (e
-1
0
1
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
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time (us)Time (μs)
Unique Features of the NPR Material
Basic Features of the NPR (Negative Poisson’s Ratio) Material:
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
force in Z (e7 N)
NPR structure
RHA structure
4 ft 2 ft
8.3 inch
4 ft 2 ft
8.3 inch
4 ft 2 ft
8.3 inch
1 lb TNT
1 lb TNT1 lb TNT
4 ft 2 ft
11.5 inch
4 ft 2 ft
11.5 inch
ast Force (10
7 N)
Without NPR
With NPR
Material concentration Bulging effect
0
0.1
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
time (us)
total
Total Bla
Time (10‐6 Sec)
With NPR
Impact force mitigation
Functional and Functionally-Graded Design
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Optimal Shape DesignAdaptive Shape Change
Presentation Outline
θ2
θ2
θ2
θ2
θ1
θ1heθ1
θ1he
Application to blastFunctional and
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NPRApplication to blast
protectionFunctional and
Functionally-graded NPR
Generalized Design Variables
• Various filling materialsOr no filling Tendon
Unit Cell • Metallic strip• Cable• Organic fiber
• Or no filling
θ2xθ2y g
• …
θ1x θ1y h
• Various geometry shapes
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Stuffer• Various geometry shapes
and raw material selections
NPR by Design
PR(Y) =
1.80
PR(Y) =
‐2.5
PR(Y) =
0.7
PR(X) = ‐8.3
θ2x = 90oθ2x = ‐110o θ2x = 110o
PR(X) = ‐2.5PR(X) = 0.7
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θ2y = ‐110oθ2y = ‐110o θ2y = 110o
Functionally-Graded NPR
Layer 7: E = 4.5e3MPa, ν = −0.79
Layer 6: E = 3.8e3MPa, ν = −0.50
Layer 5: E = 3.2e3MPa, ν = −0.31
Layer 4: E = 2.7e3MPa, ν = −0.18
Layer 3: E = 2 1e3MPa ν = 0 10
Layer 1: E = 1.3e3MPa, ν = 0
Layer 2: E = 1.7e3MPa, ν = −0.04
Layer 3: E = 2.1e3MPa, ν = −0.10
Layer 1: E 1.3e3MPa, ν 0
The integrated structure’s properties are: E = 2 8e3MPa ν = -0 24
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The integrated structure s properties are: E 2.8e3MPa, ν 0.24
Simulation Result
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The “Reactive” Deflector Concept
Based on the bulging effect of NPR material
Is enhanced by a functionally-graded NPR concept with varied stiffness along the lateral direction
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g
Varied Stiffness Distribution
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Adaptive Structure for Blast Protection
a) T1=150 μs b) T2=210 μs
c) T3=270 μs d) T4=330 μs
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c) 3 0 μs d) 330 μs
Presentation Outline
θ2
θ2
θ2
θ2
θ1
θ1heθ1
θ1he
Application to blastFunctional and
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NPRApplication to blast
protectionFunctional and
Functionally-graded NPR
Objective
Develop an innovative structural-material conceptDevelop an innovative structural material concept for a novel deflector that can significantly improve crew protection under explosives with minimum
hi l i ht d C G h i htvehicle weight and C.G. height
– New structural-material configuration, which can react to the blast of explosives and improve protection bythe blast of explosives and improve protection by adaptively changing material configuration
– Maximize blast protectionMinimize vehicle weight– Minimize vehicle weight
– Minimize vehicle C.G. height– Can be functionally designed
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Accomplishments
θ1
θ2
θ2
hθ1
θ2
θ2
hθ1heθ1he
Concept development PrototypingManufacturing process
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Design optimization Mechanical & blast testsNew design capabilities
Drop Tower Tests
TST61: without NPRTST62: FG-NPR (1.0/1.2/
1 8 i h f )1.8 mm with foam)TST63: NPR (1.0 mm)
without foamTST64: NPR (1.0 mm) with
ffoam
Bas
erc
e to
the
B
Sample height after test
Pea
k Fo
r
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A 50 kg mass from 12 feet heightSample #
Blast Tube Tests:BTR Composite vs. Honeycomb
Prof. Waas’ lab at U of M
Square honeycomb core panel (HC-1, HC-2): 5.5” X 5.5” X 1.6”. Weight: 506 g.g g
(made of steel)
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Geometry of NPR: 5.5” X 5.5” X 3.5”,Weight: without foam: 398g, with foam:540g
( )
Comparison of NPR with Honeycomb
Boundary & loading conditions
Geometry of the square honeycomb core: 5.5” X 5.5” X 1.6”, Weight: 506g. NPR Honeycomb
Profiles of specimens after testing NPR t f hil
Helium 1,745 psi Helium 1,762 psi
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NPR presents a convex surface, while square honeycomb presents a concave surfaceGeometry of NPR: 5.5” X 5.5” X 3.5”,
Weight: without foam: 398g, with foam:540g
Field Blast Test Plan
TNT Air Blast Parameter:TNT Air Blast Parameter:
Standard test: 6 kg =13.23 lb
0.5 m = 1.64 ft 1/3
Equivalent Air Blast Parameter:
Standard test: 1 lb and
0.69 ft = 21 cmScaled Distance= 0.69 ft/lb1/3 0.69 ft 21 cm
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1 lb TNT 8” beneath the specimen of 12” x 12”
Before test
Convex surface
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After test
Concluding Remarks
• Three unique features of the NPR material concept validated by• Three unique features of the NPR material concept-validated by both virtual prototyping and physical tests– Material concentration under the load – Bulging effect for blast wave deflection– Blast force mitigation
• NPR materials many perform much better than regular materials– Better stiffness and strength characteristics
B tt h i t t bl– Better shear resistance – more stable• Functionally-graded NPR design may provide
– Shape morphing and material redistribution, and hence better protection performanceprotection performance
– Less deflector height required for the same level of protection
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Lightweight, Shape Adaptive Blast Deflector Conceptp
W-shape deflector
BTR deck/floor plate (Patent No.: US 7,563,497 B2)V-shape adaptive deflector
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NPR adaptive deflector core(Patent Application No.: US 2010/0119792 A1)
Nanoclay‐reinforced composite front plate(Fiber-reinforced woven composite with nanoclay- reinforced matrix)