Freedom of Expression Cases

7/17/2019 Freedom of Expression Cases

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[G.R. No. L-65366. November 9, 1983.]

JOSE B.L. REYES, in beh!" o" #he $N%&-B$SES 'O$L&%&ON ($B'), Petitioner , v. R$*ON B$G$%S&NG, + *or o" #he'i# o" *ni!, Respondent .

Loreno *. %/, Jo+e 0. io2no n/ /ee B. Yor4 "or Petitioner .

%he So!i4i#or Gener! "or Respondent .

SYLL$BS

1. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW; BILL OF RIGHTS; FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION AND PEACEFUL ASSEMBLY; LIBERTY TO DISCUSS AND MEETWITHOUT CENSORSHIP UNLESS THERE IS CLEAR DANGER OF A SUBSTANTIVE EVIL. — Free spee!" #$%e &ree press" '() *e$+e,-$&$e+ $-! -!e #$*er-) -/ +$s0ss p0*#$#) (,+ -r0-!&0##) (,) '(--er /& p0*#$ /,er, $-!/0- e,s/rs!$p /r p0,$s!'e,-. T!ere $s-/ *e -!e, ,/ pre$/0s res-r($,- /, -!e /''0,$(-$/, /& $es /r s0*se20e,- #$(*$#$-) !e-!er $, #$*e# s0$-s" pr/se0-$/, &/r se+$-$/,"/r (-$/, &/r +('(3es" /r /,-e'p- pr/ee+$,3s 0,#ess -!ere *e ( 4#e(r (,+ prese,- +(,3er /& ( s0*s-(,-$e e$# -!(- -!e S-(-e !(s( r$3!- -/ pree,-.4 Free+/' /& (sse'*#) /,,/-es -!e r$3!- /& -!e pe/p#e -/ 'ee- pe(e(*#) &/r /,s0#-(-$/, (,+ +$s0ss$/, /&'(--ers /& p0*#$ /,er,. I- $s e,-$-#e+ -/ *e (/r+e+ -!e 0-'/s- +e&ere,e (,+ respe-. I- $s ,/- -/ *e #$'$-e+" '0! #ess +e,$e+"e5ep- /, ( s!/$,3" (s $s -!e (se $-! &ree+/' /& e5press$/," /& ( #e(r (,+ prese,- +(,3er /& ( s0*s-(,-$e e$# -!(- -!e s-(-e !(s( r$3!- -/ pree,-.

6. ID.; ID.; ID.; INSEPARABLE RIGHTS THE LIMITATION OF WHICH IS SUB7ECT TO 7UDICIAL EXAMINATION. — I, T!/'(s . C/##$,s"868 US 91: 1<=9>" -!e A'er$(, S0pre'e C/0r- !e#+ -!(- $- (s ,/- *) ($+e,- /r /$,$+e,e -!(- -!e r$3!-s -/ &ree+/' /& spee!(,+ /& -!e press ere /0p#e+ $, ( s$,3#e 30(r(,-ee $-! -!e r$3!-s /& -!e pe/p#e pe(e(*#) -/ (sse'*#e (,+ -/ pe-$-$/, -!e3/er,'e,- &/r re+ress /& 3r$e(,es. A## -!ese r$3!-s" !$#e ,/- $+e,-$(#" (re $,sep(r(*#e. I, eer) (se" -!ere&/re" !ere -!ere $s (#$'$-(-$/, p#(e+ /, -!e e5er$se /& -!e r$3!-" -!e ?0+$$(r) $s (##e+ 0p/, -/ e5('$,e -!e e&&e-s /& -!e !(##e,3e+ 3/er,'e,-(#(-0(-$/,. T!e s/#e ?0s-$&$(-$/, &/r ( #$'$-(-$/, /, -!e e5er$se /& -!$s r$3!-" s/ &0,+('e,-(# -/ -!e '($,-e,(,e /& +e'/r(-$$,s-$-0-$/,s" $s -!e +(,3er" /& ( !(r(-er */-! 3r(e (,+ $''$,e,-" /& ( ser$/0s e$# -/ p0*#$ s(&e-)" p0*#$ '/r(#s" p0*#$ !e(#-!" /&/-!er #e3$-$'(-e p0*#$ $,-eres- C&. S!,e$+er . Ir$,3-/," 8@ US 1= 1<8<>.

8. ID.; ID.; ID.; RIOTOUS CONDUCT MUST BE AVOIDED IN THE EXERCISE OF THESE CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS. — W!(- $s30(r(,-ee+ $s pe(e(*#e (sse'*#). O,e '() ,/- (+/(-e +$s/r+er $, -!e ,('e /& pr/-es-" '0! #ess pre(! re*e##$/, 0,+er -!e#/(% /& +$sse,-. T!e C/,s-$-0-$/, &r/,s /, +$s/r+er /r -0'0#- (--e,+$,3 ( r(##) /r (sse'*#). Res/r- -/ &/re $s r0#e+ /0- (,+/0-*re(%s /& $/#e,e -/ *e (/$+e+. T!e 0-'/s- (#' -!/03! $s ,/- re20$re+. As p/$,-e+ /0- $, (, e(r#) P!$#$pp$,e (se" pe,,e+ $,1<@ -/ *e pre$se" U,$-e+ S-(-es . Ap0r(+/" P!$#. =66" 4I- $s r(-!er -/ *e e5pe-e+ -!(- '/re /r #ess +$s/r+er $## '(r% -!e p0*#$(sse'*#) /& -!e pe/p#e -/ pr/-es- (3($,s- 3r$e(,es !e-!er re(# /r $'(3$,(r)" *e(0se /, s0! /(s$/,s &ee#$,3 $s (#()s r/03!--/ ( !$3! p$-! /& e5$-e'e,-" (,+ -!e 3re(-er -!e 3r$e(,es (,+ -!e '/re $,-e,se -!e &ee#$,3" -!e #ess per&e-" (s ( r0#e" $## *e -!e+$s$p#$,(r) /,-r/# /& -!e #e(+ers /er -!e$r $rresp/,s$*#e &/##/ers.4 I- *e(rs repe(-$,3 -!(- &/r -!e /,s-$-0-$/,(# r$3!- -/ *e $,/%e+"r$/-/0s /,+0-" $,?0r) -/ pr/per-)" (,+ (-s /& (,+(#$s' '0s- *e (/$+e+. T/ 3$e &ree re$, -/ /,es +es-r0-$e 0r3es $s -/ (## &/r/,+e',(-$/,. I- $s -/ '(%e ( '/%er) /& -!e !$3! es-(-e /0p$e+ *) $,-e##e-0(# #$*er-) $-s /0r s!e'e /& (#0es.

=. ID.; ID.; ID.; NO VALID OB7ECTION EXISTS ON THE CHOICE OF PLACE FOR THE MARCH AND RALLY" PROCUREMENT OF LICENSEFOR USE OF PUBLIC STREETS NOT AN UNCONSTITUTIONAL ABRIDGEMENT OF ONES CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT. — T!ere (, *e ,/(#$+ re(s/, !) ( per'$- s!/0#+ ,/- *e 3r(,-e+ &/r -!e pr/p/se+ '(r! (,+ r(##) s-(r-$,3 &r/' ( p0*#$ p(r% -!(- $s -!e L0,e-(.Ne$-!er (, -!ere *e (,) (#$+ /*?e-$/, -/ -!e 0se /& -!e s-ree-s -/ -!e 3(-es /& -!e US E'*(ss)" !(r+#) -/ *#/%s (() (- -!eR/5(s B/0#e(r+. Pr$'$$(s . F03/s/ !(s res/#e+ (,) #0r%$,3 +/0*- /, -!e '(--er. I, !/#+$,3 -!(- -!e -!e, M()/r F03/s/ /& -!e C$-)/& M(,$#( s!/0#+ 3r(,- ( per'$- &/r ( p0*#$ 'ee-$,3 (- P#(( M$r(,+( $, 0$(p/" -!$s C/0r- (-e3/r$(##) +e#(re+ 4O0r /,#0s$/,&$,+s s0pp/r- $, -!e +e$s$/, $, -!e (se /& W$##$s C/5 . S-(-e /& Ne H('ps!$re" 816 U.S. 9:<. . . .4 T!e S0pre'e C/0r- /& -!eU,$-e+ S-(-es" $, $-s +e$s$/, 1<=1> pe,,e+ *) C!$e& 70s-$e H03!es (&&$r'$,3 -!e ?0+3'e,- /& -!e S-(-e S0pre'e C/0r-" !e#+ -!(- 4(s-(-0-e re20$r$,3 pers/,s 0s$,3 -!e p0*#$ s-ree-s &/r ( p(r(+e /r pr/ess$/, -/ pr/0re ( spe$(# #$e,se -!ere&/r &r/' -!e #/(#(0-!/r$-$es $s ,/- (, 0,/,s-$-0-$/,(# (*r$+3'e,- /& -!e r$3!-s /& (sse'*#) /r /& &ree+/' /& spee! (,+ press" !ere" (s -!e s-(-0-e$s /,s-r0e+ *) -!e s-(-e /0r-s" -!e #$e,s$,3 (0-!/r$-$es (re s-r$-#) #$'$-e+" $, -!e $ss0(,e" -/ ( /,s$+er(-$/, /& -!e -$'e" p#(e"(,+ '(,,er /& -!e p(r(+e /r pr/ess$/," $-! ( $e -/ /,ser$,3 -!e p0*#$ /,e,$e,e (,+ /& (&&/r+$,3 (, /pp/r-0,$-) -/ pr/$+epr/per p/#$$,3" (,+ (re ,/- $,es-e+ $-! (r*$-r(r) +$sre-$/, -/ $ss0e /r re&0se #$e,se" . . ."4 @ P!$#" (- .

9. ID.; ID.; ID.; FREEDOM OF ACCESS TO PUBLIC PARS AND STREETS; PURPOSE OF APPLICANT DETERMINATIVE OF THE USE

THEREOF. — I- $s se--#e+ #( -!(- (s -/ p0*#$ p#(es" espe$(##) s/ (s -/ p(r%s (,+ s-ree-s" -!ere $s &ree+/' /& (ess. N/r $s -!e$r0se +epe,+e,- /, !/ $s -!e (pp#$(,- &/r -!e per'$-" !e-!er (, $,+$$+0(# /r ( 3r/0p. I& $- ere" -!e, -!e &ree+/' /& (ess*e/'es +$sr$'$,(-/r) (ess" 3$$,3 r$se -/ (, e20(# pr/-e-$/, 20es-$/,. T!e pr$,$p#e 0,+er A'er$(, +/-r$,es (s 3$e,0--er(,e *) C!$e& 70s-$e H03!es $, -!ese /r+s 4T!e 20es-$/," $& -!e r$3!-s /& &ree spee! (,+ pe(e(*#e (sse'*#) (re -/ *epresere+" $s ,/- (s -/ -!e (0sp$es 0,+er !$! -!e 'ee-$,3 $s !e#+ *0- (s -/ $-s p0rp/se; ,/- (s -/ -!e re#(-$/,s /& -!e spe(%ers"*0- !e-!er -!e$r 0--er(,es -r(,se,+ -!e */0,+s /& -!e &ree+/' /& spee! !$! -!e C/,s-$-0-$/, pr/-e-s4 De 7/r3e . Ore3/,"6<< US 898" 8:= 1<8>.

:. ID.; ID.; ID.; LICENSING AUTHORITIES ARE NOT INVESTED WITH ARBITRARY DISCRETION TO ISSUE OR REFUSE LICENSE. —T!ere /0#+ !e +(,3er -/ p0*#$ pe(e (,+ s(&e-) $& s0! ( 3(-!er$,3 ere '(r%e+ *) -0r*0#e,e. T!(- /0#+ +epr$e $- /& $-spe(e&0# !(r(-er. Ee, -!e," /,#) -!e 30$#-) p(r-$es s!/0#+ *e !e#+ (/0,-(*#e. I- $s -r0e -!(- -!e #$e,s$,3 /&&$$(#" !ere resp/,+e,-M()/r" $s ,/- +e/$+ /& +$sre-$/, $, +e-er'$,$,3 !e-!er /r ,/- ( per'$- /0#+ *e 3r(,-e+. W!$-e pr0+e,e re20$res -!(- -!ere *e (re(#$s-$ (ppr($s(# ,/- /& !(- '() p/ss$*#) /0r *0- /& !(- '() pr/*(*#) /0r" 3$e, (## -!e re#e(,- $r0's-(,es" s-$## -!e(ss0'p-$/, — espe$(##) s/ !ere -!e (sse'*#) $s s!e+0#e+ &/r ( spe$&$ p0*#$ p#(e — $s -!(- -!e per'$- '0s- !e &/r -!e (sse'*#)*e$,3 !e#+ -!ere. T!e e5er$se /& s0! ( r$3!-" $, -!e #(,30(3e /& 70s-$e R/*er-(" spe(%$,3 &/r -!e A'er$(, S0pre'e C/0r-" $s ,/-



-/ *e 4(*r$+3e+ /, -!e p#e( -!(- $- '() *e e5er$se+ $, s/'e /-!er p#(e.4r(#( $r-0(1( #$*r(r)

. ID.; ID.; ID.; ID.; NONEXISTENCE IN CASE AT BAR A CLEAR AND PRESENT DANGER TO 7USTIFY A DENIAL OF A PERMIT. —W!$#e -!e 3e,er(# r0#e $s -!(- ( per'$- s!/0#+ re/3,$e -!e r$3!- /& -!e (pp#$(,-s -/ !/#+ -!e$r (sse'*#) (- ( p0*#$ p#(e /& -!e$r!/$e" (,/-!er p#(e '() *e +es$3,(-e+ *) -!e #$e,s$,3 (0-!/r$-) $& $- *e s!/, -!(- -!ere $s ( #e(r (,+ prese,- +(,3er /& (s0*s-(,-$e e$# $& ,/ s0! !(,3e ere '(+e. I, -!e N((rr/ (,+ -!e P(3%(%($s( +e$s$/,s" G.R. N/. L81:" Fe*r0(r) 6:" 1<@(,+ G.R. N/. :@6<=" Apr$# 8@" 1<6" -!$s C/0r- (s pers0(+e+ -!(- -!e #e(r (,+ prese,- +(,3er -es- (s s(-$s&$e+. T!e prese,-s$-0(-$/, $s 20$-e +$&&ere,-. He,e -!e +e$s$/, re(!e+ *) -!e C/0r-. T!e 'ere (sser-$/, -!(- s0*ers$es '() $,&$#-r(-e -!e r(,%s /&-!e +e'/,s-r(-/rs +/es ,/- s0&&$e.

. ID.; ID.; ID.; ID.; REFUSAL OR MODIFICATION OF APPLICATION FOR PERMIT SUB7ECT TO CLEAR AND PRESENT DANGER TEST. —

T!e (pp#$(,-s &/r ( per'$- -/ !/#+ (, (sse'*#) s!/0#+ $,&/r' -!e #$e,s$,3 (0-!/r$-) /& -!e +(-e" -!e p0*#$ p#(e !ere (,+ -!e-$'e !e, $- $## -(%e p#(e. I& $- ere ( pr$(-e p#(e" /,#) -!e /,se,- /& -!e /,er /r -!e /,e e,-$-#e+ -/ $-s #e3(# p/ssess$/, $sre20$re+. S0! (pp#$(-$/, s!/0#+ *e &$#e+ e## (!e(+ $, -$'e -/ e,(*#e -!e p0*#$ /&&$$(# /,er,e+ -/ (ppr($se !e-!er -!ere '() *e(#$+ /*?e-$/,s -/ -!e 3r(,- /& -!e per'$- /r -/ $-s 3r(,- *0- (- (,/-!er p0*#$ p#(e. I- $s (, $,+$spe,s(*#e /,+$-$/, -/ s0! re&0s(#/r '/+$&$(-$/, -!(- -!e #e(r (,+ prese,- +(,3er -es- *e -!e s-(,+(r+ &/r -!e +e$s$/, re(!e+. I& !e $s /& -!e $e -!(- -!ere $s s0!(, $''$,e,- s(+ 3r(e +(,3er /& ( s0*s-(,-$e e$#" -!e (pp#$(,-s '0s- *e !e(r+ /, -!e '(--er. T!ere(&-er" !$s +e$s$/," !e-!er&(/r(*#e /r (+erse" '0s- *e -r(,s'$--e+ -/ -!e' (- -!e e(r#$es- /pp/r-0,$-). T!0s $& s/ '$,+e+" -!e) (, !(e re/0rse -/ -!epr/per ?0+$$(# (0-!/r$-).

<. ID.; ID.; ID.; RESPECT AND DEFERENCE ACCORDED TO THESE PREFERRED RIGHTS. — Free spee! (,+ pe(e(*#e (sse'*#)"(#/,3 $-! /-!er $,-e##e-0(# &ree+/'" (re !$3!#) r(,%e+ $, /0r s!e'e /& /,s-$-0-$/,(# (#0es. I- (,,/- *e -// s-r/,3#) s-resse+-!(- /, -!e ?0+$$(r)" — ee, '/re s/ -!(, /, -!e /-!er +ep((r-'e,-s — res-s -!e 3r(e (,+ +e#$(-e resp/,s$*$#$-) /& (ss0r$,3respe- &/r (,+ +e&ere,e -/ s0! pre&erre+ r$3!-s. N/ er*(# &/r'0#(" ,/ s(,-$&)$,3 p!r(se (," /& /0rse" +$spe,se $-! !(- !(s*ee, s/ &e#$$-$/0s#) -er'e+ *) 70s-$e H/#'es 4(s -!e s/ere$3, prer/3(-$e /& ?0+3'e,-.4 N/,e-!e#ess" -!e pres0'p-$/, '0s- *e -/$,#$,e -!e e$3!- /& -!e s(#es /& ?0s-$e /, -!e s$+e /& s0+s r$3!-s" e,?/)$,3 (s -!e) +/ pree+e,e (,+ pr$'().

1@. ID.; ID.; ID.; VIOLATION OF ORDINANCE 6<9 NEED NOT BE PASSED UPON. — T!e $ss0e /& -!e (pp#$(*$#$-) /& Or+$,(,e N/.6<9 /& -!e C$-) /& M(,$#( pr/!$*$-$,3 -!e !/#+$,3 /r s-(3$,3 /& r(##$es /r +e'/,s-r(-$/,s $-!$, ( r(+$0s /& &$e !0,+re+ 9@@> &ee-&r/' (,) &/re$3, '$ss$/, /r !(,er); (,+ &/r /-!er p0rp/ses !$! &$,+s s0pp/r- $, Ar-$#e 66 /& -!e V$e,,( C/,e,-$/, /,D$p#/'(-$ Re#(-$/,s ,ee+ ,/- *e p(sse+ 0p/,. T!ere (s ,/ s!/$,3 -!(- -!e +$s-(,e *e-ee, -!e !(,er) (,+ -!e e'*(ss) 3(-e$s #ess -!(, 9@@ &ee-. Ee, $& $- /0#+ *e s!/, -!(- s0! ( /,+$-$/, $s s(-$s&$e+" $- +/es ,/- &/##/ -!(- resp/,+e,- M()/r /0#+#e3(##) (- -!e () !e +$+. T!e (#$+$-) /& !$s +e,$(# /& -!e per'$- s/03!- /0#+ s-$## *e !(##e,3e+. I- /0#+ *e (r30e+ -!(- ( (se /&0,/,s-$-0-$/,(# (pp#$(-$/, /& s0! /r+$,(,e -/ -!e e5er$se /& -!e r$3!- /& pe(e(*#e (sse'*#) prese,-s $-se#&. As $, -!$s (se -!ere(s ,/ pr//& -!(- -!e +$s-(,e $s #ess -!(, 9@@ &ee-" -!e ,ee+ -/ p(ss /, -!(- $ss0e (s /*$(-e+.

TEEHANEE" J." /,0rr$,3!(,r/*1es $r-0(# 1( #$*r(r)

1. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW; BILL OF RIGHTS; FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION AND PEACEFUL ASSEMBLY; DOCTRINE OF PRIMICIAS .FUGOSO. — T!e C!$e& 70s-$es /p$,$/, /& -!e C/0r- re(&&$r's -!e +/-r$,e /& Pr$'$$(s . F03/s/" @ P!$#. 1 -!(- 4-!e r$3!- -/&ree+/' /& spee! (,+ -/ pe(e&0##) (sse'*#e (,+ pe-$-$/, -!e 3/er,'e,- &/r re+ress /& 3r$e(,es (re &0,+('e,-(# pers/,(# r$3!-s/& -!e pe/p#e re/3,$e+ (,+ 30(r(,-ee+ *) -!e /,s-$-0-$/,s /& +e'/r(-$ /0,-r$es4 (,+ -!(- -!e $-) /r -/, '()/rs (re ,/-/,&erre+ 4-!e p/er -/ re&0se -/ 3r(,- -!e per'$-" *0- /,#) -!e +$sre-$/," $, $ss0$,3 -!e per'$-" -/ +e-er'$,e /r spe$&) -!e s-ree-s

/r p0*#$ p#(es !ere -!e p(r(+e /r pr/ess$/, '() p(ss /r -!e 'ee-$,3 '() *e !e#+.4r(#( $r-0(1( #$*r(r)

6. ID.; ID.; ID.; CLEAR AND PRESENT DANGER RULE" THE SOLE 7USTIFICATION FOR A LIMITATION ON THE EXERCISE THEREOF. —T!e pr/e+0re &/r -!e se0r$,3 /& s0! per'$-s &/r pe(e(*#e (sse'*#) $s s0$,-#) se- &/r-! $, p(r(3r(p! /& -!e C/0r-s /p$,$/,"$-! -!e $,?0,-$/, -!(- 4-!e pres0'p-$/, '0s- *e -/ $,#$,e -!e e$3!- /& -!e s(#es /& ?0s-$e /, -!e s$+e /& s0! r$3!-s" e,?/)$,3 (s-!e) +/" pree+e,e (,+ pr$'().4 T!e e5ep-$/, /& -!e #e(r (,+ prese,- +(,3er r0#e" !$! (#/,e /0#+ (rr(,- ( #$'$-(-$/, /&-!ese &0,+('e,-(# r$3!-s $s -!ere$, res-(-e+ $, p(r(3r(p! 1" -!0s 4T!e s/#e ?0s-$&$(-$/, &/r ( #$'$-(-$/, /, -!e e5er$se /& -!$s r$3!-"s/ &0,+('e,-(# -/ -!e '($,-e,(,e /& +e'/r(-$ $,s-$-0-$/,s" $s -!e +(,3er" /& ( !(r(-er */-! 3r(e (,+ $''$,e,-" /& ( ser$/0se$# -/ p0*#$ s(&e-)" p0*#$ '/r(#s" p0*#$ !e(#-!" /r (,) /-!er #e3$-$'(-e p0*#$ $,-eres-.4r(#( $r-0(1( #$*r(r)

8. ID.; ID.; ID.; ID.; BEFORE DENIAL OF PERMIT" LICENSING AUTHORITY MUST SHOW EXISTENCE OF REASONABLE GROUND TOBELIEVE THAT THE DANGER APPREHENDED IS IMMINENT. — T!e *0r+e, -/ s!/ -!e e5$s-e,e /& 3r(e (,+ $''$,e,- +(,3er -!(-/0#+ ?0s-$&) (+erse (-$/, /, -!e (pp#$(-$/, #$es /, -!e '()/r (s -!e #$e,s$,3 (0-!/r$-). T!ere '0s- *e /*?e-$e (,+ /,$,$,3",/- s0*?e-$e /r /,?e-0r(#" pr//& /& -!e e5$s-e,e /& s0! #e(r (,+ prese,- +(,3er. As s-(-e+ $, -!e C/0r-s Res/#0-$/, /& O-/*er69" 1<8" !$! 3r(,-e+ -!e '(,+(-/r) $,?0,-$/, (s pr()e+ &/r" 4I- $s esse,-$(# &/r -!e (#$+$-) /& ( +e,$(# /& ( per'$- !$! ('/0,-s

-/ ( pre$/0s res-r($,- /r e,s/rs!$p -!(- -!e #$e,s$,3 (0-!/r$-) +/es ,/- re#) s/#e#) /, !$s /, (ppr($s(# /& !(- p0*#$ e#&(re"pe(e /r s(&e-) '() re20$re. T/ ?0s-$&) s0! ( #$'$-(-$/," -!ere '0s- *e pr//& /& s0! e$3!- (,+ s0&&$$e,) -/ s(-$s&) -!e #e(r (,+prese,- +(,3er -es-. T!e p/ss$*$#$-) -!(- s0*ers$es '() $,&$#-r(-e -!e r(,%s /& -!e +e'/,s-r(-/rs $s ,/- e,/03!.4r(#( $r-0(1(#$*r(r)

=. ID.; ID.; ID.; ASSEMBLY LEADERS SHOULD TAE NECESSARY MEASURES TO ENSURE PEACEFUL MARCH AND ASSEMBLY;ISOLATED ACTS OF DISTURBANCE SHOULD NOT CHARACTERIE ASSEMBLY AS TUMULTUOUS. — T!e #e(+ers /& -!e pe(e(*#e(sse'*#) s!/0#+ -(%e (## -!e ,eess(r) 'e(s0re4 -/ e,s0re ( pe(e&0# '0! (,+ (sse'*#) (,+ -/ (/$+ -!e p/ss$*$#$-) /& $,&$#-r(-/rs(,+ -r/0*#e'(%ers +$sr0p-$,3 -!e s('e" /,/''$-(,-#) $-! -!e +0-) /& -!e p/#$e -/ e5-e,+ pr/-e-$/, -/ -!e p(r-$$p(,-s 4s-()$,3(- ( +$sree- +$s-(,e" *0- eer re(+) (,+ (#er- -/ per&/r' -!e$r +0-).4 B0- s!/0#+ (,) +$s/r+er#) /,+0- /r $,$+e,-s /0r" !e-!erpr//%e+ /r /-!er$se" $- $s e## -/ re(## &/r'er C!$e& 70s-$e R$(r+/ P(r(sJ $,?0,-$/, $, !$s /,0rr$,3 /p$,$/, $, F03/s/" $-$,3 -!e1<@ (se /& U.S. . Ap0r(+/" P!$#. =66" =6:" per C(rs/," 7. -!(- s0! $,s-(,es /& 4+$s/r+er#) /,+0- *) $,+$$+0(# 'e'*ers /& (r/+ *e ,/- se$e+> (s (, e50se -/ !(r(-er$e -!e (sse'*#) (s ( se+$-$/0s (,+ -0'0#-0/0s r$s$,3 (3($,s- -!e (0-!/r$-$es4 (,+re,+er $##0s/r) -!e r$3!- /& pe(e&0# (sse'*#).



PLANA" J." sep(r(-e /p$,$/,!(,r/*1es $r-0(# 1( #$*r(r)

1. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW; BILL OF RIGHTS; FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION AND PEACEFUL ASSEMBLY; THE ORDINANCE BEINGUNCONSTITUTIONAL CANNOT BE VALIDLY INVOED" THE DISTANCE OF THE CHANCERY FROM THE SITUS OF THE RALLY BEINGIMMATERIAL. — I, ') $e" $-!/0- s()$,3 -!(- -!e Or+$,(,e $s /*,/5$/0s per se -/ -!e /,s-$-0-$/," $- (,,/- *e (#$+#) $,/%e+!e,eer $-s (pp#$(-$/, /0#+ /##$+e $-! ( /,s-$-0-$/,(##) 30(r(,-ee+ r$3!- s0! (s &ree+/' /& (sse'*#) (,+K/r e5press$/," (s $,-!e (se (- *(r" re3(r+#ess /& !e-!er -!e !(,er) /& (,) &/re$3, e'*(ss) $s *e)/,+ /r $-!$, 9@@ &ee- &r/' -!e s$-0s /& -!e r(##) /r+e'/,s-r(-$/,.

E ' & S & O N

ERN$NO, C.J.

T!$s C/0r-" $, -!$s (se /& &$rs- $'press$/," (- #e(s- (s -/ s/'e (spe-s" $s (##e+ 0p/, -/ +e#$,e(-e -!e */0,+(r$es /& -!e pr/-e-e+(re( /& -!e /3,(-e r$3!-s -/ &ree spee! (,+ pe(e(*#e (sse'*#)" 1 (3($,s- (, (##e3e+ $,-r0s$/, *) resp/,+e,- M()/r R('/,B(3(-s$,3. Pe-$-$/,er" re-$re+ 70s-$e 7.B.L. Re)es" /, *e!(#& /& -!e A,-$B(ses C/(#$-$/," s/03!- ( per'$- &r/' -!e C$-) /& M(,$#( -/!/#+ ( pe(e&0# '(r! (,+ r(##) /, O-/*er 6:" 1<8 &r/' 6@@ -/ 9@@ $, -!e (&-er,//," s-(r-$,3 &r/' -!e L0,e-(" ( p0*#$ p(r%" -/-!e 3(-es /& -!e U,$-e+ S-(-es E'*(ss)" !(r+#) -/ *#/%s ((). O,e -!ere" (,+ $, (, /pe, sp(e /& p0*#$ pr/per-)" ( s!/r-pr/3r(' /0#+ *e !e#+. 6 D0r$,3 -!e /0rse /& -!e /r(# (r30'e,-" 8 $- (s s-(-e+ -!(- (&-er -!e +e#$er) /& -/ *r$e& spee!es" (pe-$-$/, *(se+ /, -!e res/#0-$/, (+/p-e+ /, -!e #(s- +() *) -!e I,-er,(-$/,(# C/,&ere,e &/r Ge,er(# D$s(r'('e,-" W/r#+ Pe(e (,+-!e Re'/(# /& A## F/re$3, M$#$-(r) B(ses !e#+ $, M(,$#(" /0#+ *e prese,-e+ -/ ( represe,-(-$e /& -!e E'*(ss) /r (,) /& $-spers/,,e# !/ '() *e -!ere s/ -!(- $- '() *e +e#$ere+ -/ -!e U,$-e+ S-(-es A'*(ss(+/r. T!e '(r! /0#+ *e (--e,+e+ *) -!e #/(#(,+ &/re$3, p(r-$$p(,-s /& s0! /,&ere,e. T!ere (s #$%e$se (, (ss0r(,e $, -!e pe-$-$/, -!(- $, -!e e5er$se /& -!e /,s-$-0-$/,(#

r$3!-s -/ &ree spee! (,+ (sse'*#)" (## -!e ,eess(r) s-eps /0#+ *e -(%e, *) $- 4-/ e,s0re ( pe(e&0# '(r! (,+ r(##).4 =

T!e &$#$,3 /& -!$s s0$- &/r '(,+('0s $-! (#-er,(-$e pr()er &/r r$- /& pre#$'$,(r) '(,+(-/r) $,?0,-$/, /, O-/*er 6@" 1<8 (s +0e-/ -!e &(- -!(- (s /& -!(- +(-e" pe-$-$/,er !(+ ,/- *ee, $,&/r'e+ /& (,) (-$/, -(%e, /, !$s re20es- /, *e!(#& /& -!e /r3(,$(-$/, -/!/#+ ( r(##). O, O-/*er 69" 1<8" -!e (,ser /& resp/,+e,- M()/r (s &$#e+ /, !$s *e!(#& *) Ass$s-(,- S/#$$-/r Ge,er(# E+0(r+/ G.M/,-e,e3r/. 9 I- -0r,e+ /0- -!(- /, O-/*er 1<" s0! per'$- (s +e,$e+. Pe-$-$/,er (s 0,((re /& s0! ( &(- (s -!e +e,$(# (sse,- *) /r+$,(r) '($#. T!e re(s/, &/r re&0s$,3 ( per'$- (s +0e -/ 4p/#$e $,-e##$3e,e rep/r-s !$! s-r/,3#) '$#$-(-e (3($,s- -!e(+$s(*$#$-) /& $ss0$,3 s0! per'$- (- -!$s -$'e (,+ (- -!e p#(e (pp#$e+ &/r.4 : T/ *e '/re spe$&$" re&ere,e (s '(+e -/ 4pers$s-e,-$,-e##$3e,e rep/r-s (&&$r'$,3 -!e p#(,s /& s0*ers$eKr$'$,(# e#e'e,-s -/ $,&$#-r(-e (,+K/r +$sr0p- (,) (sse'*#) /r /,3re3(-$/,s!ere ( #(r3e ,0'*er /& pe/p#e $s e5pe-e+ -/ (--e,+.4 Resp/,+e,- M()/r s033es-e+" !/eer" $, (/r+(,e $-! -!ere/''e,+(-$/, /& -!e p/#$e (0-!/r$-$es" -!(- 4( per'$- '() *e $ss0e+ &/r -!e r(##) $& $- $s -/ *e !e#+ (- -!e R$(# C/#$se0' /r (,)/-!er e,#/se+ (re( !ere -!e s(&e-) /& -!e p(r-$$p(,-s -!e'se#es (,+ -!e 3e,er(# p0*#$ '() *e e,s0re+.4

T!e /r(# (r30'e,- (s !e(r+ /, O-/*er 69" 1<8" -!e er) s('e +() -!e (,ser (s &$#e+. T!e C/0r- -!e, +e#$*er(-e+ /, -!e'(--er. T!(- s('e (&-er,//," ( '$,0-e res/#0-$/, (s $ss0e+ *) -!e C/0r- 3r(,-$,3 -!e '(,+(-/r) $,?0,-$/, pr()e+ &/r /, -!e3r/0,+ -!(- -!ere (s ,/ s!/$,3 /& -!e e5$s-e,e /& ( #e(r (,+ prese,- +(,3er /& ( s0*s-(,-$e e$# -!(- /0#+ ?0s-$&) -!e +e,$(# /&

( per'$-. O, -!$s p/$,-" -!e C/0r- (s 0,(,$'/0s" *0- -!ere (s ( +$sse,- *) 70s-$e A20$,/ /, -!e 3r/0,+ -!(- -!e !/#+$,3 /& ( r(##)$, &r/,- /& -!e US E'*(ss) /0#+ *e $/#(-$e /& Or+$,(,e N/. 6<9 /& -!e C$-) /& M(,$#(. T!e #(s- se,-e,e /& s0! '$,0-eres/#0-$/, re(+s 4T!$s res/#0-$/, $s $-!/0- pre?0+$e -/ ( '/re e5-e,+e+ /p$,$/,.4 < He,e -!$s +e-($#e+ e5p/s$-$/, /& -!e C/0r-ss-(,+ /, -!e '(--er.

1. I- $s -!0s #e(r -!(- -!e C/0r- $s (##e+ 0p/, -/ pr/-e- -!e e5er$se /& -!e /3,(-e r$3!-s -/ &ree spee! (,+ pe(e&0# (sse'*#)"(r$s$,3 &r/' -!e +e,$(# /& ( per'$-. T!e C/,s-$-0-$/, $s 20$-e e5p#$$- 4N/ #( s!(## *e p(sse+ (*r$+3$,3 -!e &ree+/' /& spee!" /r /&-!e press" /r -!e r$3!- /& -!e pe/p#e pe(e(*#) -/ (sse'*#e (,+ pe-$-$/, -!e G/er,'e,- &/r re+ress /& 3r$e(,es.4 1@ Free spee!"#$%e &ree press" '() *e $+e,-$&$e+ $-! -!e #$*er-) -/ +$s0ss p0*#$#) (,+ -r0-!&0##) (,) '(--er /& p0*#$ /,er, $-!/0- e,s/rs!$p /rp0,$s!'e,-. 11 T!ere $s -/ *e -!e, ,/ pre$/0s res-r($,- /, -!e /''0,$(-$/, /& $es /r s0*se20e,- #$(*$#$-) !e-!er $, #$*e# s0$-s"16 pr/se0-$/, &/r se+$-$/," 18 /r (-$/, &/r +('(3es" 1= /r /,-e'p- pr/ee+$,3s 19 0,#ess -!ere *e ( 4#e(r (,+ prese,- +(,3er /&( s0*s-(,-$e e$# -!(- -!e S-(-e !(s ( r$3!- -/ pree,-.4 1: Free+/' /& (sse'*#) /,,/-es -!e r$3!- /& -!e pe/p#e -/ 'ee-pe(e(*#) &/r /,s0#-(-$/, (,+ +$s0ss$/, /& '(--ers /& p0*#$ /,er,. 1 I- $s e,-$-#e+ -/ *e (/r+e+ -!e 0-'/s- +e&ere,e (,+respe-. I- $s ,/- -/ *e #$'$-e+" '0! #ess +e,$e+" e5ep- /, ( s!/$,3" (s $s -!e (se $-! &ree+/' /& e5press$/," /& ( #e(r (,+prese,- +(,3er /& ( s0*s-(,-$e e$# -!(- -!e s-(-e !(s ( r$3!- -/ pree,-. 1 Ee, pr$/r -/ -!e 1<89 C/,s-$-0-$/," 70s-$e M(#/#'!(+ /(s$/, -/ s-ress -!(- $- $s ( ,eess(r) /,se20e,e /& /0r rep0*#$(, $,s-$-0-$/,s (,+ /'p#e'e,-s -!e r$3!- /& &ree spee!. 1<T/ p(r(p!r(se -!e /p$,$/, /& 70s-$e R0-#e+3e" spe(%$,3 &/r -!e '(?/r$-) /& -!e A'er$(, S0pre'e C/0r- $, T!/'(s . C/##$,s" 6@ $-(s ,/- *) ($+e,- /r /$,$+e,e -!(- -!e r$3!-s -/ &ree+/' /& spee! (,+ /& -!e press ere /0p#e+ $, ( s$,3#e 30(r(,-ee $-! -!er$3!-s /& -!e pe/p#e pe(e(*#) -/ (sse'*#e (,+ -/ pe-$-$/, -!e 3/er,'e,- &/r re+ress /& 3r$e(,es. A## -!ese r$3!-s" !$#e ,/-$+e,-$(#" (re $,sep(r(*#e. I, eer) (se" -!ere&/re" !ere -!ere $s ( #$'$-(-$/, p#(e+ /, -!e e5er$se /& -!$s r$3!-" -!e ?0+$$(r) $s(##e+ 0p/, -/ e5('$,e -!e e&&e-s /& -!e !(##e,3e+ 3/er,'e,-(# (-0(-$/,. T!e s/#e ?0s-$&$(-$/, &/r ( #$'$-(-$/, /, -!e e5er$se /&-!$s r$3!-" s/ &0,+('e,-(# -/ -!e '($,-e,(,e /& +e'/r(-$ $,s-$-0-$/,s" $s -!e +(,3er" /& ( !(r(-er */-! 3r(e (,+ $''$,e,-" /& (ser$/0s e$# -/ p0*#$ s(&e-)" p0*#$ '/r(#s" p0*#$ !e(#-!" /r (,) /-!er #e3$-$'(-e p0*#$ $,-eres-. 61

6. N/!ere $s -!e r(-$/,(#e -!(- 0,+er#$es -!e &ree+/' /& e5press$/, (,+ pe(e(*#e (sse'*#) *e--er e5presse+ -!(, $, -!$s e5erp-&r/' (, /p$,$/, /& 70s-$e Fr(,%&0r-er 4I- '0s- ,eer *e &/r3/--e," !/eer" -!(- -!e B$## /& R$3!-s (s -!e !$#+ /& -!eE,#$3!-e,'e,-. B(% /& -!e 30(r(,-) /& &ree spee! #() &($-! $, -!e p/er /& (, (ppe(# -/ re(s/, *) (## -!e pe(e&0# 'e(,s &/r3($,$,3 (ess -/ -!e '$,+. I- (s $, /r+er -/ (er- &/re (,+ e5p#/s$/,s +0e -/ res-r$-$/,s 0p/, r(-$/,(# '/+es /& /''0,$(-$/,-!(- -!e 30(r(,-) /& &ree spee! (s 3$e, ( 3e,er/0s s/pe. B0- 0--er(,e $, ( /,-e5- /& $/#e,e (, #/se $-s s$3,$&$(,e (s (,(ppe(# -/ re(s/, (,+ *e/'e p(r- /& (, $,s-r0'e,- /& &/re. S0! 0--er(,e (s ,/- 'e(,- -/ *e s!e#-ere+ *) -!e C/,s-$-0-$/,.4 66



W!(- (s r$3!-&0##) s-resse+ $s -!e (*(,+/,'e,- /& re(s/," -!e 0--er(,e" !e-!er er*(# /r pr$,-e+" *e$,3 $, ( /,-e5- /& $/#e,e.I- '0s- (#()s *e re'e'*ere+ -!(- -!$s r$3!- #$%e$se pr/$+es &/r ( s(&e-) (#e" (##/$,3 p(r-$es -!e /pp/r-0,$-) -/ 3$e e,- -/-!e$r $es" ee, $& /,-r(r) -/ -!e pre($#$,3 #$'(-e /& /p$,$/,. F/r $& -!e pe(e&0# 'e(,s /& /''0,$(-$/, (,,/- *e (($#e+ /&"res/r- -/ ,/,pe(e&0# 'e(,s '() *e -!e /,#) (#-er,(-$e. N/r $s -!$s -!e s/#e re(s/, &/r -!e e5press$/, /& +$sse,-. I- 'e(,s '/re-!(, ?0s- -!e r$3!- -/ *e !e(r+ /& -!e pers/, !/ &ee#s (33r$ee+ /r !/ $s +$ss(-$s&$e+ $-! -!$,3s (s -!e) (re. I-s (#0e '() #$e $,-!e &(- -!(- -!ere '() *e s/'e-!$,3 /r-! !e(r$,3 &r/' -!e +$sse,-er. T!(- $s -/ e,s0re ( -r0e &er'e,- /& $+e(s. T!ere (re" /&/0rse" e##+e&$,e+ #$'$-s. W!(- $s 30(r(,-ee+ $s pe(e(*#e (sse'*#). O,e '() ,/- (+/(-e +$s/r+er $, -!e ,('e /& pr/-es-" '0!#ess pre(! re*e##$/, 0,+er -!e #/(% /& +$sse,-. T!e C/,s-$-0-$/, &r/,s /, +$s/r+er /r -0'0#- (--e,+$,3 ( r(##) /r (sse'*#). Res/r--/ &/re $s r0#e+ /0- (,+ /0-*re(%s /& $/#e,e -/ *e (/$+e+. T!e 0-'/s- (#' -!/03! $s ,/- re20$re+. As p/$,-e+ /0- $, (, e(r#)P!$#$pp$,e (se" pe,,e+ $, 1<@ -/ *e pre$se" U,$-e+ S-(-es . Ap0r(+/ 68 4I- $s r(-!er -/ *e e5pe-e+ -!(- '/re /r #ess +$s/r+er$## '(r% -!e p0*#$ (sse'*#) /& -!e pe/p#e -/ pr/-es- (3($,s- 3r$e(,es !e-!er re(# /r $'(3$,(r)" *e(0se /, s0! /(s$/,s

&ee#$,3 $s (#()s r/03!- -/ ( !$3! p$-! /& e5$-e'e,-" (,+ -!e 3re(-er -!e 3r$e(,e (,+ -!e '/re $,-e,se -!e &ee#$,3" -!e #essper&e-" (s ( r0#e" $## *e -!e +$s$p#$,(r) /,-r/# /& -!e #e(+ers /er -!e$r $rresp/,s$*#e &/##/ers.4 6= I- *e(rs repe(-$,3 -!(- &/r -!e/,s-$-0-$/,(# r$3!- -/ *e $,/%e+" r$/-/0s /,+0-" $,?0r) -/ pr/per-)" (,+ (-s /& (,+(#$s' '0s- *e (/$+e+. T/ 3$e &ree re$, -//,es +es-r0-$e 0r3es $s -/ (## &/r /,+e',(-$/,. I- $s -/ '(%e ( '/%er) /& -!e !$3! es-(-e /0p$e+ *) $,-e##e-0(# #$*er-) $, /0rs!e'e /& (#0es.

8. T!ere (, *e ,/ #e3(# /*?e-$/," (*se,- -!e e5$s-e,e /& ( #e(r (,+ prese,- +(,3er /& ( s0*s-(,-$e e$#" /, -!e !/$e /& L0,e-((s -!e p#(e !ere -!e pe(e r(##) /0#+ s-(r-. T!e P!$#$pp$,es $s /''$--e+ -/ -!e $e e5presse+ $, -!e p#0r(#$-) /p$,$/," /& 1<8<$,-(3e" /& 70s-$e R/*er-s $, H(30e . CIO 69 4W!e,eer -!e -$-#e /& s-ree-s (,+ p(r%s '() res-" -!e) !(e $''e'/r$(##) *ee, !e#+$, -r0s- &/r -!e 0se /& -!e p0*#$ (,+" -$'e /0- /& '$,+" !(e *ee, 0se+ &/r p0rp/ses /& (sse'*#)" /''0,$(-$,3 -!/03!-s *e-ee,$-$e,s" (,+ +$s0ss$,3 p0*#$ 20es-$/,s. S0! 0se /& -!e s-ree-s (,+ p0*#$ p#(es !(s" &r/' (,$e,- -$'es" *ee, ( p(r- /& -!epr$$#e3es" $''0,$-$es" r$3!-s" (,+ #$*er-$es /& $-$e,s. T!e pr$$#e3e /& ( $-$e, /& -!e U,$-e+ S-(-es -/ 0se -!e s-ree-s (,+ p(r%s &/r/''0,$(-$/, /& $es /, ,(-$/,(# 20es-$/,s '() *e re30#(-e+ $, -!e $,-eres- /& (##; $- $s ,/- (*s/#0-e" *0- re#(-$e" (,+ '0s- *ee5er$se+ $, s0*/r+$,(-$/, -/ -!e 3e,er(# /'&/r- (,+ /,e,$e,e" (,+ $, /,s/,(,e $-! pe(e (,+ 3//+ /r+er; *0- $- '0s- ,/-" $,-!e 30$se /& re30#(-$/," *e (*r$+3e+ /r +e,$e+.4 6: T!e (*/e e5erp- (s 20/-e+ $-! (ppr/(# $, Pr$'$$(s . F03/s/. 6 Pr$'$$(s'(+e e5p#$$- !(- (s $'p#$$- $, M0,$$p(#$-) /& C($-e . R/?(s" 6 ( 1<19 +e$s$/," !ere -!$s C/0r- (-e3/r$(##) (&&$r'e+ -!(-

p#((s /r p(r%s (,+ s-ree-s (re /0-s$+e -!e /''ere /& '(, (,+ -!0s ,0##$&$e+ ( /,-r(- -!(- #e(se+ P#(( S/#e+(+ /& p#($,-$&&'0,$$p(#$-). Re&ere,e (s '(+e -/ s0! p#(( 4*e$,3 ( pr/'e,(+e &/r p0*#$ 0se"4 6< !$! er-($,#) $s ,/- -!e /,#) p0rp/se -!(- $-/0#+ sere. T/ repe(-" -!ere (, *e ,/ (#$+ re(s/, !) ( per'$- s!/0#+ ,/- *e 3r(,-e+ &/r -!e pr/p/se+ '(r! (,+ r(##) s-(r-$,3&r/' ( p0*#$ p(r% -!(- $s -!e L0,e-(.

=. Ne$-!er (, -!ere *e (,) (#$+ /*?e-$/, -/ -!e 0se /& -!e s-ree-s -/ -!e 3(-es /& -!e US E'*(ss)" !(r+#) -/ *#/%s (() (- -!eR/5(s B/0#e(r+. Pr$'$$(s . F03/s/ !(s res/#e+ (,) #0r%$,3 +/0*- /, -!e '(--er. I, !/#+$,3 -!(- -!e -!e, M()/r F03/s/ /& -!e C$-)/& M(,$#( s!/0#+ 3r(,- ( per'$- &/r ( p0*#$ 'ee-$,3 (- P#(( M$r(,+( $, 0$(p/" -!$s C/0r- (-e3/r$(##) +e#(re+ 4O0r /,#0s$/,&$,+s s0pp/r- $, -!e +e$s$/, $, -!e (se /& W$##$s C/5 . S-(-e /& Ne H('ps!$re" 816 U.S." 9:<. I, -!(- (se" -!e s-(-0-e /& NeH('ps!$re P. L. !(p. 1=9" se-$/, 6" pr/$+$,3 -!(- J,/ p(r(+e /r pr/ess$/, 0p/, (,) 3r/0,+ (*0--$,3 -!ere/," s!(## *e per'$--e+0,#ess ( spe$(# #$e,se -!ere&/r s!(## &$rs- *e /*-($,e+ &r/' -!e se#e-'e, /& -!e -/, /r &r/' #$e,s$,3 /''$--ee" (s /,s-r0e+*) -!e S0pre'e C/0r- /& Ne H('ps!$re (s ,/- /,&err$,3 0p/, -!e #$e,s$,3 */(r+ 0,&e--ere+ +$sre-$/, -/ re&0se -/ 3r(,- -!e#$e,se" (,+ !e#+ (#$+. A,+ -!e S0pre'e C/0r- /& -!e U,$-e+ S-(-es" $, $-s +e$s$/, 1<=1> pe,,e+ *) C!$e& 70s-$e H03!es (&&$r'$,3-!e ?0+3'e,- /& -!e S-(-e S0pre'e C/0r-" !e#+ -!(- J( s-(-0-e re20$r$,3 pers/,s 0s$,3 -!e p0*#$ s-ree-s &/r ( p(r(+e /r pr/ess$/,-/ pr/0re ( spe$(# #$e,se -!ere&/r &r/' -!e #/(# (0-!/r$-$es $s ,/- (, 0,/,s-$-0-$/,(# (*r$+3'e,- /& -!e r$3!-s /& (sse'*#) /r /&&ree+/' /& spee! (,+ press" !ere" (s -!e s-(-0-e $s /,s-r0e+ *) -!e s-(-e /0r-s" -!e #$e,s$,3 (0-!/r$-$es (re s-r$-#) #$'$-e+" $,

-!e $ss0(,e /& #$e,ses" -/ ( /,s$+er(-$/, /& -!e -$'e" p#(e" (,+ '(,,er /& -!e p(r(+e /r pr/ess$/," $-! ( $e -/ /,ser$,3 -!ep0*#$ /,e,$e,e (,+ /& (&&/r+$,3 (, /pp/r-0,$-) -/ pr/$+e pr/per p/#$$,3" (,+ (re ,/- $,es-e+ $-! (r*$-r(r) +$sre-$/, -/ $ss0e/r re&0se #$e,se" . . .4 8@ N/r s!/0#+ -!e p/$,- '(+e *) C!$e& 70s-$e H03!es $, ( s0*se20e,- p/r-$/, /& -!e /p$,$/, *e $3,/re+.4C$$# #$*er-$es" (s 30(r(,-ee+ *) -!e C/,s-$-0-$/," $'p#) -!e e5$s-e,e /& (, /r3(,$e+ s/$e-) '($,-($,$,3 p0*#$ /r+er $-!/0- !$!#$*er-) $-se#& /0#+ *e #/s- $, -!e e5esses /& 0,res-r$-e+ (*0ses. T!e (0-!/r$-) /& ( '0,$$p(#$-) -/ $'p/se re30#(-$/,s $, /r+er -/(ss0re -!e s(&e-) (,+ /,e,$e,e /& -!e pe/p#e $, -!e 0se /& p0*#$ !$3!()s !(s ,eer *ee, re3(r+e+ (s $,/,s$s-e,- $-! $$##$*er-$es *0- r(-!er (s /,e /& -!e 'e(,s /& s(&e30(r+$,3 -!e 3//+ /r+er 0p/, !$! -!e) 0#-$'(-e#) +epe,+. T!e /,-r/# /& -r(e# /,-!e s-ree-s /& $-$es $s -!e '/s- &('$#$(r $##0s-r(-$/, /& -!$s re/3,$-$/, /& s/$(# ,ee+. W!ere ( res-r$-$/, /& -!e 0se /& !$3!()s $,-!(- re#(-$/, $s +es$re+ -/ pr/'/-e -!e p0*#$ /,e,$e,e $, -!e $,-eres- /& (##" $- (,,/- *e +$sre3(r+e+ *) -!e (--e'p-e+ e5er$se /&s/'e $$# r$3!- !$! $, /-!er $r0's-(,es /0#+ *e e,-$-#e+ -/ pr/-e-$/,.4 81

9. T!ere $s ( ,/e# (spe- -/ -!$s (se. I& -!e r(##) ere /,&$,e+ -/ L0,e-(" ,/ 20es-$/," (s ,/-e+" /0#+ !(e (r$se,. S/" -//" $& -!e'(r! /0#+ e,+ (- (,/-!er p(r%. As pre$/0s#) 'e,-$/,e+ -!/03!" -!ere /0#+ *e ( s!/r- pr/3r(' 0p/, re(!$,3 -!e p0*#$ sp(e*e-ee, -!e -/ 3(-es /& -!e U,$-e+ S-(-es E'*(ss) (- R/5(s B/0#e(r+. T!(- /0#+ *e &/##/e+ *) -!e !(,+$,3 /er /& ( pe-$-$/,*(se+ /, -!e res/#0-$/, (+/p-e+ (- -!e #/s$,3 sess$/, /& -!e A,-$B(ses C/(#$-$/,. T!e P!$#$pp$,es $s ( s$3,(-/r) /& -!e V$e,,(

C/,e,-$/, /, D$p#/'(-$ Re#(-$/,s (+/p-e+ $, 1<:1. I- (s /,0rre+ $, *) -!e -!e, P!$#$pp$,e Se,(-e /, M() 8" 1<:9 (,+ -!e$,s-r0'e,- /& r(-$&$(-$/, (s s$3,e+ *) -!e Pres$+e,- /, O-/*er 11" 1<:9" (,+ (s -!ere(&-er +ep/s$-e+ $-! -!e Sere-(r) Ge,er(#/& -!e U,$-e+ N(-$/,s /, N/e'*er 19. As /& -!(- +(-e -!e," $- (s *$,+$,3 /, -!e P!$#$pp$,es. T!e se/,+ p(r(3r(p! /& $-s Ar-$#e 66re(+s 46. T!e ree$$,3 S-(-e $s 0,+er ( spe$(# +0-) -/ -(%e (ppr/pr$(-e s-eps -/ pr/-e- -!e pre'$ses /& -!e '$ss$/, (3($,s- (,)$,-r0s$/, /r +('(3e (,+ -/ pree,- (,) +$s-0r*(,e /& -!e pe(e /& -!e '$ss$/, /r $'p($r'e,- /& $-s +$3,$-).4 86 T!e C/,s-$-0-$/,4(+/p-s -!e 3e,er(##) (ep-e+ pr$,$p#es /& $,-er,(-$/,(# #( (s p(r- /& -!e #( /& -!e #(,+" . . .4 88 T/ -!e e5-e,- -!(- -!e V$e,,(C/,e,-$/, $s ( res-(-e'e,- /& -!e 3e,er(##) (ep-e+ pr$,$p#es /& $,-er,(-$/,(# #(" $- s!/0#+ *e ( p(r- /& -!e #( /& -!e #(,+. 8=T!(- *e$,3 -!e (se" $& -!ere ere ( #e(r (,+ prese,- +(,3er /& (,) $,-r0s$/, /r +('(3e" /r +$s-0r*(,e /& -!e pe(e /& -!e '$ss$/,"/r $'p($r'e,- /& $-s +$3,$-)" -!ere /0#+ *e ( ?0s-$&$(-$/, &/r -!e +e,$(# /& -!e per'$- $,s/&(r (s -!e -er'$,(# p/$,- /0#+ *e -!eE'*(ss). M/re/er" resp/,+e,- M()/r re#$e+ /, Or+$,(,e N/. 6<9 /& -!e C$-) /& M(,$#( pr/!$*$-$,3 -!e !/#+$,3 /r s-(3$,3 /& r(##$es/r +e'/,s-r(-$/,s $-!$, ( r(+$0s /& &$e !0,+re+ 9@@> &ee- &r/' (,) &/re$3, '$ss$/, /r !(,er); (,+ &/r /-!er p0rp/ses. U,#ess-!e /r+$,(,e $s ,0##$&$e+" /r +e#(re+ 0#-r( $res" $-s $,/(-$/, (s ( +e&e,se $s 0,+ers-(,+(*#e *0- ,/- +e$s$e" $, $e /& -!epr$'() (/r+e+ -!e /,s-$-0-$/,(# r$3!-s /& &ree spee! (,+ pe(e(*#e (sse'*#). Ee, $& s!/, -!e, -/ *e (pp#$(*#e" -!(- 20es-$/,s-$## /,&r/,-s -!$s C/0r-.



