Freescale PowerPoint Template - NXP Semiconductors · 2016. 3. 12. · −Vehicle speed up to 250...

TM

Freescale, the Freescale logo, AltiVec, C-5, CodeTEST, CodeWarrior, ColdFire, C-Ware, t

he Energy Efficient Solutions logo, mobileGT, PowerQUICC, QorIQ, StarCore and Symphony

are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc., Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. BeeKit, BeeStack,

ColdFire+, CoreNet, Flexis, Kinetis, MXC, Platform in a Package, Processor Expert, QorIQ

Qonverge, Qorivva, QUICC Engine, SMARTMOS, TurboLink, VortiQa and Xtrinsic are trademarks

of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. All other product or service names are the property

of their respective owners. © 2011 Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.

June 2011

TM

Freescale, the Freescale logo, AltiVec, C-5, CodeTEST, CodeWarrior, ColdFire, C-Ware, the Energy Efficient Solutions logo, mobileGT, PowerQUICC, QorIQ, StarCore

and Symphony are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc., Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. BeeKit, BeeStack, ColdFire+, CoreNet, Flexis, Kinetis, MXC, Platform in a

Package, Processor Expert, QorIQ Qonverge, Qorivva, QUICC Engine, SMARTMOS, TurboLink, VortiQa and Xtrinsic are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.

All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. © 2011 Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.

2

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#FTF2011

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and upload your own!

• Frequency Allocation

• Fundamentals

• FMCW Automotive Radar Principle

• 77 GHz Front-end

• System Integration

• 77 GHz Radar Systems

• Signal Processing Back-end

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• 24 GHz-ISM (24.05 – 24.25 GHz)

− World-wide harmonized

− Limited output power (range resolution)

− Established technology

• 24 GHz-UWB (21.65 – 26.65 GHz)

− Broadband, low power levels (spread spectrum)

− Limited usage (2022) in EU with reduced bandwidth (24.25 – 26.65 GHz)

− High resolution

• 77 GHz-LRR (76 – 77 GHz)

− World-wide harmonized

− Full power mode

− Small sensors (wavelength is reduced compared to 24 GHz)

• 79 GHz-SRR (77 – 81 GHz)

− No world-wide harmonization

− Large bandwidth, high resolution, small sensors

− Replacement for 24 GHz-UWB

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77 GHz “ACC radar band” from 76 up to 77 GHz is nearly world-wide

available with few national restrictions in operational parameters.

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• Long Range Radar

− Narrow-band operation

− Covers distances up to 250 m

− Vehicle speed up to 250 km/h

− Narrow beam

− Spatial resolution typically 0.5 m

− Enables Adaptive Cruise Control

• Short/Mid Range Radar

− Wide-band operation

− Covers distances up to 30(80) m

− Vehicle speed up to 150 km/h

− Wide view

− Monitors immediate car surrounding

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AEBSAdvanced Emergency Braking System

FCWForward Collision Warning

LDWLane Departure Warning

BUABack up Aid

BSDBlind Spot Detection

Source: Interpretation of Continental / Freescale Segment

FCW/LDWAvailability if performances are

met (Source NHTSA)

FCW/LDWNCAP Tests

AEBSMandatory for all

new cars

AEBS / LDWMandatory for new trucks > 3.5t

FCW/AEBS/LDW/BSDPart of NCAP Star Rating

AEBS / LDWMandatory for new trucks > 3.5t

BUAMandatory for SUVs and Van’s

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Expected

Under Discussions

Decided

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• FMCW operation is independent of the speed or direction of travel of the target high precision

• FMCW is less complex, safer and lower cost (compared to pulse systems)

• FMCW gives low false alarm rates

• FMCW sees a higher percentage of valid targets

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• Combined antenna (TX/RX)

• On-chip / Off-chip combining

• High power levels

• Isolation / Compression

• Separate antennas (TX/RX)

• Smarter antennas

• LO feeding off-chip

• Lower RX signals (LNA feasible)

• Isolation / Compression

mPA PA

Monostatic radar:

Bistatic radar:

PAmPA

LNA

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• Transmitter signal following known time-domain configuration (e.g., ramp)

• Homodyne system, Baseband signal from DC on

• Radial object distance and speed derived from fIF= fTX – fRX

• Lateral spatial resolution by using multiple RX channels

MPA

Divider

PLL

VCO

LNA AMP

PA

Divider

PLL

BB/ADC

VCO VTune Tuning

Control

LNA AMPLNA AMP

fdiv ~ 10 GHz

f IFFFT

Signal

Analysis

fTX = 76 GHz

Doubler

fRX = 76 GHz+t

76.5 GHz

76.5 GHzf IF

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• Transmit signal frequency sweep

period with tchirp

• Received signal is delayed by

flighttime of signal

• IF signal provides information on

− Distance and

− Speed of target(s)

