FROM ECO-EFFICIENCY TO ECO-EFFECTIVENESS_Case Studty 1

York University's CSBBusby+Associates and architects Alliance

Urbanism

Construtcion Date:Opened in spring 2001

DIA - Architectural Theory WS08/09Prof. Gunnar Hartmann Banush Shyqeriu

Urbanism

Regional context:Toronto, Ontario - CanadaUrban contextClimate: temperate, cold-humid Infill site – small footprint

Social Function:

Building Cost:Built for only $11.1 million, or $110 per square foot, the 101,400-square-foot York University Computer Science Building comprises the largest green institutional building in Canada.

Building typology:University Lecture Hall/Offices

The main entry 'crush space' opens up to the south exposure and Campus Walk, giving a visual welcome to the campus while also allowing indirect light to enter through louvers and canopies.

Collective Spaces

The “crush space”

The atrium spaces provide life and vitality in the building, contributing not only to occupant comfort and well being, but also sustainable strategies.

The conception of spaces and the very flexible organisation of partitioned spaces breaks down the hierarchical barriers between social groups. The enormous glass walls bring equal access to light and air, thereby diffusing social hierarchies while simultaneously lowering energy costs.

McGrow Hill Construction, Architectural Record 02/2003

http://www.architectureweek.com/2002/0403/environment_1-2.htm

http://www.concretethinker.com/casestudies/York-University-Building.aspxl

Energy

Generating Energy

DIA - Architectural Theory WS08/09Prof. Gunnar Hartmann

Energy

Banush Shyqeriu

Solar energy is harnessed to power the solaron thermal chimneys

There are numerous thermal chimneys throughout the building for ventilation and cooling.

The Main Atrium contains many like coolors and emits much light through the skylight.

As a result of the high-performance envelope, heating and cooling loads were significantly reduced, which led to a 50 per cent reduction in mechanical equipment compared to a conventional building.

The air rises in rooms and is warmed by building occupants and computers. The exposed concrete structure absorbs, holds, and slowly releases heat before it rises through openings in the building's two atria, creating a pressure differential.

Stack effect draws air into operable windows and wind pressure raises the air-change rate, allowing for passive cooling. A direct digital control system, which manages the heating, cooling, and ventilation, determines the switch-over point from natural ventilation to normal systems and vice versa.

Solar chimney

As a result of the high-performance envelope, heating and cooling loads were significantly reduced, which led to a 50 per cent reduction in mechanical equipment.

McGrow Hill Construction, Architectural Record 02/2003

Polo, Marco. "York University Computer Science Building." Canadian Architect. January, 2001.


Energy

Building Efficency


Energy

Banush Shyqeriu

Efficiency in Lighting and heating/cooling

The building's efficient envelope includes a sawtooth-patterned facade clad in copper. The orientation of the east sawtooth allows for winter solar gain and summer shading, and the west wall is oriented for northern light. The lecture hall, featuring a planted green roof for storm-water retention and thermal reflectance, is clad in precast concrete on its east wall.

Electricity consumption for lighting is reduced by about half because of ample natural light and the use of indirect, up-and-down, and

semidirect electric lighting. Energy output for the building's steam heating system has been about 40 percent lower than for a comparable campus building, although some of that is attributable to an unusually mild first winter.

Efficiency in Construction

Were chosen elements requiring very low energy to produce, and which were low in volatile organic compounds. We kept toxic emissions from primers and adhesives down during construction."

For the concrete, the architects specified fly ash to replace 50 percent of the more typical Portland cement, "By substituting fly ash, a byproduct of burning coal, "we reduced the amount of greenhouse gases."

Efficiency in Construction

Simple in plan, complex in building intelligence - Spaces are simple and fully flexible to accommodate changing future technologies. A continuous perimeter raceway allows cabling flexibility. McGrow Hill Construction, Architectural Record 02/2003




Construction

Materials local / renewable materials

Construction

Were chosen elements requiring very low energy to produce, and which were low in volatile organic compounds.

For the concrete, the architects specified fly ash to replace 50 percent of the more typical Portland cement, which requires a great deal of energy to produce and gives off a lot of carbon-dioxide during its manufacture. "By substituting fly ash, a byproduct of burning coal, Bettio explains, "we reduced the amount of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere during construction, enormously."

