Fruits Types Eng Version PB

FRUITS

Prasenjit Biswas

[email protected]

FRUITS

• Flowers are the reproductive structures of flowering plants(Angiosperms).

• The function of a flower is to produce the reproductive cells of the plant (eggs and pollen).

• Fertilization of the egg in a flowering plant stimulates growth in both ovule and ovary. Growth and maturity of the ovary result in a fruit and the ovule results in seed.

• Fertilized, mature & ripened ovary is called fruit .

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o A matured carpel or group of carpels (the basic units of the gynoecium or female part of the flower) with or without seeds, and with or without other floral or shoot parts (accessory structures) united to the carpel or carpels.

o Carpology is the study of the morphology and anatomy of fruits.

o The ovary develops into a fruit after fertilization and usually contains one or more seeds, which have developed from the fertilized ovules.

o Parthenocarpic fruits usually lack seeds. Fruitlets are the small fruits or subunits of aggregate or multiple fruits.

o Flowers, carpels, ovaries, and fruits are, by definition, restricted to the flowering plants (angiosperms), although fruitlike structures may enclose seeds in certain other groups of seed plants.

o The fruit is of ecological significance because of seed dispersal.

FRUITS


FRUITS

1. True fruits – fruit develops from fertilized ovule containing ovary, e.g., mango

1. False fruits/ accessory fruit - An accessory fruit contains other floral parts in addition to fertilized ovule containing ovary, e.g., Pome fruit (apple)

2. Parthenocarpic fruits – In banana, the ovary develops fruit without fertilization. Now-a-days, NAA, IBA are used to produce parthenocarpic fruits.


STRUCTURE OF A TRUE/

TYPICAL FRUIT

Two parts

1. Pericarp - As an ovary develops into a fruit, its wall, the

pericarp (Gr: peri = around), thickens and often

differentiates into distinct layers, the exocarp (exo = outside,

carpus = fruit), mesocarp (meso = middle), and endocarp

(endo = inside), or sometimes only into exocarp and

endocarp. These layers are generally more conspicuous in

fleshy fruits than in dry ones. As the fruit develops, it

protects the developing seeds and the embryos they in turn

contain.

2. Seed - the pericarp surrounds the seed which develop from

the ovules within the ovary.


STRUCTURE OF A TRUE/

TYPICAL FRUIT


FRUIT PARTS

1. Carpophore. Floral axis extension between adjacent carpels, as in the Apiaceae.

2. Ectocarp or Exocarp. Outermost layer of pericarp.

3. Endocarp. Innermost differentiated layer of pericarp.

4. Funiculus. Seed stalk.

5. Mericarp. A portion of fruit that seemingly matured as a separate fruit.

6. Mesocarp. Middle layer of pericarp.

7. Pericarp. Fruit wall.

8. Placenta. Region of attachment of seeds on inner fruit wall.

9. Replum. Persistent septum after dehiscence of fruits, as in the Brassicaceae.

10. Retinaculum, Jaculator or Echma. A persistent indurated, hook-like funiculus

in the fruits of Acanthaceae.

11. Rostellum or Beak. Persistent stylar base on fruit.

12. Seed. A matured ovule.

13. Septum or Dissepiment. Partition.


FRUIT TYPES

Basically three types –

A. Simple Fruit (সরল ফল) - Simple fruits are those which

develop from a single ovary.

B. Aggregate Fruit (গুচ্ছিত ফল) - come from a single flower

which has many ovaries.

C. Composite or Multiple Fruit (য ৌচ্ছিক ফল) - derived from

a tight cluster of separate, independent flowers borne on a

single structure.


A. Simple Fruit

• Simple fruits are those which develop from a single ovary.

• Examples - cherries and peaches (drupe), pears and apples (pome), and tomatoes (berries), peanut (legumes), poppy (capsule), maple (samara), and walnut (nut).