:. T!ere $s 'er$- -/ -!e /*ser(-$/, -!(- e5ep- (s -/ -!e ,/e# (spe-s /& ( #$-$3(-$/," -!e ?0+3'e,- '0s- *e /,&$,e+ $-!$, -!e#$'$-s /& pre$/0s +e$s$/,s. T!e #( +e#(re+ /, p(s- /(s$/,s $s" /, -!e !/#e" ( s(&e 30$+e. S/ $- !(s *ee, !ere. He,e" (s ,/-e+"/, -!e (&-er,//, /& -!e !e(r$,3" O-/*er 69" 1<8" -!$s C/0r- $ss0e+ -!e '$,0-e res/#0-$/, 3r(,-$,3 -!e '(,+(-/r) $,?0,-$/,(##/$,3 -!e pr/p/se+ '(r! (,+ r(##) s!e+0#e+ &/r -!e ,e5- +(). T!(- /,#0s$/, (s $,e$-(*#e $, -!e (*se,e /& ( #e(r (,+prese,- +(,3er /& ( s0*s-(,-$e e$# -/ ( #e3$-$'(-e p0*#$ $,-eres-. T!ere (s ,/ ?0s-$&$(-$/, -!e, -/ +e,) -!e e5er$se /& -!e/,s-$-0-$/,(# r$3!-s /& &ree spee! (,+ pe(e(*#e (sse'*#). T!ese r$3!-s (re (ss0re+ *) /0r C/,s-$-0-$/, (,+ -!e U,$ers(#De#(r(-$/, /& H0'(, R$3!-s. 89 T!e p(r-$$p(,-s -/ s0! (sse'*#)" /'p/se+ pr$'(r$#) /& -!/se $, (--e,+(,e (- -!e I,-er,(-$/,(#C/,&ere,e &/r Ge,er(# D$s(r'('e,-" W/r#+ Pe(e (,+ -!e Re'/(# /& A## F/re$3, M$#$-(r) B(ses /0#+ s-(r- &r/' -!e L0,e-("pr/ee+$,3 -!r/03! R/5(s B/0#e(r+ -/ -!e 3(-es /& -!e U,$-e+ S-(-es E'*(ss) #/(-e+ (- -!e s('e s-ree-. T/ repe(-" $- $s se--#e+#( -!(- (s -/ p0*#$ p#(es" espe$(##) s/ (s -/ p(r%s (,+ s-ree-s" -!ere $s &ree+/' /& (ess. N/r $s -!e$r 0se +epe,+e,- /, !/ $s-!e (pp#$(,- &/r -!e per'$-" !e-!er (, $,+$$+0(# /r ( 3r/0p. I& $- ere" -!e, -!e &ree+/' /& (ess *e/'es +$sr$'$,(-/r) (ess"

3$$,3 r$se -/ (, e20(# pr/-e-$/, 20es-$/,. T!e pr$,$p#e 0,+er A'er$(, +/-r$,es (s 3$e, 0--er(,e *) C!$e& 70s-$e H03!es $,-!ese /r+s 4T!e 20es-$/," $& -!e r$3!-s /& &ree spee! (,+ pe(e(*#e (sse'*#) (re -/ *e presere+" $s ,/- (s -/ -!e (0sp$es 0,+er!$! -!e 'ee-$,3 $s !e#+ *0- (s -/ $-s p0rp/se; ,/- (s -/ -!e re#(-$/,s /& -!e spe(%ers" *0- !e-!er -!e$r 0--er(,es -r(,se,+ -!e*/0,+s /& -!e &ree+/' /& spee! !$! -!e C/,s-$-0-$/, pr/-e-s.4 8: T!ere /0#+ *e +(,3er -/ p0*#$ pe(e (,+ s(&e-) $& s0! (3(-!er$,3 ere '(r%e+ *) -0r*0#e,e. T!(- /0#+ +epr$e $- /& $-s pe(e&0# !(r(-er. Ee, -!e," /,#) -!e 30$#-) p(r-$es s!/0#+ *e!e#+ (/0,-(*#e. I- $s -r0e -!(- -!e #$e,s$,3 /&&$$(#" !ere resp/,+e,- M()/r" $s ,/- +e/$+ /& +$sre-$/, $, +e-er'$,$,3 !e-!er /r,/- ( per'$- /0#+ *e 3r(,-e+. I- $s ,/-" !/eer" 0,&e--ere+ +$sre-$/,. W!$#e pr0+e,e re20$res -!(- -!ere *e ( re(#$s-$ (ppr($s(#,/- /& !(- '() p/ss$*#) /0r *0- /& !(- '() pr/*(*#) /0r" 3$e, (## -!e re#e(,- $r0's-(,es" s-$## -!e (ss0'p-$/, —espe$(##) s/ !ere -!e (sse'*#) $s s!e+0#e+ &/r ( spe$&$ p0*#$ p#(e — $s -!(- -!e per'$- '0s- *e &/r -!e (sse'*#) *e$,3 !e#+-!ere. T!e e5er$se /& s0! ( r$3!-" $, -!e #(,30(3e /& 70s-$e R/*er-s" spe(%$,3 &/r -!e A'er$(, S0pre'e C/0r-" $s ,/- -/ *e4(*r$+3e+ /, -!e p#e( -!(- $- '() *e e5er$se+ $, s/'e /-!er p#(e.4 8

. I, &($r,ess -/ resp/,+e,- M()/r" !e (-e+ /, -!e *e#$e& -!(- N((rr/ . V$##e3(s 8 (,+ P(3%(%($s( ,3 M(,33(3((,3 P$#$p$,/PMP> . B(3(-s$,3" 8< (##e+ &/r (pp#$(-$/,. W!$#e -!e 3e,er(# r0#e $s -!(- ( per'$- s!/0#+ re/3,$e -!e r$3!- /& -!e (pp#$(,-s -/!/#+ -!e$r (sse'*#) (- ( p0*#$ p#(e /& -!e$r !/$e" (,/-!er p#(e '() *e +es$3,(-e+ *) -!e #$e,s$,3 (0-!/r$-) $& $- *e s!/, -!(--!ere $s ( #e(r (,+ prese,- +(,3er /& ( s0*s-(,-$e e$# $& ,/ s0! !(,3e ere '(+e. I, -!e N((rr/ (,+ -!e P(3%(%($s( +e$s$/,s"

-!$s C/0r- (s pers0(+e+ -!(- -!e #e(r (,+ prese,- +(,3er -es- (s s(-$s&$e+. T!e prese,- s$-0(-$/, $s 20$-e +$&&ere,-. He,e -!e+e$s$/, re(!e+ *) -!e C/0r-. T!e 'ere (sser-$/, -!(- s0*ers$es '() $,&$#-r(-e -!e r(,%s /& -!e +e'/,s-r(-/rs +/es ,/- s0&&$e.N/- -!(- $- s!/0#+ *e /er#//%e+. T!ere (s $, -!$s (se" !/eer" -!e (ss0r(,e /& Ge,er(# N(r$s/ C(*rer(" S0per$,-e,+e,-"Wes-er, P/#$e D$s-r$-" Me-r/p/#$-(, P/#$e F/re" -!(- -!e p/#$e &/re $s $, ( p/s$-$/, -/ /pe $-! s0! e'er3e,) s!/0#+ $- (r$se.T!(- $s -/ /'p#) $-! $-s +0-) -/ e5-e,+ pr/-e-$/, -/ -!e p(r-$$p(,-s /& s0! pe(e(*#e (sse'*#). A#s/ &r/' !$' ('e -!e/''e,+(*#e (+'$ss$/, -!(- -!ere ere (- #e(s- &$e pre$/0s +e'/,s-r(-$/,s (- -!e B()$e H/-e# Are( (,+ P#(( Fer30s/, $, &r/,-/& -!e U,$-e+ S-(-es E'*(ss) !ere ,/ 0,-/(r+ ee,- /0rre+. I- (s '(+e #e(r *) pe-$-$/,er" -!r/03! /0,se#" -!(- ,/ (-/&&e,s$e -/ -!e +$3,$-) /& -!e U,$-e+ S-(-es M$ss$/, $, -!e P!$#$pp$,es /0#+ -(%e p#(e (,+ -!(-" (s 'e,-$/,e+ (- -!e /0-se- /& -!$s/p$,$/," 4(## -!e ,eess(r) s-eps /0#+ *e -(%e, *) $- J-/ e,s0re ( pe(e&0# '(r! (,+ r(##).4 =@ Ass$s-(,- S/#$$-/r Ge,er(#M/,-e,e3r/ e5presse+ -!e $e -!(- -!e prese,e /& p/#$e'e, '() $, $-se#& *e ( pr//(-$/,. I- $s ( s0&&$$e,- (,ser -!(- -!e)s!/0#+ s-() (- ( +$sree- +$s-(,e" *0- eer re(+) (,+ (#er- -/ /pe $-! (,) /,-$,3e,). T!ere $s ,/ ,ee+ -/ repe(- !(- (sp/$,-e+ /0- *) C!$e& 70s-$e H03!es $, C/5 -!(- pre$se#)" $- $s -!e +0-) /& -!e $-) (0-!/r$-$es -/ pr/$+e -!e pr/per p/#$e pr/-e-$/,-/ -!/se e5er$s$,3 -!e$r r$3!- -/ pe(e(*#e (sse'*#) (,+ &ree+/' /& e5press$/,.

. B) () /& ( s0''(r). T!e (pp#$(,-s &/r ( per'$- -/ !/#+ (, (sse'*#) s!/0#+ $,&/r' -!e #$e,s$,3 (0-!/r$-) /& -!e +(-e" -!e p0*#$p#(e !ere (,+ -!e -$'e !e, $- $## -(%e p#(e. I& $- ere ( pr$(-e p#(e" /,#) -!e /,se,- /& -!e /,er /r -!e /,e e,-$-#e+ -/ $-s

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<. Resp/,+e,- M()/r p/se+ -!e $ss0e /& -!e (pp#$(*$#$-) /& Or+$,(,e N/. 6<9 /& -!e C$-) /& M(,$#( pr/!$*$-$,3 -!e !/#+$,3 /r

s-(3$,3 /& r(##$es /r +e'/,s-r(-$/,s $-!$, ( r(+$0s /& &$e !0,+re+ 9@@> &ee- &r/' (,) &/re$3, '$ss$/, /r !(,er); (,+ &/r /-!erp0rp/ses. I- $s -/ *e (+'$--e+ -!(- $- &$,+s s0pp/r- $, -!e pre$/0s#) 20/-e+ Ar-$#e 66 /& -!e V$e,,( C/,e,-$/, /, D$p#/'(-$Re#(-$/,s. T!ere (s ,/ s!/$,3" !/eer" -!(- -!e +$s-(,e *e-ee, -!e !(,er) (,+ -!e e'*(ss) 3(-e $s #ess -!(, 9@@ &ee-. Ee,$& $- /0#+ *e s!/, -!(- s0! ( /,+$-$/, $s s(-$s&$e+" $- +/es ,/- &/##/ -!(- resp/,+e,- M()/r /0#+ #e3(##) (- -!e () !e +$+. T!e(#$+$-) /& !$s +e,$(# /& -!e per'$- s/03!- /0#+ s-$## *e !(##e,3e+. I- /0#+ *e (r30e+ -!(- ( (se /& 0,/,s-$-0-$/,(# (pp#$(-$/, /&s0! /r+$,(,e -/ -!e e5er$se /& -!e r$3!- /& pe(e(*#e (sse'*#) prese,-s $-se#&. As $, -!$s (se -!ere (s ,/ pr//& -!(- -!e +$s-(,e$s #ess -!(, 9@@ &ee-" -!e ,ee+ -/ p(ss /, -!(- $ss0e (s /*$(-e+. S!/0#+ $- /'e" -!e, -!e 20(#$&$(-$/, (,+ /*ser(-$/, /& 70s-$esM(%(s$(r (,+ P#(,( er-($,#) (,,/- *e s0''(r$#) *r0s!e+ (s$+e. T!e !$3! es-(-e (/r+e+ -!e r$3!-s -/ &ree spee! (,+ pe(e(*#e(sse'*#) +e'(,+s ,/-!$,3 #ess.

1@. Or+$,(r$#)" -!e re'e+) $, (ses /& -!$s !(r(-er $s -/ se- (s$+e -!e +e,$(# /r -!e '/+$&$(-$/, /& -!e per'$- s/03!- (,+ /r+er -!eresp/,+e,- /&&$$(# -/ 3r(,- $-. N/,e-!e#ess" (s -!ere (s 0r3e,) $, -!$s (se" -!e pr/p/se+ '(r! (,+ r(##) *e$,3 s!e+0#e+ &/r -!e,e5- +() (&-er -!e !e(r$,3" -!$s C/0r-" $, -!e e5er$se /& $-s /,e+e+ (0-!/r$-)" 3r(,-e+ -!e '(,+(-/r) $,?0,-$/, $, -!e res/#0-$/, /& O-/*er 69" 1<8. I- '() *e ,/-e+ -!(- -!e pe(e&0# !(r(-er /& -!e pe(e '(r! (,+ r(##) /, O-/*er 6: (s ,/- '(rre+ *) (,)0,-/(r+ $,$+e,-. S/ $- !(s *ee, $, /-!er (sse'*#$es !e#+ e#se!ere. I- $s 20$-e re(ss0r$,3 s0! -!(- */-! /, -!e p(r- /& -!e ,(-$/,(



3/er,'e,- (,+ -!e $-$e,s" re(s/, (,+ '/+er(-$/, !(e pre($#e+. T!(- $s (s $- s!/0#+ *e.

WHEREFORE" -!e '(,+(-/r) $,?0,-$/, pr()e+ &/r $s 3r(,-e+. N/ /s-s.

G.R. No. L-963 J:! , 1981;&L&;;&NE 'O**ER'&$L < &NS%R&$L B$N=, p#($,-$&&(ppe##(,-"

s.

;&LN$B$N= E*;LOYEES> $SSO'&$%&ON, RO*EO G. ROY, $LYONG G$BR&EL, B$Y$N& $. B$%&S%$, O*&NGO?&LL$NE?$, $LEJ$NRO R&'$RO, JESS *$N$$N, *$NEL J$'&N%O, ERNES%O B$%$', LEON&O '$S;E ;$%R&'&$GR$N$OS n/ ;$N%$LEON BERN$RO, +e&e,+(,-s(ppe##ees.

ERN$NO, C.J.:

T!ere $s ( 0,$20e (spe- -/ -!$s (-$/, &/r #$*e# (3($,s- -!e P!$#$pp$,e N(-$/,(# B(,% E'p#/)ees Ass/$(-$/,. 1 I- (s &$#e+ *) p#($,-$&&

P!$#$pp$,e C/''er$(# (,+ I,+0s-r$(# B(,% (s ( res0#- /& p#((r+s (,+ s$3,*/(r+s (#/,3 -!e P!$#$pp$,e N(-$/,(# B(,% *0$#+$,3 $,

Es/#-(" M(,$#(" /,-($,$,3 -!e &/##/$,3 4PCIB BAD ACCOUNTS TRANSFERRED TO PNBNIDC4 P#($,-$&& /,s$+ere+ -!e (*/e

4+e&('(-/r) (,+ #$*e#/0s per se &/r (- -!e er) #e(s- $- ('/0,-s -/ (, 4(- -e,+$,3 -/ (0se +$s!/,/r" +$sre+$-" /r /,-e'p- /& (

?0r$+$(# pers/,.4 T!e (##e3(-$/, /& $-s *e$,3 #$*e#/0s (s +e,$e+ *) +e&e,+(,-s /, -!e 3r/0,+ -!(- s0! p#((r+s 4/,-($,$,3 -!e

(##e3e+ r$-$,3 ere +$sp#()e+ +0r$,3 -!e s-r$%e /, Apr$# 8 (,+ Apr$# ="1<: (s ( &($r" #e3(# #(*/r s-r(-e3) +e,/0,$,3 -!e #(% /&

*0s$,ess &/res$3!-" $,/'pe-e,e" '$s'(,(3e'e,-" (r*$-r(r) (,+ +esp/-$ (-s /& -!e M(,(3e'e,- -/ !ee+ -!e #e3(# (,+ #e3$-$'(-e

+e'(,+s /& -!e +e&e,+(,-s" (s ( s-r$%$,3 0,$/," (,+ (3($,s- !/' ( s-r$%e (s +e#(re+ (3($,s- -!e '(,(3e'e,- /& -!e P!$#$pp$,e

N(-$/,(# B(,%4 3 (,+ -!(- '/re/er" 4+e&e,+(,-s" +0r$,3 -!e s-r$%e /, Apr$# 8 -/ Apr$# =" 1<:" (3($,s- -!e '(,(3e'e,- /& -!e

P!$#$pp$,e N(-$/,(# B(,%" ere /,#) '/e+ *) 3//+ $,-e,-$/, (,+ ?0s-$&$(*#e '/-$es (,+ +$+ ,/- $,-e,+ -/ $,?0re (,) p(r-) ,/-

/,,e-e+ $-! -!e s-r$%e;4 @/,s-$-0-$,3 p(r- 4/& -!e$r #e3(# (,+ &($r #(*/r s-r(-e3) -/ e,&/re -!e$r +e'(,+s4 (,+ -/ */#s-er -!e$r

$'p0-(-$/, /& $,/'pe-e,e (,+ (r*$-r(r$,ess /& -!e P!$#$pp$,e N(-$/,(# B(,% '(,(3e'e,-. 5 T!e #/er /0r- s0s-($,e+ s0! (

+e&e,se (,+ +$s'$sse+ -!e /'p#($,-. He,e -!$s (ppe(#.

T!e +e$s$/, /& -!e -!e, 70+3e C/,r(+/ V(s20e (s -/ +$s'$ss -!e /'p#($,-. He /0#+ ,/- +$ser, (,) #$*e#/0s $'p0-(-$/, $, -!e

(##e3e+ /&&e,+$,3 /r+s. S0! ( r0#$,3 &$,+s (++$-$/,(# s0pp/r- $, -!e s)'p(-!e-$ (ppr/(! &/##/e+ *) /0r-s -/ $,(0r($es (,+

$'pre$s$/, $, #(,30(3e $, -!e 0se /& p#((r+s (s p(r- /& pe(e&0# p$%e-$,3 $, #(*/r /,-r/ers$es.

T!e &(-s (s &/0,+ *) -!e #/er /0r-" (+'$--e+ *) p#($,-$&&(ppe##(,- (s /rre-" &/##/ 4O, Apr$# 8" 1<:" +e&e,+(,- P!$#,(*(,%

E'p#/)ees Ass/$(-$/, PEMA>" ( #(*/r /r3(,$(-$/, /'p/se+ /& -!e r(,% (,+ &$#e e'p#/)ees /& -!e P!$#$pp$,e N(-$/,(# B(,%"

+e#(re+ ( s-r$%e. D0r$,3 -!e s($+ s-r$%e" !$! #(s-e+ 0p -/ -!e &/##/$,3 +()" 'e'*ers /& -!e PEMA> p(r(+e+ (,+ +$sp#()e+

p#((r+s $, &r/,- /& -!e PNB *0$#+$,3 (- Es/#-(" M(,$#(" /,e /& !$! /,-($,e+ -!e &/##/$,3 /r+s 4PCIB BAD ACCOUNTS

TRANSFERRED TO PNBNIDC4 I- $s (, (+'$--e+ &(- -!(- PCIB s-(,+s &/r p#($,-$&& P!$#$pp$,e C/''er$(# (,+ I,+0s-r$(# B(,%" !$#e

PNB re&ers -/ P!$#$pp$,e N(-$/,(# B(,%" (,+ NIDC s-(,+s &/r N(-$/,(# I,es-'e,- Dee#/p'e,- C/rp/r(-$/," ( s0*s$+$(r) /& -!e

PNB.4 6 T/ pr/e $-s #($' &/r -!e re/er) /& +('(3es */-! (-0(# (,+ e5e'p#(r)" (s e## (s &/r (--/r,e)s &ees" p#($,-$&&(ppe##(,-"

(s ,/-e+ $, -!e (ppe(#e+ +e$s$/," /,-e,+e+ 4-!(- -!e r$-$,3 /, -!e p#((r+ $, 20es-$/, $s ( *(se#ess (,+ '(#$$/0s (spers$/, -!(-

-!e p#($,-$&& (s ( p(r-) -/ ( &r(0+" $, -!(- $- (s (*#e -/ re/0p /, *(+ +e*-s /r /-!er 0,/##e-e+ (/0,-s *) &r(0+0#e,-"

20es-$/,(*#e (,+ $''/r(# -r(,s&er -!ere/& -/ -!e PNB /r NIDC. A M(#$e (s #$%e$se (- -r$*0-e+ -/ +e&e,+(,- #(*/r 0,$/, (,+ $-s

/&&$ers. T!e, -!e +e$s$/, e,- /, -/ s-(-e 4P#($,-$&& prese,-e+ e$+e,e -/ s!/ -!(- $- $s -!e #(r3es- 1@@ F$#$p$,/ /''er$(#

*(,% $, -!e P!$#$pp$,es; -!(- (- -!e -$'e /& -!e &$#$,3 /& -!e /'p#($,-" $- !(+ -e,-)see, 6> *r(,!es (## /er -!e /0,-r) (,+

$-! &/re$3, /rresp/,+e,- *(,%s -!r/03!/0- -!e /r#+; -!(- -!e (sse-s /& -!e p#($,-$&& ('/0,-e+ -/ P888"=1"==9.@9 (,+ $- !(,+#es

( 20(r-er#) /#0'e /& *0s$,ess ('/0,-$,3 -/ P11@"@@@"@@@.@@; -!(- $- !(s seer(# *$3 /'p(,$es ('/,3 $-s #$e,-s; (,+ -!(- $- !(s (

rep0-(-$/, &/r !/,es-)" re#$(*$#$-) (,+ -r0s-/r-!$,ess" (,+ !(s e,?/)e+ +/'es-$ (,+ $,-er,(-$/,(# pr/'$,e,e (,+ 3//+$##.4 8 O,

-!(- p/$,-" -!e #/er /0r- r0#e+ 4T!e p#($,-$&& !(s (#s/ '$ser(*#) &($#e+ -/ pr/e (,) +('(3e (0se+ -/ $- *) -!e s0pp/se+ #$*e#/0sp#((r+ s0*?e- '(--er /& -!$s (-$/,. P#($,-$&& !(s (+'$--e+ -!(- $-s -e,-)see, *r(,!es (- -!e -$'e /& -!e &$#$,3 /& -!e /'p#($,-

M() :" 1<:> $,re(se+ -/ -e,-),$,e *r(,!es $, A030s- /& 1<:. T!e +e&e,+(,-s !(e s!/, -!(- -!e ,0'*er &0r-!er $,re(se+

-/ -!$r-)-!ree *r(,!es (s /& Sep-e'*er" 1<:. P#($,-$&&s ,e-/r-! #$%e$se $,re(se+ &r/' P=:"@@@"@@@.@@ $, M(r!" 1<: -/

P98"@@@"@@@.@@ $, A030s-" 1<:. A#-!/03! p#($,-$&&s $-,ess 7/$,/ V(#e,0e#( -es-$&$e+ -!(-. (&-er -!e +$sp#() /& -!e 20es-$/,e+

p#((r+" -!e +ep/s$-s /& -!e p#($,-$&& *(,% +ere(se+" ,/ re/r+ (s prese,-e+ -/ s0s-($, -!$s #($'" !$! $s ee, $,/,s$s-e,- $-!

-!e (+'$ss$/, /& -!e s('e $-,ess -!(- -!e B(,%s ,e-/r-! $,re(se+ s$,e -!(- -$'e (,+ !(s /,-$,0e+ -/ $,re(se 0p -/ -!e -$'e

!e -es-$&$e+. T!e s('e -!$,3 $s -r0e $-! -!e -es-$'/,) /& p#($,-$&&s $-,ess E+'0,+/ Le+es'( -/ -!e e&&e- -!(- +0e -/ -!e p#((r+ $,

20es-$/, !$s /,&$+e,e $, -!e p#($,-$&& (s s!(%e," -!ere*) (0s$,3 !$' -/ +ep/s$- P9@"@@@.@@ $-! /-!er *(,%s $,s-e(+ /& $-! -!e

PCIB. He (+''$--e+ '/re/er -!(-" (s (, e5p/r-er" $- (s s(&er -/ *e /pe,$,3 (/0,-s $, seer(# *(,%s $,s-e(+ /& $, /,#) /,e.4 9

As ,/-e+ e(r#$er" -!e +e$s$/, '0s- *e (&&$r'e+.



1. T!e *r$e& prese,-e+ *) -!e S(, 70(," A&r$(" G/,(#es (,+ S(, A30s-$, L( O&&$es $s ,/-e+ &/r $-s e5!(0s-$e (,+ s!/#(r#)

+$s0ss$/, /& -!e #( /, #$*e# re#)$,3 /, */-! -!e P!$#$pp$,e (,+ A'er$(, (0-!/r$-$es. I& -!e '(--er ere $ee+ s/#e#) &r/' !(-

(ppe(re+ $, -!e p#((r+" -!ere $s (, e#e'e,- /& p#(0s$*$#$-) $, -!e (sser-$/, -!(- !$#e $- (s ($'e+ (- -!e P!$#$pp$,e N(-$/,(# B(,%"

-!e () $- (s /r+e+ /0#+ re&#e- /, ( s-r(,3er -/ -!e /,-r/ers)" p#($,-$&& P!$#$pp$,e C/''er$(# (,+ I,+0s-r$(# B(,%. I- $s

0,+ers-(,+(*#e $& -!ere ere (, (&&r/,- -/ -!e se,s$*$#$-$es /& $-s /&&$$(#s" T!e) ere r$3!- -/ 30(r+ $-s rep0-(-$/, e(r,e+ (&-er '(,)

)e(rs /& #(0+(*#e (,+ re+$-(*#e per&/r'(,e $, -!e &$e#+ /& *(,%$,3. I- $s" !/eer" pre$se#) *e(0se /& $-s e##+esere+ rep0-(-$/,

-!(- !(- /0#+ (- &$rs- 3#(,e *e &/r -!e '/s- &(s-$+$/0s !0r-&0# -/ $-s pres-$3e /0#+" $& $ee+ $-! (#',ess (,+ /*?e-$$-)" *e

/,s$+ere+" (s $- (s !(r(-er$e+ $, -!e (ppe(#e+ +e$s$/," (s #(%$,3 $, 4#$*e#/0s $'p0-(-$/,. 4

6. T!ere $s" (s (#re(+) $,+$(-e+" (,/-!er re$,&/re'e,- -/ s0! ( '/+e /& (ppr($s$,3 -!e '(--er. T!ere (s ( #(*/r /,-r/ers)

res0#-$,3 $, ( s-r$%e" &/r-0,(-e#) #(s-$,3 /,#) &/r /,e +(). T!e #(*/r 0,$/, '(+e 0se /& $-s /,s-$-0-$/,(# r$3!- -/ p$%e-. Fr/' -!e -$'e

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p(r- /& -!e &ree+/' /& spee! 30(r(,-ee /& -!e C/,s-$-0-$/,. T!e #(-es- (se $, p/$,- !ere s0! ( pr$,$p#e (s re(&&$r'e+ e5press#)

$s Ass/$(-e+ L(*/r U,$/, . G/'e" 11 ( 1<@ +e$s$/,. T!ere $s ,/ 'e,-$/, /& -!e /-!er p#((r+s *0- $- $s ,/- 0,#$%e#) -!(- -/ */#s-er

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$,-e,- (s &/0,+ *) -!e #/er /0r-. T!(- /0#+ ,/- er) e## *e +$sp0-e+ *) p#($,-$&&(ppe##(,-. U,&/r-0,(-e#)" -!e /&&e,+$,3

$'p0-(-$/," *0- $, -!e &/r' /& ( 20es-$/," (s $,#0+e+. I- (s +0e -/ ( &/r'er /&&$$(# /& p#($,-$&&(ppe##(,-s *(,% !/ (s

-!ere(&-er ,('e+ (s Pres$+e,- /& -!e P!$#$pp$,e N(-$/,(# B(,%. S!/0#+ -!ere *e (, (0-/'(-$ (--$-0+e /& /,+e',(-$/, &/r s0!

$,$+e,- I& -!e re(#$s-$ /*ser(-$/, /& 70s-$e Fr(,%&0r-er $, M$#% W(3/, Dr$ers U,$/, /& C!$(3/ . Me(+/'//r D($r$es 1 *e

!ee+e+ -!(- #(*/r +$sp0-es 3$e r$se -/ s-r/,3 e'/-$/,(# resp/,se" -!e, -!e +e$s$/, re(!e+ *) -!e #/er /0r- *e/'es ee, '/re

(ep-(*#e. I- $s ( &(- /& $,+0s-r$(# #$&e" */-! $, -!e P!$#$pp$,es (s $, -!e U,$-e+ S-(-es" -!(- $, -!e /,-$,0$,3 /,&r/,-(-$/, *e-ee,

#(*/r (,+ '(,(3e'e,-" $- $s &(r &r/' #$%e#) -!(- -!e #(,30(3e e'p#/)e+ /0#+ *e */-! /0r-e/0s (,+ p/#$-e. S0! *e$,3 -!e (se.

-!ere $s ,/ (&&r/,- e$-!er -/ re(s/, /r -/ -!e #( $, -!e /'p#($,- &/r #$*e# *e$,3 +$s'$sse+. I, pr$$,3 re#$(,e /, -!e /,s-$-0-$/,(#

r$3!- /& &ree+/' /& e5press$/,"

13

-!$s C/0r- /,e (3($, '(%es '(,$&es- $-s (+!ere,e -/ -!e pr$,$p#e &$rs- (,,/0,e+ *) 70s-$eM(#/#' (s ponente $, -!e #e(+$,3 (se /& United States v. Bustos. 1@ I, ,/ 0,er-($, -er's" $- '(+e #e(r -!(- -!e ?0+$$(r)" $,

+e$+$,3 s0$-s &/r #$*e#" '0s- (ser-($, !e-!er /r ,/- -!e (##e3e+ /&&e,+$,3 /r+s '() *e e'*r(e+ *) -!e 30(r(,-ees /& &ree

spee! (,+ &ree press. I- (,,/- !e -// /&-e, s($+ -!(- B0s-/s (s pr/'0#3(-e+ (s &(r *(% (s M(r! " 1<1. A +/-r$,e (,(#/3/0s

$, !(r(-er (s e,0,$(-e+ *) -!e U,$-e+ S-(-es S0pre'e C/0r- /,#) -!$r-)s$5 )e(rs #(-er $, New York Times Co. v. Sullivan. 15

WHEREFORE" -!e (ppe(#e+ +e$s$/, $s (&&$r'e+. N/ /s-s.



G.R. No. L-6A * 1, 198@

'R&S;&N *$L$B$N$N, E?EL&O J$LOS, BEN L%ER L'$S, SO%ERO LEONERO, n/ JNE LEE,pe-$-$/,ers"

s.

%E ONOR$BLE $N$S%$'&O . R$*EN%O, in hi+ 44i# + #he ire4#or o" #he N#ion! 'i#! ReCion o" #he *ini+#ro" E/:4#ion, ':!#:re n/ Sor#+, %E GREGOR&O $R$NE%$ N&?ERS&%Y ON$%&OND 'ES$R *&J$RES, in hi+ 44i#+ #he ;re+i/en# o" #he GreCorio $rne# niver+i# o:n/#ion, GON$LO EL ROS$R&O, in hi+ 44i# + #he ire4#or"or $4/emi4 $""ir+ o" #he GreCorio $rne# niver+i# o:n/#ionD %O*$S B. *ES&N$, in hi+ 44i# + #he en o"S#:/en# $""ir+ o" #he GreCorio $rne# niver+i# o:n/#ionD $%%Y. LEON$RO ;$&LL$, in hi+ 44i# + 'hie"LeC! 'o:n+e! < Se4:ri# S:ervi+or o" #he GreCorio $rne# niver+i# o:n/#ionD $%%Y. $BL&%$ $**$Y, ROSENOG$L?$N%E n/ EGEN&$ %$Y$O, in #heir 44i#ie+ + member+ o" #he $/ o4 'ommi##ee o" #he GreCorio $rne#niver+i# o:n/#ion, resp/,+e,-s.

Honesto N. Salcedo for petitioners.

The Solicitor General and eonardo G. !adilla " !a#lita G. $mma% for respondents.

ERN$NO, CJ.:

T!e &($#0re -/ (/r+ respe- -/ -!e /,s-$-0-$/,(# r$3!-s /& &ree+/' /& pe(e(*#e (sse'*#) (,+ &ree spee! $s -!e 3r$e(,e (##e3e+

*) pe-$-$/,ers" s-0+e,-s /& -!e Gre3/r$/ Ar(,e-( U,$ers$-) F/0,+(-$/," $, -!$s er-$/r(r$" pr/!$*$-$/, (,+ '(,+('0s pr/ee+$,3. T!e

pr$,$p(# resp/,+e,-s (re A,(s-($/ D. R('e,-/" D$re-/r /& -!e N(-$/,(# C(p$-(# Re3$/, /& -!e M$,$s-r) /& E+0(-$/," C0#-0re (,+

Sp/r-s (,+ -!e Gre3/r$/ Ar(,e-( U,$ers$-) F/0,+(-$/,. 1 T!e ,0##$&$(-$/, /& -!e +e$s$/, /& resp/,+e,- R('e,-/ (&&$r'$,3 -!e (-$/,

-(%e, *) resp/,+e,- Gre3/r$/ Ar(,e-( U,$ers$-) F/0,+(-$/, &$,+$,3 pe-$-$/,ers 30$#-) /& $##e3(# (sse'*#) (,+ s0spe,+$,3 -!e' $s

s/03!- $, -!$s pe-$-$/,.

T!e &(-s (re ,/- /pe, -/ +$sp0-e. Pe-$-$/,ers ere /&&$ers /& -!e S0pre'e S-0+e,- C/0,$# /& resp/,+e,- U,$ers$-). T!e) s/03!-

(,+ ere 3r(,-e+ *) -$#e s!//# (0-!/r$-$es ( per'$- -/ !/#+ ( 'ee-$,3 &r/' @@ A.M. -/ 16@@ P.M" /, A030s- 6" 1<6. P0rs0(,- -/

s0! per'$-" (#/,3 $-! /-!er s-0+e,-s" -!e) !e#+ ( 3e,er(# (sse'*#) (- -!e Ve-er$,(r) Me+$$,e (,+ A,$'(# S$e,e *(s%e-*(## /0r-

VMAS>" -!e p#(e $,+$(-e+ $, s0! per'$-" ,/- $, -!e *(s%e-*(## /0r- (s -!ere$, s-(-e+ *0- (- -!e se/,+ &#//r #/**). A- s0!

3(-!er$,3 -!e) '(,$&es-e+ $, e!e'e,- (,+ $3/r/0s #(,30(3e -!e$r /pp/s$-$/, -/ -!e pr/p/se+ 'er3er /& -!e I,s-$-0-e /& A,$'(#

S$e,e $-! -!e I,s-$-0-e /& A3r$0#-0re. A- 1@8@ A.M." -!e s('e +()" -!e) '(r!e+ -/(r+ -!e L$&e S$e,e B0$#+$,3 (,+ /,-$,0e+-!e$r r(##). I- (s /0-s$+e -!e (re( /ere+ *) -!e$r per'$-. T!e) /,-$,0e+ -!e$r +e'/,s-r(-$/," 3$$,3 0--er(,e -/ #(,30(3e

seere#) r$-$(# /& -!e U,$ers$-) (0-!/r$-$es (,+ 0s$,3 'e3(p!/,es $, -!e pr/ess. T!ere (s" (s ( res0#-" +$s-0r*(,e /& -!e #(sses

*e$,3 !e#+. A#s/" -!e ,/,((+e'$ e'p#/)ees" $-!$, !e(r$,3 +$s-(,e" s-/ppe+ -!e$r /r% *e(0se /& -!e ,/$se re(-e+. T!e) ere

(s%e+ -/ e5p#($, /, -!e s('e +() !) -!e) s!/0#+ ,/- *e !e#+ #$(*#e &/r !/#+$,3 (, $##e3(# (sse'*#). T!e, /, Sep-e'*er <" 1<6"

-!e) ere &/r'e+ -!r/03! ( 'e'/r(,+0' -!(- -!e) ere 0,+er pree,-$e s0spe,s$/, &/r -!e$r &($#0re -/ e5p#($, -!e !/#+$,3 /& (,

$##e3(# (sse'*#) $, &r/,- /& -!e L$&e S$e,e B0$#+$,3. T!e (#$+$-) -!ere/& (s !(##e,3e+ *) pe-$-$/,ers */-! *e&/re -!e C/0r- /& F$rs-

I,s-(,e /& R$(# $, ( pe-$-$/, &/r '(,+('0s $-! +('(3es (3($,s- pr$(-e resp/,+e,-s (,+ *e&/re -!e M$,$s-r) /& E+0(-$/,"

C0#-0re" (,+ Sp/r-s. O, O-/*er 6@" 1<6" resp/,+e,- R('e,-/" (s D$re-/r /& -!e N(-$/,(# C(p$-(# Re3$/," &/0,+ pe-$-$/,ers 30$#-)

/& -!e !(r3e /& !($,3 $/#(-e+ p(r. 1=:> /& -!e M(,0(# &/r Pr$(-e S!//#s '/re spe$&$(##) -!e$r !/#+$,3 /& (, $##e3(# (sse'*#)

!$! (s !(r(-er$e+ *) -!e $/#(-$/, /& -!e per'$- 3r(,-e+ res0#-$,3 $, -!e +$s-0r*(,e /& #(sses (,+ /r(# +e&('(-$/,. T!e

pe,(#-) (s s0spe,s$/, &/r /,e ((+e'$ )e(r. He,e -!$s pe-$-$/,.



O, N/e'*er 1:" 1<6" -!$s C/0r- $ss0e+ -!e &/##/$,3 res/#0-$/, 4A-$,3 /, -!e 0r3e,- e&'parte '/-$/, &/r -!e $''e+$(-e $ss0(,e

/& ( -e'p/r(r) '(,+(-/r) /r+er &$#e+ *) /0,se# &/r pe-$-$/,ers" +(-e+ N/e'*er 16" 1<6" -!e C/0r- Res/#e+ -/ ISSUE

A TEMPORARY RESTRAINING ORDER e,?/$,$,3 (## resp/,+e,-s /r (,) pers/, /r pers/,s (-$,3 $, -!e$r p#(e /r s-e(+ &r/' e,&/r$,3

-!e /r+er /& -!e M$,$s-r) /& E+0(-$/, (,+ C0#-0re +(-e+ O-/*er 6@" 1<6 &$,+$,3 -!e pe-$-$/,ers 30$#-) /& -!e !(r3es (3($,s- -!e'

(,+ s0spe,+$,3 -!e' &/r /,e 1> ((+e'$ )e(r $-! ( s-er, (r,$,3 -!(- ( /''$ss$/, /& -!e s('e /r (,/-!er /&&e,se $## *e +e(#-

$-! 0-'/s- seer$-)" e&&e-$e (s /& -!$s +(-e (,+ /,-$,0$,3 0,-$# /-!er$se /r+ere+ *) -!$s C/0r-" -!0s (##/$,3 -!e' -/ e,r/##" $& s/

'$,+e+. 3

B/-! p0*#$ (,+ pr$(-e resp/,+e,-s s0*'$--e+ -!e$r /''e,-s. Pr$(-e resp/,+e,-s pr()e+ &/r -!e +$s'$ss(# /& -!e pe-$-$/, 4&/r #(%

/& &(-0(# (,+ #e3(# *(s$s (,+ #$%e$se pr()e+ &/r -!e #$&-$,3 /& -!e -e'p/r(r) res-r($,$,3 /r+er +(-e+ N/e'*er 1:" 1<6.4 @ P0*#$

resp/,+e,- R('e,-/" /, -!e /-!er !(,+" -!r/03! -!e O&&$e /& -!e S/#$$-/r Ge,er(#" pr()e+ &/r -!e +$s'$ss(# /& -!e pe-$-$/, *(se+ /,

-!e &/##/$,3 /,#0s$/, 4C/,se20e,-#)" $- $s respe-&0##) s0*'$--e+ -!(- resp/,+e,- D$re-/r /& -!e MECS +$+ ,/- /''$- (,) err/r"

'0! #ess (*0se+ !$s +$sre-$/," !e, !e (&&$r'e+ -!e +e$s$/, /& resp/,+e,- U,$ers$-) &$,+$,3 pe-$-$/,ers 30$#-) /& $/#(-$/,s /& -!e

pr/$s$/,s /& -!e M(,0(# /& Re30#(-$/,s &/r Pr$(-e S!//#s (,+ -!e Re$se+ S-0+e,-s C/+e /& D$s$p#$,e .(,+ /r+er$,3 -!e$r

s0spe,s$/, &/r /,e 1> ((+e'$ s!//# )e(r. H/eer" s$,e s($+ s0spe,s$/, !(s ,/- *ee, e,&/re+ e5ep- /,#) *r$e&#)" -!ere*)

e,(*#$,3 pe-$-$/,ers Le/,er/" 7r." L0(s (,+ M(#(*(,(, -/ &$,$s! -!e$r /0rses" (,+ (##/$,3 pe-$-$/,ers Lee (,+ 7(#/s -/ /,-$,0e -!e$r

s!//#$,3" $& -!e) s/ +es$re" -!$s pr/ee+$,3 $s ,/ '//- (,+ ((+e'$. 5

W$-! -!e s0*'$ss$/, /& s0! /''e,-s /,s$+ere+ (s -!e (,sers /& p0*#$ (,+ pr$(-e resp/,+e,-s" -!e (se (s re(+) &/r

+e$s$/,.

T!$s pe-$-$/, '() *e /,s$+ere+ '//- (,+ ((+e'$ $& $ee+ s/#e#) &r/' -!e &(- -!(- *) $r-0e /& -!e -e'p/r(r) res-r($,$,3 /r+er

$ss0e+ *) -!$s C/0r- pe-$-$/,ers ere (##/e+ -/ e,r/## $, -!e e,s0$,3 se'es-er" $-! -!ree /& -!e' +/$,3 s/ (,+ $-! -!e /-!er -/

e20(##) e,-$-#e+ -/ +/ s/. M/re/er" -!ere $s -!e (++e+ $r0's-(,e /& '/re -!(, ( )e(r !($,3 p(sse+ s$,e O-/*er 6@" 1<6 !e,resp/,+e,- R('e,-/ $ss0e+ -!e !(##e,3e+ +e$s$/, s0spe,+$,3 -!e' &/r /,e )e(r. N/,e-!e#ess" $-! $-s (#$+$-) !($,3 *ee, p0- $,

$ss0e" &/r *e$,3 $/#(-$e /& -!e /,s-$-0-$/,(# r$3!-s /& &ree+/' /& pe(e(*#e (sse'*#) (,+ &ree spee!" -!ere $s ,ee+ -/ p(ss

s20(re#) /, -!e 20es-$/, r($se+.

T!$s C/0r- (/r+$,3#) r0#es -!(- respe- &/r -!e /,s-$-0-$/,(# r$3!-s /& pe(e(*#e (sse'*#) (,+ &ree spee! (##s &/r -!e se--$,3

(s$+e /& -!e +e$s$/, /& resp/,+e,- R('e,-/" -!e pe,(#-) $'p/se+ *e$,3 0,+0#) seere. I- $s -r0e -!(- pe-$-$/,ers !e#+ -!e r(##) (- (

p#(e /-!er -!(, -!(- spe$&$e+ $, -!e per'$- (,+ /,-$,0e+ $- #/,3er -!(, -!e -$'e (##/e+. U,+e,$(*#) -//" -!e) +$+ +$s-0r* -!e

#(sses (,+ (0se+ -!e /r% /& -!e ,/,((+e'$ pers/,,e# -/ *e #e&- 0,+/,e. S0! 0,+es$r(*#e /,se20e,e /0#+ !(e *ee,

(/$+e+ *) -!e$r !/#+$,3 -!e (sse'*#) $, -!e *(s%e-*(## /0r- (s $,+$(-e+ $, -!e per'$-. N/,e-!e#ess" s0spe,+$,3 -!e' &/r /,e )e(r

$s /0- /& pr/p/r-$/, -/ -!e$r '$s+ee+. T!e pe-$-$/, '0s- *e 3r(,-e+ (,+ -!e +e$s$/, /& resp/,+e,- R('e,-/ ,0##$&$e+" ( '0! #esser

pe,(#-) *e$,3 (ppr/pr$(-e.

1. As $s 20$-e #e(r &r/' -!e /p$,$/, $, Re)es . B(3(-s$,3" 6 -!e $,/(-$/, /& -!e r$3!- -/ &ree+/' /& pe(e(*#e (sse'*#) (rr$es $-!$- -!e $'p#$(-$/, -!(- -!e r$3!- -/ &ree spee! !(s #$%e$se *ee, +$sre3(r+e+. B/-! (re e'*r(e+ $, -!e /,ep- /& &ree+/' /&

e5press$/, !$! $s I+e,-$&$e+ $-! -!e #$*er-) -/ +$s0ss p0*#$#) (,+ -r0-!&0##)" (,) '(--er /& p0*#$ $,-eres- $-!/0- e,s/rs!$p /r

p0,$s!'e,- (,+ !$! 4$s ,/- -/ *e #$'$-e+" '0! #ess +e,$e+" e5ep- /, ( s!/$,3 ... /& ( #e(r (,+ prese,- +(,3er /& ( s0*s-(,-$e

e$# -!(- -!e s-(-e !(s ( r$3!- -/ pree,-.4 A

6. I, -!e (*/e (se" ( per'$- (s s/03!- -/ !/#+ ( pe(e&0# '(r! (,+ r(##) &r/' -!e L0,e-( p0*#$ p(r% -/ -!e 3(-es /& -!e 0,$-e+

S-(-es E'*(ss)" !(r+#) -/ *#/%s (()" !ere $, (, /pe, sp(e /& p0*#$ pr/per-)" ( s!/r- pr/3r(' /0#+ *e !e#+. Neess(r$#)

-!e," -!e 20es-$/, /& -!e 0se /& ( p0*#$ p(r% (,+ /& -!e s-ree-s #e(+$,3 -/ -!e U,$-e+ S-(-es E'*(ss) (s *e&/re -!$s C/0r-. We !e#+

-!(- s-ree-s (,+ p(r%s !(e $''e'/r$(##) *ee, !e#+ $, -r0s- &/r -!e 0se /& -!e p0*#$ (,+ !(e *ee, 0se+ &/r p0rp/ses /& (sse'*#)

-/ /''0,$(-e -!/03!-s *e-ee, $-$e,s (,+ -/ +$s0ss p0*#$ $ss0es. 8

8. T!e s$-0(-$/, !ere $s +$&&ere,-. T!e (sse'*#) (s -/ *e !e#+ ,/- $, ( p0*#$ p#(e *0- $, pr$(-e pre'$ses" pr/per-) /& resp/,+e,-

U,$ers$-). T!ere $s $, -!e Re)es /p$,$/, (s p(r- /& -!e s0''(r) -!$s re#e(,- e5erp- 4T!e (pp#$(,-s &/r ( per'$- -/ !/#+ (,(sse'*#) s!/0#+ $,&/r' -!e #$e,s$,3 (0-!/r$-) /& -!e +(-e" -!e p0*#$ p#(ewhere (,+ -!e -$'e when $- $## -(%e p#(e. I& $- ere (

pr$(-e p#(e" /,#) -!e /,se,- /& -!e /,er /r -!e /,e e,-$-#e+ -/ $-s #e3(# p/ssess$/, $s re20$re+.4 9 Pe-$-$/,ers +$+ see% s0!

/,se,-. I- (s 3r(,-e+. A/r+$,3 -/ -!e pe-$-$/, 4O, A030s- 6" 1<6" *) $r-0e /& ( per'$- 3r(,-e+ -/ -!e' *) -!e s!//#

(+'$,$s-r(-$/," -!e S0pre'e S-0+e,- C/0,$# !ere )/0r pe-$-$/,ers (re ('/,3 -!e /&&$ers" !e#+ ( Ge,er(# Asse'*#) (- -!e VMAS

*(s%e-*(## /0r- /& -!e resp/,+e,- 0,$ers$-).4 1 T!ere (s (, e5press (+'$ss$/, $, -!e C/''e,- /& pr$(-e resp/,+e,- U,$ers$-)

(s -/ ( per'$- !($,3 *ee, 3r(,-e+ &/r pe-$-$/,ers -/ !/#+ ( s-0+e,- (sse'*#). 11 T!e spe$&$ 20es-$/, -/ *e res/#e+ -!e, $s

!e-!er /, -!e &(-s (s +$s#/se+ res0#-$,3 $, -!e +$s$p#$,(r) (-$/, (,+ -!e pe,(#-) $'p/se+" -!ere (s (, $,&r$,3e'e,- /& -!e r$3!-

-/ pe(e(*#e (sse'*#) (,+ $-s /3,(-e r$3!- /& &ree spee!.

=. Pe-$-$/,ers $,/%e -!e$r r$3!-s -/ pe(e(*#e (sse'*#) (,+ &ree spee!. T!e) (re e,-$-#e+ -/ +/ s/. T!e) e,?/) #$%e -!e res- /& -!e

$-$e,s -!e &ree+/' -/ e5press -!e$r $es (,+ /''0,$(-e -!e$r -!/03!-s -/ -!/se +$sp/se+ -/ #$s-e, $, 3(-!er$,3s s0! (s (s

!e#+ $, -!$s (se. T!e) +/ ,/-" -/ */rr/ &r/' -!e /p$,$/, /& Justice (ortas in Tinker v. )es *oines Communit% School



)istrict " 1 4s!e+ -!e$r /,s-$-0-$/,(# r$3!-s -/ &ree+/' /& spee! /r e5press$/, (- -!e s!//#!/0se 3(-e.4 13 W!$#e" -!ere&/re" -!e

(0-!/r$-) /& e+0(-$/,(# $,s-$-0-$/,s /er -!e /,+0- /& s-0+e,-s '0s- *e re/3,$e+" $- (,,/- 3/ s/ &(r (s -/ *e $/#(-$e /&

/,s-$-0-$/,(# s(&e30(r+s. O, ( '/re spe$&$ #ee# -!ere $s pers0(s$e &/re -/ -!$s &/r'0#(-$/, $, -!e F/r-(s /p$,$/, 4T!e pr$,$p(#

0se -/ !$! -!e s!//#s (re +e+$(-e+ $s -/ (/''/+(-e s-0+e,-s +0r$,3 presr$*e+ !/0rs &/r -!e p0rp/se /& er-($, -)pes /&

(-$$-$es. A'/,3 -!/se (-$$-$es $s pers/,(# $,-er/''0,$(-$/, ('/,3 -!e s-0+e,-s. T!$s $s ,/- /,#) (, $,e$-(*#e p(r- /& -!e

pr/ess /& (--e,+$,3 s!//#; $- $s (#s/ (, $'p/r-(,- p(r- /& -!e e+0(-$/,(# pr/ess. A s-0+e,-s r$3!-s" -!ere&/re" +/ ,/- e'*r(e

'ere#) -!e #(ssr//' !/0rs. W!e, !e $s $, -!e (&e-er$(" /r /, -!e p#()$,3 &$e#+" /r /, -!e ('p0s +0r$,3 -!e (0-!/r$e+ !/0rs" !e

'() e5press !$s /p$,$/,s" ee, /, /,-r/ers$(# s0*?e-s #$%e -!e /,&#$- $, V$e-,('" $& !e +/es s/ $-!/0- '(-er$(##) (,+

s0*s-(,-$(##) $,-er&er$,3 $-! -!e re20$re'e,-s /& (ppr/pr$(-e +$s$p#$,e $, -!e /per(-$/, /& -!e s!//# (,+ $-!/0- /##$+$,3 $-! -!e

r$3!-s /& /-!ers. ... B0- /,+0- *) -!e s-0+e,-" $, #(ss /r /0- /& $-" !$! &/r (,) re(s/, — !e-!er $- s-e's &r/' -$'e" p#(e" /r

-)pe /& *e!($/r — '(-er$(##) +$sr0p-s #(ss/r% /r $,/#es s0*s-(,-$(# +$s/r+er /r $,(s$/, /& -!e r$3!-s /& /-!ers $s" /& /0rse" ,/-$''0,$e+ *) -!e /,s-$-0-$/,(# 30(r(,-ee /& &ree+/' /& spee!.4 1@

9. As -es-e+ *) s0! ( s-(,+(r+" !(- $s -!e er+$- /, -!e /'p#($,- /& pe-$-$/,ers -!(- -!ere (s ( +$sre3(r+ /& -!e$r /,s-$-0-$/,(#

r$3!-s -/ pe(e(*#e (sse'*#) (,+ &ree spee!. I- '0s- *e $, -!e$r &(/r" *0- s0*?e- -/ 20(#$&$(-$/, $, $e /& -!e$r /,-$,0$,3 -!e$r

+e'/,s-r(-$/, $, ( p#(e /-!er -!(, -!(- spe$&$e+ $, -!e per'$- &/r ( #/,3er per$/+ (,+ -!e$r '(%$,3 0se /& 'e3(p!/,es -!ere$,"

res0#-$,3 $, -!e +$sr0p-$/, /& #(sses (,+ -!e s-/pp(3e /& /r% *) -!e ,/,((+e'$ pers/,,e# $, -!e $$,$-) /& s0! (sse'*#).