Inside the building are natural and/or sustainable interior finishes such as wood, painted concrete, clear and sandblasted glass, ceramic tile, and linoleum. Operable, floor-to-ceiling fabric-clad wood louvers provide acoustic buffering and allow classrooms to be darkened during presentations.

A green roof, 50% recycled content for concrete and 100% recycled content for reinforcing steel.Corridors, lined with a cherry-faced plywood with low-VOC toxins, have linoleum flooring, which is renewable and inert. Most of the building's materials, including steel, concrete, and glass, were produced locally in or near Toronto, the center of Canadian manufacturing.Exterior walls, composed primarily of curtain-wall systems, precast concrete, and copper, have a thermal value of R23, and the roof has a value of R35. The fly-ash concrete will emit far less greenhouse gas than conventional concrete.

Most of the building's furnishings are covered with a DesignTex fabric developed by William McDonough. The fabric involves a more efficient dyeing process and reduction of wastewater.


greeneconomy.wordpress.com/

Banush Shyqeriu



Construction

Embodied Energy

Construction

The building has low embodied energy due to the use of local materials, those with recycled content or made from renewable resources, and the fact that the entire building can adapt to new requirements.

materials, mainly fly ash. EcoSmart concrete produces less carbon dioxide than conventional concrete mixes and enhances engineering and architectural properties such as strength, durability, and aesthetics.

Intended lifespan - York Computer Science Building has a long lasting life, very flexible for future use.

Programmatic reuse - Currently a home to computer science, the building can readily be adapted to another academic or office use at any time in the future.Spaces are simple and fully flexible to accommodate changing future technologies.

The floor plan is designed to be flexible; partitions can be used to divide the space into offices (Left) or leave the floor plate open (Right) for additional classrooms.


http://www.architectureweek.com/2002/0403/environment_1-2.html

Banush Shyqeriu


Construction Method

Prefabrication and on-site construction - The 102,250-square-foot (9500-square-meter), three-story building is composed of striking elements: precast concrete cladding, fully-glazed walls, aluminium sunshades and copper fin walls. The Computer Science building was constructed to maximize energy efficiency. Special attention was given to material selection and exterior envelope composition in order to produce a well-insulated and high-performing building.Innovative solutions were also used for the structure of the building. CSB uses EcoSmart concrete made with a maximum percentage of supplementary cementing

Construction Lifespan

Light & Air

Air Comsumption heating & cooling systems


Light & Air

Natural Ventilation: 100% Natural Ventilation during swing seasons. Operable window throughout, atrium spaces, thermal "chimneys" on roof; wind sensors control opening and closing of windows in upper atrium spaces.

The building has the capability of performing as a naturally ventilated "tropical" structure. The hot climate design incorporates a central atrium to capture heat stratification opportunities. Thermal "chimneys" on the roof and a large component of operable perimeter glazing maximize free cooling in spring and fall and night time "flushing" in the summer.

According to the architects, the Toronto climate will allow for natural ventilation without heating or air-conditioning 55 percent of the year. When natural ventilation is adequate for maintainingcomfortable temperatures, temperate air is drawn through intake grilles into an underground plenum where air is passively cooled, then drawn into rooms through floor- or wall-based diffusers

Building Section: diagrams natural daylighting and mechanical systems in winter season.

The diagram shows the offices and classrooms adjacent to the courtyard atrium. In summer, cool air is delivered from fan-coil units through diffusers that are individually controlled by room occupants. Cool air is also brought into the atrium from the ground. The planted roof allows for evaporative cooling in summer, absorbing as much heat as a black or grey membrane roof would.

Banush Shyqeriu



Light & Air


Light & Air

In natural ventilation conditions (diagram), cool air enters the rooms through operable windows. Warm air rises and enters the atrium, where it is exhausted through the clerestory. Passively cooled air enters the atrium floor from the underground plenum.

