Eco-efficient companies and industries must deliver competitively priced goods and services that improve the quality of life, while reducing ecological impacts and resource use intensity to a level within the earths carrying capacity.One of the important questions is :

how much more efficient do companies and industries need to be to become more sustainable? ECO-EFFICIENCYGlobally the goal is to quadruple resource productivity so that wealth is doubled and resource use is halved.

This has been described as the need to achieve a Factor 4 increase in resource efficiency.

Implementing factor 4 strategies and becoming eco-efficient will require changes in processes and products.

This is unlikely to be achieved with incremental improvement. It will require truly novel approaches to the development and use of technologies, products and services. This is a huge challenge for engineers and scientists and to respond it to it, we must rethink the way we design, operate and analyze industrial systems. The role of technology in achieving sustainable development

Sustainable technologies enable human to meet their needs with minimum impact on the environment.

Many kind of sustainable technologies in fact already exist, ranging from direct solar and wind power to recycling.

Some, such as wind and water power, were invented centuries ago. The others are much younger, for example, the solar cell was invented in the 1950s.

These technologies however have failed to become widespread largely for social and economic reasons, not technical ones.Sustainable Technology

Many other technologies and practices that could reduce the environmental impact of economic activities are also already available.

For example, numerous technical means of improving the scope and rate of recycling of waste materials exist but are poorly used in many countries.Sustainable Technology

Latest technological advances offer even greater opportunities for a more sustainable production.

Recall that technological progress in the past 2 centuries has been the major source and the engine of economic growths.

It is expected therefore that todays technological transformation could play a pivotal role in achieving sustainable development.They offer the prospects of reconciling economic development and prosperity with environmental improvement and create new possibilities for reducing environmental impacts, improving health, expanding knowledge, stimulating economic growth and ensuring a better quality of life.Leading these transformation are the accelerated developments in: information and communication technology, biotechnology and the just-emerging nanotechnology.

Information and communication tech., biotechnology and nanotechnology.Breaking barriers to knowledge and participation, Tremendous possibilities for improving education and political participation,Advances in drugs production, Speed up plant breeding, New crops with greater drought and disease resistance, more nutritional values and less environmental stress,Nanotechnology has the potential for creation of smaller and cheaper devices, using less materials and consuming less energy

Technological advancesProviding goods and services, improving health, nutrition, knowledge and living standards, reducing environmental pollution and increasing peoples participation in the social, economic and political life of their communities.Deliver necessary improvement in resource efficiency and contribute to economic growth through productivity gains.SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Technological advances creates and opens up new avenues for sustainable development. However it also creates new risks.Todays technological advances raise concerns about their possible environmental, health and socio-economic impacts.Most effective response to technological risks is the adoption of precautionary principlesWhen an activity raise threats of harm to the environment or human health, precautionary measures should be taken even if some cause-and-effect relationships are not yet fully established scientifically.It is basically a better-safe-than-sorry principle

Sustainable Development in Energy Sector

Activities of Petroleum IndustryFind the reserveInput: Lots of technologyOutput: Big profit, and lots of wastesDeliver them to the customersCreate conduit connecting sub-surface to surfaceGet them out of the groundTreat and process them into valuable products

Scrubber Compressor GlycoldehydratorOil treater Coalescer Disposal wellSeparatorOil Field Production SystemGasOilWaterTankTo refineryMetering oil

OIL, GAS, WATER

Fluid level

oilwatergasoilwaterPrimary recovery(20-30%)

oilwatergastreatmentWater injectionSecondary Recovery (water flood)oil

InjectionInjectionInjectionInjectionProdWater flooding: injection with pattern

BBMOil/gas FieldProcessing Supply of Oil Fuels (BBM)

ElectricityCoal MinePower PlantCoal MinePower PlantSource unsustainability ?ElectricityBiomassWaste and/or PlantationSupply of Electricity

Coal MinePower PlantSource unsustainability ?ElectricityGas FieldSupply of Electricity

Coal MinePower PlantSource unsustainability ?ElectricityGeothermal FieldSupply of Electricity

Coal MinePower PlantSource unsustainability ?ElectricityGeothermal FieldWind HydroSolarSupply of Electricity

BiomassENERGY RESOURCES

Petrochemical Industry TreeC2

[Sumber: Shih-Chi & Huffman, 1981] Biomassa Sebagai Bahan Baku Alternatif Industri Petrokimia

Sumber: Study Group for Cooperation in Overseas Training, the Association of Petrochemical Industries in Japan 1975, Establishment of the Petrochemical Industry, From Planning to Production and Marketing Batubara dan Kokas Sebagai Bahan Baku Alternatif Industri Petrokimia

Distilasi keringGasifikasi

Oksidasi parsial

Steam Reforming

BatubaraKokas

H2 + CO

HIDROGEN

MetanolAmoniakUrea

Elektrolisis

H2

Minyak bumiMinyak berat

Gas nafta

Perengkahan

Dehidrogenasi

Nafta

Gas alam

Olefin

PlastikKaret sintetisBahan baku untuk serat sintetis

KOMPLEKS OLEFIN

Reforming

Ekstraksi

Ekstraksi BTX

Gas dari batubaraGas dari kokas

Benzena

Aromatik

Serat sintetis

KOMPLEKS AROMATIK

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