• These are of two types –

a. Simple Dry Fruit (নীরস ফল) – Rice, Wheat

b. Simple Fleshy Fruit (সরস ফল) –Mangoes, Tomatoes


Dry fruits can also be divided in:

1. Indehiscent Fruit (অচ্ছিদারী ফল) -

Not opening to discharge seeds.

2. Dehiscent fruit (চ্ছিদারী ফল) -

Opening to discharge seeds.

3. Schizocarpic Fruit (যেদক ফল) -

Schizocarpic fruits are ones in which

the fruit breaks into fragments, each

of which encloses one or more

seeds. In schizocarpic fruits it is the

fruit fragments that disperse from

the plant, rather than individual,

naked seeds.

a. Simple Dry Fruit Types


1. Indehiscent Fruit

i. AcheneAn Achene is a single-seeded dry indehiscent fruit in which the seed coat is not part of the fruit coat.

This is the fruit of a Sunflower (Helianthus annuus).

Other fruits of this type are:

Buttercup (Ranunculus),

Clematis (Clematis),

Coreopsis (Coreopsis),

Dahlia (Dahlia),

English Marigold (Calendula),

Zinnia (Zinnia).Fruit of a Sunflower

(Helianthus annuus)



ii. CaryopsisA Caryopsis is a simple dry indehiscent fruit, like an achene, but with the seedcoat fused with the fruit coat.

This is the fruit of Sweetcorn (Zea).

Other fruits of this type are all members of the Grass Family (Poaceae): Barley (Hordeum), Oats (Avena), Rice (Oryza), Rye (Secale), Wheat (Triticum).


iii. CypselaA Cypsela is a single-seeded dry indehiscent fruit that develops from a one part inferior ovary (on the stalk side of the flower).

They are sometimes included with Achenes.

This is the fruit of a Dandelion (Taraxacumofficinale).

Other fruits of this type are found in the same plant family, the Daisy Family (Asteraceae).


Lateral view of a fruit body, with

inset of a fruit body cross-section.20-Oct-12 [email protected]

iv. Nut

A Nut is a large single hardened

achene.

This is a Chestnut (Castanea sativa).

Other fruits of this type are: Acorn

(Quercus), Hazel (Corylus avellana),

Hickory (Carya).



2. Dehiscent Fruit

i. Legume or PodA Legume is a dry dehiscent pod that splits on two sides.

This is the fruit of a Sweet Pea (Lathyrusodoratus). Other fruits of this type are all in members of the Pea Family (Leguminosae/Fabaceae): Acacia (Acacia), Alfalfa (Medicago sativa), Liquoric.


Legume

- Fruits crack open along

two seams and shed

their seeds into the

environment

2. Dehiscent Fruit

ii. Follicle

A Follicle is a dry dehiscent fruit which splits on one side only. It may contain one or many seeds.

This is the fruit of a Columbine (Aquilegia).

Other fruits of this type are: Delphinium (Delphinium), Larkspur (Consolida), Love in a Mist (Nigella damascena), Milkweed (Asclepias), Peony (Paeonia).

2. Dehiscent Fruit

fruit of Calotropis gigantea20-Oct-12 [email protected]

iii. Silique• A Silique is a dry dehiscent fruit. It is long and thin,

splits down the two long sides, and has a papery membrane (the septum) between the two halves.

• This is the fruit of a Wallflower (Erysimum cheiri). Other fruits of this type are all in members of the Cabbage Family (Brassicaceae): Aubrieta (Aubrieta x cultorum), Cabbage (Brassica olearacea), Honesty (Lunaria annua), Radish (Raphanus sativus).

• A silique which is less than twice as long as broad is called a Silicula.

2. Dehiscent Fruit


iv. Capsule• A Capsule is the most common fruit type. A

Capsule is a dry fruit which splits open to

release the seeds.

• These plants all have fruit capsules: Cotton

(Gossypium), Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus), Horse

Chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum), Jimson

Weed (Datura), Mahogany (Afzelia), Witch

Hazel (Hamamelis).

• There are several types of Capsule, depending

on how the fruit splits.