:. O*?e-$/, $s '(+e *) pr$(-e resp/,+e,-s -/ -!e -e,/r /& -!e spee!es *) -!e s-0+e,- #e(+ers. T!(- -!ere /0#+ *e ( $3/r/0s

prese,-(-$/, /& $es /pp/se+ -/ -!e pr/p/se+ 'er3er /& -!e I,s-$-0-e /& A,$'(# S$e,e $-! -!e I,s-$-0-e /& A3r$0#-0re (s -/ *e

e5pe-e+. T!ere (s ,/ /,e(#'e,- /& -!e &(- -!(- -!e) ere (3($,s- s0! ( '/e (s $- /,&r/,-e+ -!e' $-! ( ser$/0s

pr/*#e' +iisan, malakin, suliranin.- 15 T!e) *e#$ee+ -!(- s0! ( 'er3er /0#+ res0#- $, -!e $,re(se $, -0$-$/, &ees" (, (++$-$/,(#

!e(+(!e &/r -!e$r p(re,-s 4isa na ,('(, sakit sa ulo n, atin, m,a ma,ulan,.-. 16 I& $, -!e /0rse /& s0! +e'/,s-r(-$/," $-! (,

e,-!0s$(s-$ (0+$e,e 3/(+$,3 -!e' /," 0--er(,es" e5-re'e#) r$-$(#" (- -$'es ee, $-r$/#$" ere #e- #//se" -!(- $s 20$-e0,+ers-(,+(*#e. S-0+e,- #e(+ers (re !(r+#) -!e -$'$+" +$&&$+e,- -)pes. T!e) (re #$%e#) -/ *e (sser-$e (,+ +/3'(-$. T!e) /0#+ *e

$,e&&e-$e $& +0r$,3 ( r(##) -!e) spe(% $, -!e 30(r+e+ (,+ ?0+$$/0s #(,30(3e /& -!e ((+e'e. A- (,) r(-e" ee, ( s)'p(-!e-$

(0+$e,e $s ,/- +$sp/se+ -/ (/r+ &0## re+e,e -/ -!e$r &$er) e5!/r-(-$/,s. T!e) -(%e $,-/ (/0,- -!e e5$-e'e,- /& -!e /(s$/,"

-!e pr/pe,s$-) /& spe(%ers -/ e5(33er(-e" -!e e50*er(,e /& )/0-!" T!e) '() 3$e -!e spe(%ers -!e *e,e&$- /& -!e$r (pp#(0se" *0-

$-! -!e (-$$-) -(%$,3 p#(e $, -!e s!//# pre'$ses (,+ +0r$,3 -!e +()-$'e" ,/ #e(r (,+ prese,- +(,3er /& p0*#$ +$s/r+er $s

+$ser,$*#e. T!$s $s $-!/0- pre?0+$e -/ -!e -(%$,3 /& +$s$p#$,(r) (-$/, &/r /,+0-" !$!" -/ */rr/ &r/' T$,%er" 4'(-er$(##)

+$sr0p-s #(ss/r% /r $,/#es s0*s-(,-$(# +$s/r+er /r $,(s$/, /& -!e r$3!-s /& /-!ers.4

. N/r $s -!$s ( ,/e# (ppr/(! -/ -!e $ss0e r($se+ *) pe-$-$/,ers -!(- -!e) ere +e,$e+ -!e r$3!- -/ pe(e(*#e (sse'*#). I, ( 1<@

+e$s$/," U,$-e+ S-(-es . Ap0r(+/" 1A -!e &(-s +$s#/se+ -!(- s!/r-#) *e&/re -!e '0,$$p(# /0,$# /& S(, C(r#/s" O$+e,-(# Ne3r/s"

s-(r-e+ $-s sess$/," s/'e &$e !0,+re+ res$+e,-s /& -!e '0,$$p(#$-) (sse'*#e+ ,e(r -!e '0,$$p(# *0$#+$,3" (,+" 0p/, -!e /pe,$,3 /&

-!e sess$/," ( s0*s-(,-$(# ,0'*er /& s0! pers/,s *(r3e+ $,-/ -!e /0,$# !('*er" +e'(,+$,3 -!(- -!e '0,$$p(# -re(s0rer" -!e

'0,$$p(# sere-(r)" (,+ -!e !$e& /& p/#$e *e +$s'$sse+" s0*'$--$,3 (- -!e s('e -$'e -!e pr/p/se+ s0*s-$-0-es. T!e '0,$$p(#

/0,$# 3(e $-s /,&/r'$-). S0! $,+$$+0(#s ere !/##) 0,(r'e+ e5ep- -!(- ( &e (rr$e+ (,es; -!e r/+ (s &($r#) /r+er#) (,+

e##*e!(e+ e5ep- $, s/ &(r (s -!e$r press$,3 $,-/ -!e /0,$# !('*er +0r$,3 ( sess$/, /& -!(- */+) /0#+ *e (##e+ +$s/r+er (,+

'$s*e!($/r. I- -0r,e+ /0- -!(- -!e '/e'e,- !(+ $-s /r$3$, $, re#$3$/0s +$&&ere,es. T!e +e&e,+(,- F$#/'e,/ Ap0r(+/ (,+ '(,)

/-!er p(r-$$p(,-s ere $,+$-e+ (,+ /,$-e+ /& se+$-$/, $, -!(- -!e) (##e3e+#) pree,-e+ -!e '0,$$p(# 3/er,'e,- &r/' &ree#)

e5er$s$,3 $-s +0-$es. O, (ppe(#" -!e S0pre'e C/0r- reerse+. 70s-$e C(rs/," !/ pe,,e+ -!e /p$,$/," /rre-#) p/$,-e+ /0- -!(- 4$&

-!e pr/se0-$/, *e per'$--e+ -/ se$e 0p/, eer) $,s-(,e /& s0! +$s/r+er#) /,+0- *) $,+$$+0(# 'e'*ers /& ( r/+ (s (, e50se

-/ !(r(-er$e -!e (sse'*#) (s ( se+$-$/0s (,+ -0'0#-0/0s r$s$,3 (3($,s- -!e (0-!/r$-$es" -!e, -!e r$3!- -/ (sse'*#e (,+ -/ pe-$-$/,

&/r re+ress /& 3r$e(,es /0#+ *e/'e ( +e#0s$/, (,+ ( s,(re (,+ -!e (--e'p- -/ e5er$se $- /, -!e '/s- r$3!-e/0s /(s$/, (,+ $,

-!e '/s- pe(e(*#e '(,,er /0#+ e5p/se (## -!/se !/ -//% p(r- -!ere$, -/ -!e seeres- &/r' /& p0,$s!'e,-" $& -!e p0rp/ses !$!

-!e) s/03!- -/ (--($, +$+ ,/- !(ppe, -/ *e p#e(s$,3 -/ -!e pr/se0-$,3 (0-!/r$-$es.4 18 T!e pr$,$p#e -/ *e &/##/e+ $s e,0,$(-e+

-!0s 4I& $,s-(,es /& +$s/r+er#) /,+0- /0r /, s0! /(s$/,s" -!e 30$#-) $,+$$+0(#s s!/0#+ *e s/03!- /0- (,+ p0,$s!e+ -!ere&/r"

*0- -!e 0-'/s- +$sre-$/, '0s- *e e5er$se+ $, +r($,3 -!e #$,e *e-ee, disorderl% and seditious /,+0- (,+ *e-ee, (, esse,-$(##)

pe(e(*#e (sse'*#) (,+ ( -0'0#-0/0s 0pr$s$,3.4 19 A (re&0# re(+$,3 /& -!$s +e$s$/, $s $, /r+er *e&/re pr$(-e resp/,+e,-s (--(!"

(s -!e) +$+ $, -!e$r /''e,-s" ( s0*ers$e !(r(-er -/ -!e r(##) !e#+ *) -!e s-0+e,-s 0,+er -!e #e(+ers!$p /& pe-$-$/,ers.

. I- +/es ,/- &/##/" !/eer" -!(- pe-$-$/,ers (, *e -/-(##) (*s/#e+ &/r -!e ee,-s -!(- -r(,sp$re+. A+'$--e+#)" -!ere (s (

$/#(-$/, /& -!e -er's /& -!e per'$-. T!e r(##) (s !e#+ (- ( p#(e /-!er -!(, -!(- spe$&$e+" $, -!e se/,+ &#//r #/**)" r(-!er -!(, -!e

*(s%e-*(## /0r-" /& -!e VMAS *0$#+$,3 /& -!e U,$ers$-). M/re/er" $- (s /,-$,0e+ #/,3er -!(, -!e per$/+ (##/e+. A/r+$,3 -/ -!e

+e$s$/, /& resp/,+e,- R('e,-/" -!e 4/,er-e+ (-$$-) re&err$,3 -/ s0! (sse'*#) e,- /, 0,-$# 98@ p. '. Pr$(-e resp/,+e,-s

/0#+ -!0s" -(%e +$s$p#$,(r) (-$/,. O, -!/se &(-s" !/eer" (, (+'/,$-$/," ee, ( e,s0reer-($,#) ,/- ( s0spe,s$/,/0#+ *e -!e

(ppr/pr$(-e pe,(#-). Pr$(-e resp/,+e,-s /0#+ (,+ +$+ -(%e 0'*r(3e (- -!e &(- -!(- $, $e /& s0! $,&r(-$/, /,s$+er$,3 -!e p#(es

!ere (,+ -!e -$'e !e, -!e +e'/,s-r(-$/, -//% p#(e-!ere (s ( +$sr0p-$/, /& -!e #(sses (,+ s-/pp(3e /& /r% /& -!e ,/,

((+e'$ pers/,,e#. T!e) /0#+ ,/- *e 0,?0s-$&$e+ -!e, $& -!e) +$+ -(%e ( '0! '/re ser$/0s $e /& -!e '(--er. Ee, -!e, ( /,e

)e(r per$/+ /& s0spe,s$/, $s '0! -// seere. W!$#e -!e +$sre-$/, /& */-! resp/,+e,- U,$ers$-) (,+ resp/,+e,- R('e,-/ $s

re/3,$e+" -!e r0#e /& re(s/," -!e +$-(-e /& &($r,ess (##s &/r ( '0! #esser pe,(#-). I& -!e /,ep- /& pr/p/r-$/,(#$-) *e-ee, -!e

/&&e,se /,,/-e+ (,+ -!e s(,-$/, $'p/se+ $s ,/- &/##/e+" (, e#e'e,- /& (r*$-r(r$,ess $,-r0+es. T!(- /0#+ 3$e r$se -/ ( +0e



pr/ess 20es-$/,. T/ (/$+ -!$s /,s-$-0-$/,(# /*?e-$/," $- $s -!e !/#+$,3 /& -!$s C/0r- -!(- ( /,eee% s0spe,s$/, /0#+ *e

p0,$s!'e,- e,/03!.

<. O,e #(s- '(--er. T!e /*?e-$/, (s r($se+ -!(- pe-$-$/,ers &($#e+ -/ e5!(0s- (+'$,$s-r(-$e re'e+$es. T!(- $s -r0e" *0- !(r+#)

+e$s$e. Here" ( p0re#) #e3(# 20es-$/, $s prese,-e+. S0! *e$,3 -!e (se" espe$(##) s/ !ere ( +e$s$/, /, ( 20es-$/, /& #( $s

$'per(-$e#) (##e+ &/r" (,+ -$'e *e$,3 /& -!e esse,e" -!$s C/0r- !(s $,(r$(*#) $ee+ -!e $ss0e (s r$pe &/r (+?0+$(-$/,. W!(-

(,,/- *e -// s0&&$$e,-#) s-resse+ $s -!(- -!e /,s-$-0-$/,(# r$3!-s -/ pe(e(*#e (sse'*#) (,+ &ree spee! (re $,/%e+ *) pe-$-$/,ers.

M/re/er" -!ere (s" (,+ er) #$%e#) -!ere $## /,-$,0e -/ *e $, -!e &0-0re" '$#$-(,) (,+ (sser-$e,ess /& s-0+e,-s /, $ss0es -!(-

-!e) /,s$+er /& 3re(- $'p/r-(,e" !e-!er /,er,$,3 -!e$r e#&(re /r -!e 3e,er(# p0*#$. T!(- -!e) !(e ( r$3!- -/ +/ (s $-$e,s

e,-$-#e+ -/ (## -!e pr/-e-$/, $, -!e B$## /& R$3!-s.

1@. I- /0#+ *e '/s- (ppr/pr$(-e -!e," (s (s +/,e $, -!e (se /& /e%es v. Ba,atsin," 1 &/r -!$s C/0r- -/ #() +/, -!e pr$,$p#es &/r

-!e 30$+(,e /& s!//# (0-!/r$-$es (,+ s-0+e,-s (#$%e. T!e r$3!-s -/ pe(e(*#e (sse'*#) (,+ &ree spee! (re 30(r(,-ee+ s-0+e,-s /&

e+0(-$/,(# $,s-$-0-$/,s. Neess(r$#)" -!e$r e5er$se -/ +$s0ss '(--ers (&&e-$,3 -!e$r e#&(re /r $,/#$,3 p0*#$ $,-eres- $s ,/- -/ *e

s0*?e-e+ -/ pre$/0s res-r($,- /r s0*se20e,- p0,$s!'e,- 0,#ess -!ere *e ( s!/$,3 /& ( #e(r (,+ prese,- +(,3er -/ ( s0*s-(,-$e

e$# -!(- -!e s-(-e" !(s ( r$3!- -/ prese,-. As ( /r/##(r)" -!e 0-'/s- #ee() (,+ s/pe $s (/r+e+ -!e /,-e,- /& -!e p#((r+s

+$sp#()e+ /r 0--er(,es '(+e. T!e pe(e(*#e !(r(-er /& (, (sse'*#) /0#+ *e #/s-" !/eer" *) (, (+/() /& +$s/r+er 0,+er -!e

,('e /& +$sse,-" !(-eer 3r$e(,es -!(- '() *e ($re+ *e$,3 s0sep-$*#e -/ /rre-$/, -!r/03! -!e ()s /& -!e #(. I& -!e (sse'*#)

$s -/ *e !e#+ $, s!//# pre'$ses" per'$- '0s- *e s/03!- &r/' $-s s!//# (0-!/r$-$es" !/ (re +e/$+ /& -!e p/er -/ +e,) s0!

re20es- (r*$-r(r$#) /r 0,re(s/,(*#). I, 3r(,-$,3 s0! per'$-" -!ere '() *e /,+$-$/,s (s -/ -!e -$'e (,+ p#(e /& -!e (sse'*#) -/

(/$+ +$sr0p-$/, /& #(sses /r s-/pp(3e /& /r% /& -!e ,/,((+e'$ pers/,,e#. Ee, $&" !/eer" -!ere *e $/#(-$/,s /& $-s -er's" -!e

pe,(#-) $,0rre+ s!/0#+ ,/- *e +$spr/p/r-$/,(-e -/ -!e /&&e,se.

WHEREFORE" -!e pe-$-$/, $s 3r(,-e+. T!e +e$s$/, +(-e+ O-/*er 6@" 1<6 /& resp/,+e,- R('e,-/ $'p/s$,3 ( /,e)e(r s0spe,s$/, $s,0##$&$e+ (,+ se- (s$+e. T!e -e'p/r(r) res-r($,$,3 /r+er $ss0e+ *) -!$s C/0r- $, -!e res/#0-$/, /& N/e'*er 1" 1<6 $s '(+e

per'(,e,-. As /& -!(- +(-e" pe-$-$/,ers !(+ *ee, s0spe,+e+ &/r '/re -!(, ( ee%. I, -!(- se,se" -!e /,eee% pe,(#-) !(+ *ee,

sere+. N/ /s-s.

G.R. No. 16@@ Jn:r 9, 1996

$LEJ$NRO *$NOS'$, $SN'&ON *$NOS'$ n/ LEON&'$ *$NOS'$, pe-$-$/,ers"

s.

ON. 'OR% O $;;E$LS, ON. BENJ$*&N ?. ;EL$YO, ;re+i/inC J:/Ce, R%'-;+iC, *e#ro *ni!, Brn4h 168, ON.GR$$'&ON $. REYES 'L$R$?$L, ;re+i/inC J:/Ce, R%'-;+iC, *e#ro *ni!, Brn4h A1, n/ RE;BL&' O %E;&L&;;&NES, resp/,+e,-s.

E ' & S & O N

?&%G, J .7

I, -!$s (ppe(#" via ( pe-$-$/, &/r re$e /, certiorari " &r/' -!e +e$s$/,1 /& -!e C/0r- /& Appe(#s" +(-e+ 19 7(,0(r) 1<<6" $, CAG.R.

SP N/. 6=<:< e,-$-#e+ 4A#e?(,+r/ M(,/s(" e- (#. . H/,. Be,?('$, V. Pe#()/" e- (#.4>" -!$s C/0r- $s (s%e+ -/ res/#e !e-!er /r ,/-

-!e 4p0*#$ 0se4 re20$re'e,- /& E'$,e,- D/'($, $s e5-(,- $, -!e (--e'p-e+ e5pr/pr$(-$/, *) -!e Rep0*#$ /& ( =<6s20(re'e-er

p(re# /& #(,+ s/ +e#(re+ *) -!e N(-$/,(# H$s-/r$(# I,s-$-0-e 4NHI4> (s ( ,(-$/,(# !$s-/r$(# #(,+'(r%.

T!e &(-s /& -!e (se (re ,/- $, +$sp0-e.

http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1996/jan1996/gr_106440_1996.html#fnt1




Pe-$-$/,ers $,!er$-e+ ( p$ee /& #(,+ #/(-e+ (- P. B0r3/s S-ree-" C(#(+(" T(30$3. Me-r/ M(,$#(" $-! (, (re( /& (*/0- &/0r !0,+re+

,$,e-)-/ =<6> s20(re 'e-ers. W!e, -!e p(re# (s (ser-($,e+ *) -!e NHI -/ !(e *ee, -!e *$r-!s$-e /& Fe#$5 Y. M(,(#/" -!e

&/0,+er /& 0,lesia Ni Cristo" $- p(sse+ Res/#0-$/, N/. 1" Ser$es /& 1<:" p0rs0(,- -/ Se-$/, =6 /& Pres$+e,-$(# Deree N/. 6:@"

+e#(r$,3 -!e #(,+ -/ *e ( ,(-$/,(# !$s-/r$(# #(,+'(r%. T!e res/#0-$/, (s" /, @: 7(,0(r) 1<:" (ppr/e+ *) -!e M$,$s-er /&

E+0(-$/," C0#-0re (,+ Sp/r-s. L(-er" -!e /p$,$/, /& -!e Sere-(r) /& 70s-$e (s (s%e+ /, -!e #e3(#$-) /& -!e 'e(s0re. I, !$s Op$,$/,

N/. 188" Ser$es /& 1<" -!e Sere-(r) /& 70s-$e rep#$e+ $, -!e (&&$r'(-$e; !e e5p#($,e+

A/r+$,3 -/ )/0r 30$+e#$,es" ,(-$/,(# #(,+'(r%s (re p#(es /r /*?e-s -!(- (re (ss/$(-e+ $-! (, ee,-" (!$ee'e,-"

!(r(-er$s-$" /r '/+$&$(-$/, -!(- '(%es ( -0r,$,3 p/$,- /r s-(3e $, P!$#$pp$,e !$s-/r). T!0s" -!e *$r-!s$-e /& -!e &/0,+er /&

-!e I3#es$( ,$ Cr$s-/" -!e #(-e Fe#$5 Y. M(,(#/" !/" (+'$--e+#)" !(+ '(+e /,-r$*0-$/,s -/ P!$#$pp$,e !$s-/r) (,+ 0#-0re !(s

*ee, +e#(re+ (s ( ,(-$/,(# #(,+'(r%. I- !(s *ee, !e#+ -!(- p#(es $,es-e+ $-! 0,0s0(# !$s-/r$(# $,-eres- $s ( p0*#$ 0se

&/r !$! -!e p/er /& e'$,e,- +/'($, '() *e (0-!/r$e+ . . . .

I, $e -!ere/&" $- $s *e#$ee+ -!(- -!e N(-$/,(# H$s-/r$(# I,s-$-0-e (s (, (3e,) /& -!e G/er,'e,- !(r3e+ $-! -!e

'($,-e,(,e (,+ (re /& ,(-$/,(# s!r$,es" '/,0'e,-s (,+ #(,+'(r%s (,+ -!e +ee#/p'e,- /& !$s-/r$(# s$-es -!(- '() *e

+e#(re+ (s ,(-$/,(# s!r$,es" '/,0'e,-s (,+K/r #(,+'(r%s" '() $,$-$(-e -!e $,s-$-0-$/, /& /,+e',(-$/, pr/ee+$,3s &/r -!e

p0rp/se /& (20$r$,3 -!e #/- $, 20es-$/, $, (/r+(,e $-! -!e pr/e+0re pr/$+e+ &/r $, R0#e : /& -!e Re$se+ R0#es /&

C/0r-. T!e pr/ee+$,3s s!/0#+ *e $,s-$-0-e+ *) -!e O&&$e /& -!e S/#$$-/r Ge,er(# $, *e!(#& /& -!e Rep0*#$.

A/r+$,3#)" /, 6< M() 1<<" -!e Rep0*#$" -!r/03! -!e O&&$e /& -!e S/#$$-/rGe,er(#" $,s-$-0-e+ ( /'p#($,- &/r

e5pr/pr$(-$/,8 *e&/re -!e Re3$/,(# Tr$(# C/0r- /& P(s$3 &/r (,+ $, *e!(#& /& -!e NHI (##e3$,3" inter alia" -!(-

P0rs0(,- -/ Se-$/, = /& Pres$+e,-$(# Deree N/. 6:@" -!e N(-$/,(# H$s-/r$(# I,s-$-0-e $ss0e+ Res/#0-$/, N/. 1" Ser$es /&

1<:" !$! (s (ppr/e+ /, 7(,0(r)" 1<: *) -!e -!e, M$,$s-er /& E+0(-$/," C0#-0re (,+ Sp/r-s" +e#(r$,3 -!e (*/e

+esr$*e+ p(re# /& #(,+ !$! $s -!e *$r-!s$-e /& Fe#$5 Y. M(,(#/" &/0,+er /& -!e 4I3#es$( ,$ Cr$s-/"4 (s ( N(-$/,(# H$s-/r$(#

L(,+r,(r%. T!e p#($,-$&& per&/re ,ee+s -!e #(,+ (s s0! ,(-$/,(# !$s-/r$(# #(,+'(r% !$! $s ( p0*#$ p0rp/se.

A- -!e s('e -$'e" resp/,+e,- Rep0*#$ &$#e+ (, 0r3e,- '/-$/, &/r -!e $ss0(,e /& (, /r+er -/ per'$- $- -/ -(%e $''e+$(-e p/ssess$/,

/& -!e pr/per-). T!e '/-$/, (s /pp/se+ *) pe-$-$/,ers. A&-er ( !e(r$,3" -!e -r$(# /0r- $ss0e+" /, @8 A030s- 1<<"= (, /r+er &$5$,3

-!e pr/$s$/,(# '(r%e- P9="16@.@@> (,+ (ssesse+ P1:"68:.@@> (#0es /& -!e pr/per-) (,+ (0-!/r$$,3 -!e Rep0*#$ -/ -(%e /er -!e

pr/per-) /,e -!e re20$re+ s0' /0#+ !(e *ee, +ep/s$-e+ $-! -!e M0,$$p(# Tre(s0rer /& T(30$3" Me-r/ M(,$#(.

Pe-$-$/,ers '/e+ -/ +$s'$ss -!e /'p#($,- /, -!e '($, -!es$s -!(- -!e $,-e,+e+ e5pr/pr$(-$/, (s ,/- &/r ( p0*#$ p0rp/se (,+"

$,$+e,-(##)" -!(- -!e (- /0#+ /,s-$-0-e (, (pp#$(-$/, /& p0*#$ &0,+s" +$re-#) /r $,+$re-#)" &/r -!e 0se" *e,e&$-" /r s0pp/r-

/& 0,lesia ni Cristo" ( re#$3$/0s e,-$-)" /,-r(r) -/ -!e pr/$s$/, /& Se-$/, 6<6>" Ar-$#e VI" /& -!e 1< C/,s-$-0-$/,.9 Pe-$-$/,ers

s/03!-" $, -!e 'e(,!$#e" ( s0spe,s$/, $, -!e $'p#e'e,-(-$/, /& -!e @8r+ A030s- 1<< /r+er /& -!e -r$(# /0r-.

O, 19 Fe*r0(r) 1<<@" &/##/$,3 -!e &$#$,3 *) resp/,+e,- Rep0*#$ /& $-s rep#) -/ pe-$-$/,ers '/-$/, see%$,3 -!e +$s'$ss(# /& -!e (se"

-!e -r$(# /0r- $ss0e+ $-s +e,$(# /& s($+ '/-$/, -/ +$s'$ss.: F$e 9> +()s #(-er" /r /, 6@ Fe*r0(r) 1<<@" (,/-!er /r+er (s $ss0e+ *)

-!e -r$(# /0r-" +e#(r$,3 '//- (,+ ((+e'$ -!e '/-$/, &/r re/,s$+er(-$/, (,+K/r s0spe,s$/, /& -!e /r+er /& @8 A030s- 1<< $-!

-!e re?e-$/, /& pe-$-$/,ers '/-$/, -/ +$s'$ss. Pe-$-$/,ers '/-$/, &/r -!e re/,s$+er(-$/, /& -!e 6@-! Fe*r0(r) 1<<@ /r+er (s

#$%e$se +e,$e+ *) -!e -r$(# /0r- $, $-s 1:-! Apr$# 1<<1 /r+er.

Pe-$-$/,ers -!e, #/+3e+ ( pe-$-$/, &/r certiorari (,+ pr/!$*$-$/, $-! -!e C/0r- /& Appe(#s. I, $-s ,/ +$sp0-e+ 19-! 7(,0(r) 1<<6

+e$s$/," -!e (ppe##(-e /0r- +$s'$sse+ -!e pe-$-$/, /, -!e 3r/0,+ -!(- -!e re'e+) /& (ppe(# $, -!e /r+$,(r) /0rse /& #( (s (,

(+e20(-e re'e+) (,+ -!(- -!e pe-$-$/, $-se#&" $, (,) (se" !(+ &($#e+ -/ s!/ (,) 3r(e (*0se /& +$sre-$/, /r #(% /& ?0r$s+$-$/,(#

/'pe-e,e /, -!e p(r- /& -!e -r$(# /0r-. A '/-$/, &/r -!e re/,s$+er(-$/, /& -!e +e$s$/, (s +e,$e+ $, -!e 68r+ 70#) 1<<6

res/#0-$/, /& -!e (ppe##(-e /0r-.

We *e3$," $, -!$s prese,- re/0rse /& pe-$-$/,ers" $-! ( &e %,/, p/s-0#(-es.

E'$,e,- +/'($," (#s/ /&-e, re&erre+ -/ (s e5pr/pr$(-$/, (,+" $-! #ess &re20e,)" (s /,+e',(-$/," $s" #$%e p/#$e p/er (,+

-(5(-$/," (, $,!ere,- p/er /& s/ere$3,-). I- ,ee+ ,/- *e #/-!e+ $-! (,) /,s-$-0-$/,(# 3e(r -/ e5$s-; $,s-e(+" pr/$s$/,s $, /0r

C/,s-$-0-$/, /, -!e s0*?e- (re 'e(,- '/re -/ re30#(-e" r(-!er -!(, -/ 3r(,-" -!e e5er$se /& -!e p/er. E'$,e,- +/'($, $s 3e,er(##)

s/ +esr$*e+ (s 4-!e !$3!es- (,+ '/s- e5(- $+e( /& pr/per-) re'($,$,3 $, -!e 3/er,'e,-4 -!(- '() *e (20$re+ &/r s/'e p0*#$

p0rp/se -!r/03! ( 'e-!/+ $, -!e ,(-0re /& ( &/re+ p0r!(se *) -!e S-(-e.< I- $s ( r$3!- -/ -(%e /r re(sser- +/'$,$/, /er pr/per-)

$-!$, -!e s-(-e &/r p0*#$ 0se /r -/ 'ee- ( p0*#$ e5$3e,). I- $s s($+ -/ *e (, esse,-$(# p(r- /& 3/er,(,e ee, $, $-s '/s- pr$'$-$e

&/r' (,+ -!0s $,sep(r(*#e &r/' s/ere$3,-). 1@ T!e /,#) +$re- /,s-$-0-$/,(# 20(#$&$(-$/, $s -!(- 4pr$(-e pr/per-) s!(## ,/- *e -(%e,

&/r p0*#$ 0se $-!/0- ?0s- /'pe,s(-$/,.4 11 T!$s pr/sr$p-$/, $s $,-e,+e+ -/ pr/$+e ( s(&e30(r+ (3($,s- p/ss$*#e (*0se (,+ s/ -/

pr/-e- (s e## -!e $,+$$+0(# (3($,s- !/se pr/per-) -!e p/er $s s/03!- -/ *e e,&/re+.




























Pe-$-$/,ers (sser- -!(- -!e e5pr/pr$(-$/, !(s &($#e+ -/ 'ee- -!e 30$+e#$,es se- *) -!$s C/0r- $, -!e (se /& Guido v ./ural !ro,ress

$dministration" 16 -/ $- (> -!e s$e /& -!e #(,+ e5pr/pr$(-e+; *> -!e #(r3e ,0'*er /& pe/p#e *e,e&$-e+; (,+" > -!e e5-e,- /& s/$(#

(,+ e/,/'$ re&/r'.18 Pe-$-$/,ers s033es- -!(- e /,&$,e -!e /,ep- /& e5pr/pr$(-$/, /,#) -/ -!e &/##/$,3 p0*#$ 0ses" 1= i .e." -!e

—

. . . -(%$,3 /& pr/per-) &/r '$#$-(r) p/s-s" r/(+s" s-ree-s" s$+e(#%s" *r$+3es" &err$es" #eees" !(res" p$ers" p0*#$ *0$#+$,3s

$,#0+$,3 s!//#!/0ses" p(r%s" p#()3r/0,+s" p#((s" '(r%e- p#(es" (r-es$(, e##s" (-er s0pp#) (,+ seer(3e s)s-e's"

e'e-er$es" re'(-/r$es" (,+ r($#r/(+s.

T!$s $e /& pe-$-$/,ers $s '0! -// #$'$-(-$e (,+ res-r$-$e.

T!e /0r-" $, Guido" 'ere#) p(sse+ 0p/, -!e $ss0e /& -!e e5-e,- /& -!e Pres$+e,-s p/er 0,+er C/''/,e(#-! A- N/. 98< -/"

spe$&$(##)" (20$re pr$(-e #(,+s &/r s0*+$$s$/, $,-/ s'(##er !/'e #/-s /r &(r's &/r res(#e -/ #ona fide -e,(,-s /r /0p(,-s. I- (s

$, -!$s p(r-$0#(r /,-e5- /& -!e s-(-0-e -!(- -!e C/0r- !(+ '(+e -!e pr/,/0,e'e,-. T!e 30$+e#$,es $, Guido ere ,/- 'e(,- -/ *e

pre#0s$e $, ,(-0re (,+" '/s- er-($,#)" -!e p/er /& e'$,e,- +/'($, s!/0#+ ,/- ,/ *e 0,+ers-//+ (s *e$,3 /,&$,e+ /,#) -/ -!e

e5pr/pr$(-$/, /& (s- -r(-s /& #(,+ (,+ #(,+e+ es-(-es. 19

T!e -er' 4p0*#$ 0se"4 ,/- !($,3 *ee, /-!er$se +e&$,e+ *) -!e /,s-$-0-$/," '0s- *e /,s$+ere+ $, $-s 3e,er(# /,ep- /& 'ee-$,3 (

p0*#$ ,ee+ /r ( p0*#$ e5$3e,). 1: B#(% s0''(r$es -!e !(r(-er$(-$/, 3$e, *) (r$/0s /0r-s -/ -!e -er'; -!0s

P0*#$ Use. E'$,e,- +/'($,. T!e /,s-$-0-$/,(# (,+ s-(-0-/r) *(s$s &/r -(%$,3 pr/per-) *) e'$,e,- +/'($,. F/r

/,+e',(-$/, p0rp/ses" 4p0*#$ 0se4 $s /,e !$! /,&ers s('e *e,e&$- /r (+(,-(3e -/ -!e p0*#$; $- $s ,/- /,&$,e+ -/

(-0(# 0se *) p0*#$. I- $s 'e(s0re+ $, -er's /& r$3!- /& p0*#$ -/ 0se pr/p/se+ &($#$-$es &/r !$! /,+e',(-$/, $s s/03!-(,+" (s #/,3 (s p0*#$ !(s r$3!- /& 0se" !e-!er e5er$se+ *) /,e /r '(,) 'e'*ers /& p0*#$" ( 4p0*#$ (+(,-(3e4 /r

4p0*#$ *e,e&$-4 (r0es s0&&$$e,- -/ /,s-$-0-e ( p0*#$ 0se. M/,-(,( P/er C/. s. B/%'(" M/,-. =9 P. 6+ :<" 6" 8.

P0*#$ 0se" $, /,s-$-0-$/,(# pr/$s$/,s res-r$-$,3 -!e e5er$se /& -!e r$3!- -/ -(%e pr$(-e pr/per-) $, $r-0e /& e'$,e,-

+/'($," 'e(,s ( 0se /,er,$,3 -!e !/#e /''0,$-) (s +$s-$,30$s!e+ &r/' p(r-$0#(r $,+$$+0(#s. B0- e(! (,+ eer)

'e'*er /& s/$e-) ,ee+ ,/- *e e20(##) $,-eres-e+ $, s0! 0se" /r *e pers/,(##) (,+ +$re-#) (&&e-e+ *) $-; $& -!e /*?e- $s -/

s(-$s&) ( 3re(- p0*#$ (,- /r e5$3e,)" -!(- $s s0&&$$e,-. R$,+3e C/. s. L/s A,3e#es C/0,-)" 6:6 U.S. @@" =8 S.C-. :<"

:<6" : L.E+. 11:. T!e -er' '() *e s($+ -/ 'e(, p0*#$ 0se&0#,ess" 0-$#$-)" /r (+(,-(3e" /r !(- $s pr/+0-$e /& 3e,er(#

*e,e&$-. I- '() *e #$'$-e+ -/ -!e $,!(*$-(,-s /& ( s'(## /r res-r$-e+ #/(#$-)" *0- '0s- *e $, /''/," (,+ ,/- &/r ( p(r-$0#(r

$,+$$+0(#. T!e 0se '0s- *e ( ,ee+&0# /,e &/r -!e p0*#$" !$! (,,/- *e s0rre,+ere+ $-!/0- /*$/0s 3e,er(# #/ss (,+

$,/,e,$e,e. A 4p0*#$ 0se4 &/r !$! #(,+ '() *e -(%e, +e&$es (*s/#0-e +e&$,$-$/, &/r $- !(,3es $-! (r)$,3 /,+$-$/,s /&

s/$e-)" ,e (pp#$(,es $, -!e s$e,es" !(,3$,3 /,ep-$/,s /& s/pe (,+ &0,-$/,s /& 3/er,'e,-" (,+ /-!er +$&&er$,3

$r0's-(,es *r/03!- (*/0- *) (, $,re(se $, p/p0#(-$/, (,+ ,e '/+es /& /''0,$(-$/, (,+ -r(,sp/r-(-$/,. (- .

Br(,+/," 19: C/,,." 961" 6=9 A.6+ 9<"9:. 1

T!e (#$+$-) /& -!e e5er$se /& -!e p/er /& e'$,e,- +/'($, &/r -r(+$-$/,(# p0rp/ses $s *e)/,+ 20es-$/,; $- $s ,/- (- (## -/ *e s($+"

!/eer" -!(- p0*#$ 0se s!/0#+ -!ere*) *e res-r$-e+ -/ s0! -r(+$-$/,(# 0ses. T!e $+e( -!(- 4p0*#$ 0se4 $s s-r$-#) #$'$-e+ -/ #e(r

(ses /& 40se *) -!e p0*#$4 !(s #/,3 *ee, +$s(r+e+. T!$s C/0r- $, He$rs /& Juancho $rdona v . /e%es11 20/-$,3 &r/' Berman

v . !arker 8= U.S. 69; << L. e+. 6>" !e#+

We +/ ,/- s$- -/ +e-er'$,e !e-!er ( p(r-$0#(r !/0s$,3 pr/?e- $s /r $s ,/- +es$r(*#e. T!e /,ep- /& -!e p0*#$ e#&(re $s

*r/(+ (,+ $,#0s$e. See D()Br$-e L$3!-$,3" I,. . M$ss/0r$" 8=6 US =61" =6=" <: L. E+. =:<" =6" 6 S C- =@9. T!e (#0es $-

represe,-s (re sp$r$-0(# (s e## (s p!)s$(#" (es-!e-$ (s e## (s '/,e-(r). I- $s $-!$, -!e p/er /& -!e #e3$s#(-0re -/

+e-er'$,e -!(- -!e /''0,$-) s!/0#+ *e *e(0-$&0# (s e## (s !e(#-!)" sp($/0s (s e## (s #e(," e##*(#(,e+ (s e## (s

(re&0##) p(-r/##e+. I, -!e prese,- (se" -!e C/,3ress (,+ $-s (0-!/r$e+ (3e,$es !(e '(+e +e-er'$,(-$/,s -!(- -(%e $,-/

(/0,- ( $+e (r$e-) /& (#0es. I- $s ,/ &/r 0s -/ re(ppr($se -!e'. I& -!/se !/ 3/er, -!e D$s-r$- /& C/#0'*$( +e$+e -!(-

-!e N(-$/,s C(p$-(# s!/0#+ *e *e(0-$&0# (s e## (s s(,$-(r)" -!ere $s ,/-!$,3 $, -!e F$&-! A'e,+'e,- -!(- s-(,+s $, -!e ().

O,e -!e /*?e- $s $-!$, -!e (0-!/r$-) /& C/,3ress" -!e r$3!- -/ re(#$e $- -!r/03! -!e e5er$se /& e'$,e,- +/'($, $s #e(r.

F/r -!e p/er /& e'$,e,- +/'($, $s 'ere#) -!e 'e(,s -/ -!e e,+. See L05-/, . N/r-! R$er Br$+3e C/. 198 US 969" 96<"

98@" 8 L. e+. @" 1@" 1= S C- <1; U,$-e+ S-(-es . Ge--)s*0r3 E#e-r$ R. C/. 1:@ US ::" :<" =@ L. e+. 9:" 9@" 1: S

C- =6.

I- !(s *ee, e5p#($,e+ (s e(r#) (s Se2a v . *anila /ailroad Co." 1< -!(-

. . . A !$s-/r$(# rese(r! +$s#/ses -!e 'e(,$,3 /& -!e -er' 4p0*#$ 0se4 -/ *e /,e /& /,s-(,- 3r/-!. As s/$e-) (+(,es"

$-s +e'(,+s 0p/, -!e $,+$$+0(# $,re(se (,+ e(! +e'(,+ $s ( ,e 0se -/ !$! -!e res/0res /& -!e $,+$$+0(# '() *e

+e/-e+. . . . &/r 4!(-eer $s *e,e&$$(##) e'p#/)e+ &/r -!e /''0,$-) $s ( p0*#$ 0se.
























C!$e& 70s-$e E,r$20e M. Fer,(,+/ s-(-es

T!e -(%$,3 -/ *e (#$+ '0s- *e &/r p0*#$ 0se. T!ere (s ( -$'e !e, $- (s &e#- -!(- ( #$-er(# 'e(,$,3 s!/0#+ *e (--(!e+ -/

s0! ( re20$re'e,-. W!(-eer pr/?e- $s 0,+er-(%e, '0s- *e &/r -!e p0*#$ -/ e,?/)" (s $, -!e (se /& s-ree-s /r p(r%s.

O-!er$se" e5pr/pr$(-$/, $s ,/- (##/(*#e. I- $s ,/- s/ (,) '/re. As #/,3 (s -!e p0rp/se /& -!e -(%$,3 $s p0*#$" -!e, -!e

p/er /& e'$,e,- +/'($, /'es $,-/ p#(). As ?0s- ,/-e+" -!e /,s-$-0-$/, $, (- #e(s- -/ (ses" -/ re'/e (,) +/0*-"

+e-er'$,es !(- $s p0*#$ 0se. O,e $s -!e e5pr/pr$(-$/, /& #(,+s -/ *e s0*+$$+e+ $,-/ s'(## #/-s &/r res(#e (- /s- -/

$,+$$+0(#s. T!e /-!er $s -!e -r(,s&er" -!r/03! -!e e5er$se /& -!$s p/er" /& 0-$#$-$es (,+ /-!er pr$(-e e,-erpr$se -/ -!e

3/er,'e,-. I- $s (0r(-e -/ s-(-e -!e, -!(- (- prese,- !(-eer '() *e *e,e&$$(##) e'p#/)e+ &/r -!e 3e,er(# e#&(re

s(-$s&$es -!e re20$re'e,- /& p0*#$ 0se. 6@

C!$e& 70s-$e Fer,(,+/" r$-$,3 -!e ponencia $, J .* . Tuason " Co. vs. and Tenure $dministration" 61 !(s $ee+ -!e C/,s-$-0-$/, (

+),('$ $,s-r0'e,- (,+ /,e -!(- 4$s ,/- -/ *e /,s-r0e+ ,(rr/#) /r pe+(,-$(##)4 s/ (s -/ e,(*#e $- 4-/ 'ee- (+e20(-e#) !(-eer

pr/*#e's -!e &0-0re !(s $, s-/re.4 Fr. 7/(20$, Ber,(s" ( ,/-e+ /,s-$-0-$/,(#$s- !$'se#&" !(s (p-#) /*sere+ -!(- !(-" $, &(-" !(s

0#-$'(-e#) e'er3e+ $s ( /,ep- /& p0*#$ 0se !$! $s ?0s- (s *r/(+ (s 4p0*#$ e#&(re.4 66

Pe-$-$/,ers (s% B0- 4>!(- $s -!e s/(##e+ 0,0s0(# $,-eres- -!(- -!e e5pr/pr$(-$/, /& Fe#$5 M(,(#/s> *$r-!p#(e *e/'e s/ $-(# (s

-/ *e ( p0*#$ 0se (ppr/pr$(-e &/r -!e e5er$se /& -!e p/er /& e'$,e,- +/'($,4 !e, /,#) 'e'*ers /& -!e 0,lesia ni Cristo /0#+

*e,e&$- T!$s (--e'p- -/ 3$e s/'e re#$3$/0s perspe-$e -/ -!e (se +eseres #$--#e /,s$+er(-$/," &/r !(- s!/0#+ *e s$3,$&$(,- $s -!e

pr$,$p(# /*?e-$e /&" ,/- -!e (s0(# /,se20e,es -!(- '$3!- &/##/ &r/'" -!e e5er$se /& -!e p/er. T!e p0rp/se $, se--$,3 0p -!e

'(r%er $s esse,-$(##) -/ re/3,$e -!e +$s-$,-$e /,-r$*0-$/, /& -!e #(-e Fe#$5 M(,(#/ -/ -!e 0#-0re /& -!e P!$#$pp$,es" r(-!er -!(, -/

/''e'/r(-e !$s &/0,+$,3 (,+ #e(+ers!$p /& -!e 0,lesia ni Cristo.

T!e pr(-$(# re(#$-) -!(- 3re(-er *e,e&$- '() *e +er$e+ *) 'e'*ers /& -!e 0,lesia ni Cristo -!(, *) '/s- /-!ers /0#+ e##

*e -r0e *0- s0! ( pe0#$(r (+(,-(3e s-$## re'($,s -/ *e 'ere#) $,$+e,-(# (,+ se/,+(r) $, ,(-0re. I,+ee+" -!(- /,#) ( &e

/0#+ (-0(##) *e,e&$- &r/' -!e e5pr/pr$(-$/, /& pr/per-) +/es ,/- ,eess(r$#) +$'$,$s! -!e esse,e (,+ !(r(-er /& p0*#$

0se. 68

Pe-$-$/,ers /,-e,+ -!(- -!e) !(e *ee, +e,$e+ +0e pr/ess $, -!e &$5$,3 /& -!e pr/$s$/,(# (#0e /& -!e$r pr/per-). Pe-$-$/,ers ,ee+

'ere#) -/ *e re'$,+e+ -!(- !(- -!e #( pr/!$*$-s $s -!e #(% /& /pp/r-0,$-) -/ *e !e(r+;6=/,-r(r) -/ pe-$-$/,ers (r30'e,-" -!e

re/r+s /& -!$s (se (re rep#e-e $-! p#e(+$,3s 69 -!(- /0#+ !(e +e(#-" +$re-#) /r $,+$re-#)" $-! -!e pr/$s$/,(# (#0e /& -!e

pr/per-).

Pe-$-$/,ers" &$,(##)" /0#+ &(0#- resp/,+e,- (ppe##(-e /0r- $, s0s-($,$,3 -!e -r$(# /0r-s /r+er !$! /,s$+ere+ $,(pp#$(*#e -!e (se

/& No#le v. Cit% of *anila. 6: B/-! /0r-s !e#+ /rre-#). T!e Rep0*#$ (s ,/- ( p(r-) -/ -!e (##e3e+ /,-r(- /& e5!(,3e *e-ee,

-!e 0,lesia ni Cristo (,+ pe-$-$/,ers !$! -!e /,-r(-$,3 p(r-$es> (#/,e" ,/- -!e Rep0*#$" /0#+ pr/per#) *e */0,+.

A## /,s$+ere+" -!e C/0r- &$,+s -!e (ss($#e+ +e$s$/, -/ *e $, (/r+ $-! #( (,+ ?0r$spr0+e,e.

WHEREFORE" -!e pe-$-$/, $s DENIED. N/ /s-s.

SO ORDERED.

G.R. No. L-53@8A * 5, 1981




















$NRES G$R'ES, Reveren/ #her SERG&O *$R&L$O OS*EF$, N&'E%$S $G$R n/ JESS ELL$N%ES, pe-$-$/,ers"

s.

on. N*ER&$NO G. ES%ENO, ;re+i/inC J:/Ce o" #he 'o:r# o" ir+# &n+#n4e o" Le#e, Ormo4 'i# Brn4h ?, B$R$NG$Y'ON'&L o" ?!en4i, Ormo4 'i#, BrnC '#in *$NEL '. ?ELOSO, 'o:n4i!men G$EN'&O L$?E$RES, %O*$S'$B$%&NG$N n/ *$&*&NO N$?$RRO, BrnC Se4re#r 'ON'&%$ *$R$Y$ n/ BrnC %re+:rer L'EN$B$L%$$R, resp/,+e,-s.

$H&NO, J.:1äwphï1.ñët

T!$s (se $s (*/0- -!e /,s-$-0-$/,(#$-) /& &/0r res/#0-$/,s /& -!e *(r(,3() /0,$# /& V(#e,$(" Or'/ C$-)" re3(r+$,3 -!e (20$s$-$/,

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O, M(r! 68" 1<:" -!e s($+ *(r(,3() /0,$# (+/p-e+ Res/#0-$/, N/. 9" 4re$$,3 -!e -r(+$-$/,(# s/$/re#$3$/0s e#e*r(-$/,4 eer)

&$&-! +() /& Apr$# 4/& -!e &e(s- +() /& SeQ/r S(, V$e,-e Ferrer" -!e p(-r/, s($,- /& V(#e,$(4.

T!(- res/#0-$/, +es$3,(-e+ -!e 'e'*ers /& ,$,e /''$--ees !/ /0#+ -(%e !(r3e /& -!e 1<: &es-$$-). #- pr/$+e+ &/r 1> -!e

(20$s$-$/, /& -!e $'(3e /& S(, V$e,-e Ferrer (,+ 6> -!e /,s-r0-$/, /& ( ($-$,3 s!e+ (s -!e *(r(,3()s pr/?e-s. F0,+s &/r -!e

-/ pr/?e-s /0#+ *e /*-($,e+ -!r/03! -!e se##$,3 /& -$%e-s (,+ (s! +/,(-$/,s 4 E5! A /r :>.

O, M(r! 6:" 1<:" -!e *(r(,3() /0,$# p(sse+ Res/#0-$/, N/. : !$! spe$&$e+ -!(-" $, (/r+(,e $-! -!e pr(-$e $, E(s-er,Le)-e" C/0,$#'(, T/'(s C(*(-$,3(," -!e C!($r'(, /r hermano ma%or /& -!e &$es-(" /0#+ *e -!e (re-(%er /& -!e $'(3e /& S(,

V$e,-e Ferrer (,+ -!(- -!e $'(3e /0#+ re'($, $, !$s res$+e,e &/r /,e )e(r (,+ 0,-$# -!e e#e-$/, /& !$s s0ess/r (s !($r'(, /&

-!e ,e5- &e(s- +().

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/& -!e s($,-s &e(s- +() E5!. B /r >.

Res/#0-$/,s N/s. 9 (,+ : ere s0*'$--e+ -/ ( p#e*$s$-e (,+ ere +0#) r(-$&$e+ *) -!e *(r(,3() 3e,er(# (sse'*#) /, M(r! 6:" 1<:.

T/ !0,+re+ see,-)-/ /-ers r(-$&$e+ -!e -/ res/#0-$/,s E5!. 6 (,+ 9>.

F0,+s ere r($se+ *) 'e(,s /& s/#$$-(-$/,s@ (,+ (s! +/,(-$/,s /& -!e *(r(,3() res$+e,-s (,+ -!/se /& -!e ,e$3!*/r$,3 p#(es /&

V(#e,$(. W$-! -!/se &0,+s" -!e ($-$,3 s!e+ (s /,s-r0-e+ (,+ -!e //+e, $'(3e /& S(, V$e,-e Ferrer (s (20$re+ $, Ce*0 C$-)

*) -!e *(r(,3() /0,$# &/r &/0r !0,+re+ pes/s E5!. F#" 8 (,+ =>.

O, Apr$# 9" 1<:" -!e $'(3e (s -e'p/r(r$#) p#(e+ $, -!e (#-(r /& -!e C(-!/#$ !0r! /& B(r(,3() V(#e,$( s/ -!(- -!e +e/-ees

/0#+ /rs!$p -!e s($,- +0r$,3 -!e '(ss &/r -!e &$es-(.

A /,-r/ers) (r/se (&-er -!e '(ss !e, -!e p(r$s! pr$es-" F(-!er Ser3$/ M(r$#(/ Os'eQ( re&0se+ -/ re-0r, -!(- $'(3e -/ -!e

*(r(,3() /0,$# /, -!e pre-e5- -!(- $- (s -!e pr/per-) /& -!e !0r! *e(0se !0r! &0,+s ere 0se+ &/r $-s (20$s$-$/,.

Seer(# +()s (&-er -!e &$es-( /r /, Apr$# 11" 1<:" /, -!e /(s$/, /& !$s ser'/, +0r$,3 ( '(ss" F(-!er Os'eQ( (##e3e+#) 0--ere+

+e&('(-/r) re'(r%s (3($,s- -!e *(r(,3() (p-($," M(,0e# C. Ve#/s/" (pp(re,-#) $, /,,e-$/, $-! -!e +$sp0-e+ $'(3e. T!(- $,$+e,-

pr//%e+ Ve#/s/ -/ &$#e (3($,s- F(-!er Os'eQ( $, -!e $-) /0r- /& Or'/ C$-) ( !(r3e &/r 3r(e /r(# +e&('(-$/,.

F(-!er Os'eQ( re-(#$(-e+ *) &$#$,3 (+'$,$s-r(-$e /'p#($,-s (3($,s- Ve#/s/ $-! -!e $-) '()/rs /&&$e (,+ -!e Dep(r-'e,- /& L/(#

G/er,'e,- (,+ C/''0,$-) Dee#/p'e,- /, -!e 3r/0,+s /& $''/r(#$-)" 3r(e (*0se /& (0-!/r$-)" (-s 0,*e/'$,3 ( p0*#$ /&&$$(#

(,+ $3,/r(,e /& -!e #(.

