French Colonialism and English Colonialism:

Two different approaches in the New World

Portuguese/Spanish Colonies-earlier than Brits

and French

French Colonies: Acadia (N.S.), Quebec, Louisiana, Louisburg

English Colonies: Newfoundland, Boston, New York,

Pennsylvania, Virginia, {Halifax/Nova Scotia (100 years later) }

Colonialism- rich “mother countries” setting up colonies in distant lands to profit from resources found in those

lands (e.g. fur)

• Imperialism- Empire building by rich

countries through colonialism.Largest western Ancient

Empire was Rome (or Alexander the Great’s

Macedonia). Largest Eastern empire was Genghis Khan’s Mongolian

Empire. The Largest Modern empire

was the British Empire (U.S.?)

Champlain- “Father of New France”/Empire builder

Why Did it Take 70 years after Cartier for France to start New World Colonies?

• As the protestant Huguenots gained influence and displayed their faith more openly, Roman Catholic hostility to them grew, even though the French crown offered increasingly liberal political concessions and edicts of toleration.

• In 1561, the Edict of Orléans declared an end to the persecution, and the Edict of Saint-Germain of January 1562 formally recognized the Huguenots for the first time.

• However, these measures disguised the growing tensions between Protestants and Catholics.

Civil Wars

• These tensions spurred eight civil wars, interrupted by periods of relative calm, between 1562 and 1598.

• With each break in peace, the Huguenots' trust in the Catholic throne diminished, and the violence became more severe, and Protestant demands became grander, until a lasting cessation of open hostility finally occurred in 1598.

• With wars ended, more emphasis could be placed on colonies abroad…enter Champlain!

Champlain and New France• In 1603, Samuel de Champlain and his crew,

following Jacques Cartier’s lead of 70 years before, sailed from France.

• They sailed up the St. Lawrence River and most of Quebec. He returned to France in 1603, and decided to search for a Northwest Passage and to settle the Gaspe Peninsula of Quebec.

•He returned to Canada in 1604 on Sieur de Mont's expedition (de Mont was the true founder of Port Royal).

•From 1604-1607, he sailed around and charted most of the coast of Nova Scotia and New England

Now we know where SNOOP gets his style!

1604

• Samuel de Champlain and his crew attempted a settlement at Ste. Croix Island (now part of Maine)

• It was a horrible failure due to extremely cold weather and the horrible disease scurvy (lack of vitamin c causes it).

• YouTube - Canada Vignettes - Port Royal

Scurvy: why you should eat fruit!

1605• Champlain and Sieur de Monts and the

survivors cross the Bay of Fundy to Port Royal (now in Nova Scotia) and it is here that the first French permanent settlement was established. Fur Trade relations with the Mi’kmaq were good. Chief Membertou converted to Catholicism.

• The fur trading Habitation became the home of the first social club in the New World (The Order of Good Cheer) set up to make the tedious days go by.

• The first play, the “Theatre de Neptune” is also written by Marc Lescarbot.

• He also documents life among the Mi’kmaq in an early history book. Relations with Mi’kmaq here are good and a fur trade is established.

Matthieu da Costa was at Port Royal

1st Black person in the New World? Translator of Mi’kmaq

Engraving after a 1609 drawing by Champlain of an Indian battle near Ticonderoga , NY

1608-1635• In 1608, Champlain left Port Royal and led 32

colonists to settle Quebec in order to establish it as a fur-trading center.

• Only nine colonists survived the first bitter winter in Quebec, but more settlers arrived the following summer.

• In 1609, Champlain befriended the Huron Indians and helped them fight the Iroquois (this battle led to 150 years of bitterness and hostility between the Iroquois and the French).

• It was during this venture that he discovered the very large Lake Champlain (in upstate New York)

                                                                                                                                         

                                           

• In 1613, he again sailed up the St. Lawrence, and explored the Ottawa River.

•Two years later, in 1615 ,after returning from France, he retraced this route and ventured into what is now northern New York state and the eastern Great Lakes (Georgian Bay of Lake Huron, and Lake Ontario).

• Champlain headed the Quebec settlement for years, until the English attacked and took the Fort at Quebec in July, 1629.

• After a French-British peace treaty in 1632, Quebec was once again French, and Champlain returned as its governor (1633).

•He died from a stroke there on Dec. 25, 1635.

New France’s Main Purpose?

• ECONOMICS! The fur trade was set up so that few Frenchmen would have to come over to keep the profits high and the “overhead” low.

• Native trappers would trade furs for European goods to this “skeleton crew.”

• It was only when the colony was threatened that King Louis XIV sent over military to protect from English/Native threats and Les Filles de Roi (King’s Girls) to marry the males and grow the colony with babies!

• The original “pure laine” Quebecois (pure wool)

• VOYAGEURS

• Fur trade

• Seigneurial System

• Hudson Bay CompanyOther Hudson Bay Company

• YouTube - Hinterland Who's Who - Beaver

The Staple Thesis mirrors modern Canada somewhat

• Canada’s Development was due to its economic nature:

• Atlantic Canada-Fishing (cooperative nature)

• Ontario/Quebec-Fur-HBC/NWC (Businesslike)

• Prairies-Farming (Solitary, frontier-mentality)

• B.C.-Forestry (Tree Huggers?)

A sideline: Religion• The Jesuit priests (“Black Robes”)

came over to convert the Native peoples to Catholicism. They felt that otherwise the poor “savages” were doomed to Hell!

New England and the Puritans/Pilgrims

The Plymouth Colony

(near Boston),

Massachussetts

Provincetown-ironic location

1620-The Mayflower from Plymouth, England arrives

at Plymouth Rock near Cape Cod

It brought the Pilgrims, a group of Puritans who were seeking

freedom from oppression at home.

They wanted to be able to practise their “pure” form of Christianity away from what they considered

the evils of England. They wanted to start a “New

England!”

The Mayflower Compact gave more rights and freedoms (to MEN) than they would have in

England.Their faith was very strict and

moral: dancing, acting, singing in Church were all shunned. This is

where we get the description “puritanical” to described very

moral people. They also held the Salem witch trials to punish evil!

The First U.S. Thanksgiving• The Mayflower anchored off the tip of Cape

Cod on November 11, 1620 and stayed in America that winter. Its crew suffered the effects of the first winter just as the Pilgrims did, with almost half dying. Some think the First Thanksgiving was in November 1621 to thank God and the local Wampanoag people for their help in surviving.

The MAIN REASON for New England/America’s

beginning?• Religious FREEDOM.

• It could be argued that this began with the Puritans at Plymouth, Mass. in 1620!

• “LIFE, LIBERTY AND THE PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS” “FREEDOM!” “In God We Trust!” These are all American sayings.

New France/Canada?• It was all about making money off of the raw

materials of cold, forested land of the North.

• It can be argued that Canada was born out of the economic use of its staple resources: fur, timber, wheat and fish.(“THE 4 F’s”)

• America also saw all of these industries too (plus, of course the cotton plantations of the south and, horribly, slavery!!!)but Freedom seems to be a reoccurring theme in U.S history (for some). Canada? Think furs, the Hudson Bay Company and $$$!

• This is ironic, considering one of the most capitalistic nations on Earth is America.

• However, it is also said to be the most religious nation in the West.

• Is America an anomaly? A Christian nation full of extremely decadent wealth, sin and exploitation?

• What is the nature of Canada? Make a list

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fy1IOIlpKaw

• YouTube - The Puritan Experience: Making of a New World (clip)

Colonialism and wars!

YouTube - American Colonies