2. Dehiscent Fruit


capsule A dry, dehiscent fruit derived from an ovary with 2 or > carpels (compound ovary). There are many different types of capsules,

described according to how they dehisce.

acrocidal capsule - a capsule that dehisces through longitudinal slits at the terminal end of the fruit, e.g. bladdernut (Staphylea,

Staphyleaceae).

basicidial capsule - a capsule that dehisces through longitudinal slits at the base of the capsule, e.g. Dutchman's pipe (Aristolochia,

Aristolochiaceae).

circumscissle capsule (or pyxis) - a capsule that dehisces along the circumference of the fruit, e.g., plantain (Plantago, Plantaginaceae),

Brazil nuts (Bertholletia, Lecythidaceae).

denticidal capsule - a capsule that dehisces apically, forming 5-10 teeth, e.g., chickweed (Cerastium, Caryophyllaceae).

loculicidal capsule - a capsule that dehisces longitudinally through the cavity of the locules, e.g., evening primrose (Epilobium,

Onagraceae), most orchids (Orchidaceae), horse chestnut (Aesculus, Sapindaceae), crepe myrtle (Lagerstroemia, Lythraceae).

operculate capsule - a capsule that dehisces through pores that are covered by a flap or lid, called an operculum, e.g., poppy (Papaver,

Papaveraceae).

poricidal capsule - a capsule that dehisces through open pores, e.g., Venus's looking-glass (Triodanis, Campanulaceae).

septicidal capsule - a capsule that dehisces longitudinally through the fused sides (septa) of the carpels, e.g., lily (Lilium, Liliaceae),

willow (Salix, Salicaceae), cotton (Gossypium, Malvaceae).

valvular capsule - a capsule that dehisces into segments (valves) that separate from the side walls (septa) of the carpels; also called a

septifragal capsule, e.g. morning glory (Ipomaea, Convolvulaceae).

2. Dehiscent Fruit


http://www.ibiblio.org/botnet/test/6?09?3.html

2. Dehiscent Fruit


3. Schizocarpic Fruit

i. Lomentum

• A Lomentum is a dry dehiscent fruit, a

legume constricted between the seeds.

• This is the fruit of a Golden Chain Tree

(Laburnum anagyroides).

• Other fruits of this type are:

• Sophora (Sophora),

• Tick Trefoil (Desmodium).


i. Cremocarp

• It is a simple dry schizocarpic fruit developing from an inferior, syncarpous bilocularovary. At maturity the fruit splits into two one seeded segments called mericarps. The two mericarps remain attached to a forked axis called carpophore. E.g. Coriander (ধনন ).



ii. Carcerule

It develops from a superior,

bicarpellary, ovary.

It is a typical fruit of the family

labiatae (lamiacae).

The fruit splits into four parts.

Each part has one seed.

E.g. tulsi.



iv. Regma

• It is a simple, dry, schizocarpic fruit

developing from superior ovary,

having three to many carpels and

three to many locules.

• At maturity it splits into as many

parts as there are carpels.

• Each part encloses one or two seeds.

E.g. Castor (Ricinus).



v. SamaraIt develops from a superior, bi or tri carpellaryovary.

It is also a one chambered, one seeded fruit.

The fruit has one or more wings developing from the pericarp, e.g. Hiptage, Dioscorea(yam), Fraxinus (Ash) etc.



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vi. Samaroid

A modified form of samara fruit.

Sometimes the sepals are persistent in the fruit in the form

of wing as in Shorea, Hopea, Dipterocarpus etc.



SIMPLE DRY FRUIT

Completed


b. SIMPLE FLESHY FRUIT

• Fleshy fruits are fruits that have a fleshy part between the fruit's covering and the seeds.

• Apples, oranges, grapes, and watermelons, for example, are fleshy fruits.

• They are of several types.


i. DrupeIt develops from a monocarpellary or polycarpellary, syncarpous ovary. The

pericarp is differentiated into a thin epicarp middle mesocarp and a very hard and

stony endocarp. It is, therefore, also called „stone fruit‟.

