Friends' health connection #1
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Transcript of Friends' health connection #1
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“Spirituality, Meaning & Health”
Larry Dossey, MD
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the meaning of meaning:
…what something represents, symbolizes, signifies, conveys, refers to, or stands for
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The conventional viewof meaning and health:
Disease means nothing, and meanings don’t matter.
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The conventional view:
Disease is a result of the disordered behavior of the atoms, molecules, and organ systems in the body.
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The conventional view:
The atoms in the body are merely following the blindlaws of nature, which bydefinition are meaningless.
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Making the molecules behave has led to a very “anti” approach in modern medicine: antibiotics
antihypertensivesantiarrhythmicsantipyreticsantacidsantidepressantsantispasmodicsantiviralsantilipidemicsantiinflammatoriesantihelminticsanticholinergicsantidotes…
37 categories of “antis”
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Meaning is consideredsuch a minor factor in life that we joke about it.
Meaning — how funny!
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http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.straightblastgym.com/blog/skeptic%2520cartoon.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.straightblastgym.com/blog/archives/2005_04_01_gorillablog_archive.html&h=312&w=300&sz=57&hl=en&start=2&tbnid=4QEfGNAXifqk9M:&tbnh=117&tbnw=113&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dskeptic%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG
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the meaning of life
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”…Sontag argues that the myths and metaphors surroundingdisease can kill by instilling shame and guilt in the sick, thus delaying them from seeking treatment.” — Publishers Weekly
Susan Sontag1933-2004 1978
Illness means nothing. Ascribing meaning to illness leads to
blaming the victim.
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Susan Sontag1933-2004 1978
Yet, saying that iIllness means nothing is itself a meaning.
Meaning and illness are inseparable.
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“The one certain thing is that a statement like‘existence is meaningless’
is itself devoid of any meaning.”
— Niels Bohr
1885-1962
____________________________________________________________________Niels Bohr. In: D. S. Kothari, First Steps to Jainism. Appendix C: Modern Physics and Syadvada (Part 1). http://www.jainworld.com/jainbooks/firstep-2/syadvada-1.htm
Meaning is inescapable.
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1875-1961
“Meaninglessness…is...equivalent to illness.”
— C. G. Jung
Meaninglessness is pathological.
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Does healinginvolve more
than molecules?
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…more than molecules
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…more than molecules
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…more than molecules
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…more than molecules
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“The Doctor”Sir Luke Fildes, 1887Tate Britain, London
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Q: If meanings matter, do positive
meanings guarantee good health?
A: No, but they help
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Spiritual meaning and its correlates…
Spirituality: the sense of connectedness with something higher and greater than the individual self or ego; the certainty that meaning, purpose, and direction are validaspects of the world.
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Spirituality & religion are not the same…
Religion: a codified system of beliefs, rituals,and behaviors that may or may not involve a sense of the spiritual; usually involves a community of like-minded believers
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Spiritual meaning and its correlates…
People who follow a spiritual path generallylive significantly longer, and have a lower incidence of all major diseases, than people who don’t …
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…but not always.
Sickly saints
St. Bernadette Ramana Maharshi The Buddha
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the nun’s breast biopsy
Sickly saints
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Healthy reprobates
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Healthy reprobates
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Healthy reprobates
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July 4, 1826
The deaths of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson1743-1826
John Adams1735-1826
Meaning can be a matter of life or death.
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Meaning is often expressed as optimism or pessimism
Is your glass half empty or half full?
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Meaning: optimism vs. pessimism
Is your glass half empty or half full?
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Positive meaning: optimism
Daniel B. Mark, MD, Duke University School of Medicine
• …followed 1,719 men and women following cardiaccatheterization. After one year, 12 percent of people pessimistic about their health had died, compared to5 percent of the optimists.
_________________________________________________________________________Henry Dreher. Mind-Body Unity: A New Vision for Mind-Body Science and Medicine. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press; 2003:59-60.
Daniel B. Mark, MD
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Positive meaning: optimism
Nancy Frasure-Smith, MD, Montreal Heart Institute
• Over the course of 18 months, heart patients who scored high on pessimism were 8 times more likely than optimists to die.
_________________________________________________________________________Henry Dreher. Mind-Body Unity: A New Vision for Mind-Body Science and Medicine. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press; 2003:59-60.
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Meaning is unique
The presence of illness probably never means exactly the same thing in different individuals.
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Two women with heart disease and an impending divorce
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Meaning is unique.
There are no “meaning formulas”in health that work identically for everyone.
Formula
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Meaning is unique
Beware the literal read-out approach to illness, in which the presence of illness is said to mean a specific personality defect (e.g., cataract = “you don’t have a clearvision for your life”).
Formula
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Meaning and health
“Psychological and socialprecursors of coronarydisease”
— C. D. Jenkins
________________New England Journal of Medicine. 1971; 284: 244-55.
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Meaning and health
“Circadian variationin the frequency of sudden death”
— J. F. Muller et al______________________
Circulation. 1987; 75: 131.