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-!e re20es- /& C(*(-$,3(, -/ !(e 0s-/+) /& -!e $'(3e (,+ 4'(#$$/0s#) $3,/re+4 -!e /0,$#s Res/#0-$/, N/. :" -!e /0,$# e,(-e+

/, M() 16" 1<: Res/#0-$/, N/. 1@" (0-!/r$$,3 -!e !$r$,3 /& ( #()er -/ &$#e ( rep#e$, (se (3($,s- F(-!er Os'eQ( &/r -!e re/er)

/& -!e $'(3e E5!. C /r >. O, 70,e 1=" 1<:" -!e *(r(,3() /0,$# p(sse+ Res/#0-$/, N/. 16" (pp/$,-$,3 Ve#/s/ (s $-s represe,-(-$e

$, -!e rep#e$, (se E5!. D /r <>.

T!e rep#e$, (se (s &$#e+ $, -!e $-) /0r- /& Or'/ C$-) (3($,s- F(-!er Os'eQ( (,+ B$s!/p C$pr$(,/ Ur3e# E5!. F>. A&-er -!e

*(r(,3() /0,$# !(+ p/s-e+ ( (s! */,+ /& e$3!- !0,+re+ pes/s" F(-!er Os'eQ( -0r,e+ /er -!e $'(3e -/ -!e /0,$# p. 1@" R/##/>.

#, !$s (,ser -/ -!e /'p#($,- &/r rep#e$," !e (ss($#e+ -!e /,s-$-0-$/,(#$-) /& -!e s($+ res/#0-$/,s E5!. F1>.



L(-er" !e (,+ -!ree /-!er pers/,s" A,+res G(res" ( 'e'*er /& -!e A3#$p()(, C!0r!" (,+ -/ C(-!/#$ #()'e," 7es0s E+0##(,-es (,+

N$e-(s D(3(r" &$#e+ (3($,s- -!e *(r(,3() /0,$# (,+ $-s 'e'*ers e5#0+$,3 -/ 'e'*ers> ( /'p#($,- $, -!e C/0r- /& F$rs-

I,s-(,e (- Or'/ C$-)" pr()$,3 &/r -!e (,,0#'e,- /& -!e s($+ res/#0-$/,s C$$# C(se N/. 1:@@>.

T!e #/er /0r- +$s'$sse+ -!e /'p#($,-. #- 0p!e#+ -!e (#$+$-) /& -!e res/#0-$/,s. T!e pe-$-$/,ers (ppe(#e+ 0,+er Rep0*#$ A- N/.

9==@. T!e pe-$-$/,ers /,-e,+ -!(- -!e *(r(,3() /0,$# (s ,/- +0#) /,s-$-0-e+ *e(0se #s$+/r/ M. M(Q(3/" 7r." -!e !($r'(, /& -!e

%(*(-((,3 *(r(,3()" (s ,/- (##/e+ -/ p(r-$$p(-e $, $-s sess$/,s.

B(r(,3()s 0se+ -/ *e %,/, (s $-$e,s (sse'*#$es Pres$+e,-$(# Derees N/s. : (,+ :A>. Pres$+e,-$(# Deree N/. 99" !$! -//%

e&&e- /, Sep-e'*er 61" 1<=" @ O.G. =9@L" +$re-e+ -!(- (## *(rr$/s s!/0#+ *e %,/, (s *(r(,3()s (,+ (+/p-e+ -!e Re$se+

B(rr$/ C!(r-er (s -!e B(r(,3() C!(r-er.

B(rr$/s (re 0,$-s /& '0,$$p(#$-$es /r '0,$$p(# +$s-r$-s $, !$! -!e) (re s$-0(-e+. T!e) (re 20(s$'0,$$p(# /rp/r(-$/,s e,+/e+

$-! s0! p/ers4 (s (re pr/$+e+ *) #( 4&/r -!e per&/r'(,e /& p(r-$0#(r 3/er,'e,- &0,-$/,s" -/ *e e5er$se+ *) (,+ -!r/03!

-!e$r respe-$e *(rr$/ 3/er,'e,-s $, /,&/r'$-) $-! #(4 Se. 6" Re$se+ B(rr$/ C!(r-er" R.A. N/. 89<@>.

T!e *(rr$/ (sse'*#) /,s$s-s /& (## pers/,s !/ (re res$+e,-s /& -!e *(rr$/ &/r (- #e(s- s$5 '/,-!s" e$3!-ee, )e(rs /& (3e /r /er (,+

F$#$p$,/ $-$e,s +0#) re3$s-ere+ $, -!e #$s- %ep- *) -!e *(rr$/ sere-(r) Se. =" 0#id >.

T!e *(rr$/ /0,$#" ,/ *(r(,3() /0,$#" $s /'p/se+ /& -!e *(r(,3() (p-($, (,+ s$5 /0,$#'e, Se. " I*$+>. Se-$/, 8 /&

Pres$+e,-$(# Deree N/. :=" !$! -//% e&&e- /, Apr$# 19" 1<9" pr/$+es -!(- 4-!e *(r(,3() )/0-! !($r'(, s!(## *e (, e&'

officio 'e'*er /& -!e *(r(,3() /0,$#4" !($,3 -!e s('e p/ers (,+ &0,-$/,s (s ( *(r(,3() /0,$#'(,.

I, -!$s (se" M(Q(3/" -!e *(r(,3() )/0-! !($r'(," (s ,/-$&$e+ /& -!e sess$/,s /& -!e *(r(,3() /0,$# -/ *e !e#+ /, M(r! 68 (,+

6:" 1<: *0- !e (s ,/- (*#e -/ (--e,+ -!/se sess$/,s *e(0se !e (s /r%$,3 $-! ( /,s-r0-$/, /'p(,) *(se+ (- Ip$#" Or'/

C$-) P(r. 6+ E5!. 1>.

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s($+ res/#0-$/,s ere p(sse+.

T!e /-!er /,-e,-$/, /& -!e pe-$-$/,ers $s -!(- -!e res/#0-$/,s /,-r(e,e -!e /,s-$-0-$/,(# pr/$s$/,s -!(- 4,/ #( s!(## *e '(+e

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&/r -!e 0se" *e,e&$-" /r s0pp/r- /& (,) pr$es-" pre(!er" '$,$s-er" /r /-!er re#$3$/0s -e(!er /r +$3,$-(r) (s s0!. e5ep- !e, s0!

pr$es-" pre(!er" '$,$s-er" /r +$3,$-(r) $s (ss$3,e+ -/ -!e (r'e+ &/res" /r -/ (,) pe,(# $,s-$-0-$/," /r 3/er,'e,- /rp!(,(3e /r

#epr/s(r$0' Se. " Ar-$#e IV (,+ se. 16" Ar-$#e VIII" C/,s-$-0-$/,>.

T!(- /,-e,-$/, $s 3#(r$,3#) +e/$+ /& 'er$-. T!e 20es-$/,e+ res/#0-$/,s +/ ,/- +$re-#) /r $,+$re-#) es-(*#$s! (,) re#$3$/," ,/r (*r$+3e

re#$3$/0s #$*er-)" ,/r (ppr/pr$(-e p0*#$ '/,e) /r pr/per-) &/r -!e *e,e&$- /& (,) se-" pr$es- /r #er3)'(,. T!e $'(3e (s p0r!(se+

$-! pr$(-e &0,+s" ,/- $-! -(5 '/,e). T!e /,s-r0-$/, /& ( ($-$,3 s!e+ $s e,-$re#) ( se0#(r '(--er.

M(,$&es-#) p0er$#e (,+ &#$'s) $s Pe-$-$/,ers (r30'e,- -!(- -!e *(r(,3() /0,$# &(/re+ -!e C(-!/#$ re#$3$/, *) 0s$,3 -!e &0,+s r($se+

*) s/#$$-(-$/,s (,+ +/,(-$/,s &/r -!e p0r!(se /& -!e p(-r/, s($,-s //+e, $'(3e (,+ '(%$,3 -!e $'(3e (($#(*#e -/ -!e C(-!/#$

!0r!.

T!e prep/s-er/0s,ess /& -!(- (r30'e,- $s re,+ere+ '/re e$+e,- *) -!e &(- -!(- /0,se# (+(,e+ -!(- (r30'e,- $, *e!(#& /& -!e

pe-$-$/,er" F(-!er Os'eQ( -!e p(r$s! pr$es-.

T!e //+e, $'(3e (s p0r!(se+ $, /,,e-$/, $-! -!e e#e*r(-$/, /& -!e *(rr$/ &$es-( !/,/r$,3 -!e p(-r/, s($,-" S(, V$e,-eFerrer" (,+ ,/- &/r -!e p0rp/se /& &(/r$,3 (,) re#$3$/, ,/r $,-er&er$,3 $-! re#$3$/0s '(--ers /r -!e re#$3$/0s *e#$e&s /& -!e *(rr$/

res$+e,-s. O,e /& -!e !$3!#$3!-s /& -!e &$es-( (s -!e '(ss. C/,se20e,-#)" -!e $'(3e /& -!e p(-r/, s($,- !(+ -/ *e p#(e+ $, -!e

!0r! !e, -!e '(ss (s e#e*r(-e+.

I& -!ere $s ,/-!$,3 0,/,s-$-0-$/,(# /r $##e3(# $, !/#+$,3 ( & $es-( (,+ !($,3 ( p(-r/, s($,- &/r -!e *(rr$/" -!e, (,) (-$$-) $,-e,+e+ -/

&($#$-(-e -!e /rs!$p /& -!e p(-r/, s($,- s0! (s -!e (20$s$-$/, (,+ +$sp#() /& !$s $'(3e> (,,/- *e *r(,+e+ (s $##e3(#.

As ,/-e+ $, -!e &$rs- res/#0-$/," -!e *(rr$/ &$es-( $s ( s/$/re#$3$/0s (&&($r. I-s e#e*r(-$/, $s (, $,3r($,e+ -r(+$-$/, $, r0r(#

/''0,$-$es. T!e &$es-( re#$ees -!e '/,/-/,) (,+ +r0+3er) /& -!e #$es /& -!e '(sses.



T!e *(r(,3() /0,$# +es$3,(-e+ ( #()'(, (s -!e 0s-/+$(, /& -!e //+e, $'(3e $, /r+er -/ &/res-(## (,) s0sp$$/, -!(- $- $s &(/r$,3

-!e C(-!/#$ !0r!. A '/re pr(-$(# re(s/, &/r -!(- (rr(,3e'e,- /0#+ *e -!(- -!e $'(3e" $& p#(e+ $, ( #()'(,s 0s-/+)" /0#+

e(s$#) *e '(+e (($#(*#e -/ (,) &('$#) +es$r$,3 -/ */rr/ -!e $'(3e $, /,,e-$/, $-! pr()ers (,+ ,/e,(s.

T!e /,-r(+$-/r) p/s$-$/,s /& -!e pe-$-$/,ers (re s!/, $, -!e$r (&&$+($-s. Pe-$-$/,er G(res s/re -!(- -!e s($+ res/#0-$/,s favored

the Catholic church. O, -!e /-!er !(,+" pe-$-$/,ers D(3(r (,+ E+0##(,-es s/re -!(- -!e res/#0-$/,s pre3udiced the Catholics *e(0se

-!e) /0#+ see -!e $'(3e $, -!e !0r! /,#) /,e ( )e(r /r +0r$,3 -!e &$es-( E5!. H (,+ 7>.

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T!$s (se $s ( pe--) 20(rre# /er -!e 0s-/+) /& ( s($,-s $'(3e. #- /0#+ ,eer !(e (r$se, $& -!e p(r-$es !(+ *ee, '/re +$p#/'(-$

(,+ -(-&0# (,+ $& F(-!er Os'eQ( !(+ -(%e, -!e -r/0*#e /& (0s$,3 /,-r$*0-$/,s -/ *e s/#$$-e+ &r/' !$s /, p(r$s!$/,ers &/r -!e

p0r!(se /& another ima,e /& S(, V$e,-e Ferrer -/ *e $,s-(##e+ $, !$s !0r!.

T!ere (, *e ,/ 20es-$/, -!(- -!e $'(3e $, 20es-$/, *e#/,3s -/ -!e *(r(,3() /0,$#. F(-!er Os'eQ( #($' -!(- $- *e#/,3s -/ !$s

!0r! $s r/,3. T!e *(r(,3() /0,$#" (s /,er /& -!e $'(3e" !(s -!e r$3!- -/ +e-er'$,e !/ s!/0#+ !(e 0s-/+) -!ere/&.

I& $- !//ses -/ !(,3e $-s '$,+ (,+ +e$+es -/ 3$e -!e $'(3e -/ -!e C(-!/#$ !0r!. -!(- (-$/, /0#+ ,/- $/#(-e -!e C/,s-$-0-$/,

*e(0se -!e $'(3e (s (20$re+ $-! private funds (,+ $s $-s pr$(-e pr/per-).

T!e /0,$# !(s -!e r$3!- -/ -(%e 'e(s0res -/ re/er p/ssess$/, /& -!e $'(3e *) e,(-$,3 Res/#0-$/,s N/s. 1@ (,+ 16.

N/- eer) 3/er,'e,-(# (-$$-) !$! $,/#es -!e e5pe,+$-0re /& p0*#$ &0,+s (,+ !$! !(s s/'e re#$3$/0s -$,- $s $/#(-$e /& -!e

/,s-$-0-$/,(# pr/$s$/,s re3(r+$,3 sep(r(-$/, /& !0r! (,+ s-(-e" &ree+/' /& /rs!$p (,+ *(,,$,3 -!e 0se /& p0*#$ '/,e) /r

pr/per-).

I, $,lipa% vs. /ui4 " := P!$#. 6@1" !(- (s $,/#e+ (s A- N/. =@96 !$! (ppr/pr$(-e+ s$5-) -!/0s(,+ pes/s &/r -!e /s- /& p#(-es

(,+ -!e pr$,-$,3 /& p/s-(3e s-('ps $-! ,e +es$3,s. U,+er -!e #(" -!e D$re-/r /& P/s-s" $-! -!e (ppr/(# /& -!e Dep(r-'e,- He(+

(,+ -!e Pres$+e,- /& -!e P!$#$pp$,es" $ss0e+ $, 1<8: p/s-(3e s-('ps -/ /''e'/r(-e -!e e#e*r(-$/, $, M(,$#( /& -!e 88r+

I,-er,(-$/,(# E0!(r$s-$ C/,3ress sp/,s/re+ *) -!e C(-!/#$ C!0r!.

T!e p0rp/se /& -!e s-('ps (s -/ r($se ree,0e (,+ (+er-$se -!e P!$#$pp$,es. T!e +es$3, /& -!e s-('ps s!/e+ ( '(p /& -!e

P!$#$pp$,es (,+ ,/-!$,3 (*/0- -!e C(-!/#$ C!0r!. N/ re#$3$/0s p0rp/se (s $,-e,+e+.

M/,s$3,/r Gre3/r$/ A3#$p()" -!e &/0,+er (,+ !e(+ /& -!e P!$#$pp$,e I,+epe,+e,- C!0r!" s/03!- -/ e,?/$, -!e s(#e /& -!/se/''e'/r(-$e p/s-(3e s-('ps.

I- (s !e#+ -!(- -!e $ss0(,e /& -!e s-('ps" !$#e #$,%e+ $,sep(r(*#) $-! (, ee,- /& ( re#$3$/0s !(r(-er" (s ,/- +es$3,e+ (s (

pr/p(3(,+( &/r -!e C(-!/#$ C!0r!. A3#$p()s pr/!$*$-$/, s0$- (s +$s'$sse+.

T!e $,s-(,- (se $s e(s$#) +$s-$,30$s!(*#e &r/' 5er4osa vs. (ernande4 " =< P!$#." :6 (,+ 99 P!$#. 8@" !ere ( re#$3$/0s *r/-!er!//+"

L( Ar!$/&r(+$( +e# S(,-$s$'/ S(r('e,-/" /r3(,$e+ &/r -!e p0rp/se /& r($s$,3 &0,+s -/ 'ee- -!e e5pe,ses &/r -!e (,,0(# &$es-( $,

!/,/r /& -!e M/s- H/#) S(r('e,- (,+ -!e V$r3$, L(+) /& G0(+(#0pe" (s !e#+ (/0,-(*#e &/r -!e &0,+s !$! $- !e#+ (s -r0s-ee. @

F$,+$,3 -!(- -!e pe-$-$/,ers !(e ,/ (0se /& (-$/, &/r -!e (,,0#'e,- /& -!e *(r(,3() res/#0-$/,s" -!e #/er /0r-s ?0+3'e,-

+$s'$ss$,3 -!e$r ('e,+e+ pe-$-$/, $s (&&$r'e+. N/ /s-s.

SO ORDERED.



%&R &?&S&ON

[G.R. No. @533. *r4h A, 1989.]

E$L%$'&ON '$FE%E, SO&$ '$?&%E n/ $%ER *$NEL ?. GO*E, Petitioners, v. 'OR% O $;;E$LS, GENEROS$ ?.

*$O, 'ORNEL&$ LORES, E%RO;&$ GOBEN'&ONG, J$'&N%$ $N&B$N, *ER'EES 'E*;&S, EL&'&$ *OR$N%E,

?$LER&$N$ E ?EYR$, E;ER&$ ;*$NES, R$N'&S'$ $B$NO, *$R&$ N. ?&LLEG$S, OLORES B. LORES, $N$%OL&$

'REER, EGEN&$ B$R$N$, 'ORNEL&$ *OLON, &LO*EN$ R. '&N'O, ?&S&%$'&ON *&R$N$, n/ 'ONSOL$'&ON

?EN%R$,Respondents.

SYLL$BS

1. CIVIL PROCEDURE; REVIEW BY THE SUPREME COURT OF THE DECISIONS OF THE COURT OF APPEALS; CONFINED TO

UESTIONS OF LAW. — Be$,3 *(se+ /, s0*s-(,-$(# e$+e,e" ,/ /3e,- re(s/, /0#+ *e &/0,+ -/ +$s-0r* -!e (*/e &$,+$,3s /& -!e

C/0r- /& Appe(#s. As re$-er(-e+ $, ( #/,3 #$,e /& +e$s$/,s" -!e S0pre'e C/0r- $s ,/- ( -r$er /& &(-s. I, pe-$-$/,s &/r re$e /&

+e$s$/,s /& -!e C/0r- /& Appe(#s" -!e ?0r$s+$-$/, /& -!e S0pre'e C/0r- $s /,&$,e+ -/ ( re$e /& 20es-$/,s /& #(" e5ep- !ere -!e

&$,+$,3s /& &(- (re ,/- s0pp/r-e+ *) -!e re/r+ /r (re s/ 3#(r$,3#) err/,e/0s (s -/ /,s-$-0-e ( ser$/0s (*0se /& +$sre-$/,.

6. PROPERTY; USE OF PROPERTIES OF A4 RELIGIOUS CONGREGATION4 ; CONTROL THEREOF DETERMINED BY THE NUMERICAL

MA7ORITY OF THE MEMBERS IN CASE OF SCHISM. — C$-$,3 W(-s/, . 7/,es" $, ( s$'$#(r (se" -!$s C/0r- r0#e+ -!(- -!e 0se /&

pr/per-$es /& ( 4re#$3$/0s /,3re3(-$/,4 $, (se /& s!$s'" $s /,-r/##e+ *) -!e ,0'er$(# '(?/r$-) /& -!e 'e'*ers. T!e '$,/r$-) $,

!//s$,3 -/ sep(r(-e -!e'se#es $,-/ ( +$s-$,- */+)" (,+ re&0s$,3 -/ re/3,$e -!e (0-!/r$-) /& -!e 3/er,'e,- */+)" (, #($' ,/

r$3!-s $, -!e pr/per-) &r/' -!e &(- -!(- -!e) /,e !(+ *ee, 'e'*ers.

E ' & S & O N

ERN$N, C.J.

T!$s $s ( pe-$-$/, &/r re$e /, certiorari " see%$,3 -!e reers(# /& -!e A030s- 16" 1<: +e$s$/, /& -!e C/0r- /& Appe(#s $, CAG.R. N/.

916R e,-$-#e+ 4Ge,er/s( V. M(/" E- A#." p#($,-$&&s(ppe##ees . E5(#-($/, C(Qe-e" E- A#." +e&e,+(,-s(ppe##(,-s4 (&&$r'$,3 -!e

+e$s$/, /& -!e C/0r- /& F$rs- I,s-(,e /& Le)-e" Br(,! IV" $, C$$# C(se N/. =<6< e,-$-#e+ 4Ge,er/s( M(/" E- A#." p#($,-$&&s .

E5(#-($/, C(Qe-e" E- A#." +e&e,+(,-s4" &/r 4Re/er) /& Pers/,(# Pr/per-$es $-! D('(3es4 !$! +e#(re+ -!e p#($,-$&&s pr$(-e

resp/,+e,-s !ere$,> (s 'e'*ers /& -!e C/&r(+$( +e N0es-r( SeQ/r( +e Be#e, /& T(,(0(," -!e -r0e /,ers /& -!e $'(3es" es-'e,-s"

s-(,+(r-e (,+ &0,+s (,+ /r+ere+ -!e +e&e,+(,-s pe-$-$/,ers !ere$,> -/ p() ?/$,-#) (,+ seer(##) pr$(-e resp/,+e,-s" +('(3es (,+

(--/r,e)s &ees (,+ -!e Or+er /& s($+ (ppe##(-e /0r- +(-e+ N/e'*er 6=" 1<: +e,)$,3 pe-$-$/,ers '/-$/, &/r re/,s$+er(-$/, /&



s($+ +e$s$/,.!(,r/*#es #( #$*r(r) re+

T!e &$,+$,3s /& &(- *) -!e -r$(# (,+ (ppe##(-e /0r-s (re (s &/##/s!(,r/*1es $r-0(# 1( #$*r(r)

I, -!e e(r#) 1<@@s" ( er-($, I,/e,-( +e Ve)r( &r/' T(,(0(," Le)-e &/0,+e+ -!e 4C/&r(+$( +e N0es-r( SeQ/r( +e Be#e,4" (

/#0,-(r) re#$3$/0s 3r/0p /& !er'(,(s '()/res. I, 1<1< (,+ 1<8@" I,/e,-( +/,(-e+ -/ -!e C/&r(+$( -!e +$sp0-e+ $'(3es /& -!e H/#)

I,&(,- 7es0s (,+ /& -!e B#esse+ V$r3$, +e Be#e,>" respe-$e#). T!e C/&r(+$( $s resp/,s$*#e &/r -!e '(-er$(# (re /& -!e re#$3$/0s $/,s"

(s e## (s &/r -!e ere'/,$es (,+ r$-es !$! 0#'$,(-e $, -!e (,,0(# /*ser(,e /& -!e &$es-(. S($+ re#$3$/0s 3r/0p !(s *ee, #(r3e#)3/er,e+ -!r/03! -!e )e(rs *) 0s-/'s (,+ -r(+$-$/,s. I- $s ,/- %,/, $& -!ere (re *)#(s $-!$, -!e (ss/$(-$/,.!(,r/*#es $r-0(#

#(#$*r(r)

I- (s -!e 0,*r/%e, pr(-$e $, -!e C/&r(+$( -!(- -!e !er'(,( '()/r" +0r$,3 !er $,0'*e,)" /0#+ %eep $, !er 0s-/+) (s -r0s-ee"

-!e -/ $'(3es" -!e es-'e,-s" 3(r'e,-s (,+ s-(,+(r-e" $,#0+$,3 -!e (s! /,-r$*0-$/,s /& $-s 'e'*ers" $-! -!e -($-

0,+ers-(,+$,3 -!(- -!e s($+ re#$3$/0s $'(3es (,+ -!e 0,spe,- &0,+s /0#+ *e -0r,e+ /er -/ -!e ,e5- !er'(,( '()/r /, -!e &$rs-

+() /& -!e s0ee+$,3 )e(r.

I, 7(,0(r) /& 1<6" pe-$-$/,er E5(#-($/, C(Qe-e (s e#e-e+ (s -!e !er'(,( '()/r (,+ (s s0! s!e -//% p/ssess$/, /& -!e s0*?e-

re#$3$/0s (r-$#es (,+ &0,+s /& -!e C/&r(+$(.

Be(0se /& -!e 20(rre# *e-ee, -!e p(r$s! pr$es- /& T(,(0(," Fr. M(,0e# G/'e (,+ B$s!/p S(#(+/r /& -!e D$/ese" res0#-$,3 $, -!e

s0spe,s$/, (,+ re#$e& /& -!e &/r'er" -!e C/&r(+$(" (, ers-!$#e /!es$e 3r/0p /& /'e, +e/-ees" !(+ *ee, +r(, $,-/ -!e

/,-r/ers) (,+ (s ,/ sp#$- $,-/ -/ ('ps /,e #/)(# -/ -!e e5p(r$s! pr$es- Fr. G/'e" (,+ -!e /-!er" $+e,-$&$e+ $-! -!e ,e#)

+es$3,(-e+ p(r$s! pr$es- Fr. P(r$##(. T!e C/&r(+$( 'e'*ers $-! Fr. G/'e e#e-e+ S/&$( C($-e (s -!e !er'(,( '()/r &/r 1<8"

rep#($,3 E5(#-($/, C(Qe-e" !$#e -!e 3r/0p $-! Fr. P(r$##( !/se B$e,e,$+( C(s(s. E5(#-($/, C(Qe-e s0rre,+ere+ -!e $'(3es -/

S/&$( C($-e.

C#($'$,3 -/ *e 'e'*ers /& -!e C/&r(+$( (,+ /,ers $, /''/, /& $-s pr/per-$es $,#0+$,3 -!e +$sp0-e+ $'(3es /& -!e B#esse+ V$r3$,

+e Be#e,> (,+ -!e H/#) I,&(,- 7es0s" /espondents" /r$3$,(##) -e,-)/,e $, ,0'*er" *r/03!- (, (-$/, (3($,s- E5(#-($/, C(Qe-e

(,+ S/&$( C($-e &/r -!e 4Re/er) /& Pers/,(# Pr/per-$es $-! Wr$- /& A--(!'e,- (,+ D('(3es4 *e&/re -!e C/0r- /& F$rs- I,s-(,e /&

Le)-e" Br(,! IV C$$# C(se N/. =<6<>.!(,r/*#es #( #$*r(r)

Pe-$-$/,ers /0,-ere+ -!(- -!e s0*?e- $'(3es ere e#es$(s-$(# pr/per-$es (,+ -!ere&/re /0-s$+e -!e pr/$,e /& -!e $$# /0r-s" (,+

-!(- resp/,+e,-s" (s 'e'*ers /& (, 0,re3$s-ere+ /r3(,$(-$/," !(+ ,/ #e3(# pers/,(#$-) -/ s0e. O, -!e /-!er !(,+" -!e p#($,-$&&s

pr$(-e resp/,+e,-s !ere$,> '($,-($, -!(- -!ese !(--e#s (re pr/per-$es /& -!e$r C/&r(+$(. 1

T!e /'p#($,- (s #(-er ('e,+e+ -/ $,#0+e Fr. G/'e (s (++$-$/,(# +e&e,+(,- *e(0se (/r+$,3 -/ +e&e,+(,-s (,ser" -!e $'(3e

/& -!e B#esse+ V$r3$, +e Be#e,> (s $, Fr. G/'e 0s-/+). 6

P0rs0(,- -/ ( r$- /& rep#e$, $ss0e+ *) -!e -r$(# /0r- (3($,s- pe-$-$/,ers" -!e #(--er +e#$ere+ -/ resp/,+e,-s -!e p/ssess$/, /& -!e

!(--e#s $, 20es-$/, (,+ -!e ('/0,- /& P1=6.:9 represe,-$,3 -!e &0,+s /& -!e C/&r(+$(. 8

O, O-/*er 1=" 1<=" -!e -r$(# /0r- re,+ere+ $-s +e$s$/," -!e +$sp/s$-$e p/r-$/, /& !$! re(+s?3!(,r/*#es./'.p!

4WHEREFORE" ?0+3'e,- $s !ere*) re,+ere+ +e#(r$,3 -!e p#($,-$&&s" (s 'e'*ers /& -!e C/&r(+$( +e N0es-r( SeQ/r( +e Be#e, /&

T(,(0(," -!e -r0e /,ers $-! r$3!- -/ p/ssess$/, /& -!e $'(3es" es-'e,-s" s-(,+(r+s (,+ &0,+s $, 20es-$/,; /r+er$,3 -!e

+e&e,+(,-s -/ respe- -!e /,ers!$p (,+ p/ssess$/, /& -!e p#($,-$&&s /& s($+ !(--e#s; /r+er$,3 -!e +e&e,+(,-s -/ p()" ?/$,-#) (,+

seer(##)" -!e p#($,-$&&s '/r(# +('(3es $, -!e s0' /& T/ T!/0s(,+ Pes/s P6"@@@.@@> (,+ /-!er s0' /& T/ T!/0s(,+ Pes/s

P6"@@@.@@> (s (--/r,e)s &ees (,+ e5pe,ses /& #$-$3(-$/,; (,+ p() -!e /s-s.



4SO ORDERED.4 =

E#ee, +()s #(-er (,+ /er pe-$-$/,ers $3/r/0s /*?e-$/," -!e -r$(# /0r- (##/e+ -!e $''e+$(-e e5e0-$/, /& -!e (&/res($+ ?0+3'e,-

0p/, -!e &$#$,3 *) resp/,+e,-s /& ( */,+ $, -!e ('/0,- /& P="@@@.@@. 9

O, Appe(# -/ -!e C/0r- /& Appe(#s" -!e &$,+$,3s /& -!e #/er /0r- ere s0*s-(,-$(##) (+/p-e+ *) -!e (ppe##(-e /0r- e5ep- &/r -!e

((r+ /& '/r(# +('(3es. :

He,e" -!$s pe-$-$/,.

I, -!$s (se" pe-$-$/,ers r($se+ -!e &/##/$,3 (ss$3,'e,-s /& err/rs!(,r/*1es $r-0(# 1( #$*r(r)

I. THE COURT A UO ERRED IN ALLOWING THE PLAINTIFFS TO SUE UNDER THE NAME OF THE COFRADIA DE BELEN WHICH HAS

NO CORPORATE PERSONALITY TO SUE AND TO BE SUED.

II. THE COURT A UO ERRED IN TAING COGNIANCE OF THE SUB7ECT MATTER OF THE LITIGATION BY TRYING AND DECIDING

THE CASE SINCE THE ISSUE INVOLVED THE DETERMINATION OF THE OWNERSHIP OF CHURCH PROPERTIES AND THE COURT AUO ERRED IN RECOGNIING THE COMPLAINTS OF THE PLAINTIFFSAPPELLEES WHO HAVE NOT EVEN ESTABLISHED OWNERSHIP

BEYOND REASONABLE DOUBT OF THE PROPERTIES SEIED.

III. THE COURT EXCEEDED ITS POWERS" OR HAD NO 7URISDICTION" WHEN IT TREATED AND DECIDED THE ISSUE ON THE

VALIDITY OR NONVALIDITY OF THE SUSPENSION OF FATHER MANUEL GOME AND THE ISSUE AS TO WHO IS THE LAWFUL PARISH

PRIEST OF TANAUAN" LEYTE" WHICH ACCORDING TO THE COURT WAS THE VERY ROOT OF THE PRESENT CONTROVERSY" THE

MATTER HAVING BEEN ALREADY DECIDED BY ROME IN FAVOR OF FATHER MANUEL GOME.

IV. THE COURT A UO ERRED IN RE7ECTING THE COUNTERBOND FILED BY THE DEFENDANTSAPPELLANTS" THOUGH THE SAME

WAS SUFFICIENT AS TO FORM AND SUBSTANCE AND WAS FILED WITHIN THE REGLEMENTARY PERIOD OF FIVE DAYS FROM THE

DATE OF SEIURE OF SUB7ECT RELIGIOUS PROPERTIES" THUS PREVENTING THE RETURN OF THE SAME TO THE DEFENDANTS.

V. THE COURT A UO ERRED IN 7UMPING TO THE CONCLUSION THAT THE IMAGES ARE NOT CHURCH PROPERTY MERELY ON THE

INCOMPLETE INVENTORY PRESENTED BY FATHER DENNY PARILLA" A NEWLY ORDAINED PRIEST" WHICH INVENTORY OMITTED THE

OTHER PAGES WHERE OTHER IMAGES ARE MENTIONED INCLUDING THE CONTROVERSIAL IMAGES SUB7ECT OF THE INSTANT CASE

VI. THE COURT A UO ERRED IN FAILING TO REALIE THAT THE PROPERTIES IN THE INSTANT CASE ARE GOVERNED BY

4ECCLESIASTICAL LAW" CUSTOM" AND RULE OF THE CHURCH.4 THE COURT A UO ALSO ERRED IN CONSTRUING THE TESTIMONY

OF SIMPLICIA CREER TO MEAN THAT BECAUSE SHE ADMITTED THAT THE IMAGES BELONGED TO THE COFRADIA THEREFORE THEY

ARE NOT CHURCH PROPERTY. THE COURT A UO ALSO ERRED IN ACCEPTING THE CLAIM OF THE PLAINTIFFS THAT THE PARISH

PRIEST HAD NOTHING TO DO WITH THE COFRADIA AND ITS PROPERTIES.

VII. THE COURT A UO ERRED IN APPLYING ARTICLE 99< OF THE CIVIL CODE TO THE INSTANT CASE" SINCE THE ORIGINAL

OWNER" INOCENTA DE VEYRA HAD DONATED THE IMAGES TO THE COFRADIA" AND THEREFORE HAD NOT BEEN UNLAWFULLY

DEPRIVED OF HER PROPERTY. THE DEFENDANTS" WHO ARE BONA FIDE MEMBERS OF THE COFRADIA" CANNOT BE CALLED

UNLAWFUL POSSESSORS OF THE IMAGES. NEITHER CAN THE COURT CONSIDER SEVERINA DE VEYRA AND GENEROSA MAO" THE

GRANDCHILDREN OF INOCENTA DE VEYRA" THE LAWFUL HEIRS" AND THEREFORE OWNERS OF THE IMAGES OF LIEU OF INOCENTA

DE VEYRA.

VIII. THE COURT A UO ERRED IN BUILDING UP ITS THEORY OF THE ORIGINAL OWNERSHIP" FIRST BECAUSE THERE IS NO



UESTION OF RESTORING IT TO THE ORIGINAL OWNER OR THE HEIRS>" AND SECONDLY" BECAUSE THOSE IN POSSESSION

BECAME SO LAWFULLY.

IX. THE COURT A UO ERRED IN AWARDING DAMAGES TO THE PLAINTIFFSAPPELLEES NOTWITHSTANDING THE FACT THAT THEIR

SUPPOSED SUFFERINGS" MORAL OR SPIRITUAL WERE CLEARLY IMAGINARY AND INCONCEIVABLE" AND DESPITE THE FACT THAT

THE DEFENDANTSAPPELLANTS WERE THE ONES WHO HAD REALLY AND ACTUALLY SUFFERED FROM THE HARASSMENTS BY THE

PLAINTIFFSAPPELLEES.

X. THE COURT A UO ERRED AND COMMITTED GRAVE ABUSE OF DISCRETION IN GRANTING VERY PREMATURELY THE MOTION OF

THE PLAINTIFFSAPPELLEES FOR EXECUTION PENDING APPEAL EVEN BEFORE THE DEFENDANTSAPPELLANTS BECAME AWARE OF

THE ADVERSE DECISION AND ALSO BEFORE THEY COULD AVAIL OF THEIR RIGHT TO APPEAL THE CASE WITHIN THE TIME

ALLOWABLE BY LAW; AND IN SPITE OF ABSENCE OF 7USTIFIED" VALID" AND SPECIAL REASONS STATED IN THE MOTION WHY

EXECUTION SHOULD ISSUE PENDING APPEAL OF DEFENDANTSAPPELLANTS" ESPECIALLY WHEN THE OB7ECTS OF PLAINTIFFS

APPELLEES ACTION FOR REPLEVIN WERE ALREADY SECURELY IN THE CUSTODY OF THE COURT" AND AFTER A FEW DAYS AWARDED

THE SAME TO THE PLAINTIFFSAPPELLEES.

S-r$ppe+ -/ *(re esse,-$(#s" $- $## *e /*sere+ -!(- -!e $ss0es r($se+ !ere$, s0! (s (> /'pe-e,e /& -!e $$# /0r-s -/ r0#e /,

(##e3e+#) e#es$(s-$(# $ss0es; *> /,ers!$p /& -!e /,-r/ers$(# $'(3es; (,+ > resp/,+e,-s #e3(# pers/,(#$-) -/ s0e (re *0- (re$-er(-$/, /& !(- pe-$-$/,ers !(e (+(,e+ *e&/re -!e C/0r- /& Appe(#s (,+ -!e #(--er !(s (#re(+) p(sse+ 0p/, -!e' (&-er '(%$,3

( (re&0# +$s0ss$/, /& -!e e$+e,e.!(,r/*#es $r-0(#(#$*r(r) !(,r/*#es./'!(,r/*#es./'.p!

T!0s" -!e C/0r- /& Appe(#s /,#0+e+?3!(,r/*#es./'.p!

4T!e p#($,-$&&s (re s0$,3 $, -!e$r /, *e!(#& (s //,ers /& -!e $'(3es $, 20es-$/,. T!e) 'ere#) (##e3e -/ *e 'e'*ers /& -!e

C/&r(+$( +e Be#e,.

4T!e $'(3es $, 20es-$/, (re ,/- !0r! pr/per-$es. T!e) *e#/,3e+ -/ -!e &/0,+er /& -!e C/&r(+$( !/ +/,(-e+ s($+ $'(3es -/ -!e

'e'*ers /& s($+ re#$3$/0s (ss/$(-$/,.

4T!e s0spe,s$/, /& -!e +e&e,+(,- Fr. M(,0e# G/'e $s ,/- re#e(,- -/ -!e $ss0e $,/#e+. T!e #/er /0r- s$'p#) 'e,-$/,e+ -!e

$,$+e,- (s ( *(%3r/0,+ /& -!e (se.

4T!e e$+e,e ?0s-$&$es -!e ((r+ /& (--/r,e)s &ees (,+ e5pe,ses /& #$-$3(-$/, -/ -!e p#($,-$&&s. T!e +e&e,+(,-s !(+ ,/ r$3!-s -/ re-($,

-!e $'(3es $, 20es-$/,. T/ re/er s($+ $'(3es (,+ -!e$r es-'e,-s -!e p#($,-$&&s !(+ -/ 3/ -/ /0r- (,+ e'p#/) /0,se#.

4H/eer" -!e e20$-) (,+ $r0's-(,es /& -!e (se +/ ,/- (rr(,- (,) ((r+ /& '/r(# +('(3es -/ -!e p#($,-$&&s. As -/ /-!er

'(--ers" -!e #/er /0r- +$+ ,/- /''$- ( reers$*#e err/r.4

Be$,3 *(se+ /, s0*s-(,-$(# e$+e,e" ,/ /3e,- re(s/, /0#+ *e &/0,+ -/ +$s-0r* -!e (*/e &$,+$,3s /& -!e C/0r- /& Appe(#s. As

re$-er(-e+ $, ( #/,3 #$,e /& +e$s$/,s" -!e S0pre'e C/0r- $s ,/- ( -r$er /& &(-s. I, pe-$-$/,s &/r re$e /& +e$s$/,s /& -!e C/0r- /&

Appe(#s" -!e ?0r$s+$-$/, /& -!e S0pre'e C/0r- $s /,&$,e+ -/ ( re$e /& 20es-$/,s /& #(" e5ep- !ere -!e &$,+$,3s /& &(- (re ,/-

s0pp/r-e+ *) -!e re/r+ /r (re s/ 3#(r$,3#) err/,e/0s (s -/ /,s-$-0-e ( ser$/0s (*0se /& +$sre-$/,. <

H/eer" -!e r05 /& -!e /,-r/ers) (ppe(rs -/ *e !/ /& -!e -/ &(-$/,s /0#+ *e e,-$-#e+ -/ p/ssess$/, /& -!e pr/per-$es $,

#$-$3(-$/," (## /& -!e' *e$,3 'e'*ers /& -!e s('e (ss/$(-$/,.!(,r/*#es./' $r-0(# #( #$*r(r)

As /rre-#) r0#e+ *) -!e -r$(# /0r-" -!e 20es-$/, !$! ('e *e&/re $- /,er,s r$3!-s /& pr/per-) !e#+ *) ( re#$3$/0s s/$e-)" s-r$-#)

$,+epe,+e,- /& -!e !0r!. He,e" -!e r$3!-s /& s0! (, /r3(,$(-$/, -/ -!e 0se /& $-s pr/per-) '0s- (/r+$,3#) *e +e-er'$,e+ *)



-!e /r+$,(r) pr$,$p#es !$! 3/er, /#0,-(r) (ss/$(-$/,. 1@

C$-$,3 W(-s/, . 7/,es" 11 $, ( s$'$#(r (se" -!$s C/0r- r0#e+ -!(- -!e 0se /& pr/per-$es /& ( 4re#$3$/0s /,3re3(-$/,4 $, (se /&

s!$s'" $s /,-r/##e+ *) -!e ,0'er$(# '(?/r$-) /& -!e 'e'*ers. T!e '$,/r$-) $, !//s$,3 -/ sep(r(-e -!e'se#es $,-/ ( +$s-$,- */+)

(,+ re&0s$,3 -/ re/3,$e -!e (0-!/r$-) /& -!e 3/er,'e,- */+)" (, #($' ,/ r$3!-s $, -!e pr/per-) &r/' -!e &(- -!(- -!e) /,e !(+

*ee, 'e'*ers.

WHEREFORE" -!e (ss($#e+ +e$s$/, /& -!e C/0r- /& Appe(#s $s !ere*) (&&$r'e+" $, -/-/.

SO ORDERE+.

G.R. No. 1@38. $:C:+# 16, 1999]

;$S%OR &ON&S&O ?. $S%R&$, petitioner, vs. ON. N$%&ON$L L$BOR REL$%&ONS 'O**&SS&ON (o:r#h ivi+ion),'EB '&%Y, 'EN%R$L ;&L&;;&NE N&ON *&SS&ON 'OR;OR$%&ON O %E SE?EN%-$Y $?EN%&S%, ELERE'%OR ?. G$Y$RES, ;$S%ORS REBEN *OR$LE, OS'$R L. $LOLOR, 0&LL&$* . ON$%O, JOEL 0$LES, ELYS$'$Y, G&EON B$%, &S$'$R G$RSL$, EL&SEO OBLE, ;RO&R&O B$L$'Y, $?& ROR&GO, LORE%O*$Y;$, *R. RO G$S$;O, *R. ERON&O &BES$%E, *RS. %ESS&E B$L$'Y, *R. OS&*O =$R$-$N, n/ *R.ELE%ER&O LOB&%$N$, respondents.

SYNO;S&S

Pe-$-$/,er !(+ /r%e+ $-! -!e pr$(-e resp/,+e,- See,-! D() A+e,-$s-s SDA> &/r 6 )e(rs *e&/re !e (s -er'$,(-e+. Pr$/r

-/ s($+ -er'$,(-$/," pe-$-$/,er (s (s%e+ -/ (+'$- (/0,-(*$#$-) &/r -!e !0r! /&&er$,3s /##e-e+ *) !$s $&e $, -!e ('/0,- /&

P19"@.1@. Pe-$-$/,er re&0se+ s$,e $- (s pr$(-e resp/,+e,-s P(s-/r B0!(- (,+ E0&r/,$/ I*es(-e !/ (0-!/r$e+ !$s $&e -/

/##e-. T!ere(&-er pe-$-$/,er re20es-e+ P(s-/r B0!(- -/ /,e,e -!e E5e0-$e C/''$--ee -/ se--#e -!e +$sp0-e *e-ee, !$' (,+

P(s-/r R/+r$3/" *0- -!e #(--er +e,$e+ -!e s('e" (,+ !e(-e+ (r30'e,-s *e-ee, -!e -/ e,s0e+ 0,-$# pe-$-$/,er *(,3e+ -!e

(--(! (se /& P(s-/r B0!(- /, -!e -(*#e" s(--ere+ -!e *//%s (,+ -!re -!e p!/,e. L(-er" (, E5e0-$e C/''$--ee 'ee-$,3 (s

!e#+ !ere -!e ,/,re'$--(,e /& !0r! /##e-$/,s (,+ -!e ee,-s -!(- -r(,sp$re+ ere +$s0sse+. S0*se20e,-#)" pe-$-$/,er ree$e+

( #e--er /& +$s'$ss(# $-$,3 -!ere$, 3r/0,+s &/r -!e -er'$,(-$/, /& !$s ser$es. Pe-$-$/,er -!e, &$#e+ ( /'p#($,- &/r $##e3(# +$s'$ss(#

(,+ ( +e$s$/, (s re,+ere+ $, !$s &(/r. T!e SDA (ppe(#e+ -!e s('e -/ -!e NLRC (,+ (&-er '0! (+/" -!e (se (s +$s'$sse+ &/r

#(% /& ?0r$s+$-$/, /, -!e 3r/0,+ -!(- -!e (se $,/#e+ (, e#ess$(s-$(# (&&($r -/ !$! -!e S-(-e (,,/- $,-er&ere.

T!e (se (- *(r +$+ ,/- /,er, ( p0re#) re#$3$/0s (&&($r (s -/ *(r -!e S-(-e &r/' -(%$,3 /3,$(,e -!ere/&. W!(- $s $,/#e+

!ere $s -!e re#(-$/,s!$p /& -!e !0r! (s (, e'p#/)er (,+ -!e '$,$s-er (s (, e'p#/)ee. T!ere (s ,/ /'p#$(,e /& -!e re20$re'e,-

-!(- -!ere s!/0#+ *e ( r$--e, ,/-$e spe$&)$,3 -!e 3r/0,+s &/r -er'$,(-$/, (,+ 3$$,3 -!e e'p#/)ee re(s/,(*#e /pp/r-0,$-) -/

e5p#($, !$s s$+e. Here" pe-$-$/,er (s ,/- 3$e, e,/03! /pp/r-0,$-) -/ pr/per#) prep(re &/r !$s +e&e,se. A- (,) r(-e" -!e (#$+$-) /&

-!e +$s'$ss(# (,,/- *e s0s-($,e+. T!ere (s ,/ *(s$s &/r -!e #/ss /& /,&$+e,e (,+ *re(! /& -r0s- (s $- (s pe-$-$/,ers $&e !/

/##e-e+ -!e '/,e) (,+ &($#e+ -/ re'$- -!e s('e. O, -!e 3r/0,+ /& ser$/0s '$s/,+0- (,+ /''$ss$/, /& (, /&&e,se (3($,s- -!e

pers/, /& -!e e'p#/)ers +0#) (0-!/r$e+ represe,-(-$e" -!e s('e (s 0,'er$-/r$/0s (s pe-$-$/,ers (-0(-$/,s (,,/- *e /,s$+ere+

3r(e e,/03! -/ *e /,s$+ere+ (s ser$/0s '$s/,+0- -/ 'er$- -!e 0#-$'(-e pe,(#-) /& +$s'$ss(#. T!e, (#s/" -!ere (s ,/ pr//& -!(-

pe-$-$/,er /''$--e+ 3r/ss (,+ !(*$-0(# ,e3#e- /& +0-$es. He,e" s$,e pe-$-$/,er (s $##e3(##) +$s'$sse+" !e $s e,-$-#e+ -/

re$,s-(-e'e,- $-! &0## *(%(3es.

SYLL$BS

1. ;OL&%&'$L L$0D SE;$R$%&ON O 'R' $N S%$%ED EL'&$%E.- T!e r(-$/,(#e /& pr$,$p#e /& sep(r(-$/, /& !0r!

(,+ s-(-e $s s0''e+ 0p $, -!e &('$#$(r s()$,3" S-r/,3 &e,es '(%e 3//+ ,e$3!*/rs. T!e $+e( (+/(-e+ *) -!$s pr$,$p#e $s -/

+e#$,e(-e -!e */0,+(r$es *e-ee, -!e -/ $,s-$-0-$/,s (,+ -!0s (/$+ e,r/(!'e,-s *) /,e (3($,s- -!e /-!er *e(0se /& (

'$s0,+ers-(,+$,3 /& -!e #$'$-s /& -!e$r respe-$e e5#0s$e ?0r$s+$-$/,s. T!e +e'(r(-$/, #$,e (##s /, -!e e,-$-$es -/ re,+er

-!ere&/re 0,-/ Ce(s(r -!e -!$,3s -!(- (re Ce(s(rs (,+ 0,-/ G/+ -!e -!$,3s -!(- (re G/+s. W!$#e -!e S-(-e $s pr/!$*$-e+ &r/'

$,-er&er$,3 $, p0re#) e#es$(s-$(# (&&($rs" -!e C!0r! $s #$%e$se *(rre+ &r/' 'e++#$,3 $, p0re#) se0#(r '(--ers.

. &.D &.D E''LES&$S%&'$L $$&RD EL'&$%E.- A, e#es$(s-$(# (&&($r $s /,e -!(- /,er,s +/-r$,e" ree+" /r &/r' /

/rs!$p /& -!e !0r!" /r -!e (+/p-$/, (,+ e,&/re'e,- $-!$, ( re#$3$/0s (ss/$(-$/, /& ,ee+&0# #(s (,+ re30#(-$/,s &/r -!e

3/er,'e,- /& -!e 'e'*ers!$p" (,+ -!e p/er /& e5#0+$,3 &r/' s0! (ss/$(-$/,s -!/se +ee'e+ 0,/r-!) /



'e'*ers!$p. B(se+ /, -!$s +e&$,$-$/," (, e#es$(s-$(# (&&($r $,/#es -!e re#(-$/,s!$p *e-ee, -!e !0r! (,+ $-s 'e'*ers (,+

re#(-e -/ '(--ers /& &($-!" re#$3$/0s +/-r$,es" /rs!$p (,+ 3/er,(,e /& -!e /,3re3(-$/,. T/ *e /,re-e" e5('p#es /& -!$s s/

(##e+ e#es$(s-$(# (&&($rs -/ !$! -!e S-(-e (,,/- 'e++#e (re pr/ee+$,3s &/r e5/''0,$(-$/," /r+$,(-$/,s /& re#$3$/0s

'$,$s-ers" (+'$,$s-r(-$/, /& s(r('e,-s (,+ /-!er (-$$-$es $-! (--(!e+ re#$3$/0s s$3,$&$(,e.

3. &.D &.D &.D NO% $;;RE'&$%E $S '$SE $% B$R 'ON'ERNS E*;LOY*EN% ;ROBLE*.- T!e (se (- *(r +/es ,/- /,er,

(, e#es$(s-$(# /r p0re#) re#$3$/0s (&&($r (s -/ *(r -!e S-(-e &r/' -(%$,3 /3,$(,e /& -!e s('e. W!$#e -!e '(--er (- !(,+

re#(-es -/ -!e !0r! (,+ $-s re#$3$/0s '$,$s-er $- +/es ,/- ipso facto 3$e -!e (se ( re#$3$/0s s$3,$&$(,e. S$'p#) s-(-e+" !(- $s

$,/#e+ !ere $s -!e re#(-$/,s!$p /& -!e !0r! (s (, e'p#/)er (,+ -!e '$,$s-er (s (, e'p#/)ee. I- $s p0re#) se0#(r (,+ !(s ,/

re#(-$/, !(-s/eer $-! -!e pr(-$e /& &($-!" /rs!$p /r +/-r$,es /& -!e !0r!. I, -!$s (se" pe-$-$/,er (s ,/- e5

/''0,$(-e+ /r e5pe##e+ &r/' -!e 'e'*ers!$p /& -!e SDA *0- (s -er'$,(-e+ &r/' e'p#/)'e,-. I,+ee+" -!e '(--er /&

-er'$,(-$,3 (, e'p#/)ee" !$! $s p0re#) se0#(r $, ,(-0re" $s +$&&ere,- &r/' -!e e#es$(s-$(# (- /& e5pe##$,3 ( 'e'*er &r/'

-!e re#$3$/0s /,3re3(-$/,.

@. L$BOR $N SO'&$L LEG&SL$%&OND E*;LOY*EN%D &S*&SS$L O E*;LOYEESD ;RO?&S&ONS %EREO $;;L&'$BLE%O REL&G&OS 'OR;OR$%&ONS.- U,+er -!e L(*/r C/+e" -!e pr/$s$/, !$! 3/er,s -!e +$s'$ss(# /& e'p#/)ees" $s

/'pre!e,s$e e,/03! -/ $,#0+e re#$3$/0s /rp/r(-$/,s" s0! (s -!e SDA" $, $-s /er(3e. Ar-$#e 6 /& -!e L(*/r C/+e /,

p/s-e'p#/)'e,- s-(-es -!(- -!e pr/$s$/,s /& -!$s T$-#e s!(## (pp#) -/ (## es-(*#$s!'e,-s /r 0,+er-(%$,3s" !e-!er &/r pr/&$- /r

,/-. O*$/0s#)" -!e $-e+ (r-$#e +/es ,/- '(%e (,) e5ep-$/, $, &(/r /& ( re#$3$/0s /rp/r(-$/,. T!$s $s '(+e '/re e$+e,- *)

-!e &(- -!(- -!e R0#es I'p#e'e,-$,3 -!e L(*/r C/+e" p(r-$0#(r#)" Se-$/, 1" R0#e 1" B//% VI /, -!e Ter'$,(-$/, /& E'p#/)'e,-

(,+ Re-$re'e,-" (-e3/r$(##) $,#0+es re#$3$/0s $,s-$-0-$/,s $, -!e /er(3e /& -!e #(. He,e" -!e SDA (,,/- !$+e *e!$,+ -!e

'(,-#e /& pr/-e-$/, /& -!e +/-r$,e /& sep(r(-$/, /& !0r! (,+ s-(-e -/ (/$+ $-s resp/,s$*$#$-$es (s (, e'p#/)er 0,+er -!e

L(*/r C/+e.

