Functionalism Ppt
Transcript of Functionalism Ppt
1,045%1,21 %Percentage of national GDP
862,3994,3Total
50,357,7Administration
50,062,8EU as Global Partner
10,314,7Freedom, Securityand Justice
370,8400,3CAP
308,1336,3Cohesion Policy
72,0121,7Competitiveness (e.g. R&D, Education)
Compromise as of Dec, 17th 2005
Commission Proposal (Feb 2004)
EU Budget 2007 – 2013 (bn €)
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Wessels - Jean Monnet Chair, Cologne
„Why, if it isn‘t my old pal, thesubsidy addictedFederalist…“
„As I live and breathe, mydear friend, theAnglo-SaxonFree Marketeer!“
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Wessels - Jean Monnet Chair, Cologne
(Neo-) Functionalism
Theories and Strategies
of European Integration
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Wessels - Jean Monnet Chair, Cologne
Assumptions
State:
- need-centric rather than state-centric perspective
- human needs and public welfare rather than power politics
Human nature:
- rational and cooperative behaviour
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Wessels - Jean Monnet Chair, Cologne
Assumptions
International system:
- globalisation
- transnational problem solving
- interdependence
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Wessels - Jean Monnet Chair, Cologne
David MITRANY
“One might say indeed that the true task of peaceful change is to remove the need and the wish for changes of frontiers.“
A Working Peace System, Chicago, 1943
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Wessels - Jean Monnet Chair, Cologne
render war irrational / impossible through collective transnational problem solving and mutual dependence.
more conducive to the maintenance of international peace and stability
transcend any anarchical structures in world politics
Assumptions
International agencies:
transnational / trans-border cooperation
„realised interdependence“
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Wessels - Jean Monnet Chair, Cologne
(Neo-) Functionalism in the ALIS-scheme
THEORY
Assumptions
• rejection of the state and powerconcept
• human beings are essentiallycooperative and act rationally
• same (transnational) problems• interest in joint problem solving
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Wessels - Jean Monnet Chair, Cologne
David MITRANY
“… we discover … the virtue of technical self-determination.
The functional dimensions … determine themselves.”
‘form follows function’ functional and technical fields
e.g. Coal and Steel, Railways,
Telecommunications…
Logics
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Wessels - Jean Monnet Chair, Cologne
David MITRANY
“The function … determines the political instrumentsuitable for its proper activity, and by the same means provides for its reform at every stage.”
Mitrany, David (1975), The Functional Theory of Politics, Martin Robertson and Company, London.
Logics
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Wessels - Jean Monnet Chair, Cologne
“expansive logic of sector integration”
Haas, Ernst B., The Uniting of Europe. Political, Social and Economic Forces 1950-1957, London, 1958
spill over:
the way in which the creation and deepening of integration within one economic sector would create pressures for further economic integration within and beyond that sector
Logics Neo-Functionalism
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Wessels - Jean Monnet Chair, Cologne
Ernst B. HAAS
The Uniting of Europe. Political, Social and Economic Forces 1950-1957, London, 1958
“A spill over into as yet unintegrated economic areas
and a concern over political techniques, appropriate for
the control of new and larger problems, is manifest.”
Logics Neo-Functionalism
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Wessels - Jean Monnet Chair, Cologne
Four forms of spill-over:
- technical / sectoral
- political
- geographical
- active / cultivated spill over
Logics Neo-Functionalism
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Wessels - Jean Monnet Chair, Cologne
Walter HALLSTEIN
“The logic of economic integration not only leads on towards political unity by way of the fusion of interests, it also involves political action in itself.“
United Europe. Challenge and Opportunity, Cambridge, Mass., 1962.
Logics Neo-Functionalism
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Wessels - Jean Monnet Chair, Cologne
“It is an anonymous force, but it only works through human will. It might be called material logic [Sachlogik]. … One of its results is that action in one field of economic policy has repercussions in all the rest.”
Hallstein, Walter: Der unvollendete Bundesstaat. Europäische Erfahrungen und Erkenntnisse, Düsseldorf, 1969.