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Meaning and health
Black Monday syndrome:
more heart attacks in menoccur on Monday around 9 a.m. than at any other time (~20% increase).
_____________________________Monday morning bad for your health. CNNinternational.com. Feb. 3, 2005
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What does going back to work symbolizeor represent in one’s life?
What is the meaning of Monday?
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Job satisfaction
_________________________Cambridge: MIT Press; 1973.
“Work in America: Report of a Special Task Force to the Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare”
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job sickness
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Sisyphus reaction(Syndrome of Joyless Striving)
_________________________________________________________
Karasek, R. A. & Theorell, T. Healthy Work: Stress, Productivity, and the Reconstruction of Working Life. New York: Basic Books; 1990.
Work Environment Department, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA
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Sisyphus reaction(Syndrome of Joyless Striving)
• psychological stress
• lack of control of the job task
_________________________________________
Karasek, R. A. & Theorell, T. Healthy Work: Stress, Productivity, and the Reconstruction of Working Life. New York: Basic Books; 1990.
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_____________________________________
Ellen Langer & Alia Crum. Mind-set matters: Exercise and the placebo effect. Psychological Science. February 2007.
Everything we do has meaning, and these meanings matter — e. g., is it work, or is it exercise?
• 84 female housekeepers, 7 hotels
• Women in 4 hotels were told thattheir regular work was enough tomeet the requirements for a healthy,active lifestyle; women in 3 hotels weretold nothing.
• After 4 weeks, the informedwomen had lost an average of 2 lbs., lowered their blood pressure 10%, andhad improved body-fat percentage and body mass index, all statistically significant, while exercise and dietary habits remainedconstant between the two groups.
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_____________________________________________________________
Motluk, Alison. Born under a bad sign. New Scientist. January 27, 2007: 41-43.
http://www.newscientist.com/channel/being-human/mg19325881.700-born-under-a-bad-sign.html
“A winter birthsignificantly increases
the risk of schizophrenia.”
“The question is no longer if the seasons affect mental health,
but how.”
The meaning of a birth date…
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Meaning and theimmunesystem
Lennart Nilsson, Behold Man
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Lennart Nilsson, Behold Man
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Lennart Nilsson, Behold Man
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Grief and bereavement…
During this period, certain elements of the immune system often shut down
and cannot be stimulated, even by artificial means.
______________________________________________________________________Schleifer SJ, Keller SE, Camerino M, Thornton JC, Stein M. Suppression of lymphocyte stimulation following bereavement. JAMA. 1983;250(3):374-377.
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Negative meaning: grief and bereavement
In the year following the death of a spouse, the surviving widow or widower has a risk of death up to 12 times that of marriedindividuals of the same age._______________• James J. Lynch, The Broken Heart: The Medical Consequences of Loneliness. NYC: Basic Books; 1977.• Rees WD, Lutkins SG. Mortality of bereavement. BMJ. 1967;13-16.
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Dana Reeve 1961-2006
(lung cancer, age 44)
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Meaningtherapy
meaning
Coaching involves the restoration or transformation of meaning in someone’s life.
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Meaning therapy
Bereavement counseling for HIV-positive survivors in the form of a bereavement support group lowers the HIV viral load in the survivors.
__________________________________________________________________________________Goodkin K et al. A bereavement support group of group intervention affects plasma burden ofHuman immunodeficiency virus type 1. Report of a randomized controlled trial. J. Human Virology.2001;4(1):44-54.
the AIDS virus
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Meaning therapy
“Can lifestyle changes reverse coronary heart disease?”
— Dean Ornish ________________________Lancet. 1990; 336 (8708): 129.
Dean Ornish, MD
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Meaning therapy
“Intensive lifestyle changes for reversal of coronary heart
disease.” — Dean Ornish
_______________J. American Medical Assoc. 1998; 280: 2001-7.
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Meaning
A “glue” that holds our life together, and that helps us
make sense of healing
Glue, n. from the Greek gloios, “sticky”
MEANING
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I caused it!
New-Age Guilt
The tendency to shame and blameoneself on getting sick
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What does my illness mean?
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Maybe Icaused it!
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I’m not good enough!
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I’m not smart enough!
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I’m not spiritual enough!
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It’s all my fault!
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I’m a failure!
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Maybe…
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…I need…
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…some self-forgiveness!
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Rx for New-Age Guilt
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The healing power of positive meaning
the potted-plant experiment
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Ellen Langer & Judith Rodin
“The Effects of Choice and Enhanced Personality on the Aged: A Field Experience in an Institutional Setting”________________________________________J. Personality & Social Psychology. 1976; 34: 91-98
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Within only three weeks, the potted-plant group demonstrated improvements in health and an increase in participation in group activities.
________________________________________J. Personality & Social Psychology. 1976; 34: 91-98
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• By 18 months, their death rate was reduced by 50 percent.
______________________________________________J. Personality & Social Psychology. 1976; 34: 91-98
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thank you!