5. RE*E&$L L$0D '&?&L ;RO'ERED JR&S&'%&OND ES%O;;ELD R$&S&NG %E &SSE O L$'= O JR&S&'%&ON OR%E &RS% %&*E ON $;;E$L $%ER $'%&?E ;$R%&'&;$%&ON &N %R&$L BELO0.-Pr$(-e resp/,+e,-s (re es-/ppe+ &r/'

r($s$,3 -!e $ss0e /& #(% /& ?0r$s+$-$/, &/r -!e &$rs- -$'e /, (ppe(#. I- $s (#re(+) -// #(-e $, -!e +() &/r pr$(-e resp/,+e,-s -/

20es-$/, -!e ?0r$s+$-$/, /& -!e NLRC (,+ -!e L(*/r Ar*$-er s$,e -!e SDA !(+ &0##) p(r-$$p(-e+ $, -!e -r$(#s (,+ !e(r$,3s /& -!e

(se &r/' s-(r- -/ &$,$s!. T!e C/0r- !(s (#re(+) r0#e+ -!(- -!e (-$e p(r-$$p(-$/, /& ( p(r-) (3($,s- !/' -!e (-$/, (s

*r/03!-" /0p#e+ $-! !$s &($#0re -/ /*?e- -/ -!e ?0r$s+$-$/, /& -!e /0r- /r 20(s$?0+$$(# */+) !ere -!e (-$/, $s pe,+$,3" $s

-(,-('/0,- -/ (, $,/(-$/, /& -!(- ?0r$s+$-$/, (,+ ( $##$,3,ess -/ (*$+e *) -!e res/#0-$/, /& -!e (se (,+ $## *(r s($+ p(r-)

&r/' #(-er /, $'p03,$,3 -!e /0r- /r */+)s ?0r$s+$-$/,. T!0s" -!e (-$e p(r-$$p(-$/, /& pr$(-e resp/,+e,-s $, -!e pr/ee+$,3s

*e&/re -!e L(*/r Ar*$-er (,+ -!e NLRC '//-e+ -!e 20es-$/, /, ?0r$s+$-$/,.

6. &.D E?&EN'ED $'%$L &N&NGS O N$%&ON$L L$BOR REL$%&ONS 'O**&SS&ON, RES;E'%ED E'E;%&ONSD0EN &% &ERS RO* %E &N&NGS O %E L$BOR $RB&%ER.- As ( 3e,er(# r0#e" &$,+$,3s /& &(- /& (+'$,$s-r(-$e

*/+$es #$%e -!e NLRC (re *$,+$,3 0p/, -!$s C/0r-. A re$e /& s0! &$,+$,3s $s ?0s-$&$e+" !/eer" $, $,s-(,es !e, -!e &$,+$,3s/& -!e NLRC +$&&er &r/' -!/se /& -!e #(*/r (r*$-er" (s $, -!$s (se. W!e, -!e &$,+$,3s /& NLRC +/ ,/- (3ree $-! -!/se /& -!e

L(*/r Ar*$-er" -!$s C/0r- '0s- /& ,eess$-) re$e -!e re/r+s -/ +e-er'$,e !$! &$,+$,3s s!/0#+ *e pre&erre+ (s '/re

/,&/r'(*#e -/ -!e e$+e,-$(r) &(-s.

A. L$BOR $N SO'&$L LEG&SL$%&OND E*;LOY*EN%D &S*&SS$L BY E*;LOYERD ?$L&&%YD REH&S&%ES.- I, -er'$,(-$/,

(ses" -!e se--#e+ r0#e $s -!(- -!e *0r+e, /& pr/$,3 -!(- -!e -er'$,(-$/, (s &/r ( (#$+ /r (0-!/r$e+ (0se res-s /, -!e

e'p#/)er. T!0s" pr$(-e resp/,+e,-s '0s- ,/- 'ere#) re#) /, -!e e(%,esses /& pe-$-$/,ers e$+e,e *0- '0s- s-(,+ /, -!e

'er$-s /& -!e$r /, +e&e,se. T!e $ss0e *e$,3 -!e #e3(#$-) /& pe-$-$/,ers +$s'$ss(#" -!e s('e '0s- *e 'e(s0re+ (3($,s- -!e

re20$s$-es &/r ( (#$+ +$s'$ss(#" ,('e#) (> -!e e'p#/)ee '0s- *e (&&/r+e+ +0e pr/ess" i.e.1 !e '0s- *e 3$e, (, /pp/r-0,$-)

-/ *e !e(r+ (,+ -/ +e&e,+ !$'se#&" (,+; *> -!e +$s'$ss(# '0s- *e &/r ( (#$+ (0se (s pr/$+e+ $, Ar-$#e 66 /& -!e L(*/r

C/+e. W$-!/0- -!e /,0rre,e /& -!$s -$, re20$re'e,-s" -!e -er'$,(-$/, /0#+" $, -!e e)es /& -!e #(" *e $##e3(#.

8. &.D &.D &.D &.D &.D NO%&'E O %ER*&N$%&OND &S'SSE.- Be&/re -!e ser$es /& (, e'p#/)ee (, *e (#$+#)-er'$,(-e+" Ar-$#e 6 *> /& -!e L(*/r C/+e (,+ Se-$/, 6" R0#e XXIII" B//% V /& -!e R0#es I'p#e'e,-$,3 -!e L(*/r C/+e

&0r-!er re20$re -!e e'p#/)er -/ &0r,$s! -!e e'p#/)ee $-! -/ 6> r$--e, ,/-$es" -/ $- (> ( r$--e, ,/-$e sere+ /, -!e

e'p#/)ee spe$&)$,3 -!e 3r/0,+ /r 3r/0,+s &/r -er'$,(-$/," (,+ 3$$,3 -/ s($+ e'p#/)ee re(s/,(*#e /pp/r-0,$-) $-!$, !$! -/

e5p#($, !$s s$+e; (,+" *> ( r$--e, ,/-$e /& -er'$,(-$/, sere+ /, -!e e'p#/)ee $,+$(-$,3 -!(- 0p/, +0e /,s$+er(-$/, /& (##

-!e $r0's-(,es" 3r/0,+s !(e *ee, es-(*#$s!e+ -/ ?0s-$&) !$s -er'$,(-$/,. T!e &$rs- ,/-$e" !$! '() *e /,s$+ere+ (s -!e

pr/per !(r3e" seres -/ (ppr$se -!e e'p#/)ee /& -!e p(r-$0#(r (-s /r /'$ss$/,s &/r !$! !$s +$s'$ss(# $s s/03!-. T!e se/,+

,/-$e /, -!e /-!er !(,+ see%s -/ $,&/r' -!e e'p#/)ee /& -!e e'p#/)ers +e$s$/, -/ +$s'$ss !$'. T!$s +e$s$/," !/eer" '0s-

/'e /,#) (&-er -!e e'p#/)ee $s 3$e, ( re(s/,(*#e per$/+ &r/' ree$p- /& -!e &$rs- ,/-$e $-!$, !$! -/ (,ser -!e !(r3e

(,+ ('p#e /pp/r-0,$-) -/ *e !e(r+ (,+ +e&e,+ !$'se#& $-! -!e (ss$s-(,e /& ( represe,-(-$e" $& !e s/ +es$res. T!$s $s $,

/,s/,(,e $-! -!e e5press pr/$s$/, /& #( /, -!e pr/-e-$/, /& #(*/r (,+ -!e *r/(+er +$-(-es /& pr/e+0r(# +0e pr/ess.

N/,/'p#$(,e -!ere$-! $s &(-(# *e(0se -!ese re20$re'e,-s (re /,+$-$/,s sine 6ua non *e&/re +$s'$ss(# '() *e (#$+#)

e&&e-e+.



9. &.D &.D &.D GRONSD BRE$' O %RS%D NO% $;;RE'&$%E.- We (,,/- s0s-($, -!e (#$+$-) /& +$s'$ss(# *(se+ /, -!e

3r/0,+ /& *re(! /& -r0s-. Pr$(-e resp/,+e,-s (##e3e -!(- -!e) !(e #/s- -!e$r /,&$+e,e $, pe-$-$/,er &/r !$s &($#0re" +esp$-e

+e'(,+s" -/ re'$- -!e -$-!es (,+ /&&er$,3s ('/0,-$,3 -/ P19"@.1@" !$! ere /##e-e+ $, !$s +$s-r$-. A (re&0# s-0+) /& -!e

/#0'$,/0s re/r+s /& -!e (se ree(#s -!(- -!ere $s s$'p#) ,/ *(s$s &/r -!e (##e3e+ #/ss /& /,&$+e,e (,+ *re(! /&

-r0s-. Se--#e+ $s -!e r0#e -!(- 0,+er Ar-$#e 66 > /& -!e L(*/r C/+e" -!e *re(! /& -r0s- '0s- *e $##&0#. A *re(! $s $##&0# $& $-

$s +/,e $,-e,-$/,(##)" %,/$,3#) (,+ p0rp/se#)" $-!/0- ?0s-$&$(*#e e50se" (s +$s-$,30$s!e+ &r/' (, (- +/,e (re#ess#)

-!/03!-#ess#)" !ee+#ess#) /r $,(+er-e,-#). I- '0s- res- /, s0*s-(,-$(# 3r/0,+s (,+ ,/- /, -!e e'p#/)ers (r*$-r(r$,ess" !$'s"

(pr$es /r s0sp$$/,; /-!er$se" -!e e'p#/)ee /0#+ e-er,(##) re'($, (- -!e 'er) /& -!e e'p#/)er. I- s!/0#+ *e 3e,0$,e (,+

,/- s$'0#(-e+. T!$s 3r/0,+ !(s ,eer *ee, $,-e,+e+ -/ (&&/r+ (, /(s$/, &/r (*0se" *e(0se /& $-s s0*?e-$e ,(-0re. T!e

re/r+s s!/ -!(- -!ere ere /,#) s$5 :> $,s-(,es !e, pe-$-$/,er pers/,(##) /##e-e+ (,+ ree$e+ &r/' -!e !0r!

-re(s0rers -!e -$-!es" /##e-$/,s" (,+ +/,(-$/,s &/r -!e !0r!. T!e s-e,/3r(p!$ ,/-es /, -!e $-,esses -es-$'/,) s!/ -!(-P(s-/r A0s-r$( (s (*#e -/ re'$- (## !$s /##e-$/,s -/ -!e -re(s0rer /& -!e Ne3r/s M$ss$/,. T!e," pe-$-$/,er (,,/- *e '(+e

(/0,-(*#e &/r -!e (##e3e+ $,&r(-$/, /''$--e+ *) !$s $&e. A&-er (##" -!e) s-$## !(e sep(r(-e (,+ +$s-$,- pers/,(#$-$es. F/r -!$s

re(s/," -!e L(*/r Ar*$-er &/0,+ $- +$&&$0#- -/ see -!e *(s$s &/r -!e (##e3e+ #/ss /& /,&$+e,e (,+ *re(! /& -r0s-. T!e C/0r- +/es

,/- &$,+ (,) /3e,- re(s/," -!ere&/re" -/ +$3ress &r/' -!e &$,+$,3s /& -!e L(*/r Ar*$-er !$! $s &0##) s0pp/r-e+ *) -!e e$+e,e

/, re/r+.

1. &.D &.D &.D &.D SER&OS *&S'ON'% $N 'O**&SS&ON O $N OENSE $G$&NS% %E ;ERSON O %EE*;LOYERS LY $%OR&E RE;RESEN%$%&?ED NO% $;;RE'&$%E.- W$-! respe- -/ -!e 3r/0,+s /& ser$/0s

'$s/,+0- (,+ /''$ss$/, /& (, /&&e,se (3($,s- -!e pers/, /& -!e e'p#/)ers +0#) (0-!/r$e+ represe,-(-$e" e &$,+ -!e s('e

0,'er$-/r$/0s (,+" (s s0!" +/ ,/- (rr(,- pe-$-$/,ers +$s'$ss(# &r/' -!e ser$e. M$s/,+0- !(s *ee, +e&$,e+ (s $'pr/per /r

r/,3 /,+0-. I- $s -!e -r(,s3ress$/, /& s/'e es-(*#$s!e+ (,+ +e&$,$-e r0#e /& (-$/," ( &/r*$++e, (-" ( +ere#$-$/, /& +0-)"

$##&0# $, !(r(-er" (,+ $'p#$es r/,3&0# $,-e,- (,+ ,/- 'ere err/r $, ?0+3'e,-. F/r '$s/,+0- -/ *e /,s$+ere+ ser$/0s $- '0s

*e /& s0! 3r(e (,+ (33r((-e+ !(r(-er (,+ ,/- 'ere#) -r$$(# /r 0,$'p/r-(,-. B(se+ /, -!$s s-(,+(r+" e *e#$ee -!(- -!e(- /& pe-$-$/,er $, *(,3$,3 -!e (--(!e (se /, -!e -(*#e" -!r/$,3 -!e -e#ep!/,e (,+ s(--er$,3 -!e *//%s $, -!e /&&$e /

P(s-/r B0!(-" (#-!/03! $'pr/per" (,,/- *e /,s$+ere+ (s 3r(e e,/03! -/ *e /,s$+ere+ (s ser$/0s '$s/,+0-. A&-er (##"

-!/03! pe-$-$/,er /''$--e+ +('(3e -/ pr/per-)" re/r+s s!/ -!(- !e +$+ ,/- p!)s$(##) (ss(0#- P(s-/r B0!(- /r (,) /-!e

p(s-/r prese,- +0r$,3 -!e $,$+e,-. He,e" -!ere $s ,/ *(s$s &/r -!e (##e3(-$/, -!(- pe-$-$/,ers (- /,s-$-0-e+ ser$/0s '$s/,+0-

/r -!(- -!e s('e (s (, /&&e,se (3($,s- -!e pers/, /& -!e e'p#/)ers +0#) (0-!/r$e+ represe,-(-$e. As s0!" -!e $-e+

(-0(-$/, /& pe-$-$/,er +/es ,/- ?0s-$&) -!e 0#-$'(-e pe,(#-) /& +$s'$ss(# &r/' e'p#/)'e,-. W!$#e -!e C/,s-$-0-$/, +/es ,/-

/,+/,e r/,3+/$,3 *) -!e e'p#/)ee" $- ,eer-!e#ess 0r3es ( '/+er(-$/, /& -!e s(,-$/,s -!(- '() *e (pp#$e+ -/ !$' $, #$3!-

/& -!e '(,) +$s(+(,-(3es -!(- e$3! !e($#) /, !$' #$%e (, (#*(-r/ss /, !$s ,e%. W!ere ( pe,(#-) #ess p0,$-$e /0#+ s0&&$e

!(-eer '$ss-eps '() !(e *ee, /''$--e+ *) -!e /r%er /03!- ,/- *e $s$-e+ $-! ( /,se20e,e s/ seere s0! (s

+$s'$ss(# &r/' e'p#/)'e,-. F/r -!e &/re3/$,3 re(s/,s" e *e#$ee -!(- -!e '$,/r $,&r(-$/, /''$--e+ *) pe-$-$/,er +/es ,/-

'er$- -!e 0#-$'(-e pe,(#-) /& +$s'$ss(#.

11. &.D &.D &.D &.D GROSS $N $B&%$L NEGLE'% O %&ESD NO% $;;RE'&$%E.- T!e &$,(# 3r/0,+ (##e3e+ *) pr$(-e

resp/,+e,-s $, -er'$,(-$,3 pe-$-$/,er" 3r/ss (,+ !(*$-0(# ,e3#e- /& +0-$es" +/es ,/- re20$re (, e5!(0s-$e +$s0ss$/,. S0&&$e $--/ s() -!(- (## pr$(-e resp/,+e,-s !(+ ere (##e3(-$/,s *0- ,/- pr//&. As$+e &r/' 'ere#) $-$,3 -!e s($+ 3r/0,+" pr$(-e

resp/,+e,-s &($#e+ -/ pr/e 0#p(*$#$-) /, -!e p(r- /& pe-$-$/,er. I, &(-" -!e e$+e,e /, re/r+ s!/s /-!er$se. Pe-$-$/,ers r$se

&r/' -!e r(,%s +$s#/se -!(- !e (s (-0(##) ( !(r+/r%er. Pr$(-e resp/,+e,-s e$+e,e" !$! /,s$s-e+ /& pe-$-$/,ers

W/r%ers Rep/r-s" ree(#e+ !/ pe-$-$/,er -r(e##e+ -/ +$&&ere,- !0r!es -/ (--e,+ -/ -!e &($-!&0# 0,+er !$s (re. I,+ee+" !e

#(*/re+ !(r+ &/r -!e SDA" *0-" $, re-0r," !e (s re(r+e+ $-! +$s'$ss(# &r/' -!e ser$e &/r ( ,/,e5$s-e,- (0se.

1. &.D &.D &LLEG$L &S*&SS$LD RE&NS%$%E*EN% $N B$'=0$GES, ;RO;ER . I, $e /& -!e &/re3/$,3" e s0s-($, -!e

&$,+$,3 /& -!e L(*/r Ar*$-er -!(- pe-$-$/,er (s -er'$,(-e+ &r/' ser$e $-!/0- ?0s- /r #(&0# (0se. H($,3 *ee, $##e3(##)

+$s'$sse+" pe-$-$/,er $s e,-$-#e+ -/ re$,s-(-e'e,- -/ !$s &/r'er p/s$-$/, $-!/0- #/ss /& se,$/r$-) r$3!-s (,+ -!e p()'e,- /& &0#

*(%(3es $-!/0- (,) +e+0-$/, /rresp/,+$,3 -/ -!e per$/+ &r/' !$s $##e3(# +$s'$ss(# 0p -/ (-0(# re$,s-(-e'e,-.

E ' & S & O N

=$;N$N, J .7

S0*?e- -/ -!e $,s-(,- pe-$-$/, &/r certiorari 0,+er R0#e :9 /& -!e R0#es /& C/0r- $s -!e Res/#0-$/,1 /& p0*#$ resp/,+e,- N(-$/,(

L(*/r Re#(-$/,s C/''$ss$/, -!e NLRC>" re,+ere+ /, 68 7(,0(r) 1<<:" $, NLRC C(se N/. V@16@<8" e,-$-#e+ P(s-/r D$/,$s$/ V

A0s-r$( vs. Ce,-r(# P!$#$pp$,e U,$/, M$ss$/, C/rp/r(-$/, /& See,-! D() A+e,-$s-s" et. al ." !$! +$s'$sse+ -!e (se &/r $##e3(

+$s'$ss(# &$#e+ *) -!e pe-$-$/,er (3($,s- pr$(-e resp/,+e,-s &/r #(% /& ?0r$s+$-$/,.

Pr$(-e Resp/,+e,- Ce,-r(# P!$#$pp$,e U,$/, M$ss$/, C/rp/r(-$/, /& -!e See,-!D() A+e,-$s-s !ere$,(&-er re&erre+ -/ (s -!e

SDA> $s ( re#$3$/0s /rp/r(-$/, +0#) /r3(,$e+ (,+ e5$s-$,3 0,+er P!$#$pp$,e #( (,+ $s represe,-e+ $, -!$s (se *) -!e /-!er pr$(-e

http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/1999/aug99/124382.htm#_edn1




resp/,+e,-s" /&&$ers /& -!e SDA. Pe-$-$/,er" /, -!e /-!er !(,+" (s ( P(s-/r /& -!e SDA 0,-$# 81 O-/*er 1<<1" !e, !$s ser$es

ere -er'$,(-e+.

T!e re/r+s s!/ -!(- pe-$-$/,er P(s-/r D$/,$s$/ V. A0s-r$( /r%e+ $-! -!e SDA &/r -e,-) e$3!- 6> )e(rs &r/' 1<:8 -/ 1<<16 He *e3(, !$s /r% $-! -!e SDA /, 19 70#) 1<:8 (s ( #$-er(-0re e(,3e#$s-" se##$,3 #$-er(-0re /& -!e SDA /er -!e $s#(,+ /&

Ne3r/s. Fr/' -!e, /," pe-$-$/,er /r%e+ !$s () 0p -!e #(++er (,+ 3/- pr/'/-e+ seer(# -$'es. I, 7(,0(r)" 1<:" pe-$-$/,er *e('e

-!e Ass$s-(,- P0*#$s!$,3 D$re-/r $, -!e Wes- V$s()(, M$ss$/, /& -!e SDA. I, 70#)" 1<6" !e (s e#e(-e+ -/ -!e p/s$-$/, /& P(s-/r $,

-!e Wes- V$s()(, M$ss$/, /er$,3 -!e $s#(,+ /& P(,()" (,+ -!e pr/$,es /& R/'*#/, (,+ G0$'(r(s. Pe-$-$/,er !e#+ -!e s('e p/s$-$/,

0p -/ 1<. F$,(##)" $, 1<<" pe-$-$/,er (s pr/'/-e+ (s D$s-r$- P(s-/r /& -!e Ne3r/s M$ss$/, /& -!e SDA (,+ (s (ss$3,e+ (- S(3()

B(#$,-((% (,+ T/*/s/" Ne3r/s O$+e,-(#" $-! -e#e 16> !0r!es 0,+er !$s ?0r$s+$-$/,. I, 7(,0(r)" 1<<1" pe-$-$/,er (

-r(,s&erre+ -/ B(/#/+ C$-). He !e#+ -!e p/s$-$/, /& +$s-r$- p(s-/r 0,-$# !$s ser$es ere -er'$,(-e+ /, 81 O-/*er 1<<1.

O, (r$/0s /(s$/,s &r/' A030s- 0p -/ O-/*er" 1<<1" pe-$-$/,er ree$e+ seer(# /''0,$(-$/,s8 &r/' Mr. E0&r/,$/ I*es(-e

-!e -re(s0rer /& -!e Ne3r/s M$ss$/, (s%$,3 !$' -/ (+'$- (/0,-(*$#$-) (,+ resp/,s$*$#$-) &/r -!e !0r! -$-!es (,+ /&&er$,3s /##e-e+

*) !$s $&e" Mrs. T!e#'( A0s-r$(" $, !$s +$s-r$- !$! ('/0,-e+ -/ P19"@.1@" (,+ -/ re'$- -!e s('e -/ -!e Ne3r/s M$ss$/,.

I, !$s r$--e, e5p#(,(-$/, +(-e+ 11 O-/*er 1<<1"= pe-$-$/,er re(s/,e+ /0- -!(- !e s!/0#+ ,/- *e '(+e (/0,-(*#e &/r -!e

0,re'$--e+ /##e-$/,s s$,e $- (s pr$(-e resp/,+e,-s P(s-/r G$+e/, B0!(- (,+ Mr. E0&r/,$/ I*es(-e !/ (0-!/r$e+ !$s $&e -/

/##e- -!e -$-!es (,+ /&&er$,3s s$,e !e (s er) s$% -/ +/ -!e /##e-$,3 (- -!(- -$'e.

T!ere(&-er" /, 1: O-/*er 1<<1" (- (r/0,+ 8@ (.'." pe-$-$/,er e,- -/ -!e /&&$e /& P(s-/r B0!(-" -!e pres$+e,- /& -!e Ne3r/s

M$ss$/,. D0r$,3 s($+ (##" pe-$-$/,er -r$e+ -/ pers0(+e P(s-/r B0!(- -/ /,e,e -!e E5e0-$e C/''$--ee &/r -!e p0rp/se /& se--#$,3

-!e +$sp0-e *e-ee, !$' (,+ -!e pr$(-e resp/,+e,-" P(s-/r D($+ R/+r$3/. T!e +$sp0-e *e-ee, P(s-/r R/+r$3/ (,+ pe-$-$/,er (r/se

&r/' (, $,$+e,- $, !$! pe-$-$/,er (ss$s-e+ !$s &r$e,+" D(,,) D$('(+(" -/ /##e- &r/' P(s-/r R/+r$3/ -!e 0,p($+ *(#(,e &/r -!e

rep($r /& -!e #(--ers '/-/r e!$#e !$! !e &($#e+ -/ p() -/ D$('(+(. 9 D0e -/ -!e (ss$s-(,e /& pe-$-$/,er $, /##e-$,3 P(s-/r

R/+r$3/s +e*-" -!e #(--er !(r*/re+ $##&ee#$,3s (3($,s- pe-$-$/,er. W!e, ,es re(!e+ pe-$-$/,er -!(- P(s-/r R/+r$3/ (s (*/0- -/ &$#e (

/'p#($,- (3($,s- !$' $-! -!e Ne3r/s M$ss$/," !e $''e+$(-e#) pr/ee+e+ -/ -!e /&&$e /& P(s-/r B0!(- /, -!e +(-e (*/e'e,-$/,e+

(,+ (s%e+ -!e #(--er -/ /,e,e -!e E5e0-$e C/''$--ee. P(s-/r B0!(- +e,$e+ -!e re20es- /& pe-$-$/,er s$,e s/'e /''$--ee

'e'*ers ere /0- /& -/, (,+ -!ere (s ,/ 20/r0'. T!ere(&-er" -!e -/ e5!(,3e+ !e(-e+ (r30'e,-s. Pe-$-$/,er -!e, #e&- -!e

/&&$e /& P(s-/r B0!(-. W!$#e /, !$s () /0-" pe-$-$/,er /er!e(r+ P(s-/r B0!(- s()$,3" P(s-/r +( $,$s/3 ,( $,( $)( P(s-/r )/0 (re

-(#%$,3 -/03!>.: Ir%e+ *) s0! re'(r%" pe-$-$/,er re-0r,e+ -/ -!e /&&$e /& P(s-/r B0!(-" (,+ -r$e+ -/ /er-0r, -!e #(--ers -(*#e"

-!/03! 0,s0ess&0##)" s$,e $- (s !e(). T!ere(&-er" pe-$-$/,er *(,3e+ -!e (--(!e (se /& P(s-/r B0!(- /, -!e -(*#e" s(--ere+ -!e

*//%s $, !$s /&&$e" (,+ -!re -!e p!/,e. F/r-0,(-e#)" pr$(-e resp/,+e,-s P(s-/rs Y/,$#/ Le/p/#+/ (,+ C#(0+$/ M/,-(/ ere (r/0,+

(,+ -!e) p($&$e+ */-! P(s-/r B0!(- (,+ pe-$-$/,er.

O, 1 O-/*er 1<<1" pe-$-$/,er ree$e+ ( #e--er $,$-$,3 !$' (,+ !$s $&e -/ (--e,+ -!e E5e0-$e C/''$--ee 'ee-$,3 (- -!e

Ne3r/s M$ss$/, C/,&ere,e R//' /, 61 O-/*er 1<<1" (- ,$,e $, -!e '/r,$,3. T/ *e +$s0sse+ $, -!e 'ee-$,3 ere -!e ,/,re'$--(,e /& !0r! /##e-$/, (,+ -!e ee,-s -!(- -r(,sp$re+ /, 1: O-/*er 1<<1. A &(-&$,+$,3 /''$--ee (s re(-e+ -/

$,es-$3(-e pe-$-$/,er. F/r -/ 6> +()s" &r/' O-/*er 61 (,+ 66" -!e &(-&$,+$,3 /''$--ee /,+0-e+ (, $,es-$3(-$/, /&

pe-$-$/,er. Se,s$,3 -!(- -!e res0#- /& -!e $,es-$3(-$/, '$3!- *e /,es$+e+" pe-$-$/,er $''e+$(-e#) r/-e P(s-/r R0e*e, M/r(#+e"

pres$+e,- /& -!e SDA (,+ !($r'(, /& -!e &(-&$,+$,3 /''$--ee" re20es-$,3 -!(- er-($, 'e'*ers /& -!e &(-&$,+$,3 /''$--ee *e

e5#0+e+ $, -!e $,es-$3(-$/, (,+ res/#0-$/, /& -!e (se. <O0- /& -!e s$5 :> 'e'*ers re20es-e+ -/ $,!$*$- -!e'se#es &r/' -!e

$,es-$3(-$/, (,+ +e$s$/,'(%$,3" /,#) -/ 6> ere (-0(##) e5#0+e+" ,('e#) P(s-/r B0!(- (,+ P(s-/r R/+r$3/. S0*se20e,-#)" /,

6< O-/*er 1<<1" pe-$-$/,er ree$e+ ( #e--er /& +$s'$ss(#1@ $-$,3 '$s(ppr/pr$(-$/, /& +e,/'$,(-$/,(# &0,+s" $##&0# *re(! /& -r0s-

ser$/0s '$s/,+0-" 3r/ss (,+ !(*$-0(# ,e3#e- /& +0-$es" (,+ /''$ss$/, /& (, /&&e,se (3($,s- -!e pers/, /& e'p#/)ers +0#)

(0-!/r$e+ represe,-(-$e" (s 3r/0,+s &/r -!e -er'$,(-$/, /& !$s ser$es.

Re(-$,3 (3($,s- -!e (+erse +e$s$/, /& -!e SDA" pe-$-$/,er &$#e+ ( /'p#($,-11 /, 1= N/e'*er 1<<1" *e&/re -!e L(*/r Ar*$-e

&/r $##e3(# +$s'$ss(# (3($,s- -!e SDA (,+ $-s /&&$ers (,+ pr()e+ &/r re$,s-(-e'e,- $-! *(%(3es (,+ *e,e&$-s" '/r(# (,+ e5e'p#(r)

+('(3es (,+ /-!er #(*/r #( *e,e&$-s.

O, 19 Fe*r0(r) 1<<8" L(*/r Ar*$-er Ces(r D. S$+e/ re,+ere+ ( +e$s$/, $, &(/r /& pe-$-$/,er" -!e +$sp/s$-$e p/r-$/, /& !$!

re(+s -!0s

WHEREFORE" PREMISES CONSIDERED" resp/,+e,-s CENTRAL PHILIPPINE UNION MISSION CORPORATION OF THE SEVENTHDAY

ADVENTISTS CPUMCSDA> (,+ $-s /&&$ers" resp/,+e,-s !ere$," (re !ere*) /r+ere+ -/ $''e+$(-e#) re$,s-(-e /'p#($,(,- P(s-/r

D$/,$s$/ A0s-r$( -/ !$s &/r'er p/s$-$/, (s P(s-/r /& Br3). T(0#$,3" Pr/3res/ (,+ B(,(3/" B(/#/+ C$-)" $-!/0- #/ss /& se,$/r$-) (,+

/-!er r$3!-s (,+ *(%(3es $, -!e ('/0,- /& ONE HUNDRED FIFTEEN THOUSAND EIGHT HUNDRED THIRTY PESOS P119"8@.@@>

$-!/0- +e+0-$/,s (,+ 20(#$&$(-$//,s.

Resp/,+e,- CPUMCSDA $s &0r-!er /r+ere+ -/ p() /'p#($,(,- -!e &/##/$,3

























A. 18-! '/,-! p() P61"@:@.@@

B. A##/(,e P ="@.8

C. Ser$e I,e,-$e

Le(e P() P 8"=:1.9

D. M/r(# D('(3es P9@"@@@.@@

E. E5e'p#(r)

D('(3es P69"@@@.@@

F. A--/r,e)s Fee P66"@16.6

SO ORDERED.16

T!e SDA" -!r/03! $-s /&&$ers" (ppe(#e+ -!e +e$s$/, /& -!e L(*/r Ar*$-er -/ -!e N(-$/,(# L(*/r Re#(-$/,s C/''$ss$/," F/0r-!

D$$s$/," Ce*0 C$-). I, ( +e$s$/," +(-e+ 6: A030s- 1<<=" -!e NLRC ((-e+ -!e &$,+$,3s /& -!e L(*/r Ar*$-er. T!e +ere-(# p/r-$/, /

-!e NLRC +e$s$/, s-(-es

WHEREFORE" -!e De$s$/, (ppe(#e+ &r/' $s !ere*) VACATED (,+ ( ,e /,e ENTERED +$s'$ss$,3 -!$s (se &/r (,- /& 'er$-.

SO ORDERED.18

Pe-$-$/,er &$#e+ ( '/-$/, &/r re/,s$+er(-$/, /& -!e (*/e,('e+ +e$s$/,. O, 1 70#) 1<<9" -!e NLRC $ss0e+ ( Res/#0-$/,

reers$,3 $-s /r$3$,(# +e$s$/,. T!e +$sp/s$-$e p/r-$/, /& -!e res/#0-$/, re(+s

WHEREFORE" pre'$ses /,s$+ere+" O0r +e$s$/, +(-e+ A030s- 6:" 1<<= $s VACATED (,+ -!e +e$s$/, /& -!e L(*/r Ar*$-er +(-e+

Fe*r0(r) 19" 1<<8 $s REINSTATED.

SO ORDERED.1=

I, $e /& -!e reers(# /& -!e /r$3$,(# +e$s$/, /& -!e NLRC" -!e SDA &$#e+ ( '/-$/, &/r re/,s$+er(-$/, /& -!e (*/e

res/#0-$/,. N/-(*#e $, -!e '/-$/, &/r re/,s$+er(-$/, &$#e+ *) pr$(-e resp/,+e,-s $s -!e$r $,/(-$/," &/r -!e &$rs- -$'e /, (ppe(#" -!(-

-!e L(*/r Ar*$-er !(s ,/ ?0r$s+$-$/, /er -!e /'p#($,- &$#e+ *) pe-$-$/,er +0e -/ -!e /,s-$-0-$/,(# pr/$s$/, /, -!e sep(r(-$/, /&

!0r! (,+ s-(-e s$,e -!e (se (##e3e+#) $,/#e+ (,+ e#es$(s-$(# (&&($r -/ !$! -!e S-(-e (,,/- $,-er&ere.

T!e NLRC" $-!/0- r0#$,3 /, -!e 'er$-s /& -!e (se" reerse+ $-se#& /,e (3($," s0s-($,e+ -!e (r30'e,- p/se+ *) pr$(-e

resp/,+e,-s (,+" (/r+$,3#)" +$s'$sse+ -!e /'p#($,- /& pe-$-$/,er. T!e +$sp/s$-$e p/r-$/, /& -!e NLRC res/#0-$/, +(-e+ 68 7(,0(r)

1<<:" s0*?e- /& -!e prese,- pe-$-$/," $s (s &/##/s

WHEREFORE" $, $e /& (## -!e &/re3/$,3" -!e $,s-(,- '/-$/, &/r re/,s$+er(-$/, $s !ere*) 3r(,-e+. A/r+$,3#)" -!$s (se $s !ere*)

DISMISSED &/r #(% /& ?0r$s+$-$/,.

SO ORDERED.

19

He,e" -!e re/0rse -/ -!$s C/0r- *) pe-$-$/,er.

A&-er -!e &$#$,3 /& -!e pe-$-$/," -!e C/0r- /r+ere+ -!e O&&$e /& -!e S/#$$-/r Ge,er(# -!e OSG> -/ &$#e $-s /''e,- /, *e!(#& /&

p0*#$ resp/,+e,- NLRC. I,-eres-$,3#)" -!e OSG &$#e+ ( '(,$&es-(-$/, (,+ '/-$/, $, #$e0 /& /''e,- 1: se--$,3 &/r-! $-s s-(,+ -!(- $

(,,/- s0s-($, -!e res/#0-$/, /& -!e NLRC. I, $-s '(,$&es-(-$/," -!e OSG s0*'$-s -!(- -!e -er'$,(-$/, /& pe-$-$/,er /& !$s e'p#/)'e,

'() *e 20es-$/,e+ *e&/re -!e NLRC (s -!e s('e $s se0#(r $, ,(-0re" ,/- e#es$(s-$(#. A&-er -!e s0*'$ss$/, /& 'e'/r(,+( /& (## -!e

p(r-$es" -!e (se (s s0*'$--e+ &/r +e$s$/,.

T!e $ss0es -/ *e res/#e+ $, -!$s pe-$-$/, (re














1> W!e-!er /r ,/- -!e L(*/r Ar*$-erKNLRC !(s ?0r$s+$-$/, -/ -r) (,+ +e$+e -!e /'p#($,- &$#e+ *) pe-$-$/,er (3($,s- -!e

SDA;

6> W!e-!er /r ,/- -!e -er'$,(-$/, /& -!e ser$es /& pe-$-$/,er $s (, e#es$(s-$(# (&&($r" (,+" (s s0!" $,/#es -!e

sep(r(-$/, /& !0r! (,+ s-(-e; (,+

8> W!e-!er /r ,/- s0! -er'$,(-$/, $s (#$+.

T!e &$rs- -/ $ss0es s!(## *e res/#e+ ?/$,-#)" s$,e -!e) (re re#(-e+.

Pr$(-e resp/,+e,-s /,-e,+ -!(- *) $r-0e /& -!e +/-r$,e /& sep(r(-$/, /& !0r! (,+ s-(-e" -!e L(*/r Ar*$-er (,+ -!e NLRC

!(e ,/ ?0r$s+$-$/, -/ e,-er-($, -!e /'p#($,- &$#e+ *) pe-$-$/,er. S$,e -!e '(--er (- *(r (##e3e+#) $,/#es -!e +$s$p#$,e /& (

re#$3$/0s '$,$s-er" $- $s -/ *e /,s$+ere+ ( p0re#) e#es$(s-$(# (&&($r -/ !$! -!e S-(-e !(s ,/ r$3!- -/ $,-er&ere.

T!e /,-e,-$/, /& pr$(-e resp/,+e,-s +eseres s(,- /,s$+er(-$/,. T!e pr$,$p#e /& sep(r(-$/, /& !0r! (,+ s-(-e &$,+s ,/

(pp#$(-$/, $, -!$s (se.

T!e r(-$/,(#e /& -!e pr$,$p#e /& -!e sep(r(-$/, /& !0r! (,+ s-(-e $s s0''e+ 0p $, -!e &('$#$(r s()$,3" S-r/,3 &e,es '(%e

3//+ ,e$3!*/rs.1 T!e $+e( (+/(-e+ *) -!$s pr$,$p#e $s -/ +e#$,e(-e -!e */0,+(r$es *e-ee, -!e -/ $,s-$-0-$/,s (,+ -!0s (/$+

e,r/(!'e,-s *) /,e (3($,s- -!e /-!er *e(0se /& ( '$s0,+ers-(,+$,3 /& -!e #$'$-s /& -!e$r respe-$e e5#0s$e ?0r$s+$-$/,s.1 T!e

+e'(r(-$/, #$,e (##s /, -!e e,-$-$es -/ re,+er -!ere&/re 0,-/ Ce(s(r -!e -!$,3s -!(- (re Ce(s(rs (,+ 0,-/ G/+ -!e -!$,3s -!(- (re

G/+s.1< W!$#e -!e S-(-e $s pr/!$*$-e+ &r/' $,-er&er$,3 $, p0re#) e#es$(s-$(# (&&($rs" -!e C!0r! $s #$%e$se *(rre+ &r/' 'e++#$,3 $,

p0re#) se0#(r '(--ers.6@

T!e (se (- *(r +/es ,/- /,er, (, e#es$(s-$(# /r p0re#) re#$3$/0s (&&($r (s -/ *(r -!e S-(-e &r/' -(%$,3 /3,$(,e /& -!e

s('e. A, e#es$(s-$(# (&&($r $s /,e -!(- /,er,s +/-r$,e" ree+" /r &/r' /r /rs!$p /& -!e !0r!" /r -!e (+/p-$/, (,+ e,&/re'e,

$-!$, ( re#$3$/0s (ss/$(-$/, /& ,ee+&0# #(s (,+ re30#(-$/,s &/r -!e 3/er,'e,- /& -!e 'e'*ers!$p" (,+ -!e p/er /& e5#0+$,3

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re'$--(,e /& -!e -$-!es /##e-e+ *) !$s $&e. T!$s (r30'e,- +eseres #$--#e /,s$+er(-$/,. F$rs- /& (##" (s pr/e, *) /,$,$,3 (,+

s0*s-(,-$(# e$+e,e /,s$s-$,3 /& -!e -es-$'/,$es /& -!e $-,esses &/r pr$(-e resp/,+e,-s !/ (re !0r! -re(s0rers" $- (s Mrs.

T!e#'( A0s-r$( !/ (-0(##) /##e-e+ -!e -$-!es (,+ +/,(-$/,s &r/' -!e'" (,+" !/ &($#e+ -/ re'$- -!e s('e -/ -!e -re(s0rer /& -!e

Ne3r/s M$ss$/,. T!e -es-$'/,) /& -!ese !0r! -re(s0rers ere /rr/*/r(-e+ (,+ /,&$r'e+ *) Ms. Ge,$e*#( (,+ Mr. I*es(-e" /&&$ers

/& -!e SDA. He,e" $, -!e (*se,e /& /,sp$r() (,+ /##0s$/," !$! pr$(-e resp/,+e,-s &($#e+ -/ +e'/,s-r(-e" *e-ee, pe-$-$/,er

(,+ !$s $&e" pe-$-$/,er (,,/- *e '(+e (/0,-(*#e &/r -!e (##e3e+ $,&r(-$/, /''$--e+ *) !$s $&e. A&-er (##" -!e) s-$## !(e

sep(r(-e (,+ +$s-$,- pers/,(#$-$es. F/r -!$s re(s/," -!e L(*/r Ar*$-er &/0,+ $- +$&&$0#- -/ see -!e *(s$s &/r -!e (##e3e+ #/ss /&

/,&$+e,e (,+ *re(! /& -r0s-. T!e C/0r- +/es ,/- &$,+ (,) /3e,- re(s/," -!ere&/re" -/ +$3ress &r/' -!e &$,+$,3s /& -!e L(*/r

Ar*$-er !$! $s &0##) s0pp/r-e+ *) -!e e$+e,e /, re/r+.

W$-! respe- -/ -!e 3r/0,+s /& ser$/0s '$s/,+0- (,+ /''$ss$/, /& (, /&&e,se (3($,s- -!e pers/, /& -!e e'p#/)ers +0#)

(0-!/r$e+ represe,-(-$e" e &$,+ -!e s('e 0,'er$-/r$/0s (,+" (s s0!" +/ ,/- (rr(,- pe-$-$/,ers +$s'$ss(# &r/' -!e ser$e.

M$s/,+0- !(s *ee, +e&$,e+ (s $'pr/per /r r/,3 /,+0-. I- $s -!e -r(,s3ress$/, /& s/'e es-(*#$s!e+ (,+ +e&$,$-e r0#e /&

(-$/," ( &/r*$++e, (-" ( +ere#$-$/, /& +0-)" $##&0# $, !(r(-er" (,+ $'p#$es r/,3&0# $,-e,- (,+ ,/- 'ere err/r $, ?0+3'e,-. =8 F/

'$s/,+0- -/ *e /,s$+ere+ ser$/0s $- '0s- *e /& s0! 3r(e (,+ (33r((-e+ !(r(-er (,+ ,/- 'ere#) -r$$(# /r 0,$'p/r-(,-.== B(se+ /, -!$s s-(,+(r+" e *e#$ee -!(- -!e (- /& pe-$-$/,er $, *(,3$,3 -!e (--(!e (se /, -!e -(*#e" -!r/$,3 -!e -e#ep!/,e (,+

s(--er$,3 -!e *//%s $, -!e /&&$e /& P(s-/r B0!(-" (#-!/03! $'pr/per" (,,/- *e /,s$+ere+ (s 3r(e e,/03! -/ *e /,s$+ere+ (s

ser$/0s '$s/,+0-. A&-er (##" (s /rre-#) /*sere+ *) -!e L(*/r Ar*$-er" -!/03! pe-$-$/,er /''$--e+ +('(3e -/ pr/per-)" !e +$+ ,/-

p!)s$(##) (ss(0#- P(s-/r B0!(- /r (,) /-!er p(s-/r prese,- +0r$,3 -!e $,$+e,- /& 1: O-/*er 1<<1. I, &(-" -!e (##e3e+ /&&e,se

/''$--e+ 0p/, -!e pers/, /& -!e e'p#/)ers represe,-(-$es (s ,eer re(##) es-(*#$s!e+ /r pr/e, *) pr$(-e resp/,+e,-s.He,e"

-!ere $s ,/ *(s$s &/r -!e (##e3(-$/, -!(- pe-$-$/,ers (- /,s-$-0-e+ ser$/0s '$s/,+0- /r -!(- -!e s('e (s (, /&&e,se (3($,s- -!e

pers/, /& -!e e'p#/)ers +0#) (0-!/r$e+ represe,-(-$e. As s0!" -!e $-e+ (-0(-$/, /& pe-$-$/,er +/es ,/- ?0s-$&) -!e 0#-$'(-e

pe,(#-) /& +$s'$ss(# &r/' e'p#/)'e,-. W!$#e -!e C/,s-$-0-$/, +/es ,/- /,+/,e r/,3+/$,3 *) -!e e'p#/)ee" $- ,eer-!e#ess 0r3es

( '/+er(-$/, /& -!e s(,-$/,s -!(- '() *e (pp#$e+ -/ !$' $, #$3!- /& -!e '(,) +$s(+(,-(3es -!(- e$3! !e($#) /, !$' #$%e (,

(#*(-r/ss /, !$s ,e%.=9 W!ere ( pe,(#-) #ess p0,$-$e /0#+ s0&&$e" !(-eer '$ss-eps '() !(e *ee, /''$--e+ *) -!e /r%er

/03!- ,/- *e $s$-e+ $-! ( /,se20e,e s/ seere s0! (s +$s'$ss(# &r/' e'p#/)'e,-.=: F/r -!e &/re3/$,3 re(s/,s" e *e#$ee -!(-

-!e '$,/r $,&r(-$/, /''$--e+ *) pe-$-$/,er +/es ,/- 'er$- -!e 0#-$'(-e pe,(#-) /& +$s'$ss(#.

T!e &$,(# 3r/0,+ (##e3e+ *) pr$(-e resp/,+e,-s $, -er'$,(-$,3 pe-$-$/,er" 3r/ss (,+ !(*$-0(# ,e3#e- /& +0-$es" +/es ,/- re20$res

(, e5!(0s-$e +$s0ss$/,. S0&&$e $- -/ s() -!(- (## pr$(-e resp/,+e,-s !(+ ere (##e3(-$/,s *0- ,/- pr//&. As$+e &r/' 'ere#) $-$,3

-!e s($+ 3r/0,+" pr$(-e resp/,+e,-s &($#e+ -/ pr/e 0#p(*$#$-) /, -!e p(r- /& pe-$-$/,er. I, &(-" -!e e$+e,e /, re/r+ s!/s

/-!er$se. Pe-$-$/,ers r$se &r/' -!e r(,%s +$s#/se -!(- !e (s (-0(##) ( !(r+/r%er. Pr$(-e resp/,+e,-s e$+e,e"= !$!

/,s$s-e+ /& pe-$-$/,ers W/r%ers Rep/r-s" ree(#e+ !/ pe-$-$/,er -r(e##e+ -/ +$&&ere,- !0r!es -/ (--e,+ -/ -!e &($-!&0# 0,+er !$s

























(re. I,+ee+" !e #(*/re+ !(r+ &/r -!e SDA" *0-" $, re-0r," !e (s re(r+e+ $-! ( +$s'$ss(# &r/' -!e ser$e &/r ( ,/,e5$s-e,-

(0se.

I, $e /& -!e &/re3/$,3" e s0s-($, -!e &$,+$,3 /& -!e L(*/r Ar*$-er -!(- pe-$-$/,er (s -er'$,(-e+ &r/' ser$e $-!/0- ?0s- /r

#(&0# (0se. H($,3 *ee, $##e3(##) +$s'$sse+" pe-$-$/,er $s e,-$-#e+ -/ re$,s-(-e'e,- -/ !$s &/r'er p/s$-$/, $-!/0- #/ss /& se,$/r$-)

r$3!-= (,+ -!e p()'e,- /& &0## *(%(3es $-!/0- (,) +e+0-$/, /rresp/,+$,3 -/ -!e per$/+ &r/' !$s $##e3(# +$s'$ss(# 0p -/ (-0(

re$,s-(-e'e,-.=<

0EREORE" -!e pe-$-$/, &/r certiorari $s GRANTED. T!e !(##e,3e+ Res/#0-$/, /& p0*#$ resp/,+e,- N(-$/,(# L(*/r Re#(-$/,s

C/''$ss$/," re,+ere+ /, 68 7(,0(r) 1<<:" $s NULLIFIED (,+ SET ASIDE. T!e De$s$/, /& -!e L(*/r Ar*$-er" +(-e+ 19 Fe*r0(r) 1<<8

$s re$,s-(-e+ (,+ !ere*) AFFIRMED.

SO ORERE.

G.R. No+. 13@963-6@ Se#ember A, 1

$LREO LONG n/ EL& $L*ER&$, pe-$-$/,ers"

s.

LY&$ B$S$, $N%ONY S$YEEL&$* n/ Y$O 'E=, resp/,+e,-s.

55

G.R. NOS. 13515-53 Se#ember A, 1

L&* 'E BOON, %$N ON =O', JOSE; L&* n/ L& YE= SEE, pe-$-$/,ers"

s.


55

G.R. NO. 13A135 Se#ember A, 1

L&* 'E BOON, %$N ON =O', JOSE; L&* n/ L& YE= SEE, pe-$-$/,ers"

s.


S$NO?$L-G%&ERRE, J .7







T!ese (re /,s/#$+(-e+ (ses $,/#$,3 ( re#$3$/0s /rp/r(-$/, !/se B/(r+ /& D$re-/rs !(+ e5pe##e+ er-($, 'e'*ers -!ere/& /,

p0re#) sp$r$-0(# /r re#$3$/0s 3r/0,+s s$,e -!e) re&0se+ -/ &/##/ $-s -e(!$,3s (,+ +/-r$,es. T!e /,-r/ers) !ere e,-ers /, -!e

#e3(#$-) /& -!e e5p0#s$/,.

T!e &(-s" (s &/0,+ *) -!e C/0r- /& Appe(#s (,+ (s 0##e+ &r/' -!e /#0'$,/0s re/r+s /& -!ese (ses" '() *e s-(-e+ (s &/##/s

I, 1<8" ( re#$3$/0s 3r/0p %,/, (s 4T!e C!0r! I, 0e/, C$-) C!0r! Asse'*#) H(##>" I,/rp/r(-e+4 4CHURCH4 &/r *re$-)>"

#/(-e+ (- 1=@ T(#()(, S-." T(#()(, V$##(3e" 0e/, C$-)" (s /r3(,$e+ (s 4(, e,-$-) /& -!e *r/-!er!//+ $, C!r$s-.4 1

I- (s re3$s-ere+ $, -!e s('e )e(r $-! -!e Se0r$-$es (,+ E5!(,3e C/''$ss$/, SEC> (s ( ,/,s-/%" ,/,pr/&$- re#$3$/0s/rp/r(-$/, &/r -!e (+'$,$s-r(-$/, /& $-s -e'p/r(#$-$es /r -!e '(,(3e'e,- /& $-s pr/per-$es.6

T!e Ar-$#es /& I,/rp/r(-$/, (,+ B)#(s /& -!e CHURCH +eree -!(- $-s (&&($rs (,+ /per(-$/, s!(## *e '(,(3e+ *) ( B/(r+ /&

D$re-/rs /,s$s-$,3 /& s$5 :> 'e'*ers"8 !/ s!(## *e 'e'*ers /& -!e CHURCH.=

As ( 4*r/-!er!//+ $, C!r$s-"4 -!e CHURCH e'*r(e+ -!e 4Pr$,$p#es /& F($-!4 -!(- 4eer) 'e'*er /r /&&$er4 -!ere/& 4s!(##" $-!/0-

'e,-(# reser(-$/," (+!ere s-r$-#) -/ -!e +/-r$,e" -e(!$,3 (,+ &($-! *e$,3 /*sere+ *) -!e CHURCH> $, pr/#($'$,3 -!e G/spe# /&

C!r$s-" -/ s(e #/s- s/0#s" -/ #e(+ 'e, $, /rs!$pp$,3 -!e -r0e G/+" $, (/r+(,e $-! -!e H/#) B$*#e (,+ -/ *e#$ee

(> T!e O#+ (,+ -!e Ne Tes-('e,-s /'pr$s$,3 -!e H/#) B$*#e (s $,sp$re+ *) G/+;

*> T!e Tr$,$-) /& -!e G/+He(+" !$! $s G/+ -!e F(-!er" G/+ -!e S/, (,+ G/+ -!e H/#) Sp$r$-.

> T!(- 7es0s C!r$s-" -!e /,#) *e3/--e, S/, /& -!e L$$,3 G/+" /,e$e+ *) -!e V$r3$, M(r) -!r/03! -!e H/#) Sp$r$-" (,+

p/ssess$,3 -!e ,(-0re /& */-! G/+ (,+ '(," (,+ !/ +$e+ /, -!e r/ss -/ s(e '(,%$,+" (s *0r$e+" r/se (3($, /, -!e

-!$r+ +()" !(s (se,+e+ 0p -/ !e(e," (,+ $## /'e *(% -/ re$3, (s $,3 s/'e+().

+> T!(- -!e /,#) () -/ s(#(-$/, $s s/#e#) *) -r0s-$,3 /, -!e s!e+ *#//+ /& 7es0s (,+ -!e /,$-$/, /& -!e H/#) Sp$r$-.49

e(#/0s $, 0p!/#+$,3 (,+ 30(r+$,3 -!e$r C!r$s-$(, &($-!" (,+ -/ e,s0re 0,$-) (,+ 0,$,-err0p-e+ e5er$se /& -!e$r re#$3$/0s *e#$e&" -!e

'e'*ers /& -!e CHURCH es-e+ 0p/, -!e B/(r+ /& D$re-/rs -!e (*s/#0-e p/er 4-/ presere (,+ pr/-e- -!e$r> &($-!4 : (,+

-/ admit (,+ e&pel ( 'e'*er /& -!e CHURCH.