Europe in the Making. Translation by Charles Roetter. London, 1972
On the concept of Hallstein’s “Sachlogik” (~ material logic)
Logics Neo-Functionalism
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Wessels - Jean Monnet Chair, Cologne
Hoffmann, S. and Robert O. Keohane (eds), The new European Community: Decision Making and Institutional Change. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991 pp. 19-20
“Spill over is an important concept, but it can only be usefully employed within a carefully limited sphere […]. The theory of ‘spill over’ has therefore not been discredited…
…actors can have incentives to promote task expansion into new sectors in order to protect gains already achieved…”
Logics Neo-Functionalism
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Wessels - Jean Monnet Chair, Cologne
What is political integration ?
- real but limited transfer or sovereignty
the process whereby political actors in several distinct nationalsettings are persuaded to shift their loyalties, expectations andpolitical activities towards a new centre whose institutionspossess or demand jurisdiction over the pre-existing nationalstates.
Haas, Ernst B., The Uniting of Europe. Political, Social and Economic Forces 1950-1957, London, 1958
Logics Neo-Functionalism
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Wessels - Jean Monnet Chair, Cologne
THEORY
(Neo-) Functionalism in the ALIS-scheme
Logics
• form follows function• spill-over • “Sachlogik”• from single market to political union• problem-solving by emphasising expertise• epistemic communities
• transfer of loyalty and sovereignty
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Wessels - Jean Monnet Chair, Cologne
Jean MONNET
“Rien n’est possible sans les hommes, rien n’est durablesans les institutions”
“Les hommes sont nécessaires au changement, les institutions pour faire vivre le changement.”
Institutions (Neo-) Functionalism
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Wessels - Jean Monnet Chair, Cologne
international agencies:
Institutions (Neo-) Functionalism
- “functional” and “technical” efficient transnationalproblem solving
- reflect the logic of “technocracy” and ”expertise”(positive sum game)
- rather than “political” and “security” issues(zero sum game)
David MITRANY
“…In a like manner the function determines its appropriate organs.”
‘form follows function’
Institutions / organs
functional and technical fields
e.g. Coal and Steel, Railways,
Telecommunications…
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Wessels - Jean Monnet Chair, Cologne
Institutional diagram
European Council
Council of the EU
European Parliament(forum)
European Commission
ECJ
ECB
legal authority
agencies
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Wessels - Jean Monnet Chair, Cologne
Charles DE GAULLE 9th September 1965
« …une fédération européenne […] régie par quelque
aéropage technocratique, apatride et irresponsable… »
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Wessels - Jean Monnet Chair, Cologne
HEORY(Neo-) Functionalism in the ALIS-scheme
Institutions
• technocracy• European Commission as engine of
integration, produces consensus• technocratic knowledge as source of
legitimacy (ECB)• close interaction between
administration and interest-groups
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Wessels - Jean Monnet Chair, Cologne
Schuman Declaration of May 9th, 1950
Europe will not be made all at once, or according to a single plan. It will be built through concrete achievements which first create a de facto solidarity.
…
The solidarity in production thus established will make it plain that any war between France and Germany becomes not merely unthinkable, but materially impossible.
intergovernmental disintegration/dissolution
(i)
25 TEU Nice
- Full Constitution- TCE +
- TCE
- TCE -
- TEU +++
- TEU ++
- TEU +
- TEU –- TEU - -
- TEU - - -
“2”EU “3”EU “6”EUsmaller EU
“30”+ EUlarger EU
(c)
(e)
III
IV I
II
c. coupling option: close connection between enlargement and deepening - deepen step by step and enlarge member state by member state
e. core Europe: institutional deepening within a group of „willing“ and „able“ member states (outside the TEU framework)
f. variable geometry: groups of member states with sectoral integration existing in parallel (outside the TEU framework)
i. l'Europe à la carte: groups of interested member states practising limited functional or sectoral co-operation (outside the TEU framework)
(f)
STATUS QUO
supranational integration + deepening
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Wessels - Jean Monnet Chair, Cologne
THEORY(Neo-) Functionalism in the ALIS-scheme
Strategies
• functional governance• self-perpetuating process with• open finalité• cultivated spill over