Freshwater
description
Transcript of Freshwater
Freshwater
Where is all the Water?
Oceans, Seas, & Bays 96.5
Ice caps, Glaciers, & Permafrost 1.80
Groundwater 1.70
Lakes 0.013
Soil Moisture 0.001
Atmosphere 0.001
Wetlands, Swamps 0.0008
Rivers 0.0002Biological Water 0.0001
Water sourcePercentageof total water
70% of fresh water on earth exists as ice
South pole – 2 miles deepNorth pole – 15 feet deepMelting = 200 ft sea level increase
- 375 ft
+ 45 ft
If all the atmospheric moisture fell to the earth at once the sea level would rise only one inch
Available Freshwater
GroundwaterLakesSoils
WetlandsRivers
0.775% 0.8%
01E+142E+143E+144E+145E+146E+147E+148E+149E+141E+15
acre
-feet
of w
ater
Earth
Fresh
water
Ice an
d Glac
iers
Liquid
Ground
water
Surfac
e Water
Lake
sAt
mos
phere
Rivers
Resource
Water on Earth
0
5E+12
1E+13
2E+13
2E+13
3E+13
3E+13
acre
-feet
of w
ater
Fresh
water
Ice an
d Glac
iers
Liquid
Ground
water
Surfac
e Water
Lake
sAtm
osph
ere
Rivers
Resource
Freshwater on Earth
01E+122E+123E+124E+125E+126E+127E+128E+129E+121E+13
acre
-feet
of w
ater
Liquid
Ground
water
Surfac
e Water
Lake
sAtm
osph
ere
Rivers
Resource
Liquid Water on Earth
Groundwater provides 98% of all available freshwater
62% 21%
United States
Total Water Withdrawals
Florida
Surface Water Groundwater
More than 90% of Florida’s drinking water is from groundwater
Geographic Distribution
Location, Location
6 countries possess half of the world’s total renewable freshwater supplies.
BrazilColombia RussiaCanadaIndonesiaChina
Water Availability and Location
Greenland: 8 million gallons/person/dayAlaska: 1 million gallons/person/dayCongo: 130,000 gallons/person/day
South America: 3 of the 10 largest rivers
Gaza: 37 gallons/person/day
Asia has 2/3 of world population, but 1/3 renewable water
25% of fresh river water 5% of world population
Gaza has the lowest per capita water availability in the world.
Water Demand
The three major factors causing increasing waterdemand over the past century
•population growth•industrial development •expansion of irrigated agriculture.
Agriculture accounted for most freshwater withdrawal in developing economies in the past two decades
Population expected to grow to 9.3 billion by 2050
2 billion people will be “water scarce” (UNFPA, 2002)
Industry and Income
High income 30% 59%
Middle income 74% 13%
Low income 87% 8%
Country Agriculture Industry
Industrial use in China is expected to increase 5-fold.
Agricultural Production
Irrigated land expected to expand by 23% in 25 years
70% of all water used
Food production hasgrown with population
1% world energy
Irrigation for crops uses 65- 70 percent of fresh suppliesIt takes over 528 gallons of water to produce
enough food for one person for one day
Industry uses 20-25 percent of available freshwaterSteel and other raw materials for industrial products
annual industrial water use in China could grow from52 billion tons to 269 billion tons (5X) within the next two decades
Domestic use accounts for about ten percent of water useaverage consumption per person is five gallons a day (WHO, UNICEF),
but in the U.S., Canada, and Western Europe the total consumption rises dramatically (>50 gal/day)
Over the past 30 years, the area of land under irrigation has increased by about 30%.
Overall Consumption
Supply and DemandTurning to Groundwater
Turning to Groundwater Use
50% of the world’s drinking water40% of industrial water20% of agricultural water
Local, On-demand Availability, Drought Resistance, Good Quality
Heavy investment in groundwater exploration
1.2 billion urban citizens worldwide depend on groundwater
IndiaChinaPakistan
½ the world’stotal agricultural groundwater use
In India, 80% of domestic supply and 70% of agricultural supply is from groundwater