A+'$ss$/, &/r 'e'*ers!$p $, -!e CHURCH $s s/ e5(-$,3. O,#) 4pers/,s e(#/0s /& -!e G/spe#" &($-!&0# $, C!0r! /r% (,+ /& s/0,+

%,/#e+3e /& -!e Tr0-!" as the Board of )irectors shall admit to mem#ership" s!(## *e 'e'*ers /& -!e CHURCH>.4<

T!e procedure &/r -!e e&pulsion /& (, err$,3 /r +$ss$+e,- 'e'*er $s presr$*e+ $, Ar-$#e VII p(r(3r(p! => /& -!e CHURCH B)#(s"

!$! pr/$+es -!(- 4I& $- $s #rou,ht to the notice of the Board of )irectors -!(- (,) 'e'*er has failed to o#serve an% re,ulations

and B%'laws of the 0nstitution CHURCH> or the conduct of an% mem#er has #een dishonora#le or improper or otherwise in3urious to

the character and interest of the 0nstitution1 the Board of )irectors ma% #+% resolution without assi,nin, an% reason therefor e&pel

such mem#er &r/' s0! I,s-$-0-$/, (,+ !e s!(## -!e, &/r&e$- !$s $,-eres-" r$3!-s (,+ pr$$#e3es $, -!e I,s-$-0-$/,.4

As e(r#) (s 1<" -!e B/(r+ /& D$re-/rs /*sere+ -!(- er-($, 'e'*ers /& -!e CHURCH" $,#0+$,3 pe-$-$/,ers !ere$," e5!$*$-e+

4/,+0- !$! (s +$s!/,/r(*#e" $'pr/per (,+ $,?0r$/0s -/ -!e !(r(-er (,+ $,-eres- /& -!e CHURCH>41@ *) 4$,-r/+0$,3 -/ -!e

'e'*ers> +/-r$,es (,+ -e(!$,3s !$! ere ,/- *(se+ /, -!e H/#) B$*#e4 (,+ -!e Pr$,$p#es /& F($-! e'*r(e+ *) -!e CHURCH.11

C/,&r/,-e+ $-! -!$s s$-0(-$/," -!e resp/,+e,-s" (s 'e'*ers /& -!e B/(r+ /& D$re-/rs" (,+ s/'e resp/,s$*#e 'e'*ers /& -!e

CHURCH" (+$se+ -!e pe-$-$/,ers 4-/ /rre- -!e$r ()s4

16

(,+ re'$,+e+ -!e' 4-!(- 0,+er -!e B)#(s" -!$s /r3(,$(-$/, $s /,#) &/r/rs!$pp$,3 -!e -r0e G/+" ,/- -/ /rs!$p B0++!( /r 'e,.418 T!e resp/,+e,-s (#s/ warned -!e' -!(- $& -!e) pers$s- $, -!e$r !$3!#)

$'pr/per /,+0-" -!e) $## *e +r/ppe+ &r/' -!e 'e'*ers!$p /& -!e CHURCH.1=

T!ese e5!/r-(-$/,s (,+ (r,$,3s -/ -!e err$,3 'e'*ers ere '(+e +0r$,3 S0,+() /rs!$p 3(-!er$,3s" 4$, s'(## 3r/0p 'ee-$,3s (,+

ee, /,e/,/,e pers/,(# -(#% $-! -!e'.419 Since 7899"1: -!ese (r,$,3s ere (,,/0,e+ *) -!e 'e'*ers /& -!e B/(r+

4s>/'e-$'es /,e ( ee% !e, -!e)> 'ee- -/3e-!er.41

B0- pe-$-$/,ers $3,/re+ -!ese repe(-e+ (+'/,$-$/,s.

A#(r'e+ -!(- pe-$-$/,ers /,+0- $## /,-$,0e -/ 0,+er'$,e -!e $,-e3r$-) /& -!e Pr$,$p#es /& F($-! /& -!e CHURCH" -!e B/(r+ /&

D$re-/rs" +0r$,3 $-s A030s- 8@" 1<<8 re30#(r 'ee-$,31 !e#+ &/r -!e p0rp/se /& re$e$,3 (,+ 0p+(-$,3 -!e 'e'*ers!$p #$s- /& -!e

CHURCH" re'/e+ &r/' -!e s($+ #$s- er-($, ,('es /& 'e'*ers" $,#0+$,3 -!e ,('es /& !ere$, pe-$-$/,ers 7/sep! L$'" L$0 Ye% See"



A#&re+/ L/,3 (,+ Fe#$5 A#'er$(.1< T!e) ere re'/e+ &/r esp/0s$,3 +/-r$,es $,$'$(# /r $,?0r$/0s -/ -!e Pr$,$p#es /& F($-! /& -!e

CHURCH. T!e B/(r+ (#s/ 0p+(-e+ -!e #$s- *) re'/$,3 -!e ,('es /& -!/se !/ !(e '$3r(-e+ -/ /-!er /0,-r$es" -!/se +ee(se+

(,+ -!/se !/' -!e CHURCH !(+ #/s- /,-(- $-!.6@ T!e res/#0-$/, (+/p-e+ *) -!e B/(r+ $, -!(- A030s- 8@" 1<<8 'ee-$,3 re(+s $,

p(r-

4D$re-/r A,-!/,) S()!ee#$(' (,,/0,e+ -!(- -!e re30#(r 'ee-$,3 $s -/ re$e" 0p+(-e (,+ (ppr/e -!e #$s- /& /rp/r(-e

'e'*ers!$p. A&-er +0e +e#$*er(-$/, (,+ 0p/, '/-$/, +0#) '(+e (,+ se/,+e+" -!e &/##/$,3 res/#0-$/,s ere (ppr/e+ (,+

(+/p-e+

4RESOLVED" AS IT IS HEREBY RESOLVED" -!(- -!e #$s- /& /rp/r(-e 'e'*ers!$p /& -!$s I,s-$-0-$/, (s s!/, /, A,,e5 4A4 $s

!ere*) re$ee+" 0p+(-e+ (,+ (ppr/e+ *) -!e B/(r+.

4RESOLVED" FURTHER" AS IT IS HEREBY FURTHER RESOLVED" -!(- -!e B/(r+ (ppr/e+ -!(- -!/se !/ (re ,/- $,#0+e+ $,

-!e s($+ #$s- /& /rp/r(-e 'e'*ers!$p /& -!$s I,s-$-0-$/, (re ,/ #/,3er /,s$+ere+ (s ( /rp/r(-e 'e'*er /& -!$s I,s-$-0-$/,.

4RESOLVED" FINALLY" AS IT IS HEREBY RESOLVED" -!(- (,) /r (## pre$/0s #$s-s /& 'e'*ers!$p (re !ere*) s0perse+e+"

re/%e+ (,+K/r re,+ere+ ,0##" /$+ (,+ /& ,/ e&&e-..

4T!ere *e$,3 ,/ &0r-!er *0s$,ess (,+ ,/ /-!er '(--er -/ -r(,s(-" -!e 'ee-$,3 (s -!ere0p/, (+?/0r,e+.461

A## -!e -!e, s$5 :> 'e'*ers /& -!e B/(r+" ,('e#)" D$re-/rs L$' C!e B//," T(, H/, / !ere$, pe-$-$/,ers>" A,-!/,) S()!ee#$('"

Le(,+r/ B(s(" Y(/ C!e (,+ L)+$( L. B(s( !ere$, resp/,+e,-s> 4ere +0#) $,&/r'e+4 /& -!(- 'ee-$,3.66 H/eer" D$re-/rs L$' C!e

B//, (,+ T(, H/, / +$+ ,/- (ppe(r.68

T!0s" -!e (*/e20/-e+ res/#0-$/, (s s$3,e+ /,#) *) D$re-/rs A,-!/,) S()!ee#$('"Le(,+r/ B(s(" Y(/ C!e (,+ L)+$( L. B(s( !/ /'p/se+ -!e '(?/r$-) /& -!e B/(r+.

T!e 0p+(-e+ 'e'*ers!$p #$s- (ppr/e+ *) -!e B/(r+ /, A030s- 8@" 1<<8" -/3e-!er $-! -!e '$,0-es /& -!e 'ee-$,3" ere +0#) &$#e+

$-! -!e SEC /, Sep-e'*er 18" 1<<8.6=

O, Sep-e'*er 6<" 1<<8" pe-$-$/,ers L$' C!e B//," T(, H/, /" 7/sep! L$'" L$0 Ye% See (,+ /-!ers 20es-$/,e+ -!e$r e5p0#s$/, *)

&$#$,3 $-! -!e SEC Se0r$-$es I,es-$3(-$/, (,+ C#e(r$,3 Dep(r-'e,- ( pe-$-$/,"69+/%e-e+ (s SEC C(se N/. @<<8=91 (,+ #(-er (

s0pp#e'e,-(# pe-$-$/,> (3($,s- D$re-/rs Y(/ C!e%" Le(,+r/ B(s(" L)+$( B(s( (,+ A,-!/,) S()!ee#$('. I- s/03!- '($,#) -!e

(,,0#'e,- /& -!e A030s- 8@" 1<<8 'e'*ers!$p #$s- (,+ -!e re$,s-(-e'e,- /& -!e /r$3$,(# #$s- on the ,round that the e&pulsion was

made without prior notice and hearin,. T!e (se (s (ss$3,e+ -/ SEC He(r$,3 O&&$er M(,0e# Pere( -!e 4!erea case4>.

T!e pe-$-$/, (#s/ pr()e+ &/r -!e $ss0(,e /& ( -e'p/r(r) res-r($,$,3 /r+er TRO> (,+ ( r$- /& pre#$'$,(r) $,?0,-$/, pr$,$p(##) -/

e,?/$, -!e B/(r+ /& D$re-/rs &r/' !/#+$,3 (,) e#e-$/, /& ( ,e se- /& +$re-/rs ('/,3 -!e 'e'*ers ,('e+ $, -!e A030s- 8@" 1<<8#$s- /& /rp/r(-e 'e'*ers!$p.

A&-er /,+0-$,3 ( !e(r$,3 /, -!e (pp#$(-$/, &/r ( r$- /& pre#$'$,(r) $,?0,-$/," SEC He(r$,3 O&&$er M(,0e# Pere( +e,$e+ -!e s('e

$, (, /r+er +(-e+ Fe*r0(r) 66" 1<<=.6: Pere( r0#e+ inter alia -!(- -!e e5p0#s$/, (s $, (/r+(,e $-! -!e (&/re20/-e+ pr/$s$/,s /&

p(r(3r(p! =" Ar-$#e VII /& -!e CHURCH B)#(s" re(s/,$,3 -!(- 4-!e ,/-$e re&erre+ -/ $, p(r. => $s ,/-$e -/ -!e B/(r+ /& D$re-/rs

/& -!e 3r/0,+s &/r e5p0#s$/, e,0'er(-e+ -!ere$, (,+ ,/- ,/-$e -/ -!e err$,3> 'e'*ers.46

Pere(s /r+er &0r-!er s-(-e+ 4I- $s (#s/ #e(r &r/' p(r. => -!(- -!e res/#0-$/, /& e5p0#s$/, ,ee+ ,/- s-(-e -!e re(s/, &/r e5pe##$,3 (

'e'*er.46

Pe-$-$/,ers e#e(-e+ Pere(s /r+er /& Fe*r0(r) 66" 1<<= -/ -!e SEC en #anc $( ( petition for certiorari " +/%e-e+ (s S:C :B Case No.

;98.6< T!e SEC" $, (, en #anc decision +(-e+ Jul% 771 788<"8@ affirmed the !erea rulin,(,+ 4dismissed for lack of merit 4 -!e pe-$-$/,.

!etitioners did not appeal from the decision of the S:C en #anc .81

S$,e -!e s($+ SEC en #anc +e$s$/, per-($,s /,#) -/ -!e pre#$'$,(r) $,?0,-$/, $,$+e,-" -!e SEC" -!r/03! ( !e(r$,3 p(,e#" /,+0-e+

&0r-!er pr/ee+$,3s -/ !e(r (,+ +e$+e -!e per'$ss$e /0,-er#($' (,+ -!$r+p(r-) /'p#($,- $,/rp/r(-e+ $, resp/,+e,-s

s0pp#e'e,-(# (,ser" $,#0+$,3 -!e$r pr()er &/r $,?0,-$e re#$e& -/ pree,- pe-$-$/,ers &r/' $,-er&er$,3 (,+ 0s0rp$,3 -!e &0,-$/,s /&

-!e B/(r+ /& D$re-/rs.86

Pe-$-$/,ers s0*se20e,-#) &$#e+ '/-$/,s -/ +$s'$ssKs-r$%e /0- -!e /0,-er#($' (,+ -!$r+p(r-) /'p#($,-. B0- -!e '/-$/,s ere +e,$e+

*) -!e !e(r$,3 p(,e# $, $-s /',$*0s /r+er +(-e+ O-/*er 6" 1<<9. T!e s($+ /r+er (#s/ +e#$,e+ -/ (- /, resp/,+e,-s -!$r+p(r-)

/'p#($,-s pr()er &/r $,?0,-$e re#$e& s$,e 4-!ere $s ( (se pe,+$,3 *e&/re (,/-!er He(r$,3 O&&$er $, SEC C(se N/. =<<= &/r -!e

+e#(r(-$/, /& ,0##$-) /& -!e 3e,er(# 'e'*ers!$p 'ee-$,3 !e#+ /, Fe*r0(r) 16" 1<<9.488



Up/, +e,$(# /& -!e sep(r(-e '/-$/,s &/r re/,s$+er(-$/, /& */-! p(r-$es" -!e resp/,+e,-s &$#e+ $-! -!e SEC en #anc ( pe-$-$/, &/r

re$e /, er-$/r(r$" +/%e-e+ (s S:C :B Case No. <9<. A re$e /& -!e re/r+s s!/ -!(- -!e $ss0e p/se+ $, -!$s (se $s (#s/ -!e

(#$+$-) /& -!e 20es-$/,e+ e5p0#s$/, (#re(+) res/#e+ *) -!e SEC e, *(, $, $-s +e$s$/, +(-e+ 70#) 11" 1<<= $, SEC EB C(se N/. 8<

!$! !(+ (--($,e+ &$,(#$-).

O, Jul% ;71 788=" -!e S:C en #anc " *) ( /-e /& -/ -/ /,e" $-! /,e C/''$ss$/,er (*s-($,$,3" $ss0e+ (, order $, S:C :B Case No.

<9<" se--$,3 (s$+e -!e e5p0#s$/, /& er-($, 'e'*ers /& -!e CHURCH (ppr/e+ *) $-s B/(r+ /& D$re-/rs /, A030s- 8@" 1<<8 &/r *e$,3

/$+ (,+ /r+er$,3 -!e re$,s-(-e'e,- /& pe-$-$/,ers (s 'e'*ers /& -!e CHURCH.

Pr/'p-#)" !ere$, resp/,+e,-s A,-!/,) S()!ee#$(' (,+ L)+$( B(s( &$#e+ ( pe-$-$/, &/r re$e $-! -!e C/0r- /& Appe(#s" +/%e-e+ (s

CAG.R. SP N/. =1991"8= (ss($#$,3 -!e 70#) 81" 1<<: /r+er.

Resp/,+e,- Y(/ C!e%" &/r !$s p(r-" &$#e+ ( '/-$/, &/r re/,s$+er(-$/, /& -!e /r+er /& 70#) 81" 1<<:. Up/, +e,$(# /& !$s '/-$/," !e

(#s/ &$#e+ $-! -!e C/0r- /& Appe(#s ( pe-$-$/, &/r re$e" +/%e-e+ (s CAG.R. SP N/. =88<. T!$s (se (s /,s/#$+(-e+ $-! CAG.R

SP N/. =1991.89

O, M() 6<" 1<<" -!e C/0r- /& Appe(#s pr/'0#3(-e+ $-s ,/ (ss($#e+ +e$s$/, 3r(,-$,3 resp/,+e,-s /,s/#$+(-e+ pe-$-$/,s (,+

reers$,3 -!e 70#) 81" 1<<: /r+er /& -!e SEC en #anc $, SEC EB C(se N/. ==.

Pe-$-$/,ers &$#e+ ( '/-$/, &/r re/,s$+er(-$/, *0- (s +e,$e+ *) -!e (ppe##(-e /0r- $, ( res/#0-$/, +(-e+ A030s- 1" 1<<.8:

He,e" -!e prese,- /,s/#$+(-e+ pe-$-$/,s &/r re$e *) Cer-$/r(r$ G.R. N/s. 18=<:8:= (,+ G.R. N/s. 18919698> 0,+er R0#e =9 /&

-!e 1<< R0#es /& C$$# Pr/e+0re" (s ('e,+e+.

T!e p$-! $ss0e $, -!e $,s-(,- (ses" (s /rre-#) +e&$,e+ *) -!e C/0r- /& Appe(#s $, $-s !(##e,3e+ +e$s$/, (,+ res/#0-$/," $s !e-!er

-!e e5p0#s$/, /& pe-$-$/,ers 7/sep! L$'" L$0 Ye% See" A#&re+/ L/,3 (,+ Fe#$5 A#'er$( &r/' -!e 'e'*ers!$p /& -!e CHURCH *) $-s

B/(r+ /& D$re-/rs -!r/03! ( res/#0-$/, $ss0e+ /, A030s- 8@" 1<<8 $s $, (/r+(,e $-! #(.

Pe-$-$/,ers $,s$s- -!(- -!e e5p0#s$/, $s /$+ s$,e $- (s re,+ere+ $-!/0- pr$/r ,/-$e -/ -!e' /r" $, ( /,s-$-0-$/,(# /,-e5-" $-!/0-

+0e pr/ess.

O, -!e /-!er !(,+" resp/,+e,-s (sser- -!(- -!e e5p0#s$/, $s $, (/r+(,e $-! -!e B)#(s /& -!e CHURCH.

We r0#e (3($,s- -!e pe-$-$/,ers.

I- '0s- *e e'p!(s$e+ -!(- -!e $ss0e /& -!e (#$+$-) /& -!e e5p0#s$/, !(+ #/,3 *ee, res/#e+ (,+ +e#(re+ (#$+ *) -!e SEC en #anc $,

$-s +e$s$/, +(-e+ 70#) 11" 1<<= $, SEC EB C(se N/. 8<. T!e +e$s$/, (&&$r'e+ -!e /r+er +(-e+ Fe*r0(r) 66" 1<<= /& SEC He(r$,3

O&&$er M(,0e# Pere( $, SEC C(se N/. @<<8=91. T!e pe-$-$/,ers -!e'se#es (+'$--e+ $, -!e$r prese,- pe-$-$/, -!(- -!e) +$+ ,/-

(ppe(# (,)'/re &r/' -!e 70#) 11" 1<<= +e$s$/, /& -!e SEC e, *(,"8 -!ere*) re,+er$,3 -!e s('e &$,(# (,+ /,#0s$e. As s0!" -!e

e5p0#s$/, /r+er $s ,/ $,e5-r$(*#) *$,+$,3 /, -!e p(r-$es /,er,e+ (,+ (, ,/ #/,3er *e '/+$&$e+" '0! #ess reerse+.

W!(- (s +e&$,$-e#) res/#e+ $, -!e !erea +e$s$/, (,+ $, SEC EB C(se N/. 8< (s -!e (#$+$-) /& -!e e5p0#s$/, pr/ee+$,3s

/,+0-e+ *) -!e B/(r+ /& D$re-/rs $, $-s 'ee-$,3 /, A030s- 8@" 1<<8 !ere$, ( Res/#0-$/, 0p+(-$,3 -!e 'e'*ers!$p #$s- /& -!e

CHURCH (s (ppr/e+. O, -!e /-!er !(,+" -!e SEC !e(r$,3 p(,e# /,+0-e+ further proceedin,s /,#) -/ +e$+e -!e permissive

counterclaim (,+ third'part% complaint $,/rp/r(-e+ $, respondents> supplemental answer1 includin, their pra%er for in3unctive relief

to prevent petitioners from interferin, and usurpin, the functions of the Board of )irectors.

T!0s" e &$,+ (0r(-e -!e &/##/$,3 &$,+$,3s (,+ /,#0s$/, /& -!e C/0r- /& Appe(#s /, -!$s '(--er

4.I- /03!- -/ *e re(##e+ -!(- Ihen erinC O""i4er ;ere /enie/ #he herein re+on/en#+ (noI e#i#ioner+)rer "or inK:n4#ive re!ie" in SEC C(se N/. @<<8=91 #o +#o #he herein e#i#ioner+ (noI re+on/en#+) "rom4!!inC member+hi mee#inC on #he b+i+ o" #he e:rC#e/ !i+# o" member+hi /#e/ $:C:+# 3, 1993" -!e)

$,-erp/se+ $, SEC EB C(se N/. 8< e#i#ion #o revieI #he or/er o" /eni! . T!e, (,+ -!ere" #he SE' en bn4ren/ere/ i#+ /e4i+ion /#e/ J:! 11, 199@ +:+#ininC erinC O""i4er ;ere on #he r#io4in#ion #h# #hee:!+ion o" member+ e""e4#e/ on $:C:+# 3, 1993 b #he bor/ o" /ire4#or+ I+ v!i/ hvinC been /one in44or/n4e Ii#h #he b-!I+ o" #he 'R'" (,+ (#-!/03! -!e !ere$, resp/,+e,-s ,/ pe-$-$/,ers> s0*se20e,-#)

s/03!- -!e +$s'$ss(# /& SEC C(se N/. @<<8=91" #he or/er o" /i+mi++! e!i4i#! +##e/ #h# i# /i/ no# en4om++#he herein e#i#ioner+ (noI re+on/en#+) ermi++ive 4o:n#er4!im n/ #hir/-r# 4om!in#. %h:+, ":r#herro4ee/inC+ Iere 4on/:4#e/ Ihi4h 4:!min#e/ in #he i++:n4e o" #he erinC ;ne!+ Omnib:+ Or/er+ /#e/O4#ober , 1995 n/ Jn:r 19, 1996, Ihi4h Iere e!ev#e/, #hi+ #ime b #he herein e#i#ioner+ (noI



re+on/en#+), #o #he SE' en ban in e#i#ion "or revieI on 4er#iorri /o42e#e/ + SE' EB '+e No. @8@ . I- (s

$, -!$s #(--er (se -!(- -!e SEC en #anc !(,+e+ +/, $-s (ss($#e+ /r+er /& 70#) 81" 1<<: in vio!#ion o" #he !I o" #he4+e #h# I+ er!ier !i/ /oIn Ii#h "in!i# in SE' EB '+e No. 389.

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

4%h:+!, #he M:e+#ion on #he v!i/i# o" #he e:!+ion o" +ome o" #he member+ o" #he 'R' I+ +M:re!ri+e/ n/ "ron#!! re+o!ve/ in #he /e4i+ion ren/ere/ in SE' EB '+e No. 389.48E'p!(s$s /0rs>

C#e(r#)" -!e $ss0(,e *) -!e SEC en #anc /& $-s 70#) 81" 1<<: /r+er $, SEC EB C(se N/. ==" !$! reopened -!e er) s('e $ss0e /&-!e (#$+$-) /& -!e e5p0#s$/, pr/ee+$,3s" completel% reversin, $-s final and e&ecutor% en #anc decision of Jul% 771 788< +S:C :B

Case No. ;98" $s er-($,#) $, 3r/ss +$sre3(r+ /& -!e r0#es (,+ *(s$ #e3(# preep- -!(- (/r+ & $,(#$-) -/ (+'$,$s-r(-$e" 20(s$?0+$$(#

(,+ ?0+$$(# +e-er'$,(-$/,s.

T!e C/0r- /& Appe(#s $s" -!ere&/re" /rre- $, /$+$,3 -!e SEC e, *(, /r+ers +(-e+ 70#) 81" 1<<: (,+ 7(,0(r) 6<" 1<< $, SEC EB

C(se N/. ==" -!ere*) 0p!/#+$,3 -!e e5p0#s$/, /& pe-$-$/,ers (,+ /-!ers *) -!e B/(r+ /& D$re-/rs /, A030s- 8@" 1<<8.

I, -!$s re3(r+" !(- e s($+ $, (ortich vs. Corona1 et al .8< *e(rs repe(-$,3 4T!e /r+er#) (+'$,$s-r(-$/, /& ?0s-$e re20$res -!(- -!e

?0+3'e,-sKres/#0-$/,s /& ( /0r- /r 20(s$?0+$$(# */+) must reach a point of finalit% set #% the law1 rules and re,ulations. T!e ,/*#e

p0rp/se $s -/ r$-e &$,$s -/ +$sp0-es /,e (,+ &/r (##. This is a fundamental principle in our 3ustice s%stem" $-!/0- !$! -!ere /0#+

*e ,/ e,+ -/ #$-$3(-$/,s. Utmost respect and adherence to this principle must alwa%s #e maintained #% those who wield the power of

ad3udication. $n% act which violates such principle must immediatel% #e struck down.4=@

Le- $- ,/- *e s($+ -!(- -!e +e,$(# /& -!e prese,- pe-$-$/,s" ee, /, -!$s 3r/0,+ (#/,e" $s ( 'ere -e!,$(#$-). I, -!e (&/re$-e+ (se

/& (ortich vs. Corona" e !e#+ -!(- /,e ( (se !(+ *ee, res/#e+ $-! &$,(#$-)" es-e+ r$3!-s ere (20$re+ *) -!e $,,$,3

p(r-).=1 C/,se20e,-#)" -!e r0#e /, &$,(#$-) /& +e$s$/,s" /r+ers /r res/#0-$/,s /& ( ?0+$$(#" 20(s$?0+$$(# /r (+'$,$s-r(-$e */+) $s 4not

a 6uestion of technicalit% #ut of su#stance and merit "4=6 -!e 0,+er#)$,3 /,s$+er(-$/, -!ere&/r *e$,3 -!e pr/-e-$/, /& -!e s0*s-(,-$e

r$3!-s /& -!e $,,$,3 p(r-).=8 I, -!e s0$,- /r+s /& Mr. 70s-$e Ar-e'$/ V. P(,3(,$*(, $, -!e (se /& 5ideo,ram /e,ulator% Board

vs. Court of $ppeals1 et al ."==470s- (s ( #/s$,3 p(r-) !(s -!e r$3!- -/ &$#e (, (ppe(# $-!$, -!e presr$*e+ per$/+" the winnin, part% also

has the correlative ri,ht to en3o% the finalit% of the resolution of his?her case.

Be -!(- (s $- '()" e &$,+ *(se#ess pe-$-$/,ers #($' -!(- -!e$r e5p0#s$/, (s e5e0-e+ $-!/0- pr$/r ,/-$e /r +0e pr/ess.

I, -!e &$rs- p#(e" -!e B)#(s /& -!e CHURCH" !$! -!e 'e'*ers !(e e5press#) (+!ere+ -/" +/es not re20$re -!e B/(r+ /&

D$re-/rs -/ 3$e pr$/r ,/-$e -/ -!e err$,3 /r +$ss$+e,- 'e'*ers $, (ses /& e5p0#s$/,. T!$s $s e$+e,- &r/' -!e pr/e+0re &/r

e5p0#s$/, presr$*e+ $, Ar-$#e VII p(r(3r(p! => /& -!e B)#(s" !$! re(+s

4=. I& $- $s #rou,ht to the notice of the Board of )irectors -!(- (,) 'e'*er has failed to o#serve an% re,ulations and B%'

laws of the 0nstitution CHURCH> or the conduct of an% mem#er has #een dishonora#le or improper or otherwise in3urious

to the character and interest of the 0nstitution1 the Board of )irectors ma% #+% resolution without assi,nin, an% reason

therefor e&pel such mem#er &r/' s0! I,s-$-0-$/, (,+ !e s!(## -!e, &/r&e$- !$s $,-eres-" r$3!-s (,+ pr$$#e3es $, -!e

I,s-$-0-$/,.4 E'p!(s$s /0rs>

Fr/' -!e (*/e20/-e+ B)#( pr/$s$/," -!e /,#) re20$re'e,-s *e&/re ( 'e'*er (, *e e5pe##e+ /r re'/e+ &r/' -!e 'e'*ers!$p

/& -!e CHURCH (re (> -!e B/(r+ /& D$re-/rs !(s *ee, ,/-$&$e+ -!(- ( 'e'*er !(s &($#e+ -/ /*sere (,) re30#(-$/,s (,+ B)#(s /&

-!e CHURCH" /r -!e /,+0- /& (,) 'e'*er !(s *ee, +$s!/,/r(*#e /r $'pr/per /r /-!er$se $,?0r$/0s -/ -!e !(r(-er (,+ $,-eres-

/& -!e CHURCH" (,+ *> ( res/#0-$/, $s p(sse+ *) -!e B/(r+ e5pe##$,3 -!e 'e'*er /,er,e+" $-!/0- (ss$3,$,3 (,) re(s/, -!ere&/r.

I- $s -!0s #e(r -!(- ( 'e'*er !/ /''$-s (,) /& -!e (0ses &/r e5p0#s$/, e,0'er(-e+ $, p(r(3r(p! = /& Ar-$#e VII '() *ee5pe##e+ *) -!e B/(r+ /& D$re-/rs" -!r/03! ( res/#0-$/," $-!/0- 3$$,3 -!(- err$,3 'e'*er (,) ,/-$e pr$/r -/ !$s e5p0#s$/,. T!e

res/#0-$/, ,ee+ ,/- ee, s-(-e -!e re(s/, &/r s0! (-$/,.

T!e CHURCH B)#( pr/$s$/, /, e5p0#s$/," (s p!r(se+" '() s/0,+ 0,0s0(# (,+ /*?e-$/,(*#e -/ pe-$-$/,ers (s -!ere $s ,/

re20$re'e,- /& pr$/r ,/-$e -/ *e 3$e, -/ (, err$,3 'e'*er *e&/re !e (, *e e5pe##e+. B0- -!(- $s !/ pe0#$(r -!e ,(-0re /& (

re#$3$/0s /rp/r(-$/, $s vis'@'vis (, /r+$,(r) /rp/r(-$/, /r3(,$e+ &/r pr/&$-. I- '0s- *e s-resse+ -!(- -!e *(s$s /& -!e re#(-$/,s!$p

*e-ee, ( re#$3$/0s /rp/r(-$/, (,+ $-s 'e'*ers $s -!e #(--ers (*s/#0-e (+!ere,e -/ ( common reli,ious /r spiritual #elief . O,e

-!$s *(s$s e(ses" 'e'*ers!$p $, -!e re#$3$/0s /rp/r(-$/, '0s- (#s/ e(se. T!0s" 3e,er(##)" -!ere $s ,/ r//' &/r +$sse,s$/, $, (

re#$3$/0s /rp/r(-$/,. A,+ !ere" (s !ere" (,) 'e'*er /& ( re#$3$/0s /rp/r(-$/, $s e5pe##e+ &r/' -!e 'e'*ers!$p &/r esp/0s$,3

+/-r$,es (,+ -e(!$,3s /,-r(r) -/ -!(- /& !$s !0r!" -!e es-(*#$s!e+ +/-r$,e $, -!$s ?0r$s+$-$/, $s -!(- s0! (-$/, &r/' -!e !0r!

(0-!/r$-$es $s /,#0s$e 0p/, -!e $$# /0r-s. As &(r *(% $, 1<1" e !e#+ $, United States vs. Canete=9-!(-



4$, '(--ers p0re#) e#es$(s-$(# -!e +e$s$/,s /& -!e pr/per !0r! -r$*0,(#s (re conclusive 0p/, -!e $$# -r$*0,(#s. A

!0r! 'e'*er !/ $s e5pe##e+ &r/' -!e 'e'*ers!$p *) -!e !0r! (0-!/r$-$es" /r ( pr$es- /r '$,$s-er !/ $s *) -!e'

+epr$e+ /& !$s s(re+ /&&$e" is without remed% in the civil courts1 which will not in6uire into the correctness of the decisions

of the ecclesiastical tri#unals.4=: E'p!(s$s /0rs>

O*$/0s#) re/3,$$,3 -!e pe0#$(r$-) /& ( re#$3$/0s /rp/r(-$/," -!e C/rp/r(-$/, C/+e #e(es -!e '(--er /& e#es$(s-$(# +$s$p#$,e -/

-!e re#$3$/0s 3r/0p /,er,e+.

Se-$/, <1 /& -!e C/rp/r(-$/, C/+e" !$! !(s *ee, '(+e e5p#$$-#) (pp#$(*#e -/ re#$3$/0s /rp/r(-$/,s *) -!e se/,+ p(r(3r(p! /&

Se-$/, 1@< /& -!e s('e C/+e" s-(-es

4SEC. <1. Termination of mem#ership. Me'*ers!$p s!(## *e terminated in the manner and for the causes provided in the

articles of incorporation or the #%'laws. Ter'$,(-$/, /& 'e'*ers!$p s!(## !(e -!e e&&e- /& e5-$,30$s!$,3 (## r$3!-s /& (

'e'*er $, -!e /rp/r(-$/, /r $, $-s pr/per-)" 0,#ess /-!er$se pr/$+e+ $, -!e (r-$#es /& $,/rp/r(-$/, /r -!e *)#(s.4

E'p!(s$s /0rs>

M/re/er" -!e pe-$-$/,ers re(##) !(e ,/ re(s/, -/ *e($# -!e #(% /& pr$/r ,/-$e $, -!e B)#(s. As /rre-#) /*sere+ *) -!e C/0r- /&

Appe(#s" -!e) !(e waived s0! ,/-$e *) (+!er$,3 -/ -!/se B)#(s. T!e) *e('e 'e'*ers /& -!e CHURCH voluntaril%. The%

entered into its covenant and su#scri#ed to its rules. B% doin, so1 the% are #ound #% their consen-.=

Ee, (ss0'$,3 -!(- pe-$-$/,ers e5p0#s$/, &(##s $-!$, -!e C/,s-$-0-$/,(# pr/$s$/,s /, 4pr$/r ,/-$e4 /r 4+0e pr/ess"4 s-$## e (, ,/-

/,#0+e -!(- resp/,+e,-s /''$--e+ ( /,s-$-0-$/,(# $,&r(-$/,. I- *e(rs e'p!(s$s -!(- pe-$-$/,ers ere 3$e, '/re -!(, s0&&$$e,-

,/-$e /& -!e$r $'pe,+$,3 e5p0#s$/," (s s!/, *) -!e re/r+s.

We !(e ,(rr(-e+ e(r#$er -!e ee,-s !$! #e+ -/ -!e 20es-$/,e+ e5p0#s$/,. Fr/' -!e undisputed -es-$'/,) /& D$re-/r A,-!/,)

S()!ee#$(' ,/ resp/,+e,->" $- $s #e(r -!(-" as earl% as 7899" -!e resp/,+e,-sB/(r+ /& D$re-/rs p(-$e,-#) (,+ pers$s-e,-#)

re'$,+e+" (+$se+ (,+ e5!/r-e+ -!e err$,3 'e'*ers" $,#0+$,3 !ere$, pe-$-$/,ers" -/ s-/p esp/0s$,3 +/-r$,es" -e(!$,3s (,+

re#$3$/0s *e#$e& +$('e-r$(##) /pp/se+ -/ -!e Pr$,$p#es /& F($-! e'*r(e+ *) -!e CHURCH. T!e resp/,+e,-sB/(r+ /& D$re-/rs &0r-!er

(r,e+ -!e' +0r$,3 S0,+() /rs!$p 3(-!er$,3s" $, s'(## 3r/0p 'ee-$,3s (,+ /,e/,/,e -(#%" -!(- -!e) /0#+ &(e +$s$p#$,(r)

(-$/, (,+ *e +r/ppe+ &r/' -!e 'e'*ers!$p r/## s!/0#+ -!e) /,-$,0e -/ e5!$*$- (-s $,$'$(# (,+ $,?0r$/0s -/ -!e -e(!$,3s /& -!e

H/#) B$*#e !$! -!e CHURCH s/ e(#/0s#) 0p!/#+s.

W!e, -!e) $3,/re+ pe-$-$/,ers e5!/r-(-$/,s (,+ (r,$,3s" -!e err$,3 'e'*ers s!/0#+ ,/- ,/ /'p#($, (*/0- -!e$r e5p0#s$/, &r/'

-!e 'e'*ers!$p /& -!e CHURCH *) -!e B/(r+ /& D$re-/rs /, A030s- 8@" <1<8.

T!e C/0r- /& Appe(#s" !/se &$,+$,3s /& &(- $s (/r+e+ 3re(- respe- (s -!e s('e $s /,#0s$e /, 0s" '(+e ( pre$se /*ser(-$/,/, -!$s '(--er

4.-!e pe-$-$/,ers ,/ resp/,+e,-s> &0r-!er s-(-e -!(- -!e B/(r+ /& D$re-/rs" *e&/re +e$+$,3 -/ p0r3e -!e$r #$s- /&

'e'*ers!$p" 3(e -!e err$,3 'e'*ers s0&&$$e,- (r,$,3 /& -!e$r $'pe,+$,3 /0s-er. T!0s

-!e re/r+s /& -!e $,s-(,- (se $,+$sp0-(*#) s!/ -!(- -!e err$,3 'e'*ers /& -!e /rp/r(-$/," $,#0+$,3

resp/,+e,-s ,/ pe-$-$/,ers> L$' C!e B//," 7/sep! L$'" T(, H/, 7/" L$0 Ye% See" Fe#$5 A#'er$( (,+ A#&re+/ L/,3"

ere 3$e, '/re -!(, s0&&$$e,- ,/-$e -!(- -!e perpe-r(-$/, /& (-s $,$'$(# -/ (,+ $,/,s$s-e,- $-! -!e Ar-$#es /&

F($-! /& -!e C/rp/r(-$/, $## *e s0*?e- -/ +$s$p#$,(r) (0-!/r$-) /& -!e B/(r+ /& D$re-/rs

Tes-$'/,) /& A,-!/,) S()!ee#$('" 'e'*er /& -!e B/(r+ /& D$re-/rs>

. Y/0 'e,-$/,e+ -!(- &/r'er 'e'*ers /& -!e C/rp/r(-$/, ere +r/ppe+ /r e5pe##e+ +0e -/ $/#(-$/,s /& -!e pr$,$p#es/& &($-! 0,+er -!e Ar-$#es /& I,/rp/r(-$/, (,+ -!e B)#(s" (s e## (s &/r /,+0- !$! (s +$s!/,/r(*#e" $'pr/per (,+

$,?0r$/0s -/ -!e !(r(-er (,+ $,-eres- /& -!e /rp/r(-$/,. W!e, +$+ -!e B/(r+ &$rs- ,/-e /r /*sere -!ese $/#(-$/,s

A. T!e B/(r+ ,/-$e+ -!(- s$,e 1<.

. As ( 'e'*er /& -!e B/(r+ /& D$re-/rs" !(- (-$/,s +$+ )/0 -(%e (&-er -!e */(r+ /*sere+ -!ese $/#(-$/,s

A. We (r,e+ -!e' (,+ (+$se+ -!e' -/ /rre- -!e$r ()s /& +/$,3 -!ese -!$,3s.

. As ( 'e'*er /& -!e B/(r+ /& D$re-/rs" !(- +$+ )/0 s() /r +/ $, /r+er -/ /,$,e -!ese &/r'er 'e'*ers -/

/rre- -!e$r ()s



A. We -/#+ -!e' -!(- 0,+er -!e B)#(s -!$s /r3(,$(-$/, $s /,#) &/r /rs!$pp$,3 -!e -r0e G/+" ,/- -/ /rs!$p B0++!(

/r 'e,.

. Y/0 (#s/ 'e,-$/,e+ -!(- )/0 3(e (r,$,3s -/ -!ese err(,- 'e'*ers. As ( 'e'*er /& -!e B/(r+ /& D$re-/rs" !(-

+$+ )/0 +/ /r s() -/ (r, -!ese &/r'er 'e'*ers /& -!e /,se20e,es /& -!e$r (-s

A. Espe$(##) -/ -!e 'e'*ers /& -!e /r3(,$(-$/," -!e) s!/0#+ -(%e (## -!e /,se20e,es. O-!er$se" -!e) $## *e

+r/ppe+.

. T!ese (r,$,3s (,+ s-(-e'e,-s (+$s$,3 -!e' -/ /rre- -!e$r ()" /, !(- /(s$/, ere -!ese s-(-e'e,-s '(+e

A. I, ( 3e,er(# ser$e" S0,+()" (,+ (#s/ $, s'(## 3r/0p 'ee-$,3s (,+ ee, /,e/,/,e" pers/,(##) -(#%$,3 $-! -!e'.

. H/ /&-e, ere -!ese (r,$,3s /r (+$se -/ /rre- '(+e

A. S/'e-$'es /,e ( ee% e 'ee- -/3e-!er.

. S$,e !e,

A. S$,e 1<.4 TSN" Dee'*er 1" 1<<8" Pere( C(se" pp. <16>.

rom #he "oreCoinC #e+#imon o" e#i#ioner (noI re+on/en#) $n#hon Shee!im /:rinC #he herinC in #he;ere '+e on 1 e4ember 1993, i# remin+ undisputed #h# + er! + 1988 riv#e re+on/en#+ (noIe#i#ioner+) n/ #heir 4ohor#+ 2neI #h# #heir 4#+ n/ 4on/:4# Io:!/ be +:bKe4# #o /i+4i!inr 4#ion. !n "at,

private respondents #now petitioners$ never spei"iall% denied or disputed the testi&on% o" petitioner #now

respondent$ 'nthon% (a%heelia&, Ihe#her on #he Ii#ne++ +#n/ or in n !e/inC in #he ;ere '+e or in #heo#her 4+e+ be#Ieen #he r#ie+, #h# #he hve been ree#e/! /moni+he/ b #he member+ o" #he Bor/ o"ire4#or+ #h# #he in#ro/:4#ion o" #e4hinC+ n/ /o4#rine+ in4on+i+#en# Ii#h #he ;rin4i!e+ o" i#h o" #he'oror#ion i+ :ni+hb!e Ii#h #heir e:!+ion R/##/" CAG.R. SP N/. =1991" pp. =:=.

0e "in/ #he +#n4e o" #he e#i#ioner+ (noI re+on/en#+) more er+:+ive + i# i+ more in 44or/ Ii#h Se4#ion91 o" #he 'oror#ion 'o/e !$! '(,+(-es -!(- 'e'*ers!$p $, ( ,/s-/% /rp/r(-$/, (,+" &/r -!(- '(--er" $, (

re#$3$/0s /rp/r(-$/, s!(## *e -er'$,(-e+ in #he mnner n/ "or #he 4:+e+ en:mer#e/ in #he r#i4!e+ o"in4oror#ion or b-!I+. )he respondents #now petitioners$ &a*e no protestation that the C+RC+-s b%law

provision on e/pulsion has not been 4om!ie/ Ii#h.= E'p!(s$s /0rs>

C/,se20e,-#)" -!e e5p0#s$/, (s ,/- -($,-e+ $-! (,) (r*$-r(r) -re(-'e,- &r/' -!e 'e'*ers /& -!e B/(r+ /& D$re-/rs !/" s$,e

1< 0p -/ A030s- 8@" 1<<8" /r appro&imatel% five +A %ears" !(e p(-$e,-#) e5!/r-e+ (,+ (r,e+ -!e +$ss$+e,- 'e'*ers. T!$s #/,3

per$/+ /& -$'e $s '/re -!(, (+e20(-e (, /pp/r-0,$-) &/r -!e err$,3 'e'*ers (,+ -!e$r &/##/ers -/ /,-e'p#(-e 0p/, -!e$r /e,(,-

$-! -!e CHURCH /, -!e$r +0-) -/ pr/-e- (,+ pr/'/-e $-s Pr$,$p#es /& F($-! (,+ ,/- -/ $/#(-e -!e'. I- $s ( e##se--#e+ pr$,$p#e $,

#( -!(- !(- +0e pr/ess /,-e'p#(-es $s &ree+/' &r/' (r*$-r(r$,ess; !(- $- re20$res $s &($r,ess (,+ ?0s-$e; s0*s-(,e" r(-!er

-!(, -!e &/r'" *e$,3 p(r('/0,-. W!(- $- pr/!$*$-s $s ,/- -!e (*se,e /& pre$/0s ,/-$e *0- -!e (*s/#0-e (*se,e -!ere/&.=< A &/r'(#

/r -r$(# -)pe !e(r$,3 $s ,/- (- (## -$'es (,+ $, (## $,s-(,es esse,-$(#.9@

C#e(r#)" (#-!/03! -!e B)#(s /& -!e CHURCH +/ ,/- re20$re -!e B/(r+ /& D$re-/rs -/ 3$e ,/-$e -/ -!e +$ss$+e,- pe-$-$/,ers /& -!e$r

$'pe,+$,3 e5p0#s$/," '/re -!(, s0&&$$e,- ,/-$e (s 3$e, -/ -!e' *e&/re -!e) ere e5pe##e+ *) -!e B/(r+ /, A030s- 8@" 1<<8.

Pe-$-$/,ers" !/eer" /,-e,+ -!(- -!e e5pe##e+ 'e'*ers ere ,/- (-0(##) ,/-$&$e+ (,+ (r,e+ /& -!e$r $'pe,+$,3 e5p0#s$/,. I,

s0pp/r- /& -!$s" -!e) (#s/ $-e+ -!e &/##/$,3 -es-$'/,) /& A,-!/,) S()!ee#$('

4ATTY. PAULITE

. )id %ou ,o throu,h the list one #% one

A. Yes.

. S/ +/ )/0 re'e'*er !/ '(,) ere e5pe##e+ *e(0se /& /,+0- +$s!/,/r(*#e" $'pr/per" $,?0r$/0s -/ -!e

/rp/r(-$/,



A. $t the time e +$+ ,/- /0,- -!e ,0'*er. e 3ust talked it one #% one1 discussed

. O%e)" D$+ )/0 ,/-$&) -!e' /& -!e 3r/0,+s &/r -!e$r e5p0#s$/,

A. N/.

. Y/0 +$+ ,/-. D$+ )/0 3$e -!e' (, /pp/r-0,$-) -/ +e&e,+ -!e'se#es

A. N/.491 E'p!(s$s /0rs>

Pe-$-$/,ers $,-erpre-(-$/, /& -!e (*/e20/-e+ -es-$'/,) /& A,-!/,) S()!ee#$(' (s /0- /& /,-e5-. T!e 20es-$/, (,+

(,ser focused /, !(- -!e B/(r+ /& D$re-/rs +$+ durin, its meetin, on $u,ust ;1 788; wherein it evaluated each mem#er>s

standin, and conduct in the li,ht of the ,rounds for disciplinar% action as provided in the CHU/CH B%'laws. T!$s $s p#($, &r/' -!e

0,+ers/re+ p/r-$/,s /& S()!ee#$('s -es-$'/,). T!0s" !(- S()!ee#$(' (s s()$,3 $s -!(- on that ver% da% of the e&pulsion" -!e

B/(r+ /& D$re-/rs +$+ ,/- ,/-$&) -!e e5pe##e+ 'e'*ers (,)'/re. O*$/0s#)" s0! ,/-$e (s ,/- '(+e *) -!e B/(r+ /& D$re-/rs

s$'p#) *e(0se -!e B)#(s /& -!e CHURCH +/es ,/- re20$re -!e s('e" (s (#re(+) +$s0sse+ e(r#$er.

I,$+e,-(##)" +0r$,3 -!e pe,+e,) /& -!ese (ses $, -!$s C/0r-" pe-$-$/,ers &$#e+ (, (pp#$(-$/, &/r ( TROKr$- /& pre#$'$,(r) $,?0,-$/,

+(-e+ N/e'*er 1@" 1<<" #($'$,3 -!ere$, -!(- resp/,+e,-s (re +e,)$,3 -!e' (ess -/ -!e pre'$ses /& -!e CHURCH &/r p0rp/ses

/& e5er$s$,3 -!e$r r$3!- /& /rs!$p. A-$,3 /, -!e (pp#$(-$/," -!$s C/0r- re20$re+ -!e resp/,+e,-s -/ /''e,- -!ere/,. I, -!e

'e(,-$'e" $- $ss0e+ ( Spe$(# Or+er /, Dee'*er 1" 1<< e,?/$,$,3 -!e resp/,+e,-s &r/' e,&/r$,3 -!e C/0r- /& Appe(#s +e$s$/,

4insofar as petitioners> ri,hts and privile,es as mem#ers of the CHU/CH are concerned .4 A/r+$,3#)" pe-$-$/,ers ere (##/e+ 4e,-r)

$,-/ -!e CHURCH *0$#+$,3 /& /rs!$p (,+ participate in its reli,ious and social activities.4

O, 7(,0(r) 6<" 1<<<" pe-$-$/,ers L$' C!e B//," T(, H/, /" 7/sep! L$' (,+ L$0 Ye% See &$#e+ ( pe-$-$/, -/ $-e resp/,+e,-s $,

/,-e'p- &/r re&0s$,3 -/ /'p#) $-! -!e Spe$(# Or+er /& -!$s C/0r-. T!$s (s +/%e-e+ (s G.R. N/. 18189. Pe-$-$/,ers (erre+

-!ere$, -!(- resp/,+e,-s +e,$e+ -!e' (ess -/ -!e /rs!$p !(##s &/r -!e$r spe$(# /,&ere,e $,/#$,3 -!e sp$r$-0(# -r($,$,3 /& s/'e

1" @@ /##e3e s-0+e,-s &r/' Re3$/,s I -/ VI.

I, -!e$r /''e,-" resp/,+e,-s /pp/se+ -!e pe-$-$/," #($'$,3 -!(- -!e$r re&0s(# -/ #e,+ -!e /rs!$p !(##s (s +0e -/ -!e &(- -!(- -!e

$,-e,+e+ spe$(# /,&ere,e $s ,/- ( re#$3$/0s ser$eK(-$$-) of the CHU/CH (,+ -!e p(r-$$p(,-s (re not mem#ers of the CHU/CH .

T!0s" resp/,+e,-s (sser- -!(- -!e) +$+ ,/- $/#(-e -!e Spe$(# Or+er /& -!$s C/0r-.

We (3ree $-! -!e resp/,+e,-s. T!e Spe$(# Or+er (##/s pe-$-$/,ers e,-r) $,-/ -!e CHURCH *0$#+$,3 -/ 4 participate $, /rs!$p /r

/-!er re#$3$/0s (-$$-$es4 4as mem#ers of the CHU/CH 4. C#e(r#)" -!e Spe$(# Or+er +/es ,/- (##/ pe-$-$/,ers 0,#$'$-e+ /r

0,res-r($,e+ (ess /r 0se /& -!e pre'$ses (,+ pr/per-$es /& -!e CHURCH. T!e $,-e,+e+ spe$(# /,&ere,e -/ *e /,+0-e+ *)pe-$-$/,ers $s not ( CHURCH (-$$-) (,+ -!e p(r-$$p(,-s -!ere$, (re not mem#ers /& -!e CHURCH.

WHEREFORE" -!e prese,- /,s/#$+(-e+ pe-$-$/,s (re DENIED. T!e (ss($#e+ +e$s$/, /& -!e C/0r- /& Appe(#s +(-e+ M() 6<" 1<< (,+

$-s res/#0-$/, +(-e+ A030s- 1" 1<< (re AFFIRMED. C/s-s (3($,s- pe-$-$/,ers.

T!e Spe$(# Or+er +(-e+ Dee'*er 1" 1<< $ss0e+ *) -!$s C/0r- $s LIFTED.

SO ORDERED.



[G.R. No. 153888. J:! 9, 3]

&SL$*&' $0$ 'ON'&L O %E ;&L&;;&NES, &N'., herein rere+en#e/ b ;RO. $BLR$& . S$YEY,e#i#ioner, v+. O&'E O %E EE'%&?E SE'RE%$RY o" #he O""i4e o" #he ;re+i/en# o" #he ;hi!iine+, hereinrere+en#e/ b ON. $LBER%O G. RO*LO, Ee4:#ive Se4re#r, n/ #he O&'E ON *SL&* $$&RS, herein

rere+en#e/ b i#+ Ee4:#ive ire4#or, $B&B *J$$B $S&*, re+on/en#+.

E ' & S & O N

'ORON$, J .7

Be&/re 0s $s ( pe-$-$/, &/r pr/!$*$-$/, &$#e+ *) pe-$-$/,er Is#('$ D((! C/0,$# /& -!e P!$#$pp$,es" I,. IDCP> pr()$,3 &/r -!e

+e#(r(-$/, /& ,0##$-) /& E5e0-$e Or+er EO> =:" s. 6@@1 (,+ -!e pr/!$*$-$/, /& !ere$, resp/,+e,-s O&&$e /& -!e E5e0-$e Sere-(r)

(,+ O&&$e /& M0s#$' A&&($rs OMA> &r/' $'p#e'e,-$,3 -!e s0*?e- EO.

Pe-$-$/,er IDCP" ( /rp/r(-$/, -!(- /per(-es 0,+er Dep(r-'e,- /& S/$(# We#&(re (,+ Dee#/p'e,- L$e,se N/. SB@1@9" $s (

,/,3/er,'e,-(# /r3(,$(-$/, -!(- e5-e,+s /#0,-(r) ser$es -/ -!e F$#$p$,/ pe/p#e" espe$(##) -/ M0s#$' /''0,$-$es. I- #($'s -/

*e ( &e+er(-$/, /& ,(-$/,(# Is#('$ /r3(,$(-$/,s (,+ (, (-$e 'e'*er /& $,-er,(-$/,(# /r3(,$(-$/,s s0! (s -!e Re3$/,(# Is#('$

D((! C/0,$# /& S/0-!e(s- As$( (,+ -!e P($&$ RISEAP> 1 (,+ T!e W/r#+ Asse'*#) /& M0s#$' Y/0-!. T!e RISEAP (re+$-e+pe-$-$/,er -/ $ss0e !(#(#6er-$&$(-$/,s $, -!e P!$#$pp$,es. T!0s" ('/,3 -!e &0,-$/,s pe-$-$/,er (rr$es /0- $s -/ /,+0- se'$,(rs"

/r$e,- '(,0&(-0rers /, !(#(# &//+ (,+ $ss0e !(#(# er-$&$(-$/,s -/ 20(#$&$e+ pr/+0-s (,+ '(,0&(-0rers.

Pe-$-$/,er (##e3es -!(-" /, (/0,- /& -!e (-0(# ,ee+ -/ er-$&) &//+ pr/+0-s (s !(#(# (,+ (#s/ +0e -/ !(#(# &//+ pr/+0ers

re20es-" pe-$-$/,er &/r'0#(-e+ $, 1<<9 $,-er,(# r0#es (,+ pr/e+0res *(se+ /, -!e 0r(,8 (,+ -!e S0,,(!= &/r -!e (,(#)s$s /& &//+

$,spe-$/, -!ere/& (,+ $ss0(,e /& !(#(# er-$&$(-$/,s. I, -!(- s('e )e(r" pe-$-$/,er *e3(, -/ $ss0e" &/r ( &ee" er-$&$(-$/,s -/ 20(#$&$e+

pr/+0-s (,+ &//+ '(,0&(-0rers. Pe-$-$/,er ee, (+/p-e+ &/r 0se /, $-s !(#(# er-$&$(-es ( +$s-$,- s$3, /r #/3/ re3$s-ere+ $, -!e

P!$#$pp$,e P(-e,- O&&$e 0,+er P(-e,- N/. =6@@@@8::=.