It is usually one seeded such as Mangifera (Mango),Zizyphus (Pium), Prunus

(Peach), Cocos nucifera (Coconut-palm) etc. Sometimes the fruit has many seeds

as in palmyra palm (Borassus)



• Exocarp

• Mesocarp

• Endocarp

Endosperm

- liquid endosperm

- solid endosperm

Fibrous walls instead of fleshy

wall found in most drupes

FIBROUS DRUPE


ii. Pome

• Pome is an accessory fruit developed from one or more carpels of a single flower & its accessory tissues. These are sometimes called Accessory Fruits.

• The seeds are contained in chambers in the centre of the fruit.

• This is an Apple (Malus domestica). Other fruits of this type are: Firethorn (Pyracantha), Hawthorn (Crataegus), Medlar (Mespilusgermanica), Pear (Pyrus communis), Quince (Cydonia oblonga).




iii. Pepo

It develops from a polycarpellary, syncarpus, inferior gynoceium.

The fruit is one chambered but falsely appears to be three chambered due to highly swollen placentae.

It is a many seeded fruit.

The seeds develop from ovules present in parietal placentation.

It is a characteristic fruit of Cucurbitaceae, e.g., melon, watermelon, cucumber, gourd, squash etc.



Figure 9. The tissues of

some fruits develop from

flower structures other

than the ovary.


iv. Berry

A berry is a simple fleshy fruit having seeds and pulp produced from a single ovary without a stone.

The entire ovary wall of the berry ripens into an edible pericarp.

Depending on species, a berry may usually have one or many seeds embedded in the flesh of ovary.

• Banana (Musa), Coffee (Coffea arabica), Currant (Ribes), Pasionfruit

• (Passiflora), Pepper (Capsicum), Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentus).



v.Hesperidium

• A Hesperidium is a berry with a tough, aromatic rind.

• It is a simple fleshy fruit. It develops from a syncarpous inferior ovary having axile

placentation. The pericarp is differentiated into outer thick, leathery epicarp having

a number of oil glands, the middle white, spongy mesocarp closely attached to the

inner side of the epicarp and the inner membranous endocarp projecting inwards

forming distinct chambers. From the inner wall of the endocarp grow out numerous,

thick, swollen hairs containing a syrupy juice. They are edible.

• This is an Orange (Citrus sinensis). Other fruits of this type are all Citrus fruits:

Citron (Citrus medica), Grapefruit (Citrus x paradisi), Kumquat (Fortunella),

Lemon (Citrus limon), Lime (Citrus aurantifolia).



The lemon (Citrus lemon) is a hesperidium, a berry with a leathery rind. The exocarp (peel) contains volatile oil glands

(essential oils) in pits.


vi. Amphisarca

A berry-like succulent fruit with

a crustaceous or woody rind,

as in Lagenaria.

a many-celled and many-seeded

fruit that is pulpy within. E.g.,

Bel ( Aegle)



vii. Balausta

An indehiscent, many-seeded, fruit

with a tough, leathery pericarp,

derived from an inferior ovary with

many locules. e.g., pomegranate

(Punica, Lythraceae).



Aggregate Fruits: derived from one (apocarpous) flower with several distinct carpels

on one receptacle.

1. Achenecetum an aggregation of achenes, e.G., Cinquefoil (potentilla, rosaceae),

buttercup (ranunculus, ranunculaceae), clematis (clematis, ranunculaceae).

2. Baccacetum an aggregation of berries, e.G., Baneberry (actaea, ranunculaceae),

pokeweed (phytolacca, phytolaccaceae).

3. Drupecetum an aggregation of drupelets, e.G., Raspberry, blackberry (rubus,

rosaceae).

4. Follicetum an aggregation of follicles, e.G., Columbine (Aquilegia,

ranunculaceae), marsh marigold (caltha, ranunculaceae), magnolia (magnolia,

magnoliaceae).