• Radial distance R derived from IF

frequency change

• Range resolution determined by

bandwidth BW

• Doppler shift, due to radial speed

of target

ftrans+BW

ftrans

BW

tchirp

f IF

t

t

f(t)

f(t)

fIF

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f1

f2

fTX

ttchirp

BW

fB = fIF = 2 R / c0 BW / tchirp

fB == beat frequency

R == distance to target

c0 == speed of light

BW == bandwidth

tchirp == chirp duration

Dv == relative velocity

DR == range resolution

fDoppler = 2 |Dv| / c0 fTx

slow

chirps

fast

chirps

tchirp 10 ms 100 us

BW 500 M 500 M

fTx 76.5 G 76.5 G

R 150 m 150 m

Dv 50 km/h 50 km/h

fB 50 k 5 M

fDoppler ~7.08 k ~7.08 k

DR 0.3 m 0.3 m

DR = 0.5 c0 /BW

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• “Linear” chirps

• Phase noise performance (VCO, PLL)

• Repeatability – chirp-to-chirp variations

• Wide range of ramp slopes (RS)

• Wide bandwidth (fsweep) required (LRR and SRR)

Triangular modulation:

76.5G

76.3G

76.7G

Sawtooth modulation:

76.5G

76.7G

76.3G

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• 180 nm RF-BiCMOS process (HiP6WRF)

− 5LM (Cu BEOL)

− 1.8 V (35 Å), 3.3 V (70 Å) MOSFET’s, isolated NMOS

− Poly resistor (1.5 kW/sq)

− Thin film resistor (50 W/sq)

− MIM capacitor (1.6 fF/µm2)

− 50 GHz SiGe: HBT (cellular transceiver)

• Extend to mm-wave capability (HiP6MW)

− 250 GHz SiGe:C HBT (“xHBT”)

− 2.5 tuning ratio hyper-abrupt varactor

− Thick Cu metal (0.8 µm) module

− Microstrip transmission lines based on CMOS backend

− High frequency device modeling

• Manufacturing and development fab:

ATMC (Austin Technology Manufacturing Center, 8”)

− 90 nm to 350 nm nodes; automotive qualified

180nm CMOS Platform

Analog

RFCMOS

mm-wave

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• Multi-channels supported

• 76-81 GHz supported

• LO @ 38.25 GHz

• LO power level typ. -7 dBm

• Differential IF

• Single-ended IF (optional)

• IQ-receiver (optional)

• Low generation of 1/f noise

• Lowest noise figures (NFSSB ~ 13 dB)

• High IF-to-IF isolation (> 40 dB)

• Low residual power levels

• Gain/linearity on customer request

• Single/dual voltage supply

• Baseband pre-processing (optional)(HP filter, 1/f2 filter, VGA, AAF)

• SPI (optional)

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Parameter Unit Typical

Supply V 3.3

RF Freq GHz 76.5

LO Freq GHz 38.25

LO input power dBm > -10

RX return loss dB > 10

LO return loss dB > 10

IF bandwidth MHz 10

IF impedance Ohm 500

Parameter Unit Typical

Residual LO power at RF dBm < -40

IF-to-IF isolation dB > 50

Conversion gain dB 20

iCP1dB dBm -10

NFssb @10kHz dB < 18

NFssb @200kHz dB < 15

NFssb @1MHz dB < 15

NFssb @10MHz dB < 15

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• 1st integration world-wide of PLL and TX for 77 GHz automotive application

• Requires only few external components: Crystal @ 50 MHz and SMD capacitors

• LRR (76.5 GHz) or SRR (79 GHz) mode activation via SPI

• Typ. phase-noise of -80 dBc/Hz @100 kHz

• No trimming, no adjustmentsMultiple Tx-channels supported (only one active per time)

• High output power of >10 dBm @ 77 GHz with 5 bit power control

• Supports RX designs with LO at half of the RF frequency (38.25 GHz)

• Full flexibility on modulation schemes by on-chip ramp generator, sync. signals provided

• Full test and verification capability

• SPI interface

VCO

PA

LO

Generation

DAC

PLLSPI,

Supply

Test

LO

Generation

VCOPLL

PA PA PA PA

SPI,

Supply

Test

DAC,

Power

Control

Power

Splitter

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• A 4 wires serial peripheral interface (SPI) allows control of the ramp generator by setting:

− Start (F1) and stop (F2) frequencies

− Ramping slope (RS)

• SPI allows even more complex modulation schemes by:

− Changing on the fly F1, F2 and RS

− Applying ramp down and up commands

SPI

F1

F2

Ramp

slope

RS

Set F1, F2, RS,

RampUpRamp

DownSet F2, RS

RampUp

Set F1, RS

RampDown

Frequency





18TM

External triggered

modulation:

Automatic sawtooth

modulation:

Automatic triangular

modulation:

Parameter Symbol Min Typ Max Unit

Nonlinearity

(integral, differential)INL, DNL - - 1 %

Ramp start (F1), stop (F2)

frequency resolutionFres 12.2 - - kHz

Modulation Speed, Ramp slope RS 30 - 7.8M Hz/100ns

76.5G

76.7G

76.3G

76.5G

76.7G

76.3G

76.5G

76.7G

76.3G

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• Higher spatial resolution (Direction of Arrival)

− Digital Beam Forming (DBF)

Antenna arrays required

Dj is the phase difference of received IF signals from different antennae

atarget is the angle at which the target appears w/r to the sensor axis

3 dB beamwidth Dq3dB = l/2L (L is defined by “footprint” of antenna array)

− Electronically Steerable Arrays (ESA)

Adaptive beam forming

Established in military applications

− Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)

Multiple Rx and Tx antennae

Reduced Dq3dB at same antenna

footprint L

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Signal

AnalysisLNA AMPLNA AMPLNA AMP

Doubler

MCU

LNA AMPLNA AMPLNA AMP

Doubler

Signal

Analysisf IF Signal

Analysis

BB/ADC

BB/ADCLNA AMPLNA AMPLNA AMP

Doubler

BB/ADC

MPA

Divider

PLL

VCOPA

Divider

PLL

VCOVTune

Tuning

Control

RF Domain BB Domain Digital Domain

• Multiple channels

• PLL

• Modulation generator

• Sensors

• SPI

• multiple channels

• sensors

• SPI (optional)

• high speed FFT

• SRAM / Flash

• multi-channel ADC

• Multiple channels

• Sensors

• SPI (optional)• High speed FFT

• SRAM / Flash

BB -ADC

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• Today automotive radar utilizes GaAs technology to achieve compact GHz level RF

• SiGe:C technology pioneered in the cell phone industry has evolved to similar RF capabilities at a dramatic new cost point

• Consumers will see advanced drivers assistance systems at an affordable price

Technology Comparison(Courtesy Freescale Technology Solutions Organization)

CMOS SiGe BiCMOS III-V (GaAs)

Speed Fast Fast Very Fast

Breakdown Low Med High

Power Gain Med Good Very Good

Temp. Behavior Poor Good Good

Logic Density Very High High Very Low

Wafer Cost Low Low High

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MC339xx

Voltage Reg

CAN/LIN

Transceiver

SBC

FlexRay

Transceiver

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• 2x Fast Fourier Transform

− Range domain - FFT length: NRFFT = tchirp* fsampling = 2048

− Speed domain - Doppler FFT length: NDFFT = 256

• Digital Beam forming

− 2-8 RX channels for Direction of Arrival (DoA) angle estimation

− Receive phase indicating target direction

FFT FFT FFT FFT FFT FFT FFT FFT

Multiple Channel Digital Baseband Signals

DoATracking

Target list (vT, dT ,aT)

FFT FFT FFT FFT FFT FFT FFT FFT

Memory

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• High speed data capture

− Multiple ADCs, or

− High-speed data interface for external ADCs

• Strong floating-point FFT performance

− Signal Processing Engine for efficient filter and matrix math operations

− Optimized DSP libraries and Matrix Math libraries

• Automotive application

− Minimal power usage

− Full automotive temperature range up to 125°C

• Support for compliance to IEC61508 and ISO26262

− Multiple cores for redundant computations

− Core HW enhancements for self test

− ECC on all memories

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25

Session materials will be posted @

www.freescale.com/FTFLook for announcements in the FTF Group

on LinkedIn or follow Freescale on Twitter

• Multi channel Radar architectures are cost effective

− High power transmitter, fast modulation, excellent linearity

− High levels of integration

• Chassis MCU roadmap provides sufficient signal

processing resources for advanced receiver architectures

− Low-cost digital beam forming

− High-performance signal processing libraries

− Integrated safety concept using Multi-core architecture

http://www.freescale.com/FTF

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Session materials will be posted @

www.freescale.com/FTFLook for announcements in the FTF Group

on LinkedIn or follow Freescale on Twitter

• Ralf Reuter

− Radar Systems Engineer

Sensor & Actuator Solutions Division, SASD

− Munich, Germany

http://www.freescale.com/FTF

mailto:[email protected]

TM





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Xtrinsic Sensing Solutions

Freescale PowerPoint Template - NXP Semiconductors · 2016. 3. 12. · −Vehicle speed up to 250...

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