O, O-/*er 6:" 6@@1" resp/,+e,- O&&$e /& -!e E5e0-$e Sere-(r) $ss0e+ EO =: 9 re(-$,3 -!e P!$#$pp$,e H(#(# Cer-$&$(-$/,

S!e'e (,+ +es$3,(-$,3 resp/,+e,- OMA -/ /ersee $-s $'p#e'e,-(-$/,. U,+er -!e EO" resp/,+e,- OMA !(s -!e e5#0s$e (0-!/r$-)

-/ $ss0e !(#(# er-$&$(-es (,+ per&/r' /-!er re#(-e+ re30#(-/r) (-$$-$es.

O, M() " 6@@6" ( ,es (r-$#e e,-$-#e+ OMA W(r,s NGOs Iss0$,3 I##e3(# H(#(# Cer-$&$(-$/, (s p0*#$s!e+ $, -!e M(,$#( B0##e-$,

( ,esp(per /& 3e,er(# $r0#(-$/,. I, s($+ (r-$#e" OMA (r,e+ M0s#$' /,s0'ers -/ *0) /,#) pr/+0-s $-! $-s /&&$$(# !(#(#

er-$&$(-$/, s$,e -!/se $-!/0- s($+ er-$&$(-$/, !(+ ,/- *ee, s0*?e-e+ -/ (re&0# (,(#)s$s (,+ -!ere&/re /0#+ /,-($, p/r% /r $-s

+er$(-$es. Resp/,+e,- OMA (#s/ se,- #e--ers -/ &//+ '(,0&(-0rers (s%$,3 -!e' -/ se0re -!e !(#(# er-$&$(-$/, /,#) &r/' OMA #es-

-!e) $/#(-e EO =: (,+ RA =1@<. :As ( res0#-" pe-$-$/,er #/s- ree,0es (&-er &//+ '(,0&(-0rers s-/ppe+ se0r$,3 er-$&$(-$/,s &r/'

$-.

He,e" -!$s pe-$-$/, &/r pr/!$*$-$/,.

Pe-$-$/,er /,-e,+s -!(- -!e s0*?e- EO $/#(-es -!e /,s-$-0-$/,(# pr/$s$/, /, -!e sep(r(-$/, /& C!0r! (,+ S-(-e. I- $s

0,/,s-$-0-$/,(# &/r -!e 3/er,'e,- -/ &/r'0#(-e p/#$$es (,+ 30$+e#$,es /, -!e !(#(# er-$&$(-$/, s!e'e *e(0se s($+ s!e'e $s (

&0,-$/, /,#) re#$3$/0s /r3(,$(-$/,s" e,-$-) /r s!/#(rs (, #(&0##) (,+ (#$+#) per&/r' &/r -!e M0s#$'s. A/r+$,3 -/ pe-$-$/,er" (

&//+ pr/+0- *e/'es !(#(# /,#) (&-er -!e per&/r'(,e /& Is#('$ re#$3$/0s r$-0(# (,+ pr()er. T!0s" /,#) pr(-$$,3 M0s#$'s (re20(#$&$e+ -/ s#(03!-er (,$'(#s &/r &//+. A 3/er,'e,- (3e,) #$%e !ere$, resp/,+e,- OMA (,,/- -!ere&/re per&/r' ( re#$3$/0s

&0,-$/, #$%e er-$&)$,3 20(#$&$e+ &//+ pr/+0-s (s !(#(#.

Pe-$-$/,er (#s/ '($,-($,s -!(- -!e resp/,+e,-s $/#(-e+ Se-$/, 1@" Ar-$#e III /& -!e 1< C/,s-$-0-$/, !$! pr/$+es -!(- ,>/

#( $'p($r$,3 -!e /*#$3(-$/, /& /,-r(-s" s!(## *e p(sse+. A&-er -!e s0*?e- EO (s $'p#e'e,-e+" &//+ '(,0&(-0rers $-! e5$s-$,3

/,-r(-s $-! pe-$-$/,er e(se+ -/ /*-($, er-$&$(-$/,s &r/' -!e #(--er.

M/re/er" pe-$-$/,er (r30es -!(- -!e s0*?e- EO $/#(-es Se-$/,s 19 (,+ 1: /& Ar-$#e XIII /& -!e 1< C/,s-$-0-$/, !$!

respe-$e#) pr/$+e

ROLE AND RIGHTS OF PEOPLES ORGANIATIONS

http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2003/jul2003/153888.htm#_ftn1

















Se. 19. T!e S-(-e s!(## respe- -!e r/#e /& $,+epe,+e,- pe/p#es /r3(,$(-$/,s -/ e,(*#e -!e pe/p#e -/ p0rs0e (,+ pr/-e-" $-!$, -!e

+e'/r(-$ &r('e/r%" -!e$r #e3$-$'(-e (,+ /##e-$e $,-eres-s (,+ (sp$r(-$/,s -!r/03! pe(e&0# (,+ #(&0# 'e(,s.

Pe/p#es /r3(,$(-$/,s (re #ona fide (ss/$(-$/,s /& $-$e,s $-! +e'/,s-r(-e+ (p($-) -/ pr/'/-e -!e p0*#$ $,-eres- (,+ $-!

$+e,-$&$(*#e #e(+ers!$p" 'e'*ers!$p" (,+ s-r0-0re.

Se. 1:. T!e r$3!-s /& -!e pe/p#e (,+ -!e$r /r3(,$(-$/,s -/ e&&e-$e (,+ re(s/,(*#e p(r-$$p(-$/, (- (## #ee#s /& s/$(#" p/#$-$(#" (,+

e/,/'$ +e$s$/,'(%$,3 s!(## ,/- *e (*r$+3e+. T!e S-(-e s!(##" *) #(" &($#$-(-e" -!e es-(*#$s!'e,- /& (+e20(-e /,s0#-(-$/,

'e!(,$s's.

A/r+$,3 -/ pe-$-$/,er" -!e s0*?e- EO (s $ss0e+ $-! 0--er !(s-e (,+ $-!/0- ee, /,s0#-$,3 M0s#$' pe/p#es /r3(,$(-$/,s

#$%e pe-$-$/,er *e&/re $- *e('e e&&e-$e.

We 3r(,- -!e pe-$-$/,.

OMA (s re(-e+ $, 1<1 -!r/03! E5e0-$e Or+er N/. :< EO :<> -/ e,s0re -!e $,-e3r(-$/, /& M0s#$' F$#$p$,/s $,-/ -!e

'($,s-re(' /& F$#$p$,/ s/$e-) with due re,ard to their #eliefs" 0s-/'s" -r(+$-$/,s" (,+ $,s-$-0-$/,s. OMA +e(#s $-! -!e s/$e-(#

#e3(#" p/#$-$(# (,+ e/,/'$ /,er,s /& -!e M0s#$' /''0,$-) as a national cultural communit% and not as a reli,ious ,roup. T!0s

*e(r$,3 $, '$,+ -!e /,s-$-0-$/,(# *(rr$er *e-ee, -!e C!0r! (,+ S-(-e" -!e #(--er '0s- '(%e s0re -!(- OMA +/es ,/- $,-r0+e $,-/

p0re#) re#$3$/0s '(--ers #es- $- $/#(-e -!e ,/,es-(*#$s!'e,- #(0se (,+ -!e &ree e5er$se /& re#$3$/, pr/$s$/, &/0,+ $, Ar-$#e III"

Se-$/, 9 /& -!e 1< C/,s-$-0-$/,.<

Free+/' /& re#$3$/, (s (/r+e+ pre&erre+ s-(-0s *) -!e &r('ers /& /0r &0,+('e,-(# #(. A,+ -!$s C/0r- !(s /,s$s-e,-#)(&&$r'e+ -!$s pre&erre+ s-(-0s" e## ((re -!(- $- $s 4+es$3,e+ -/ pr/-e- -!e *r/(+es- p/ss$*#e #$*er-) /& /,s$e,e" -/ (##/ e(!

'(, -/ *e#$ee (s !$s /,s$e,e +$re-s" -/ pr/&ess !$s *e#$e&s" (,+ -/ #$e (s !e *e#$ees !e /03!- -/ #$e" /,s$s-e,- $-! -!e #$*er-)

/& /-!ers (,+ $-! -!e /''/, 3//+.1@

W$-!/0- +/0*-" #(ss$&)$,3 ( &//+ pr/+0- (s !(#(# $s ( re#$3$/0s &0,-$/, *e(0se -!e s-(,+(r+s 0se+ (re +r(, &r/' -!e 0r(,

(,+ Is#('$ *e#$e&s. B) 3$$,3 OMA -!e e5#0s$e p/er -/ #(ss$&) &//+ pr/+0-s (s !(#(#" EO =: e,r/(!e+ /, -!e re#$3$/0s &ree+/'

/& M0s#$' /r3(,$(-$/,s #$%e !ere$, pe-$-$/,er -/ $,-erpre- &/r F$#$p$,/ M0s#$'s !(- &//+ pr/+0-s (re &$- &/r M0s#$'

/,s0'p-$/,. A#s/" *) (rr/3(-$,3 -/ $-se#& -!e -(s% /& $ss0$,3 !(#(# er-$&$(-$/,s" -!e S-(-e !(s $, e&&e- &/re+ M0s#$'s -/ (ep- $-s

/, $,-erpre-(-$/, /& -!e 0r(, (,+ S0,,(! /, !(#(# &//+.

T/ ?0s-$&) EO =:s $,-r0s$/, $,-/ -!e s0*?e- re#$3$/0s (-$$-)" -!e S/#$$-/r Ge,er(# (r30es -!(- -!e &ree+/' /& re#$3$/, $s

s0*ser$e,- -/ -!e p/#$e p/er /& -!e S-(-e. B) +e#e3(-$,3 -/ OMA -!e (0-!/r$-) -/ $ss0e !(#(# er-$&$(-$/,s" -!e 3/er,'e,-

(##e3e+#) see%s -/ pr/-e- (,+ pr/'/-e -!e '0s#$' F$#$p$,/s r$3!- -/ !e(#-!" (,+ -/ $,s-$## !e(#-! /,s$/0s,ess $, -!e'.

We +$s(3ree.

O,#) -!e pree,-$/, /& (, $''e+$(-e (,+ 3r(e +(,3er -/ -!e se0r$-) (,+ e#&(re /& -!e /''0,$-) (, ?0s-$&) -!e

$,&r$,3e'e,- /& re#$3$/0s &ree+/'.11 I& -!e 3/er,'e,- &($#s -/ s!/ -!e ser$/0s,ess (,+ $''e+$() /& -!e -!re(-" S-(-e $,-r0s$/, $s

/,s-$-0-$/,(##) 0,(ep-(*#e. I, ( s/$e-) $-! ( +e'/r(-$ &r('e/r% #$%e /0rs" -!e S-(-e '0s- '$,$'$e $-s $,-er&ere,e $-! -!e

(&&($rs /& $-s $-$e,s (,+ $,s-e(+ (##/ -!e' -/ e5er$se re(s/,(*#e &ree+/' /& pers/,(# (,+ re#$3$/0s (-$$-).

I, -!e (se (- *(r" e &$,+ ,/ /'pe##$,3 ?0s-$&$(-$/, &/r -!e 3/er,'e,- -/ +epr$e M0s#$' /r3(,$(-$/,s" #$%e !ere$, pe-$-$/,er

/& -!e$r re#$3$/0s r$3!- -/ #(ss$&) ( pr/+0- (s !(#(#" ee, /, -!e pre'$se -!(- -!e !e(#-! /& M0s#$' F$#$p$,/s (, *e e&&e-$e#)

pr/-e-e+ *) (ss$3,$,3 -/ OMA -!e e5#0s$e p/er -/ $ss0e !(#(# er-$&$(-$/,s. T!e pr/-e-$/, (,+ pr/'/-$/, /& -!e M0s#$' F$#$p$,/s

r$3!- -/ !e(#-! (re (#re(+) pr/$+e+ &/r $, e5$s-$,3 #(s (,+ '$,$s-ere+ -/ *) 3/er,'e,- (3e,$es !(r3e+ $-! e,s0r$,3 -!(- &//+

pr/+0-s re#e(se+ $, -!e '(r%e- (re &$- &/r !0'(, /,s0'p-$/," pr/per#) #(*e#e+ (,+ s(&e. Unlike :D <=1 these laws do not encroachon the reli,ious freedom of *uslims.

Se-$/, ==> /& -!e A+'$,$s-r(-$e C/+e /& 1< 3$es -/ -!e N(-$/,(# Me(- I,spe-$/, C/''$ss$/, NMIC> /& -!e Dep(r-'e,-

/& A3r$0#-0re DOA> -!e p/er -/ $,spe- s#(03!-ere+ (,$'(#s $,-e,+e+ &/r !0'(, /,s0'p-$/, -/ e,s0re -!e s(&e-) /& -!e 'e(-

re#e(se+ $, -!e '(r%e-. A,/-!er #(" RA 8<=" /-!er$se %,/, (s T!e C/,s0'er A- /& 1<<6" 3$es -/ er-($, 3/er,'e,-

+ep(r-'e,-s -!e +0-) -/ pr/-e- -!e $,-eres-s /& -!e /,s0'er" pr/'/-e !$s 3e,er(# e#&(re (,+ -/ es-(*#$s! s-(,+(r+s /& /,+0- &/r

*0s$,ess (,+ $,+0s-r).16 T/ -!$s e,+" ( &//+ pr/+0-" *e&/re $-s +$s-r$*0-$/, -/ -!e '(r%e-" $s re20$re+ -/ se0re -!e P!$#$pp$,e

S-(,+(r+ Cer-$&$(-$/, M(r% (&-er -!e /,er,e+ +ep(r-'e,- $,spe-s (,+ er-$&$es $-s /'p#$(,e $-! 20(#$-) (,+ s(&e-) s-(,+(r+s.18

O,e s0! 3/er,'e,- (3e,) +es$3,(-e+ *) RA 8<= $s -!e B0re(0 /& F//+ (,+ Dr03s BFD> /& -!e Dep(r-'e,- /& He(#-!

DOH>. U,+er Ar-$#e 66 /& s($+ #(" BFD !(s -!e +0-) -/ pr/'0#3(-e (,+ e,&/re r0#es (,+ re30#(-$/,s &$5$,3 (,+ es-(*#$s!$,3 (
















re(s/,(*#e +e&$,$-$/, (,+ s-(,+(r+ /& $+e,-$-)" ( s-(,+(r+ /& 20(#$-) (,+ ( s-(,+(r+ /& &$## /& /,-($,ers &/r &//+. T!e BFD (#s/ e,s0res

-!(- &//+ pr/+0-s re#e(se+ $, -!e '(r%e- (re ,/- (+0#-er(-e+.1=

F0r-!er'/re" 0,+er Ar-$#e = /& RA 8<=" -!e Dep(r-'e,- /& Tr(+e (,+ I,+0s-r) DTI> $s -(s%e+ -/ pr/-e- -!e /,s0'er

(3($,s- +eep-$e" 0,&($r (,+ 0,/,s$/,(*#e s(#es (-s /r pr(-$es (s +e&$,e+ $, Ar-$#e 9@. 19 DTI (#s/ e,&/res /'p0#s/r) #(*e#$,3

(,+ &($r p(%(3$,3 -/ e,(*#e -!e /,s0'er -/ /*-($, (0r(-e $,&/r'(-$/, (s -/ -!e ,(-0re" 20(#$-) (,+ 20(,-$-) /& -!e /,-e,-s /&

/,s0'er pr/+0-s (,+ -/ &($#$-(-e !$s /'p(r$s/, /& -!e (#0e /& s0! pr/+0-s.1:

W$-! -!ese re30#(-/r) */+$es 3$e, +e-($#e+ &0,-$/,s /, !/ -/ sree, (,+ !e% -!e 20(#$-) (,+ s(&e-) /& &//+ pr/+0-s" -!e

pere$e+ +(,3er (3($,s- -!e !e(#-! /& M0s#$' (,+ ,/,M0s#$' F$#$p$,/s (#$%e $s -/-(##) (/$+e+. O& 3re(- !e#p (re -!e pr/$s$/,s /,

#(*e#$,3 /& &//+ pr/+0-s Ar-$#es = -/ 9> 1 /& RA 8<=. I, &(-" -!r/03! -!ese #(*e#$,3 pr/$s$/,s" -!e S-(-e (*#) $,&/r's -!e

/,s0'$,3 p0*#$ /& -!e /,-e,-s /& &//+ pr/+0-s re#e(se+ $, -!e '(r%e-. S-$&& s(,-$/,s (re $'p/se+ /, $/#(-/rs /& s($+ #(*e#$,3

re20$re'e,-s.

T!r/03! -!e #(s /, &//+ s(&e-) (,+ 20(#$-)" -!ere&/re" -!e S-(-e indirectl% ($+s M0s#$' /,s0'ers $, +$&&ere,-$(-$,3 &//+ &r/'

,/,&//+ pr/+0-s. T!e NMIC 30(r(,-ees -!(- -!e 'e(- s/#+ $, -!e '(r%e- !(s *ee, -!/r/03!#) $,spe-e+ (,+ &$- &/

/,s0'p-$/,. Me(,!$#e" BFD e,s0res -!(- &//+ pr/+0-s (re pr/per#) (-e3/r$e+ (,+ !(e p(sse+ s(&e-) (,+ 20(#$-)

s-(,+(r+s. T!e," -!r/03! -!e #(*e#$,3 pr/$s$/,s e,&/re+ *) -!e DTI" M0s#$' /,s0'ers (re (+e20(-e#) (ppr$se+ /& -!e pr/+0-s

-!(- /,-($, s0*s-(,es /r $,3re+$e,-s -!(-" (/r+$,3 -/ -!e$r Is#('$ *e#$e&s" (re ,/- &$- &/r !0'(, $,-(%e. T!ese (re -!e ,/,se0#(

s-eps p0- $, p#(e *) -!e S-(-e -/ e,s0re -!(- -!e M0s#$' /,s0'ers r$3!- -/ !e(#-! $s pr/-e-e+. T!e !(#(# er-$&$(-$/,s $ss0e+ *)

pe-$-$/,er (,+ s$'$#(r /r3(,$(-$/,s /'e &/r(r+ (s -!e official reli,ious approval /& ( &//+ pr/+0- &$- &/r M0s#$' /,s0'p-$/,.

We +/ ,/- s!(re resp/,+e,-s (ppre!e,s$/, -!(- -!e (*se,e /& ( e,-r(# (+'$,$s-r(-$e */+) -/ re30#(-e !(#(# er-$&$(-$/,s

'$3!- 3$e r$se -/ s!e'ers !/" &/r pr/&$-" $## $ss0e er-$&$(-$/,s &/r pr/+0-s -!(- (re ,/- (-0(##) !(#(#. As$+e &r/' -!e &(- -!(-

M0s#$' /,s0'ers (, (-0(##) er$&) -!r/03! -!e #(*e#s !e-!er ( pr/+0- /,-($,s ,/,&//+ s0*s-(,es" e *e#$ee -!(- -!e) (re

+$ser,$,3 e,/03! -/ %,/ !/ -!e re#$(*#e (,+ /'pe-e,- er-$&)$,3 /r3(,$(-$/,s $, -!e$r /''0,$-) (re. Be&/re p0r!(s$,3 (

pr/+0-" -!e) (, e(s$#) (er- -!$s pere$e+ e$# *) ( +$#$3e,- $,20$r) /, -!e re#$(*$#$-) /& -!e /,er,e+ er-$&)$,3 /r3(,$(-$/,.

0EREORE" -!e pe-$-$/, $s GRANTED. E5e0-$e Or+er =:" s. 6@@1" $s !ere*) +e#(re+ NULL AND VOID. C/,se20e,-#)"

resp/,+e,-s (re pr/!$*$-e+ &r/' e,&/r$,3 -!e s('e.

SO ORERE.












[G.R. NO. 1@@81. *r4h 1, 5]

O*&N$OR L. %$R', 0&LBER%O $'ER$, N&'$NOR G$L$N&$, RENER&O '$N%$, JERRY '$N%$, 'OREN'&O'ONS&GN$, SS$NO $L'$L$, LEON$RO &ON, S$L?$OR GELS$NO n/ BEN&%O L$GO, !etitioners" v. B&SO;

;OR&R&O B. E L$ 'R, RE?. R. RS%O* LOR$NO n/ EL&N BOR$S, /espondents.



E ' & S & O N

'ORON$, J.

T!$s $s (, (ppe(# 0,+er R0#e =9 /& -!e Re$se+ R0#es /& C/0r- /& -!e +e$s$/, /& -!e C/0r- /& Appe(#s $, CAG.R. SP N/. =9=@ !$!

reerse+ (,+ se- (s$+e -!e +e$s$/, /& -!e Re3$/,(# Tr$(# C/0r- /& S0r$3(/ C$-)" Br(,! 86 $, C$$# C(se N/. =<@ (,+ /r+ere+ s($+

(se +$s'$sse+ &/r #(% /& ?0r$s+$-$/,.

T!e (,-ee+e,-s s!/ -!(- pe-$-$/,ers ere #() 'e'*ers /& -!e P!$#$pp$,e I,+epe,+e,- C!0r! PIC> $, S//rr/" S0r$3(/ +e# N/r-e.

Resp/,+e,-s P/r&$r$/ +e #( Cr0 (,+ R0s-/' F#/r(,/ ere -!e *$s!/p (,+ p(r$s! pr$es-" respe-$e#)" /& -!e s('e !0r! $, -!(-#/(#$-). Pe-$-$/,ers" #e+ *) D/'$,(+/r T(r0" #('/re+ &/r -!e -r(,s&er /& Fr. F#/r(,/ -/ (,/-!er p(r$s! *0- B$s!/p +e #( Cr0 +e,$e+

-!e$r re20es-. I- (ppe(rs &r/' -!e re/r+s -!(- -!e &('$#) /& Fr. F#/r(,/s $&e *e#/,3e+ -/ ( p/#$-$(# p(r-) /pp/se+ -/ pe-$-$/,er

T(r0s" -!0s -!e (,$'/s$-) *e-ee, -!e -/ &(-$/,s $-! Fr. F#/r(,/ *e$,3 $+e,-$&$e+ $-! !$s $&es p/#$-$(# ('p. B$s!/p +e #( Cr0"

!/eer" &/0,+ -!$s -// &#$'s) ( re(s/, &/r -r(,s&err$,3 Fr. F#/r(,/ -/ (,/-!er p(r$s!.

Me(,!$#e" !/s-$#$-) ('/,3 -!e 'e'*ers /& -!e PIC $, S//rr/" S0r$3(/ +e# N/r-e /rse,e+ !e, pe-$-$/,er T(r0 -r$e+ -/ /r3(,$e

(, /pe, '(ss -/ *e e#e*r(-e+ *) ( er-($, Fr. Re,(-/ . A'*/,3 +0r$,3 -!e -/, &$es-( /& S//rr/. W!e, T(r0 $,&/r'e+ B$s!/p +e

#( Cr0 /& !$s p#(," -!e B$s!/p -r$e+ -/ +$ss0(+e !$' &r/' p0s!$,3 -!r/03! $-! $- *e(0se Fr. A'*/,3 (s ,/- ( 'e'*er /& -!e

#er3) /& -!e +$/ese /& S0r$3(/ (,+ !$s re+e,-$(#s (s ( p(r$s! pr$esere $, +/0*-. T!e B$s!/p (#s/ (ppe(#e+ -/ pe-$-$/,er T(r0 -/

re&r($, &r/' /''$--$,3 (-s $,$'$(# (,+ pre?0+$$(# -/ -!e *es- $,-eres-s /& -!e PIC. He #$%e$se (+$se+ pe-$-$/,ers -/ ($r -!e$r

/'p#($,-s *e&/re -!e !$3!er (0-!/r$-$es /& PIC $& -!e) *e#$ee+ -!e) !(+ (#$+ 3r$e(,es (3($,s- !$'" -!e p(r$s! pr$es-" -!e #(s (,+

(,/,s /& -!e PIC.

B$s!/p +e #( Cr0" !/eer" &($#e+ -/ s-/p T(r0 &r/' (rr)$,3 /0- !$s p#(,s. O, 70,e 1<" 1<<8" (- (r/0,+ 8@@ p.'." T(r0 (,+ !$s

s)'p(-!$ers pr/ee+e+ -/ !/#+ -!e /pe, '(ss $-! Fr. A'*/,3 (s -!e e#e*r(,-.

O, 70,e 6" 1<<8" B$s!/p +e #( Cr0 +e#(re+ pe-$-$/,ers e5pe##e+Ke5/''0,$(-e+ &r/' -!e P!$#$pp$,e I,+epe,+e,- C!0r! &/r

re(s/,s /&

1> +$s/*e+$e,e -/ +0#) /,s-$-0-e+ (0-!/r$-) $, -!e C!0r!;

6> $,$-$,3 +$sse,s$/," res0#-$,3 $, +$$s$/, $, -!e P(r$s! /& O0r M/-!er /& Perpe-0(# He#p" I3#es$( F$#$p$,( I,+epe,+$e,-e" S//rr/"

S0r$3(/ +e# N/r-e !e, -!e) e#e*r(-e+ (, /pe, M(ss (- -!e P#(( /, 70,e 1<" 1<<:; (,+r(#(#$*r(r)

8> &/r -!re(-e,$,3 -/ &/r$*#) /0p) -!e P(r$s! C!0r! (0s$,3 (,5$e-) (,+ &e(r ('/,3 -!e 3e,er(# 'e'*ers!$p.1

Pe-$-$/,ers (ppe(#e+ -/ -!e O*$sp/ M(5$'/ (,+ s/03!- re/,s$+er(-$/, /& -!e (*/e +e$s$/,. I, !$s #e--er -/ B$s!/p +e #( Cr0" -!e

O*$sp/ M(5$'/ /p$,e+ -!(- Fr. F#/r(,/ s!/0#+ s-ep +/, /#0,-(r$#) -/ (er- -!e !/s-$#$-) (,+ e,'$-) ('/,3 -!e 'e'*ers /& -!e PIC

p(r$s! $, S//rr/ *0- s-(-e+ -!(-

I +/ ,/- $,-ere,e $, )/0r +$/es(, +e$s$/, $, (s%$,3 Fr. F#/r(,/ -/ ((-e S//rr/ p(r$s!.6

I, -!e 'e(,-$'e" B$s!/p +e #( Cr0 (s re(ss$3,e+ -/ -!e +$/ese /& O+'/(, (,+ (s rep#(e+ *) B$s!/p R!ee M. T$'*(,3. L$%e

!$s pre+eess/r" B$s!/p T$'*(,3 +$+ ,/- &$,+ ( (#$+ re(s/, &/r -r(,s&err$,3 Fr. F#/r(,/ -/ (,/-!er p(r$s!. He $ss0e+ ( $r0#(r +e,)$,3

pe-$-$/,ers pers$s-e,- #('/r &/r -!e -r(,s&erKre(ss$3,'e,- /& Fr. F#/r(,/. Pe-$-$/,ers ere $,&/r'e+ /& s0! +e,$(# *0- -!e)

/,-$,0e+ -/ e#e*r(-e '(ss (,+ !/#+ /-!er re#$3$/0s (-$$-$es -!r/03! Fr. A'*/,3 !/ !(+ *ee, res-r($,e+ &r/' per&/r'$,3 (,)

pr$es-#) &0,-$/,s $, -!e PIC p(r$s! /& S//rr/" S0r$3(/ +e# N/r-e.

Be(0se /& -!e /r+er /& e5p0#s$/,Ke5/''0,$(-$/," pe-$-$/,ers &$#e+ ( /'p#($,- &/r +('(3es $-! pre#$'$,(r) $,?0,-$/, (3($,s-

B$s!/p +e #( Cr0 *e&/re -!e Re3$/,(# Tr$(# C/0r- /& S0r$3(/ C$-)" Br(,! 86. T!e) $'p#e(+e+ Fr. F#/r(,/ (,+ /,e De#&$, T. B/r+(s /,

-!e -!e/r) -!(- -!e) /,sp$re+ $-! -!e B$s!/p -/ !(e pe-$-$/,ers e5pe##e+ (,+ e5/''0,$(-e+ &r/' -!e PIC. T!e) /,-e,+e+ -!(-

-!e$r e5p0#s$/, (s $##e3(# *e(0se $- (s +/,e $-!/0- -r$(# -!0s $/#(-$,3 -!e$r r$3!- -/ +0e pr/ess /& #(.

Resp/,+e,-s &$#e+ ( '/-$/, -/ +$s'$ss -!e (se *e&/re -!e #/er /0r- /, -!e 3r/0,+ /& #(% /& ?0r$s+$-$/, *0- $- (s +e,$e+. T!e$r

'/-$/, &/r re/,s$+er(-$/, (s #$%e$se +e,$e+ s/ -!e) e#e(-e+ -!e (se -/ -!e C/0r- /& Appe(#s.

T!e (ppe##(-e /0r- reerse+ (,+ se- (s$+e -!e +e$s$/, /& -!e /0r- a 6uo (,+ /r+ere+ -!e +$s'$ss(# /& -!e (se $-!/0- pre?0+$e -/

$-s *e$,3 re&$#e+ *e&/re -!e pr/per &/r0'. I- !e#+

http://www.chanrobles.com/cralaw/2005marchdecisions.php?id=265#fnt1






We &$,+ $- 0,,eess(r) -/ +e(# /, -!e (#$+$-) /& -!e e5/''0,$(-$/,Ke5p0#s$/, /& -!e pr$(-e resp/,+e,-s T(r0" et al.>" s($+ (-s

*e$,3 p0re#) e#es$(s-$(# '(--ers !$! -!$s C/0r- /,s$+ers -/ *e /0-s$+e -!e pr/$,e /& -!e $$# /0r-s.

4C$$# C/0r-s $## ,/- $,-er&ere $, -!e $,-er,(# (&&($rs /& ( re#$3$/0s /r3(,$(-$/, e5ep- &/r -!e pr/-e-$/, /& $$# /r pr/per-) r$3!-s.

T!/se r$3!-s '() *e -!e s0*?e- /& #$-$3(-$/, $, ( $$# /0r-" (,+ -!e /0r-s !(e ?0r$s+$-$/, -/ +e-er'$,e /,-r/er-e+ #($'s -/ -!e

-$-#e" 0se" /r p/ssess$/, /& !0r! pr/per-).4 0#id." p.=::>

O*$/0s#)" -!ere (s ,/ $/#(-$/, /& ( $$# r$3!- $, -!e prese,- (se.

Er3/" -!$s C/0r- $s /& -!e /p$,$/, (,+ s/ !/#+s -!(- -!e $,s-(,- (se +/es ,/- $,/#e ( $/#(-$/, (,+K/r pr/-e-$/, /& ( $$# /rpr/per-) r$3!-s $, /r+er &/r -!e /0r- a 6uo -/ (20$re ?0r$s+$-$/, $, -!e $,s-(,- (se.8

Pe-$-$/,ers (ppe(#e+ &r/' -!e (*/e +e$s$/, *0- -!e$r pe-$-$/, (s +e,$e+. T!e$r '/-$/, &/r re/,s$+er(-$/, (s #$%e$se +e,$e+"

!e,e" -!$s (ppe(#.

T!e /,#) $ss0e -/ *e res/#e+ $, -!$s (se $s !e-!er /r ,/- -!e /0r-s !(e ?0r$s+$-$/, -/ !e(r ( (se $,/#$,3 -!e

e5p0#s$/,Ke5/''0,$(-$/, /& 'e'*ers /& ( re#$3$/0s $,s-$-0-$/,.

We r0#e -!(- -!e /0r-s +/ ,/-.

Se-$/, 9" Ar-$#e III /r -!e B$## /& R$3!-s /& -!e 1< C/,s-$-0-$/, spe$&$(##) pr/$+es -!(-

Se. 9. N/ #( s!(## *e '(+e respe-$,3 (, es-(*#$s!'e,- /& re#$3$/, /r pr/!$*$-$,3 -!e &ree e5er$se -!ere/&. T!e &ree e5er$se (,+

e,?/)'e,- /& re#$3$/0s pr/&ess$/, (,+ /rs!$p" $-!/0- +$sr$'$,(-$/, /r pre&ere,e" s!(## &/reer *e (##/e+. N/ re#$3$/0s -es- s!(##

*e re20$re+ &/r -!e e5er$se /& $$# /r p/#$-$(# r$3!-s.

I, /0r ?0r$s+$-$/," e !/#+ -!e C!0r! (,+ -!e S-(-e -/ *e sep(r(-e (,+ +$s-$,- &r/' e(! /-!er. 4G$e -/ Ce(s(r !(- $s Ce(s(rs

(,+ -/ G/+ !(- $s G/+s.4 We !(e" !/eer" /*sere+ (s e(r#) (s 1<6 -!(-

0p/, -!e e5('$,(-$/, /& -!e +e$s$/,s $- $## *e re(+$#) (pp(re,- -!(- (ses $,/#$,3 20es-$/,s re#(-$e -/ e#es$(s-$(# r$3!-s !(e

(#()s ree$e+ -!e pr/&/0,+es- (--e,-$/, &r/' -!e /0r-s" ,/- /,#) *e(0se /& -!e$r $,!ere,- $,-eres-" *0- *e(0se /& -!e &(r

re(!$,3 e&&e-s /& -!e +e$s$/,s $, !0'(, s/$e-). H/eer" /0r-s !(e #e(r,e+ -!e #ess/, /& /,ser(-$s' $, +e(#$,3 $-! s0!

'(--ers" $- !($,3 *ee, &/0,+ -!(-" in a form of ,overnment where the complete separation of civil and ecclesiastical authorit% is

insisted upon1 the civil courts must not allow themselves to intrude undul% in matters of an ecclesiastical nature.= $-(#$s /0rs>

We (3ree $-! -!e C/0r- /& Appe(#s -!(- -!e e5p0#s$/,Ke5/''0,$(-$/, /& 'e'*ers /& ( re#$3$/0s $,s-$-0-$/,K/r3(,$(-$/, $s (

'(--er *es- #e&- -/ -!e +$sre-$/, /& -!e /&&$$(#s" (,+ -!e #(s (,+ (,/,s" /& s($+ $,s-$-0-$/,K/r3(,$(-$/,. I- $s ,/- &/r -!e /0r-s -/

e5er$se /,-r/# /er !0r! (0-!/r$-$es $, -!e per&/r'(,e /& -!e$r +$sre-$/,(r) (,+ /&&$$(# &0,-$/,s. R(-!er" $- $s &/r -!e 'e'*ers

/& re#$3$/0s $,s-$-0-$/,sK/r3(,$(-$/,s -/ /,&/r' -/ ?0s- !0r! re30#(-$/,s. I, -!e /r+s /& 70s-$e S('0e# F. M$##er9

(## !/ 0,$-e -!e'se#es -/ (, e#es$(s-$(# */+) +/ s/ $-! (, $'p#$e+ /,se,- -/ s0*'$- -/ -!e C!0r! 3/er,'e,- (,+ -!e) (re

*/0,+ -/ s0*'$- -/ $-.

I, -!e #e(+$,3 (se /& (onacier v. Court of $ppeals1: e e,0,$(-e+ -!e +/-r$,e -!(- $, +$sp0-es $,/#$,3 re#$3$/0s $,s-$-0-$/,s /r

/r3(,$(-$/,s" -!ere $s /,e (re( !$! -!e C/0r- s!/0#+ ,/- -/0! +/-r$,(# (,+ +$s$p#$,(r) +$&&ere,es. T!0s"

T!e ('e,+'e,-s /& -!e /,s-$-0-$/," res-(-e'e,- /& (r-$#es /& re#$3$/, (,+ (*(,+/,'e,- /& &($-! /r (*?0r(-$/, (##e3e+ *) (ppe##(,-"

!($,3 -/ +/ $-! &($-!" pr(-$e" +/-r$,e" &/r' /& /rs!$p" e#es$(s-$(# #(" 0s-/' (,+ r0#e /& ( !0r! (,+ !($,3 re&ere,e #o#he oIer o" e4!:/inC "rom #he 4h:r4h #ho+e !!eCe/! :nIor#h o" member+hi, re :nM:e+#ionb! e44!e+i+#i4!m##er+ Ihi4h re o:#+i/e #he rovin4e o" #he 4ivi! 4o:r#+. emphasis ours>

We /0#+" !/eer" #$%e -/ /''e,- /, pe-$-$/,ers #($' -!(- -!e) ere ,/- !e(r+ *e&/re -!e) ere e5pe##e+ &r/' -!e$r !0r!. T!e

re/r+s s!/ -!(- B$s!/p +e #( Cr0 p#e(+e+ $-! pe-$-$/,ers seer(# -$'es ,/- -/ /''$- (-s $,$'$(# -/ -!e *es- $,-eres-s /& PIC.

T!e) ere (#s/ (r,e+ /& -!e /,se20e,es /& -!e$r (-$/,s" ('/,3 -!e' -!e$r e5p0#s$/,Ke5/''0,$(-$/, &r/' PIC. Ye-" -!ese

p#e(s (,+ (r,$,3s &e## /, +e(& e(rs (,+ pe-$-$/,ers e,- (!e(+ $-! -!e$r p#(,s -/ +e&) -!e$r B$s!/p (,+ &/'e,- !/s-$#$-) (,+

+$s0,$-) ('/,3 -!e 'e'*ers /& PIC $, S//rr/" S0r$3(/ +e# N/r-e. T!e) s!/0#+ ,/ -(%e &0## resp/,s$*$#$-) &/r -!e !(/s (,+

+$sse,s$/, -!e) (0se+.

0EREORE" -!e pe-$-$/, $s !er*) DENIED &/r #(% /& 'er$-.













C/s-s (3($,s- pe-$-$/,ers.

SO ORERE.

[G.R. No. L-963A. $ri! 3, 195A.]

$*ER&'$N B&BLE SO'&E%Y, Plainti""'ppellant , v. '&%Y O *$N&L$, 0e"endant'ppellee.

'i# i+4! E:Cenio $nCe!e+ n/ J:n NbonC "or 'ppellant .

$++i+#n# 'i# i+4! $r+enio NI "or 'ppellee.

SYLL$BS

1. STATUTES; SIMULTANEOUS REPEAL AND REENACTMENT; EFFECT OF REPEAL UPON RIGHTS AND LIABILITIES WHICH ACCRUEDUNDER THE ORIGINAL STATUTE. — W!ere -!e /#+ s-(-0-e $s repe(#e+ $, $-s e,-$re-) (,+ *) -!e s('e e,(-'e,- ree,(-s (## /rer-($, p/r-$/,s /& -!e pree5$s-$,3 #(" -!e '(?/r$-) $e !/#+s -!(- -!e r$3!-s (,+ #$(*$#$-$es !$! !(e (r0e+ 0,+er -!e /r$3$,(#s-(-0-e (re presere+ (,+ '() *e e,&/re+" s$,e -!e ree,(-'e,- ,e0-r(#$es -!e repe(#" -!ere&/re /,-$,0$,3 -!e #( $, &/re$-!/0- $,-err0p-$/,. Cr(&/r+" S-(-0-/r) C/,s-r0-$/," Se. 866>. I, -!e (se (- *(r" Or+$,(,es N/s. 696< (,+ 8@@@ /& -!e C$-) /&M(,$#( ere e,(-e+ *) -!e M0,$$p(# B/(r+ /& -!e C$-) /& M(,$#( *) $r-0e /& -!e p/er 3r(,-e+ -/ $- *) se-$/, 6===" S0*se-$/,'6> /& -!e Re$se+ A+'$,$s-r(-$e C/+e" s0perse+e+ /, 70,e 18" 1<=<" *) se-$/, 18" S0*se-$/, /> /& Rep0*#$ A- N/. =@<"

%,/, (s -!e Re$se+ C!(r-er /& -!e C$-) /& M(,$#(. T!e /,#) esse,-$(# +$&&ere,e *e-ee, -!ese -/ pr/$s$/,s $s -!(- !$#eS0*se-$/, '6> presr$*es -!(- -!e /'*$,e+ -/-(# -(5 /& (,) +e(#er /r '(,0&(-0rer" /r */-!" e,0'er(-e+ 0,+er S0*se-$/,s '1> (,+ '6>" !e-!er +e(#$,3 $, /,e /r (## /& -!e (r-$#es 'e,-$/,e+ -!ere$," s!(## ,/- *e $, e5ess /& P9@@ per (,,0'" -!e/rresp/,+$,3 Se-$/, 1" s0*se-$/, /> /& Rep0*#$ A- N/. =@<" +/es ,/- /,-($, (,) #$'$-(-$/, (s -/ -!e ('/0,- /& -(5 /r #$e,se&ee -!(- -!e re-($# +e(#er !(s -/ p() per (,,0'. He,e" (,+ $, (/r+(,e $-! -!e e$3!- /& (0-!/r$-$es (&/re'e,-$/,e+" C$-)/r+$,(,es N/s. 696< (,+ 8@@@ (re s-$## $, &/re (,+ e&&e-.

6. MUNICIPAL TAX; RETAIL DEALERS IN GENERAL MERCHANDISE; ORDINANCE PRESCRIBING TAX NEED NOT BE APPROVED BY THEPRESIDENT TO BE EFFECTIVE. — T!e *0s$,ess /& 4re-($# +e(#ers $, 3e,er(# 'er!(,+$se4 $s e5press#) e,0'er(-e+ $, s0*se-$/, />"se-$/, 1 /& Rep0*#$ A- N/. =@< !e,e" (, /r+$,(,e presr$*$,3 ( '0,$$p(# -(5 /, s($+ *0s$,ess +/es ,/- !(e -/ *e (ppr/e+*) -!e Pres$+e,- -/ *e e&&e-$e" (s $- $s ,/- ('/,3 -!/se *0s$,esses re&erre+ -/ $, s0*se-$/, $$> Se-$/, 1 /& -!e s('e A- s0*?e--/ -!e (ppr/(# /& -!e Pres$+e,-.

8. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW; RELIGIOUS FREEDOM; DISSEMINATION OF RELIGIOUS INFORMATION" WHEN MAY BE RESTRAINED;PAYMENT OF LICENSE FEE" IMPAIRS FREE EXERCISE OF RELIGION. — T!e /,s-$-0-$/,(# 30(r(,-) /& -!e &ree e5er$se (,+e,?/)'e,- /& re#$3$/0s pr/&ess$/, (,+ /rs!$p (rr$es $-! $- -!e r$3!- -/ +$sse'$,(-e re#$3$/0s $,&/r'(-$/,. A,) res-r($,- /& s0! r$3!-

(, /,#) *e ?0s-$&$e+ #$%e /-!er res-r($,-s /& &ree+/' /& e5press$/, /, -!e 3r/0,+s -!(- -!ere $s ( #e(r (,+ prese,- +(,3er /& (,)s0*s-(,-$e e$# !$! -!e S-(-e !(s -!e r$3!- -/ pree,-.4 T(Q(+( (,+ Fer,(,+/ /, -!e C/,s-$-0-$/, /& -!e P!$#$pp$,es" V/#. I" =-!e+." p. 6<>. I, -!e (se (- *(r" p#($,-$&& $s e,3(3e+ $, -!e +$s-r$*0-$/, (,+ s(#es /& *$*#es (,+ re#$3$/0s (r-$#es. T!e C$-) Tre(s0rer /&M(,$#( $,&/r'e+ -!e p#($,-$&& -!(- $- (s /,+0-$,3 -!e *0s$,ess /& 3e,er(# 'er!(,+$se $-!/0- pr/$+$,3 $-se#& $-! -!e ,eess(r)M()/rs per'$- (,+ '0,$$p(# #$e,se" $, $/#(-$/, /& Or+$,(,e N/. 8@@@" (s ('e,+e+" (,+ Or+$,(,e N/. 696<" (s ('e,+e+" (,+re20$re+ p#($,-$&& -/ se0re -!e /rresp/,+$,3 per'$- (,+ #$e,se. P#($,-$&& pr/-es-e+ (3($,s- -!$s re20$re'e,- (,+ #($'e+ -!(- $-,eer '(+e (,) pr/&$- &r/' -!e s(#e /& $-s *$*#es. He#+ I- $s -r0e -!e pr$e (s%e+ &/r -!e re#$3$/0s (r-$#es (s $, s/'e $,s-(,es (#$--#e *$- !$3!er -!(, -!e (-0(# /s- /& -!e s('e" *0- -!$s (,,/- 'e(, -!(- p#($,-$&& (s e,3(3e+ $, -!e *0s$,ess /r /0p(-$/, /&se##$,3 s($+ 4'er!(,+$se4 &/r pr/&$-. F/r -!$s re(s/,s" -!e pr/$s$/,s /& C$-) Or+$,(,e N/. 696<" (s ('e,+e+" !$! re20$res -!ep()'e,- /& #$e,se &ee &/r /,+0-$,3 -!e *0s$,ess /& 3e,er(# 'er!(,+$se" (,,/- *e (pp#$e+ -/ p#($,-$&& s/$e-)" &/r $, +/$,3 s/" $-/0#+ $'p($r $-s &ree e5er$se (,+ e,?/)'e,- /& $-s re#$3$/0s pr/&ess$/, (,+ /rs!$p" (s e## (s $-s r$3!-s /& +$sse'$,(-$/, /& re#$3$/0s*e#$e&s. Up/, -!e /-!er !(,+" C$-) Or+$,(,e N/. 8@@@" (s ('e,+e+" !$! re20$res -!e /*-e,-$/, /& -!e M()/rs per'$- *e&/re (,)pers/, (, e,3(3e $, (,) /& -!e *0s$,esses" -r(+es /r /0p(-$/,s e,0'er(-e+ -!ere$," +/es ,/- $'p/se (,) !(r3e 0p/, -!ee,?/)'e,- /& ( r$3!- 3r(,-e+ *) -!e C/,s-$-0-$/," ,/r -(5 -!e e5er$se /& re#$3$/0s pr(-$es. He,e" $- (,,/- *e /,s$+ere+0,/,s-$-0-$/,(#" ee, $& (pp#$e+ -/ p#($,-$&& S/$e-). B0- (s Or+$,(,e N/. 696< $s ,/- (pp#$(*#e -/ p#($,-$&& (,+ -!e C$-) /& M(,$#( $sp/er#ess -/ #$e,se /r -(5 -!e *0s$,ess /& p#($,-$&& s/$e-) $,/#e+ !ere$," &/r -!e re(s/,s (*/e s-(-e+" Or+$,(,e N/. 8@@@ $s (#s/$,(pp#$(*#e -/ s($+ *0s$,ess" -r(+e /r /0p(-$/, /& -!e p#($,-$&&.

E ' & S & O N

EL&, J.

P#($,-$&&(ppe##(,- $s ( &/re$3," ,/,s-/%" ,/,pr/&$-" re#$3$/0s" '$ss$/,(r) /rp/r(-$/, +0#) re3$s-ere+ (,+ +/$,3 *0s$,ess $, -!eP!$#$pp$,es -!r/03! $-s P!$#$pp$,e (3e,) es-(*#$s!e+ $, M(,$#( $, N/e'*er" 1<" $-! $-s pr$,$p(# /&&$e (- :8: Is(( Per(# $, s($+C$-). T!e +e&e,+(,-(ppe##ee $s ( '0,$$p(# /rp/r(-$/, $-! p/ers -!(- (re -/ *e e5er$se+ $, /,&/r'$-) $-! -!e pr/$s$/,s /&Rep0*#$ A- N/. =@<" %,/, (s -!e Re$se+ C!(r-er /& -!e C$-) /& M(,$#(.



I, -!e /0rse /& $-s '$,$s-r)" p#($,-$&&s P!$#$pp$,e (3e,) !(s *ee, +$s-r$*0-$,3 (,+ se##$,3 *$*#es (,+K/r 3/spe# p/r-$/,s -!ere/&e5ep- +0r$,3 -!e 7(p(,ese /0p(-$/,> -!r/03!/0- -!e P!$#$pp$,es (,+ -r(,s#(-$,3 -!e s('e $,-/ seer(# P!$#$pp$,e +$(#e-s. O, M()6<" 1<98" -!e (-$,3 C$-) Tre(s0rer /& -!e C$-) /& M(,$#( $,&/r'e+ p#($,-$&& -!(- $- (s /,+0-$,3 -!e *0s$,ess /& 3e,er(# 'er!(,+$ses$,e N/e'*er" 1<=9" $-!/0- pr/$+$,3 $-se#& $-! -!e ,eess(r) M()/rs per'$- (,+ '0,$$p(# #$e,se" $, $/#(-$/, /& Or+$,(,e N/.8@@@" (s ('e,+e+" (,+ Or+$,(,es N/s. 696<" 8@6 (,+ 88:=" (,+ re20$re+ p#($,-$&& -/ se0re" $-!$, -!ree +()s" -!e /rresp/,+$,3per'$- (,+ #$e,se &ees" -/3e-!er $-! /'pr/'$se /er$,3 -!e per$/+ &r/' -!e =-! 20(r-er /& 1<=9 -/ -!e 6,+ 20(r-er /& 1<98" $,-!e -/-(# s0' /& P9"61.=9 A,,e5 A>.

P#($,-$&& pr/-es-e+ (3($,s- -!$s re20$re'e,-" *0- -!e C$-) Tre(s0rer +e'(,+e+ -!(- p#($,-$&& +ep/s$- (,+ p() 0,+er pr/-es- -!e s0' /&P9"<1.=9" $& s0$- (s -/ *e -(%e, $, /0r- re3(r+$,3 -!e s('e A,,e5 B>. T/ (/$+ -!e #/s$,3 /& $-s *0s$,ess (s e## (s &0r-!er &$,es

(,+ pe,(#-$es $, -!e pre'$ses" /, O-/*er 6=" 1<98" p#($,-$&& p($+ -/ -!e +e&e,+(,- 0,+er pr/-es- -!e s($+ per'$- (,+ #$e,se &ees $,-!e (&/re'e,-$/,e+ ('/0,-" 3$$,3 (- -!e s('e -$'e ,/-$e -/ -!e C$-) Tre(s0rer -!(- s0$- /0#+ *e -(%e, $, /0r- -/ 20es-$/, -!e#e3(#$-) /& -!e /r+$,(,es 0,+er !$! -!e s($+ &ees ere *e$,3 /##e-e+ A,,e5 C>" !$! (s +/,e /, -!e s('e +(-e *) &$#$,3 -!e/'p#($,- -!(- 3(e r$se -/ -!$s (-$/,. I, $-s /'p#($,- p#($,-$&& pr()s -!(- ?0+3'e,- *e re,+ere+ +e#(r$,3 -!e s($+ M0,$$p(#Or+$,(,e N/. 8@@@" (s ('e,+e+" (,+ Or+$,(,es N/s. 696<" 8@6 (,+ 88:= $##e3(# (,+ 0,/,s-$-0-$/,(#" (,+ -!(- -!e +e&e,+(,- *e/r+ere+ -/ re&0,+ -/ -!e p#($,-$&& -!e s0' /& P9"<1.=9 p($+ 0,+er pr/-es-" -/3e-!er $-! #e3(# $,-eres- -!ere/," (,+ -!e /s-s"p#($,-$&& &0r-!er pr()$,3 &/r s0! /-!er re#$e& (,+ re'e+) (s -!e /0r- '() +ee' ?0s- (,+ e20$-(*#e.

De&e,+(,- (,sere+ -!e /'p#($,-" '($,-($,$,3 $, -0r, -!(- s($+ /r+$,(,es ere e,(-e+ *) -!e M0,$$p(# B/(r+ /& -!e C$-) /&M(,$#( *) $r-0e /& -!e p/er 3r(,-e+ -/ $- *) se-$/, 6===" s0*se-$/, '6> /& -!e Re$se+ A+'$,$s-r(-$e C/+e" s0perse+e+ /,70,e 1" 1<=<" *) se-$/, 1" s0*se-$/, 1> /& Rep0*#$ A- N/. =@<" %,/, (s -!e Re$se+ C!(r-er /& -!e C$-) /& M(,$#(" (,+pr()$,3 -!(- -!e /'p#($,- *e +$s'$sse+" $-! /s-s (3($,s- p#($,-$&&. T!$s (,ser (s rep#$e+ *) -!e p#($,-$&& re$-er(-$,3 -!e0,/,s-$-0-$/,(#$-) /& -!e /&-e, repe(-e+ /r+$,(,es.

Be&/re -r$(# -!e p(r-$es s0*'$--e+ -!e &/##/$,3 s-$p0#(-$/, /& &(-s?3!(,r/*#es./'.p!