Banush Shyqeriu

The tree-filled courtyard atrium, with offices primarily on two sides, is topped with fritted glass as well as clerestory windows that mechanically open in response to the need to exhaust warm air. Building volumes act as continuous vessels for air flow and cross ventilation, drawing air from perimeter windows into the atria, where it is exhausted through the courtyard atrium's clerestory as well as through thermal chimneys in the circulation spine atrium.

Air Comsumption Air Technology - indoor air quality

The air rises in rooms and is warmed by building occupants and computers. The exposed concrete structure absorbs, holds, and slowly releases heat before it rises through openings in the building's two atria, creating a pressure differential. Stack effect draws air into operable windows and wind pressure raises the air-change rate, allowing for passive cooling. A direct digital control system, which manages the heating, cooling, and ventilation, determines the switch-over point from natural ventilation to normal systems and vice versa.

Building users can self-regulate spaces with manual controls for windows, air diffusers, and lighting.

Building Ventilation Schematic Winter



Light & Air

Lighting Comsumption


Light & Air

Natural Daylighting - All spaces access natural light either exterior or to interior atriums.

Resource Consumption

There is reduced electricity consumption for lighting by about half because of ample natural light and the use of indirect, up-and-down, and semidirect electric lighting.

The building is designed so that it does not take in direct sunlight, , but absorbs as much natural light as possible. An example of the placement of the windows is the west wall exterior, which is built in a series of angles with office windows

Banush Shyqeriu


oriented facing the north. For that reason, it minimizes heat gain from sunlight in the west and allows the accessibility for some northern light

Lighting Technology

Electricity consumption for lighting is reduced by about half because of ample natural light and the use of indirect and semi-direct electric lighting. Solar energy is also harnessed to power the solaron thermal chimneys.

The louvers enable the control of natural light.

An engineering schematic of the solar chimney


Greenery, Water & Waste

Multi-Performance




Banush Shyqeriu


building's performance within the ecosystem

The York building lacks the landmark presence in an urban cityscape. However, in the Toronto climate of harsh winters and hot summers, the York facility provides one of the best examples of North American institutional architecture that fully integrates environmentally sustainable features into an intelligent design. It avoids the aesthetic clichés associated with “green.”

York Computer Science Building through the energy efficient costs of materials, the passive designs and the general placements of elements, has fully utilized the natural environment surrounding it and serves as a prime example of sustainable architecture.

The building has the capability of performing as a naturally ventilated "tropical" structure. By connecting and working together with two systems; outer and inner system this building bring the multi-performance in many levels.

This significant accomplishment is achieved through many different design measures, all of which build upon one another to produce a highly efficient building. The mechanical design is made up of two separate strategies to combat this typical Canadian climate: Summer/Winter and Spring/Fall. The building employs a low-tech/eco-tech approach to its mechanical systems that is primarily passive in nature.The two dominant passive elements are, first, the building's capacity to harness its thermal mass, and second, its ability to take advantage of thermal stacking.


Waste & Nutrient-management




Banush Shyqeriu


intake / outtake of water & waste

York Computer Science Building, over its 75 years, it is predicted to produce 85,700 tonnes less in greenhouse gas emissions than a standard building.

The building impacts its surroundings in a positive manner; it provides no additional parking, no additional stormwater load, reduces heat island effects, and is linked to surrounding buildings while providing them with climatic shelter. It utilizes low-flow bathroom fixtures to conserve water while also using native species of plantings in the landscaping to reduce maintenance and water use.

The building also features a planted roof (a green roof, 50% recycled content for concrete and 100% recycled content for reinforcing steel) that allows for evaporative cooling in summer and added insulation in winter. Excess rainwater is collected and stored in a rooftop tank for controlled dispersal into a drain to the ground.

Stormwater is retained in the building's planted roof which consists of eight inches of soil covered with sod and wildflowers. Through the natural retention capability of the soil and grass, the use of flow-control roof drains, a tank located on the roof, and two cisterns located underground (to the east and west of the building), the load on the campus stormwater system has not been altered by this building. Measures to control the stormwater have also allowed the building to gain additional insulation through the soil on the roof, an evaporative cooling strategy, and reduced heat islanding through the plantings.

FROM ECO-EFFICIENCY TO ECO-EFFECTIVENESS_Case Studty 1

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