5. Samaracetum an aggregation of samaras, e.G., Tulip tree (liriodendron,

magnoliaceae).


http://www.ibiblio.org/botnet/test/6-10-1.html

• Multiple fruits are derived from a tight cluster of separate,

independent flowers borne on a single structure. Each flower

will have its own calyx and corolla. Examples of multiple

fruits are pineapple and the beet seed.


Multiple Fruits: formed by the fusion of the ovaries of an entire inflorescence (of 2 or

more flowers).

1. bibacca A fused double berry, formed from two pistils united at their base, e.g.,

honeysuckle (Lonicera, Caprifoliaceae).

2. sorosis A multiple fruit derived from just the pistils of many unisexual flowers of

an inflorescence, e.g., mulberry, a multiple of drupes (Morus, Moraceae), Osage

orange (Maclura, Moraceae), breadfruit (Artocarpus, Annonaceae), cherimoya

(Annona, Annonaceae).

3. syconium A multiple fruit derived from numerous ovaries borne on the inside of

the receptacle of an inflorescence. e.g., fig (Ficus, Moraceae). Also an

accessory fruit, the fleshy portion of the fruit is formed by the hollow peduncle of

the (inside-out) inflorescence.

4. coenocarpium A multiple fruit derived from the pistils and associated floral parts

of an inflorescence, e.g., pineapple, a multiple of berries (Ananas, Bromeliaceae).

Also an accessory fruit.


http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/~kenr/grocery/Multfrts.html

LoniceraMorus

FicusAnanas


CLEAR YOUR CONFUSION

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION


Figure . The fruit may be fleshy or dry. Some fruits may be dry when mature,

although we may be more familiar with an immature pericarp (such as bean

pods), which we eat before ripening. The pericarp of some foods may be

removed before marketing (such as for walnuts and coconuts).


Figure . Botanists generally

consider „fruit‟ to be structures

derived from pericarp, which

may form fleshy and hard layers.


Figure . The arrangement of the

ovules in the chambers (locules)

of the ovary determines how the

seeds are arranged in the fruit.


Figure . An “aggregate

fruit” develops from

many pistils that are

present on a single

receptacle.


Figure. A ‘multiple fruit’ develops

from a flower inflorescence. Maize

produces separate inflorescences of male and

female flowers. The female flowers mature

into the kernels of the ear.


Figure . Seeds that store food in cotyledons. These

types of seeds contain the immature plant (embryo)

plus food reserves in large cotyledons,

surrounded by a seed coat.


Figure . Seeds that store food in

endosperm. In some plants, most of the

seed food reserve is stored a tissue called

endosperm.


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

• http://www.ibiblio.org/botnet/glossary/a_xi.html

• http://www.northernontarioflora.ca/fruits_term_types.cfm

• http://books.google.co.in/books?id=sNPmvbkjP1AC&pg=PA419&lpg=PA419&dq

=Carcerule+fruit&source=bl&ots=7TtzewuNYV&sig=ainXR_o3uP438qOWNhpo

d5je5h4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=atuAUKiEM8vqrQepsYCYBw&ved=0CC8Q6AEwBA

#v=onepage&q=Carcerule%20fruit&f=false

• http://www.biology-resources.com/biology-CD.html

• http://www.biologyreference.com/index.html

• www.biologyreference.com

• http://www.biology-resources.com/


http://www.ibiblio.org/botnet/glossary/a_xi.html

http://www.northernontarioflora.ca/fruits_term_types.cfm

http://books.google.co.in/books?id=sNPmvbkjP1AC&pg=PA419&lpg=PA419&dq=Carcerule+fruit&source=bl&ots=7TtzewuNYV&sig=ainXR_o3uP438qOWNhpod5je5h4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=atuAUKiEM8vqrQepsYCYBw&ved=0CC8Q6AEwBA
































http://www.biology-resources.com/biology-CD.html





http://www.biologyreference.com/index.html

http://www.biologyreference.com/

http://www.biology-resources.com/



Fruits Types Eng Version PB

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