Turning to Groundwater Use
1. _______% of fresh water on earth exists as ice
2. _____% of readily available freshwater is in groundwater
3. ___ has the lowest per capita water availability in the world
4. 70% of all water used is for ________________________
5. One of the 3 countries that account for 50% of world agricultural groundwater use.
Extra Credit:
Growing Pains
Shallow sand, gravel, rock
North China Plain
This part of China is mostly flat and the soil, replenished by silt carried down by the Yellow River, is well-suited to agriculture
½ China’s wheat, 1/3 corn
Aquifer Levels dropping 3 ft/year
Shift to Deep fossil aquifer (non-renewable)
Agricultural well depths can exceed 1000 feet ($)
Municipal well depths can exceed 3000 feet
Shallow aquifer largely depleted (renewable)
China’s grain production has fallen from its historical peak of 392 million tons in 1998 to an estimated 358 million tons in 2005 (34 million tons-8%)
China largely covered the drop-off in production by drawing down its once vast stocks until 2004, at which point it imported 7 million tons of grain.
99,900 wells were abandoned
India
21 million wells
water table is falling by 6 meters (20 feet) per year
falling water tables have dried up 95 percent of the wells owned by small farmers
drilling 3000ft to reach water
agriculture is rain-fed and drinking water is trucked in
Population 1,132,446,000
Pakistan is growing by 3 million people per year
In the Punjab plain, the drop in water tables appears to be similar to that in India. In the province of Baluchistan, water tables are falling by 11 feet per year. within 15 years Quetta will run out of water if the current consumption rate continues
PakistanQuetta
Punjab
Cenomanian-Turonian Mountain Aquifer
recharged from the West Bank
highly permeable
Coastal Aquifer
Width between 3 and 20 km
chief resource of water for Gaza
depth to groundwater 60 m to 8 m
Israel
Gaza has the lowest per capitalwater availability in the world .
Besor
Negev
Besor
80-100 sites lack infrastructure and mitigation measures
1984 Saudi national survey reported fossil water reserves at 462 billion tons
½ has been depleted
irrigated agriculture could continue for perhaps a few decades
al-Disi aquifer
Sandstone aquifer not subject to recharge
Saudi Arabia
Partly in Jordan
Wheat on 2.5 million acres of desert
Disi Conveyance Project
The Sahara: Libya1953
“fossil” water
Nubian Sandstone Aquifer
world's largest fossil-water reserve
located near the center of the world's largest continuous stretch of desert
two million square kilometers
equivalent to the flow of 200 years of water in the Nile River
Formed 145.5 to 65.5 million years ago
4 major basins
20,000km³
10,000km³
4,800km³
The Great Man-Made River Project
Water is 1/10 costOf desalinization
the largest underground networkof pipes in the world
1300 wells more than 500 m deep
6,500,000 m³ water/day
Tripoli, Benghazi, Sirt
United States
United States 3,618,770 79,481 2.2%Land (mi2) Water (mi2) % water
Rhode Island 1,545 500.6 32.4%
Florida 65,975 11,808 17.9%
North Carolina, Maine, Louisiana, Minnesota, Massachusetts
Driest?
New Mexico 121,593 243 0.2%Arizona 114,000 364 0.32%West Virginia 24,232 145 0.6%
Wettest
Texas CaliforniaIdahoIllinois
CaliforniaTexasNebraskaArkansas
Surface water 79% Groundwater 21%
Groundwater
Surface water
#1 irrigation#2 public Supply
#1 power generation#2 irrigation
Groundwater and Surface Water Use
Surface Water
Groundwater
Agriculture and the Ogallala Aquifer
¾ of wheat tradedon the world market
1930s 600 wells1970s 200,000 wells
Water tables have fallenBy up to 100 ft
Slowly replenished:
Pumping has declined by ½; new wells banned
5 – 25”/yr Rainfall
Irrigation
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=12595774
irrigated
Below is a link for a story on NPR
Surface Water
Groundwater
Surface water 79% of withdrawalsGround water 21% of withdrawals
#1 use of groundwater is for irrigation#1 use of surface water is for power generation
Both ground and surface water withdrawals peaked in 1980
Texas uses the greatest amount of surface waterCalifornia uses the greatest amount of groundwater
Summary
8 Bgal/d Water Withdrawn
1700 rivers and streams (Feet to miles wide)
One of the most productiveAquifer systems in the world
Florida