4COME NOW -!e p(r-$es $, -!e (*/ee,-$-#e+ (se" -!r0 -!e$r 0,+ers$3,e+ (--/r,e)s (,+ respe-&0##) s0*'$- -!e &/##/$,3 s-$p0#(-$/,/& &(-s!(,r/*1es $r-0(# 1( #$*r(r)

1. T!(- -!e p#($,-$&& s/#+ &/r -!e 0se /& -!e p0r!(sers (- $-s pr$,$p(# /&&$e (- :8: Is(( Per(#" M(,$#(" B$*#es" Ne Tes-('e,-s" *$*#ep/r-$/,s (,+ *$*#e /,/r+(,e $, E,3#$s! (,+ /-!er &/re$3, #(,30(3es $'p/r-e+ *) $- &r/' -!e U,$-e+ S-(-es (s e## (s B$*#es" NeTes-('e,-s (,+ *$*#e p/r-$/,s $, -!e #/(# +$(#e-s $'p/r-e+ (,+K/r p0r!(se+ #/(##); -!(- &r/' -!e &/0r-! 20(r-er /& 1<=9 -/ -!e&$rs- 20(r-er /& 1<98 $,#0s$e -!e s(#es '(+e *) -!e p#($,-$&& ere (s &/##/s!(,r/*1es $r-0(# 1( #$*r(r)

0(r-er A'/0,- /& S(#es

=-! 20(r-er 1<=9 P1"6==.61

1s- 20(r-er 1<=: 6"6@:.9

6,+ 20(r-er 1<=: 1"<[email protected]

8r+ 20(r-er 1<=: 6"689.<<

=-! 20(r-er 1<=: 8"69:.@=

1s- 20(r-er 1<= 18"6=1.@

6,+ 20(r-er 1<= 19"=.99

8r+ 20(r-er 1<= 1=":9=.18

=-! 20(r-er 1<= 16"9<@.<=

1s- 20(r-er 1<= 11"1=8.<@

6,+ 20(r-er 1<= 1="19.6:

8r+ 20(r-er 1<= 8"888.8

=-! 20(r-er 1<= 1:"1<.<@

1s- 20(r-er 1<=< 68"<9.1@

6,+ 20(r-er 1<=< 1"@6.@

8r+ 20(r-er 1<=< 1:":=@.<

=-! 20(r-er 1<=< 19"<:1.8

1s- 20(r-er 1<9@ 1"9:6.=:



6,+ 20(r-er 1<9@ 61"1:.86

8r+ 20(r-er 1<9@ 69"@@=.99

=-! 20(r-er 1<9@ =9"6.<6

1s- 20(r-er 1<91 8"=1.61

6,+ 20(r-er 1<91 6<"1@8.<

8r+ 20(r-er 1<91 6@"11.1@

=-! 20(r-er 1<91 66"<:.<1

1s- 20(r-er 1<96 68"@@6.:9

6,+ 20(r-er 1<96 1":6:.<:

8r+ 20(r-er 1<96 1"<61.@1

=-! 20(r-er 1<96 6="[email protected]

1s- 20(r-er 1<98 6<"91:.61

6. T!(- -!e p(r-$es !ere*) resere -!e r$3!- -/ prese,- e$+e,e /& /-!er &(-s ,/- !ere$, s-$p0#(-e+.

WHEREFORE" $- $s respe-&0##) pr()e+ -!(- -!$s (se *e se- &/r !e(r$,3 s/ -!(- -!e p(r-$es '() prese,- &0r-!er e$+e,e /, -!e$r

*e!(#& Re/r+ /, Appe(#" pp. 191:>.4

W!e, -!e (se (s se- &/r !e(r$,3" p#($,-$&& pr/e+" ('/,3 /-!er -!$,3s" -!(- $- !(s *ee, $, e5$s-e,e $, -!e P!$#$pp$,es s$,e 1<<"(,+ -!(- $-s p(re,- s/$e-) $s $, Ne Y/r%" U,$-e+ S-(-es /& A'er$(; -!(- $-s /,-$30/0s re(# pr/per-$es #/(-e+ (- Is(( Per(# (ree5e'p- &r/' re(# es-(-e -(5es; (,+ -!(- $- (s ,eer re20$re+ -/ p() (,) '0,$$p(# #$e,se &ee /r -(5 *e&/re -!e (r" ,/r +/es -!eA'er$(, B$*#e S/$e-) $, -!e U,$-e+ S-(-es p() (,) #$e,se &ee /r s(#es -(5 &/r -!e s(#e /& *$*#e -!ere$,. P#($,-$&& &0r-!er -r$e+ -/es-(*#$s! -!(- $- ,eer '(+e (,) pr/&$- &r/' -!e s(#e /& $-s *$*#es" !$! (re +$sp/se+ /& &/r (s #/ (s /,e -!$r+ /& -!e /s-" (,+ -!(-$, /r+er -/ '($,-($, $-s /per(-$,3 /s- $- /*-($,s s0*s-(,-$(# re'$--(,es &r/' $-s Ne Y/r% /&&$e (,+ /#0,-(r) /,-r$*0-$/,s (,+ 3$&-s&r/' er-($, !0r!es" */-! $, -!e U,$-e+ S-(-es (,+ $, -!e P!$#$pp$,es" !$! (re $,-eres-e+ $, $-s '$ss$/,(r) /r%. Re3(r+$,3p#($,-$&&s /,-e,-$/, /& #(% /& pr/&$- $, -!e s(#e /& *$*#es" +e&e,+(,- re-/r-s -!(- -!e (+'$ss$/,s /& p#($,-$&&(ppe##(,-s #/,e $-,ess!/ -es-$&$e+ /, r/sse5('$,(-$/, -!(- *$*#es *e(r$,3 -!e pr$e /& @ e,-s e(! &r/' p#($,-$&&(ppe##(,-s Ne Y/r% /&&$e (re s/#+!ere *) p#($,-$&& (ppe##(,- (- P1.8@ e(!; -!/se *e(r$,3 -!e pr$e /& =.9@ e(! (re s/#+ !ere (- P1@ e(!; -!/se *e(r$,3 -!e pr$e /& e(! (re s/#+ !ere (- P19 e(!; (,+ -!/se *e(r$,3 -!e pr$e /& 11 e(! (re s/#+ !ere (- P66 e(!" #e(r#) s!/ -!(- p#($,-$&&s/,-e,-$/, -!(- $- ,eer '(%es (,) pr/&$- &r/' -!e s(#e /& $-s *$*#e" $s e$+e,-#) 0,-e,(*#e.

A&-er !e(r$,3 -!e C/0r- re,+ere+ ?0+3'e,-" -!e #(s- p(r- /& !$! $s (s &/##/s?3!(,r/*#es./'.p!

4As '() *e see, &r/' -!e repe(#e+ se-$/, '6> /& -!e Re$se+ A+'$,$s-r(-$e C/+e (,+ -!e repe(#$,3 p/r-$/,s /> /& se-$/, 1 /&Rep0*#$ A- N/. =@<" (#-!/03! -!e) see'$,3#) +$&&er $, -!e () -!e #e3$s#(-$e $,-e,- $s e5presse+" )e- -!e$r 'e(,$,3 $s pr(-$(##)-!e s('e &/r -!e p0rp/se /& -(5$,3 -!e 'er!(,+$se 'e,-$/,e+ $, s($+ #e3(# pr/$s$/,s" (,+ -!(- -!e -(5es -/ *e #e$e+ *) s($+/r+$,(,es $s $, -!e ,(-0re /& pere,-(3e 3r(+0(-e+ -(5es Se. 8 /& Or+$,(,e N/. 8@@@" (s ('e,+e+" (,+ Se. 1" Gr/0p 6" /&Or+$,(,e N/. 696<" (s ('e,+e+ *) Or+$,(,e N/. 88:=>.

IN VIEW OF THE FOREGOING CONSIDERATIONS" -!$s C/0r- $s /& -!e /p$,$/, (,+ s/ !/#+s -!(- -!$s (se s!/0#+ *e +$s'$sse+" (s $- $s!ere*) +$s'$sse+" &/r #(% /& 'er$-s" $-! /s-s (3($,s- -!e p#($,-$&&.4r(#( $r-0(1( #$*r(r)

N/- s(-$s&$e+ $-! -!$s er+$- p#($,-$&& -//% 0p -!e '(--er -/ -!e C/0r- /& Appe(#s !$! er-$&$e+ -!e (se -/ Us &/r -!e re(s/, -!(--!e err/rs (ss$3,e+ -/ -!e #/er C/0r- $,/#e+ /,#) 20es-$/,s /& #(.

Appe##(,- /,-e,+s -!(- -!e #/er C/0r- erre+!(,r/*1es $r-0(# 1( #$*r(r)

1. I, !/#+$,3 -!(- Or+$,(,es N/s. 696< (,+ 8@@@" (s respe-$e#) ('e,+e+" (re ,/- 0,/,s-$-0-$/,(#;

6. I, !/#+$,3 -!(- s0*se-$/, '6 /& Se-$/, 6=== /& -!e Re$se+ A+'$,$s-r(-$e C/+e 0,+er !$! Or+$,(,es N/s. 696< (,+ 8@@@ere pr/'0#3(-e+" (s ,/- repe(#e+ *) Se-$/, 1 /& Rep0*#$ A- N/. =@<;

8. I, ,/- !/#+$,3 -!(- (, /r+$,(,e pr/$+$,3 &/r pere,-(3e -(5es *(se+ /, 3r/ss s(#es /r ree$p-s" $, /r+er -/ *e (#$+ 0,+er -!e,e C!(r-er /& -!e C$-) /& M(,$#(" '0s- &$rs- *e (ppr/e+ *) -!e Pres$+e,- /& -!e P!$#$pp$,es; (,+

=. I, !/#+$,3 -!(-" (s -!e s(#es '(+e *) -!e p#($,-$&&(ppe##(,- !(e (ss0'e+ /''er$(# pr/p/r-$/,s" $- (,,/- es(pe &r/' -!e/per(-$/, /& s($+ '0,$$p(# /r+$,(,es 0,+er -!e #/(% /& re#$3$/0s pr$$#e3e.

T!e $ss0es. — As '() *e see, &r/' -!e pree+$,3 s-(-e'e,- /& -!e (se" -!e $ss0es $,/#e+ $, -!e prese,- /,-r/ers) '() *ere+0e+ -/ -!e &/##/$,3 1> !e-!er /r ,/- -!e /r+$,(,es /& -!e C$-) /& M(,$#(" N/s. 8@@@" (s ('e,+e+" (,+ 696<" 8@6 (,+ 88:=(re /,s-$-0-$/,(# (,+ (#$+; (,+ 6> !e-!er -!e pr/$s$/,s /& s($+ /r+$,(,es (re (pp#$(*#e /r ,/- -/ -!e (se (- *(r.



Se-$/, 1" s0*se-$/, > /& Ar-$#e III /& -!e C/,s-$-0-$/, /& -!e Rep0*#$ /& -!e P!$#$pp$,es" pr/$+es -!(-?3!(,r/*#es./'.p!

4> N/ #( s!(## *e '(+e respe-$,3 (, es-(*#$s!'e,- /& re#$3$/," /r pr/!$*$-$,3 -!e &ree e5er$se -!ere/&" (,+ -!e &ree e5er$se (,+e,?/)'e,- /& re#$3$/0s pr/&ess$/, (,+ /rs!$p" $-!/0- +$sr$'$,(-$/, /r pre&ere,e" s!(## &/reer *e (##/e+. N/ re#$3$/, -es- s!(## *ere20$re+ &/r -!e e5er$se /& $$# /r p/#$-$(# r$3!-s.4r(#( $r-0(1( #$*r(r)

Pre+$(-e+ /, -!$s /,s-$-0-$/,(# '(,+(-e" p#($,-$&&(ppe##(,- /,-e,+s -!(- Or+$,(,es N/s. 696< (,+ 8@@@" (s respe-$e#)('e,+e+" (re 0,/,s-$-0-$/,(# (,+ $##e3(# $, s/ &(r (s $-s s/$e-) $s /,er,e+" *e(0se -!e) pr/$+e &/r re#$3$/0s e,s/rs!$p (,+res-r($, -!e &ree e5er$se (,+ e,?/)'e,- /& $-s re#$3$/0s pr/&ess$/," -/ $- -!e +$s-r$*0-$/, (,+ s(#e /& *$*#es (,+ /-!er re#$3$/0s#$-er(-0re -/ -!e pe/p#e /& -!e P!$#$pp$,es.

Be&/re e,-er$,3 $,-/ ( +$s0ss$/, /& -!e /,s-$-0-$/,(# (spe- /& -!e (se" We s!(## &$rs- /,s$+er -!e pr/$s$/,s /& -!e 20es-$/,e+/r+$,(,es $, re#(-$/, -/ -!e$r (pp#$(-$/, -/ -!e s(#e /& *$*#es" e-. *) (ppe##(,-. T!e re/r+s s!/ -!(- *) #e--er /& M() 6<" 1<98A,,e5 A>" -!e C$-) Tre(s0rer re20$re+ p#($,-$&& -/ se0re ( M()/rs per'$- $, /,,e-$/, $-! -!e s/$e-)s (##e3e+ *0s$,ess /&+$s-r$*0-$,3 (,+ se##$,3 *$*#es" e-. (,+ -/ p() per'$- +0es $, -!e s0' /& P89 &/r -!e per$/+ /ere+ $, -!$s #$-$3(-$/," p#0s -!e s0' /&P89 &/r /'pr/'$se /, (/0,- /& p#($,-$&&s &($#0re -/ se0re -!e per'$- re20$re+ *) Or+$,(,e N/. 8@@@ /& -!e C$-) /& M(,$#(" (s('e,+e+. T!$s Or+$,(,e $s /& 3e,er(# (pp#$(-$/, (,+ ,/- p(r-$0#(r#) +$re-e+ (3($,s- $,s-$-0-$/,s #$%e -!e p#($,-$&&" (,+ $- +/es ,/-/,-($, (,) pr/$s$/,s !(-s/eer presr$*$,3 re#$3$/0s e,s/rs!$p ,/r res-r($,$,3 -!e &ree e5er$se (,+ e,?/)'e,- /& (,) re#$3$/0spr/&ess$/,. Se-$/, 1 /& Or+$,(,e N/. 8@@@ re(+s (s &/##/s?3!(,r/*#es./'.p!

4SEC. 1. PERMITS NECESSARY. — I- s!(## *e 0,#(&0# &/r (,) pers/, /r e,-$-) -/ /,+0- /r e,3(3e $, (,) /& -!e *0s$,esses" -r(+es"/r /0p(-$/,s e,0'er(-e+ $, Se-$/, 8 /& -!$s Or+$,(,e /r /-!er *0s$,esses" -r(+es" /r /0p(-$/,s &/r !$! ( per'$- $s re20$re+&/r -!e pr/per s0per$s$/, (,+ e,&/re'e,- /& e5$s-$,3 #(s (,+ /r+$,(,es 3/er,$,3 -!e s(,$-(-$/," se0r$-)" (,+ e#&(re /& -!ep0*#$ (,+ -!e !e(#-! /& -!e e'p#/)ees e,3(3e+ $, -!e *0s$,ess spe$&$e+ $, s($+ se-$/, 8 !ere/&" WITHOUT FIRST HAVINGOBTAINED A PERMIT THEREFOR FROM THE MAYOR AND THE NECESSARY LICENSE FROM THE CITY TREASURER.4r(#( $r-0(1(#$*r(r)

T!e *0s$,ess" -r(+e /r /0p(-$/, /& -!e p#($,-$&& $,/#e+ $, -!$s (se $s ,/- p(r-$0#(r#) 'e,-$/,e+ $, Se-$/, 8 /& -!e Or+$,(,e" (,+-!e re/r+ +/es ,/- s!/ -!(- ( per'$- $s re20$re+ -!ere&/r 0,+er e5$s-$,3 #(s (,+ /r+$,(,es &/r -!e pr/per s0per$s$/, (,+e,&/re'e,- /& -!e$r pr/$s$/,s 3/er,$,3 -!e s(,$-(-$/," se0r$-) (,+ e#&(re /& -!e p0*#$ (,+ -!e !e(#-! /& -!e e'p#/)ees e,3(3e+$, -!e *0s$,ess /& -!e p#($,-$&&. H/eer" se-$/, 8 /& Or+$,(,e 8@@@ /,-($,s $-e' N/. <" !$! re(+s (s&/##/s?3!(,r/*#es./'.p!

4<. A## /-!er *0s$,esses" -r(+es /r /0p(-$/,s ,/- 'e,-$/,e+ $, -!$s Or+$,(,e" e5ep- -!/se 0p/, !$! -!e C$-) $s ,/- e'p/ere+-/ #$e,se /r -/ -(5 . . . P9.@@.4

T!ere&/re" -!e ,eess$-) /& -!e per'$- $s '(+e -/ +epe,+ 0p/, -!e p/er /& -!e C$-) -/ #$e,se /r -(5 s($+ *0s$,ess" -r(+e /r/0p(-$/,.

As -/ -!e #$e,se &ees -!(- -!e Tre(s0rer /& -!e C$-) /& M(,$#( re20$re+ -!e s/$e-) -/ p() &r/' -!e =-! 20(r-er /& 1<=9 -/ -!e 1s-20(r-er /& 1<98 $, -!e s0' /& P9"61.=9" $,#0+$,3 -!e s0' /& P9@ (s /'pr/'$se" Or+$,(,e N/. 696<" (s ('e,+e+ *) Or+$,(,esN/s. 6<" 661 (,+ 8@6 presr$*es -!e &/##/$,3?3!(,r/*#es./'.p!

4SEC. 1. FEES. — S0*?e- -/ -!e pr/$s$/,s /& se-$/, 9 /& -!e Re$se+ Or+$,(,es /& -!e C$-) /& M(,$#(" (s ('e,+e+" -!ere s!(##*e p($+ -/ -!e C$-) Tre(s0rer &/r e,3(3$,3 $, (,) /& -!e *0s$,esses /r /0p(-$/,s *e#/ e,0'er(-e+" 20(r-er#)" #$e,se &ees *(se+/, 3r/ss s(#es /r ree$p-s re(#$e+ +0r$,3 -!e pree+$,3 20(r-er $, (/r+(,e $-! -!e r(-es !ere$, presr$*e+ PROVIDED"HOWEVER" T!(- ( pers/, e,3(3e+ $, (,) *0s$,ess /r /0p(-$/, &/r -!e &$rs- -$'e s!(## p() -!e $,$-$(# #$e,se &ee *(se+ /, -!epr/*(*#e 3r/ss s(#es /r ree$p-s &/r -!e &$rs- 20(r-er *e3$,,$,3 &r/' -!e +(-e /& -!e /pe,$,3 /& -!e *0s$,ess (s $,+$(-e+ !ere$, &/r-!e /rresp/,+$,3 *0s$,ess /r /0p(-$/,.

& & &

GROUP 6. — Re-($# +e(#ers $, ,e ,/- )e- 0se+> 'er!(,+$se" !$! +e(#ers (re ,/- )e- s0*?e- -/ -!e p()'e,- /& (,) '0,$$p(#-(5" s0! (s 1> re-($# +e(#ers $, 3e,er(# 'er!(,+$se; 6> re-($# +e(#ers e5#0s$e#) e,3(3e+ $, -!e s(#e /& . . . *//%s" $,#0+$,3s-(-$/,er).

& & &

As '() *e see," -!e #$e,se &ees re20$re+ -/ *e p($+ 20(r-er#) $, Se-$/, 1 /& s($+ Or+$,(,e N/. 696<" (s ('e,+e+" (re ,/-$'p/se+ +$re-#) 0p/, (,) re#$3$/0s $,s-$-0-$/, *0- 0p/, -!/se e,3(3e+ $, (,) /& -!e *0s$,ess /r /0p(-$/,s -!ere$, e,0'er(-e+"s0! (s re-($# 4+e(#ers $, 3e,er(# 'er!(,+$se4 !$!" $- $s (##e3e+" /er -!e *0s$,ess /r /0p(-$/, /& se##$,3 *$*#es" *//%s" e-.

C!(p-er :@ /& -!e Re$se+ A+'$,$s-r(-$e C/+e !$! $,#0+es se-$/, 6===" s0*se-$/, '6> /& s($+ #e3(# */+)" (s ('e,+e+ *) A-N/. 8:9<" (ppr/e+ /, Dee'*er " 1<6<" e'p/ers -!e M0,$$p(# B/(r+ /& -!e C$-) /& M(,$#(?3!(,r/*#es./'.p!

4M6> T/ -(5 (,+ &$5 -!e #$e,se &ee /, (> +e(#ers $, ,e (0-/'/*$#es /r (ess/r$es /r */-!" (,+ *> re-($# +e(#ers $, ,e ,/- )e-0se+> 'er!(,+$se" !$! +e(#ers (re ,/- )e- s0*?e- -/ -!e p()'e,- /& (,) '0,$$p(# -(5.

4F/r -!e p0rp/se /& -(5(-$/," -!ese re-($# +e(#ers s!(## *e #(ss$&$e+ (s 1> re-($# +e(#ers $, 3e,er(# 'er!(,+$se" (,+ 6> re-($# +e(#erse5#0s$e#) e,3(3e+ $, -!e s(#e /& (> -e5-$#es . . . e> *//%s" $,#0+$,3 s-(-$/,er) p(per (,+ /&&$e s0pp#$es . . . PROVIDED"HOWEVER" T!(- -!e /'*$,e+ -/-(# -(5 /& (,) +e*-/r /r '(,0&(-0rer" /r */-!" e,0'er(-e+ 0,+er -!ese s0*se-$/,s '1> (,+ '



6>" !e-!er +e(#$,3 $, /,e /r (## /& -!e (r-$#es 'e,-$/,e+ !ere$," SHALL NOT BE IN EXCESS OF FIVE HUNDRED PESOS PERANNUM.4r(#( $r-0(1( #$*r(r)

(,+ (ppe##ees /0,se# '($,-($,s -!(- C$-) Or+$,(,es N/s. 696< (,+ 8@@@" (s ('e,+e+" ere e,(-e+ $, $r-0e /& -!e p/er -!(-s($+ A- N/. 8::< /,&erre+ 0p/, -!e C$-) /& M(,$#(. Appe##(,-" !/eer" /,-e,+s -!(- s($+ /r+$,(,es (re ,/ #/,3er $, &/re (,+e&&e- (s -!e #( 0,+er !$! -!e) ere pr/'0#3(-e+ !(s *ee, e5press#) repe(#e+ *) Se-$/, 1@6 /& Rep0*#$ A- N/. =@< p(sse+ /,70,e 1" 1<=<" %,/, (s -!e Re$se+ M(,$#( C!(r-er.

P(ss$,3 0p/, -!$s p/$,- -!e #/er C/0r- (-e3/r$(##) s-(-e+ -!(- Rep0*#$ A- N/. =@< e5press#) repe(#e+ -!e pr/$s$/,s /& C!(p-er:@ /& -!e Re$se+ A+'$,$s-r(-$e C/+e *0- $, -!e /p$,$/, /& -!e -r$(# 70+3e" (#-!/03! Se-$/, 6== '6> /& -!e &/r'er M(,$#( C!(r-er(,+ se-$/, 1 /> /& -!e ,e see'$,3#) +$&&er $, -!e () -!e #e3$s#(-$e $,-e,- (s e5presse+" )e- -!e$r 'e(,$,3 $s pr(-$(##) -!e

s('e &/r -!e p0rp/se /& -(5$,3 -!e 'er!(,+$se 'e,-$/,e+ $, */-! #e3(# pr/$s$/,s (,+" /,se20e,-#)" Or+$,(,es N/s. 696< (,+8@@@" (s ('e,+e+" (re -/ *e /,s$+ere+ (s s-$## $, &0## &/re (,+ e&&e- 0,$,-err0p-e+#) 0p -/ -!e prese,-.

4O&-e, -!e #e3$s#(-0re" $,s-e(+ /& s$'p#) ('e,+$,3 -!e pree5$s-$,3 s-(-0-e" $## repe(# -!e /#+ s-(-0-e $, $-s e,-$re-) (,+ *) -!e s('ee,(-'e,- ree,(- (## /r er-($, p/r-$/,s /& -!e pree5$s-$,3 #(. O& /0rse" -!e pr/*#e' re(-e+ *) -!$s s/r- /& #e3$s#(-$e (-$/,$,/#es '($,#) -!e e&&e- /& -!e repe(# 0p/, r$3!-s (,+ #$(*$#$-$es !$! (r0e+ 0,+er -!e /r$3$,(# s-(-0-e. Are -!/se r$3!-s (,+#$(*$#$-$es +es-r/)e+ /r presere+ T!e (0-!/r$-$es (re +$$+e+ (s -/ -!e e&&e- /& s$'0#-(,e/0s repe(#s (,+ re e,(-'e,-s. S/'e(+!ere -/ -!e $e -!(- -!e r$3!-s (,+ #$(*$#$-$es (r0e+ 0,+er -!e repe(#e+ (- (re +es-r/)e+" s$,e -!e s-(-0-es &r/' !$! -!e)spr(,3 (re (-0(##) -er'$,(-e+" ee, -!/03! &/r /,#) ( er) s!/r- per$/+ /& -$'e. O-!ers" (,+ -!e) see' -/ *e $, -!e '(?/r$-)" re&0se-/ (ep- -!$s $e /& -!e s$-0(-$/," (,+ /,se20e,-#) '($,-($, -!(- (## r$3!-s (,+ #$(*$#$-$es !$! !(e (r0e+ 0,+er -!e /r$3$,(#s-(-0-e (re presere+ (,+ '() *e e,&/re+" s$,e -!e ree,(-'e,- ,e0-r(#$es -!e repe(#" -!ere&/re /,-$,0$,3 -!e #( $, &/re$-!/0- $,-err0p-$/,.4 Cr(&/r+S-(-0-/r) C/,s-r0-$/," Se. 866>.

Appe##(,-s /0,se# s-(-es -!(- se-$/, 1 /> /& Rep0*#$ A- N/. =@< $,-r/+0es ( ,e (,+ $+er /,ep- /& -(5(-$/, (,+ $s s/+$&&ere,- &r/' -!e pr/$s$/,s /& Se-$/, 6==='6> -!(- -!e &/r'er (,,/- *e /,s$+ere+ (s ( s0*s-(,-$(# ree,(-'e,- /& -!epr/$s$/,s /& -!e #(--er. We !(e 20/-e+ (*/e -!e pr/$s$/,s /& se-$/, 6=== '6> /& -!e Re$se+ A+'$,$s-r(-$e C/+e (,+ We s!(##

,/ /p) !ere0,+er -!e pr/$s$/,s /& Se-$/, 1" s0*+$$s$/, /> /& Rep0*#$ A- N/. =@<" !$! re(+s (s&/##/s?3!(,r/*#es./'.p!

4/> T/ -(5 (,+ &$5 -!e #$e,se &ee /, +e(#ers $, 3e,er(# 'er!(,+$se" $,#0+$,3 $'p/r-ers (,+ $,+e,-/rs" e5ep- -!/se +e(#ers !/'() *e e5press#) s0*?e- -/ -!e p()'e,- /& s/'e /-!er '0,$$p(# -(5 0,+er -!e pr/$s$/,s /& -!$s se-$/,.

De(#ers $, 3e,er(# 'er!(,+$se s!(## *e #(ss$&$e+ (s (> !/#es(#e +e(#ers (,+ *> re-($# +e(#ers. F/r p0rp/ses /& -!e -(5 /, re-($#+e(#ers" 3e,er(# 'er!(,+$se s!(## *e #(ss$&$e+ $,-/ &/0r '($, #(sses ,('e#) 1> #050r) (r-$#es" 6> se'$#050r) (r-$#es" 8>esse,-$(# /''/+$-$es" (,+ => '$se##(,e/0s (r-$#es. A sep(r(-e #$e,se s!(## *e presr$*e+ &/r e(! #(ss *0- !ere /''/+$-$es /&+$&&ere,- #(sses (re s/#+ $, -!e s('e es-(*#$s!'e,-" $- s!(## ,/- *e /'p0#s/r) &/r -!e /,er -/ se0re '/re -!(, /,e #$e,se $& !ep()s -!e !$3!er /r !$3!es- r(-e /& -(5 presr$*e+ *) /r+$,(,e. W!/#es(#e +e(#ers s!(## p() -!e #$e,se -(5 (s s0!" (s '() *epr/$+e+ *) /r+$,(,e.

F/r p0rp/ses /& -!$s se-$/," -!e -er' Ge,er(# 'er!(,+$se s!(## $,#0+e p/0#-r) (,+ #$es-/%" (3r$0#-0r(# pr/+0-s" &$s! (,+ /-!er(##$e+ pr/+0-s.4r(#( $r-0(1( #$*r(r)

T!e /,#) esse,-$(# +$&&ere,e -!(- We &$,+ *e-ee, -!ese -/ pr/$s$/,s -!(- '() !(e (,) *e(r$,3 /, -!e (se (- *(r" $s -!(- !$#es0*se-$/, '6> presr$*es -!(- -!e /'*$,e+ -/-(# -(5 /& (,) +e(#er /r '(,0&(-0rer" /r */-!" e,0'er(-e+ 0,+er s0*se-$/,s '1>(,+ ' 6>" !e-!er +e(#$,3 $, /,e /r (## /& -!e (r-$#es 'e,-$/,e+ -!ere$," s!(## ,/- *e $, e5ess /& P9@@ per (,,0'" -!e/rresp/,+$,3 se-$/, 1" s0*se-$/, /> /& Rep0*#$ A- N/. =@<" +/es ,/- /,-($, (,) #$'$-(-$/, (s -/ -!e ('/0,- /& -(5 /r #$e,se&ee -!(- -!e re-($# +e(#er !(s -/ p() per (,,0'. He,e" (,+ $, (/r+(,e $-! -!e e$3!- /& -!e (0-!/r$-$es (*/e re&erre+ -/ -!(-'($,-($, -!(- 4(## r$3!-s (,+ #$(*$#$-$es !$! !(e (r0e+ 0,+er -!e /r$3$,(# s-(-0-e (re presere+ (,+ '() *e e,&/re+" s$,e -!eree,(-'e,- ,e0-r(#$es -!e repe(#" -!ere&/re /,-$,0$,3 -!e #( $, &/re $-!/0- $,-err0p-$/,4" We !/#+ -!(- -!e 20es-$/,e+/r+$,(,es /& -!e C$-) /& M(,$#( (re s-$## $, &/re (,+ e&&e-.

P#($,-$&&" !/eer" (r30es -!(- -!e 20es-$/,e+ /r+$,(,es" -/ *e (#$+" '0s- & $rs- *e (ppr/e+ *) -!e Pres$+e,- /& -!e P!$#$pp$,es (sper se-$/, 1" s0*se-$/, $$> /& Rep0*#$ A- N/. =@<" !$! re(+s (s &/##/s?3!(,r/*#es./'.p!

4$$> T/ -(5" #$e,se (,+ re30#(-e (,) *0s$,ess" -r(+e /r /0p(-$/, *e$,3 /,+0-e+ $-!$, -!e C$-) /& M(,$#(" ,/- /-!er$see,0'er(-e+ $, -!e pree+$,3 s0*se-$/,s" $,#0+$,3 pere,-(3e -(5es *(se+ /, 3r/ss s(#es /r ree$p-s" s0*?e- -/ -!e (ppr/(# /& -!ePRESIDENT" e5ep- ('0se'e,- -(5es.4r(#( $r-0(1( #$*r(r)

*0- -!$s re20$re'e,- /& -!e Pres$+e,-s (ppr/(# (s ,/- /,-($,e+ $, se-$/, 6=== /& -!e &/r'er C!(r-er /& -!e C$-) /& M(,$#( 0,+er!$! Or+$,(,e N/. 696< (s pr/'0#3(-e+. A,)()" (s s-(-e+ *) (ppe##ees /0,se#" -!e *0s$,ess /& 4re-($# +e(#ers $, 3e,er(#'er!(,+$se4 $s e5press#) e,0'er(-e+ $, s0*se-$/, />" se-$/, 1 /& Rep0*#$ A- N/. =@<; !e,e" (, /r+$,(,e presr$*$,3 ('0,$$p(# -(5 /, s($+ *0s$,ess +/es ,/- !(e -/ *e (ppr/e+ *) -!e Pres$+e,- -/ *e e&&e-$e" (s $- $s ,/- ('/,3 -!/se re&erre+ -/ $,s($+ s0*se-$/, $$>. M/re/er" -!e 20es-$/,e+ /r+$,(,es (re s-$## $, &/re" !($,3 *ee, pr/'0#3(-e+ *) -!e M0,$$p(# B/(r+ /& -!eC$-) /& M(,$#( 0,+er -!e (0-!/r$-) 3r(,-e+ -/ $- *) #(.

T!e 20es-$/, -!(- ,/ re'($,s -/ *e +e-er'$,e+ $s !e-!er s($+ /r+$,(,es (re $,(pp#$(*#e" $,(#$+ /r 0,/,s-$-0-$/,(# $& (pp#$e+ -/-!e (##e3e+ *0s$,ess /& +$s-r$*0-$/, (,+ s(#e /& *$*#es -/ -!e pe/p#e /& -!e P!$#$pp$,es *) ( re#$3$/0s /rp/r(-$/, #$%e -!e A'er$(,B$*#e S/$e-)" p#($,-$&& !ere$,.

W$-! re3(r+ -/ Or+$,(,e N/. 696<" (s ('e,+e+ *) Or+$,(,es N/s. 6<" 661 (,+ 8@6" (ppe##(,- /,-e,+s -!(- $- $s0,/,s-$-0-$/,(# (,+ $##e3(# *e(0se $- res-r($,s -!e &ree e5er$se (,+ e,?/)'e,- /& -!e re#$3$/0s pr/&ess$/, (,+ /rs!$p /& $ppellant .



Ar-$#e III" se-$/, 1" #(0se > /& -!e C/,s-$-0-$/, /& -!e P!$#$pp$,es (&/re20/-e+" 30(r(,-ees -!e &ree+/' /& re#$3$/0s pr/&ess$/, (,+/rs!$p. 4Re#$3$/, !(s *ee, sp/%e, /& (s ( pr/&ess$/, /& &($-! -/ (, (-$e p/er -!(- *$,+s (,+ e#e(-es '(, -/ $-s Cre(-/r A3#$p(). R0$" := P!$#." 6@1>. I- !(s re&ere,e -/ /,es $es /& !$s re#(-$/,s -/ H$s Cre(-/r (,+ -/ -!e /*#$3(-$/,s -!e) $'p/se /& reere,e-/ H$s *e$,3 (,+ !(r(-er" (,+ /*e+$e,e -/ H$s W$## D($s . Be(s/," 188 U.S." 8=6>. T!e /,s-$-0-$/,(# 30(r(,-) /& -!e &reee5er$se (,+ e,?/)'e,- /& re#$3$/0s pr/&ess$/, (,+ /rs!$p (rr$es $-! $- -!e r$3!- -/ +$sse'$,(-e re#$3$/0s $,&/r'(-$/,. A,) res-r($,-/& s0! r$3!- (, /,#) *e ?0s-$&$e+ #$%e /-!er res-r($,-s /& &ree+/' /& e5press$/, /, -!e 3r/0,+s -!(- -!ere $s ( #e(r (,+ prese,-+(,3er /& (,) s0*s-(,-$e e$# !$! -!e S-(-e !(s -!e r$3!- -/ pree,-.4 T(Q(+( (,+ Fer,(,+/ /, -!e C/,s-$-0-$/, /& -!e P!$#$pp$,esV/#. I" =-! e+." p. 6<>. I, -!e (se (- *(r -!e #$e,se &ee !ere$, $,/#e+ $s $'p/se+ 0p/, (ppe##(,- &/r $-s +$s-r$*0-$/, (,+ s(#e /&*$*#es (,+ /-!er re#$3$/0s #$-er(-0re.

4I, -!e (se /& M0r+/% . Pe,,s)#(,$(" $- (s !e#+ -!(- (, /r+$,(,e re20$r$,3 -!(- ( #$e,se *e /*-($,e+ *e&/re ( pers/, /0#+

(,(ss /r s/#$$- /r+ers &/r 3//+s" p($,-$,3s" p$-0res" (res /r 'er!(,+$se (,,/- *e '(+e -/ (pp#) -/ 'e'*ers /& 7e!/(!sW$-,esses !/ e,- (*/0- &r/' +//r -/ +//r +$s-r$*0-$,3 #$-er(-0re (,+ s/#$$-$,3 pe/p#e -/ p0r!(se er-($, re#$3$/0s *//%s (,+p('p!#e-s" (## p0*#$s!e+ *) -!e W(-! T/er B$*#e Tr(- S/$e-). T!e pr$e /& -!e *//%s (s -e,-)&$e e,-s e(!" -!e pr$e /&-!e p('p!#e-s &$e e,-s e(!. I- (s s!/, -!(- $, '(%$,3 -!e s/#$$-(-$/,s -!ere (s ( re20es- &/r (++$-$/,(# /,-r$*0-$/, /&-e,-)&$e e,-s e(! &/r -!e *//%s (,+ &$e e,-s e(! &/r -!e p('p!#e-s. Lesser s0' ere (ep-e+" !/eer" (,+ *//%s ereee, +/,(-e+ $, (se $,-eres-e+ pers/,s ere $-!/0- &0,+s.

O, -!e (*/e &(-s -!e S0pre'e C/0r- !e#+ -!(- $- /0#+ ,/- *e s($+ -!(- pe-$-$/,ers ere e,3(3e+ $, /''er$(# r(-!er -!(, (re#$3$/0s e,-0re. T!e$r (-$$-$es /0#+ ,/- *e +esr$*e+ (s e'*r(e+ $, -!e /0p(-$/, /& se##$,3 *//%s (,+ p('p!#e-s. T!e, -!eC/0r- /,-$,0e+!(,r/*1es $r-0(# 1( #$*r(r)

We +/ ,/- 'e(, -/ s() -!(- re#$3$/0s 3r/0ps (,+ -!e press (re &ree &r/' (## &$,(,$(# *0r+e,s /& 3/er,'e,-. See Gr/s?e(, .A'er$(, Press C/." 6< U.S." 688" 69@" @ L. e+. ::@" ::" 9: S. C-. ===. We !(e !ere s/'e-!$,3 20$-e +$&&ere,-" &/r e5('p#e"&r/' ( -(5 /, -!e $,/'e /& /,e !/ e,3(3es $, re#$3$/0s (-$$-$es /r ( -(5 /, pr/per-) 0se+ /r e'p#/)e+ $, /,,e-$/, $-! -!/se(-$$-$es. I- $s /,e -!$,3 -/ $'p/se ( -(5 /, -!e $,/'e /r pr/per-) /& ( pre(!er. I- $s 20$-e (,/-!er -!$,3 -/ e5(- ( -(5 &r/' !$'&/r -!e pr$$#e3e /& +e#$er$,3 ( ser'/,. T!e -(5 $'p/se+ *) -!e C$-) /& 7e(,,e--e $s ( &#(- #$e,se -(5" p()'e,- /& !$! $s (

/,+$-$/, /& -!e e5er$se /& -!ese /,s-$-0-$/,(# pr$$#e3es. T!e p/er -/ -(5 -!e e5er$se /& ( pr$$#e3e $s -!e p/er -/ /,-r/# /rs0ppress $-s e,?/)'e,-. . . . T!/se !/ (, -(5 -!e e5er$se /& -!$s re#$3$/0s pr(-$e (, '(%e $-s e5er$se s/ /s-#) (s -/ +epr$e $-/& -!e res/0res ,eess(r) &/r $-s '($,-e,(,e. T!/se !/ (, -(5 -!e pr$$#e3e /& e,3(3$,3 $, -!$s &/r' /& '$ss$/,(r) e(,3e#$s'(, #/se (## $-s +//rs -/ (## -!/se !/ +/ ,/- !(e ( &0## p0rse. Spre(+$,3 re#$3$/0s *e#$e&s $, -!$s (,$e,- (,+ !/,/r(*#e '(,,er/0#+ -!0s *e +e,$e+ -!e ,ee+). . . .

I- $s /,-e,+e+ !/eer -!(- -!e &(- -!(- -!e #$e,se -(5 (, s0ppress /r /,-r/# -!$s (-$$-) $s 0,$'p/r-(,- $& $- +/es ,/- +/ s/. B0--!(- $s -/ +$sre3(r+ -!e ,(-0re /& -!$s -(5. I- $s ( #$e,se -(5 — ( &#(- -(5 $'p/se+ /, -!e e5er$se /& ( pr$$#e3e 3r(,-e+ *) -!e B$## /&R$3!-s . . . T!e p/er -/ $'p/se ( #$e,se -(5 /, -!e e5er$se /& -!ese &ree+/'s $s $,+ee+ (s p/-e,- (s -!e p/er /& e,s/rs!$p !$!-!$s C/0r- !(s repe(-e+#) s-r0% +/,. . . . I- $s ,/- ( ,/'$,(# &ee $'p/se+ (s ( re30#(-/r) 'e(s0re -/ +e&r() -!e e5pe,ses /&p/#$$,3 -!e (-$$-$es $, 20es-$/,. I- $s $, ,/ () (pp/r-$/,e+. I- $s &#(- #$e,se -(5 #e$e+ (,+ /##e-e+ (s ( /,+$-$/, -/ -!e p0rs0$- /&(-$$-$es !/se e,?/)'e,- $s 30(r(,-ee+ *) -!e /,s-$-0-$/,(# #$*er-$es /& press (,+ re#$3$/, (,+ $,e$-(*#) -e,+s -/ s0ppress -!e$re5er$se. T!(- $s (#'/s- 0,$&/r'#) re/3,$e+ (s -!e $,!ere,- $e (,+ e$# /& -!$s &#(- #$e,se -(5.

N/r /0#+ +$sse'$,(-$/, /& re#$3$/0s $,&/r'(-$/, *e /,+$-$/,e+ 0p/, -!e (ppr/(# /& (, /&&$$(# /r '(,(3er ee, $& -!e -/, ere/,e+ *) ( /rp/r(-$/, (s !e#+ $, -!e (se /& M(rs! . S-(-e /& A#(*('( 86: U.S. 9@1> /r *) -!e U,$-e+ S-(-es $-se#& (s !e#+ $, -!e

(se /& T0%er . Te5(s 86: U.S. 91>. I, -!e &/r'er (se -!e S0pre'e C/0r- e5presse+ -!e /p$,$/, -!(- -!e r$3!- -/ e,?/) &ree+/'/& -!e press (,+ re#$3$/, /0p$es ( pre&erre+ p/s$-$/, (s (3($,s- -!e /,s-$-0-$/,(# r$3!- /& pr/per-) /,ers.

W!e, e *(#(,e -!e /,s-$-0-$/,(# r$3!-s /& /,ers /& pr/per-) (3($,s- -!/se /& -!e pe/p#e -/ e,?/) &ree+/' /& press (,+ re#$3$/,"(s e '0s- !ere" e re'($, '$,+&0# /& -!e &(- -!(- -!e #(--er /0p) ( pre&erre+ p/s$-$/,. . . . I, /0r $e -!e $r0's-(,e -!(- -!epr/per-) r$3!-s -/ -!e pre'$ses !ere -!e +epr$(-$/, /& pr/per-) !ere $,/#e+" -//% p#(e" ere !e#+ *) /-!ers -!(, -!e p0*#$" $s,/- s0&&$$e,- -/ ?0s-$&) -!e S-(-es per'$--$,3 ( /rp/r(-$/, -/ 3/er, ( /''0,$-) /& $-$e,s s/ (s -/ res-r$- -!e$r &0,+('e,-(##$*er-$es (,+ -!e e,&/re'e,- /& s0! res-r($,- *) -!e (pp#$(-$/, /& ( S-(-e s-(-0-e.4 T(Q(+( (,+ Fer,(,+/ /, -!e C/,s-$-0-$/, /&-!e P!$#$pp$,es" V/#. I" =-! e+." p. 8@=8@:>.

Se-$/, 6 /& C/''/,e(#-! A- N/. =::" /-!er$se %,/, (s -!e N(-$/,(# I,-er,(# Ree,0e C/+e" pr/$+es?3!(,r/*#es./'.p!

4SEC. 6. EXEMPTIONS FROM TAX ON CORPORATIONS. — T!e &/##/$,3 /r3(,$(-$/,s s!(## ,/- *e -(5e+ 0,+er -!$s T$-#e $, respe- -/$,/'e ree$e+ *) -!e' (s s0! —

4e> C/rp/r(-$/,s /r (ss/$(-$/,s /r3(,$e+ (,+ /per(-e+ e5#0s$e#) &/r re#$3$/0s" !(r$-(*#e" . . . /r e+0(-$/,(# p0rp/ses" . .Pr/$+e+ !/eer" T!(- -!e $,/'e /& !(-eer %$,+ (,+ !(r(-er &r/' (,) /& $-s pr/per-$es" re(# /r pers/,(#" /r &r/' (,) (-$$-)/,+0-e+ &/r pr/&$-" re3(r+#ess /& -!e +$sp/s$-$/, '(+e /& s0! $,/'e" s!(## *e # $(*#e -/ -!e -(5 $'p/se+ 0,+er -!$s C/+e;4

Appe##(,-s /0,se# #($'s -!(- -!e C/##e-/r /& I,-er,(# Ree,0e !(s e5e'p-e+ -!e p#($,-$&& &r/' -!$s -(5 (,+ s()s -!(- s0!e5e'p-$/, #e(r#) $,+$(-es -!(- -!e (- /& +$s-r$*0-$,3 (,+ se##$,3 *$*#es" e-. $s p0re#) re#$3$/0s (,+ +/es ,/- &(## 0,+er -!e (*/e#e3(# pr/$s$/,s.

I- '() *e -r0e -!(- $, -!e (se (- *(r -!e pr$e (s%e+ &/r -!e *$*#es (,+ /-!er re#$3$/0s p('p!#e-s (s $, s/'e $,s-(,es ( #$--#e *$-!$3!er -!(, -!e (-0(# /s- /& -!e s('e" *0- -!$s (,,/- 'e(, -!(- (ppe##(,- (s e,3(3e+ $, -!e *0s$,ess /r /0p(-$/, /& se##$,3s($+ 4'er!(,+$se4 &/r pr/&$-. F/r -!$s re(s/, We *e#$ee -!(- -!e pr/$s$/,s /& C$-) /& M(,$#( Or+$,(,e N/. 696<" (s ('e,+e+"(,,/- *e (pp#$e+ -/ (ppe##(,-" &/r $, +/$,3 s/ $- /0#+ $'p($r $-s &ree e5er$se (,+ e,?/)'e,- /& $-s re#$3$/0s pr/&ess$/, (,+ /rs!$p(s e## (s $-s r$3!-s /& +$sse'$,(-$/, /& re#$3$/0s *e#$e&s.

W$-! respe- -/ Or+$,(,e N/. 8@@@" (s ('e,+e+" !$! re20$res -!e /*-e,-$/, /& -!e M()/rs per'$- *e&/re (,) pers/, (, e,3(3e



$, (,) /& -!e *0s$,esses" -r(+es /r /0p(-$/,s e,0'er(-e+ -!ere$," We +/ ,/- &$,+ -!(- $- $'p/ses (,) !(r3e 0p/, -!e e,?/)'e,-/& ( r$3!- 3r(,-e+ *) -!e C/,s-$-0-$/," ,/r -(5 -!e e5er$se /& re#$3$/0s pr(-$es. I, -!e (se /& C/#e'(, . C$-) /& Gr$&&$," 1< S.E.=6" -!$s p/$,- (s e#0$+(-e+ (s &/##/s?3!(,r/*#es./'.p!

4A, /r+$,(,e *) -!e C$-) /& Gr$&&$," +e#(r$,3 -!(- -!e pr(-$e /& +$s-r$*0-$,3 e$-!er *) !(,+ /r /-!er$se" $r0#(rs" !(,+*//%s"(+er-$s$,3" /r #$-er(-0re /& (,) %$,+" !e-!er s($+ (r-$#es (re *e$,3 +e#$ere+ &ree" /r !e-!er s('e (re *e$,3 s/#+ $-!$, -!e $-)#$'$-s /& -!e C$-) /& Gr$&&$," $-!/0- &$rs- /*-($,$,3 r$--e, per'$ss$/, &r/' -!e $-) '(,(3er /& -!e C$-) /& Gr$&&$," s!(## *e +ee'e+ (,0$s(,e (,+ p0,$s!(*#e (s (, /&&e,se (3($,s- -!e C$-) /& Gr$&&$," +/es ,/- +epr$e +e&e,+(,- /& !$s /,s-$-0-$/,(# r$3!- /& -!e &reee5er$se (,+ e,?/)'e,- /& re#$3$/0s pr/&ess$/, (,+ /rs!$p" ee, -!/03! $- pr/!$*$-s !$' &r/' $,-r/+0$,3 (,+ (rr)$,3 /0- ( s!e'e/r p0rp/se !$! !e sees &$- -/ #($' (s ( p(r- /& !$s re#$3$/0s s)s-e'.4r(#( $r-0(1( #$*r(r)

I- see's #e(r" -!ere&/re" -!(- Or+$,(,e N/. 8@@@ (,,/- *e /,s$+ere+ 0,/,s-$-0-$/,(#" ee, $& (pp#$e+ -/ p#($,-$&& S/$e-). B0- (sOr+$,(,e N/. 696< /& -!e C$-) /& M(,$#(" (s ('e,+e+" $s ,/- (pp#$(*#e -/ p#($,-$&&(ppe##(,- (,+ +e&e,+(,-(ppe##ee $s p/er#ess -/#$e,se /r -(5 -!e *0s$,ess /& p#($,-$&& S/$e-) $,/#e+ !ere$, &/r" (s s-(-e+ *e&/re" $- /0#+ $'p($r p#($,-$&&s r$3!- -/ -!e &ree e5er$se(,+ e,?/)'e,- /& $-s re#$3$/0s pr/&ess$/, (,+ /rs!$p" (s e## (s $-s r$3!-s /& +$sse'$,(-$/, /& re#$3$/0s *e#$e&s" We &$,+ -!(-Or+$,(,e N/. 8@@@" (s ('e,+e+" $s (#s/ $,(pp#$(*#e -/ s($+ *0s$,ess" -r(+e /r /0p(-$/, /& -!e p#($,-$&&.

W!ere&/re" (,+ /, -!e s-re,3-! /& -!e &/re3/$,3 /,s$+er(-$/,s" We !ere*) reerse -!e +e$s$/, (ppe(#e+ &r/'" se,-e,$,3+e&e,+(,- -/ re-0r, -/ p#($,-$&& -!e s0' /& P9"<1.=9 0,+0#) /##e-e+ &r/' $-. W$-!/0- pr/,/0,e'e,- (s -/ /s-s. I- $s s/ /r+ere+.



G.R. No. 95AA *r4h 1, 1993

ROEL EBR$L&N$G, E*&LY EBR$L&N$G, rere+en#e/ b #heir ren#+ *R. < *RS. LEON$RO EBR$L&N$G, JS%&N&$N$%$N%OG, rere+en#e/ b her "#her $*OS %$N%OGD JE*&LOY$O < JOEL OY$O, rere+en#e/ b #heir ren#+ *R. < *RS.EL&EER OY$OD J$NE% &$*OS < JERE*&$S &$*OS, rere+en#e/ b ren#+ *R. < *RS. GOOREO &$*OSDS$R$ OS%&$ < JON$%$N OS%&$, rere+en#e/ b #heir ren#+ *R. < *RS. $%O OS%&$D &R?&N SEH&NO < REN$NSEH&NO, rere+en#e/ b #heir ren#+ *R. < *RS. LY&O SEH&NOD N$;%$LE %$N$'$O, rere+en#e/ b hi+ ren#+*R. < *RS. *$NEL %$N$'$OD ;RE'&L$ ;&NO, rere+en#e/ b her ren#+ *R. < *RS. EL&;E ;&NOD *$R&'R&S$L$R, R0&N$ $L$R, rere+en#e/ b #heir ren#+ *R. < *RS. ER*&N&G&LO $L$RD REES*&N$ $L$R <G*ERS&NO $L$R, rere+en#e/ b #heir ren#+ $BON $L$RD $LBER%O $L$R < $R&S%&O $L$R, rere+en#e/ b

#heir ren#+ *R. < *RS. GENEROSO $L$RD *$R%&NO ?&LL$R, rere+en#e/ b hi+ ren#+ *R. < *RS. GEN$RO?&LL$RD ;ERGEBR&EL G&N&%$ < '$REN G&N&%$, rere+en#e/ b #heir ren#+ *R. < *RS. 'ES$R G&N&%$D $L?&NOO;, rere+en#e/ b hi+ ren#+ *R. < *RS. LEON&ES OO;D R&LYN L$E, rere+en#e/ b her ren#+ *R. <*RS. RENE L$ED LEORE*&N$ *ON$RES, rere+en#e/ b her ren#+, *R. < *RS. LOREN'&O *ON$RESD *ER'Y*ON%E'&LLO, rere+en#e/ b her ren#+ *R. < *RS. *$NEL *ON%E'&LLOD ROBER%O %$NG$$, rere+en#e/ b hi+ren# &L*&N$$ %$NG$$D E?ELYN, *$R&$ < LOR$ %$NG$$, rere+en#e/ b #heir ren#+ *R. < *RS. $LBER%O%$NG$$D *$&*O EBR$L&N$G, rere+en#e/ b hi+ ren#+, *R. < *RS. ;$H&%O EBR$L&N$GD J%$ '*ON, G&EON'*ON < JON$%$N '*ON, rere+en#e/ b #heir "#her R$$EL '*OND E?&E L*$=$NG < JN$R L*$=$NG,rere+en#e/ b #heir ren#+ *R. < *RS. L*$=$NGD E*&L&O S$RSOO, ;$ $*OR S$RSOO < &GN$ *$R&E S$RSOO,rere+en#e/ b #heir ren#+ *R. < *RS. ?&RG&L&O S$RSOOD *&'$EL JOSE; < ENRY JOSE;, rere+en#e/ bren# $NN&E JOSE;D E*ERSON %$BL$SON < *$S%ERLO %$BL$SON, rere+en#e/ b #heir ren# E*ERL&%O%$BL$SON, pe-$-$/,ers"

s.

%E &?&S&ON S;ER&N%ENEN% O S'OOLS O 'EB, resp/,+e,-.

G.R. No. 9588A *r4h 1, 1993

*$Y $*OLO, rere+en#e/ b her ren#+ *R. < *RS. &S$&$S $*OLOD REOR $LS$O, JOEBER% $LS$O < RY$R$LS$O, rere+en#e/ b #heir ren#+ *R. < *RS. $BEL$RO $LS$OD NEL&$ $LS$O, RE $LS$O < L&L&BE%$LS$O, rere+en#e/ b #heir ren#+ *R. < *RS. ROL$NO $LS$OD SE%%E N$;OLES, rere+en#e/ b her ren#+&S*$&L&%O N$;OLES < O;EL&$ N$;OLESD JES&'$ '$R*ELO%ES, rere+en#e/ b her ren#+ *R. < *RS. SERG&O'$R*ELO%ESD B$BY JE$N *$'$;$S, rere+en#e/ b her ren#+ *R. < *RS. %OR&B&O *$'$;$SD GER$L&NE $LS$O,rere+en#e/ b her ren#+ *R. < *RS. JOEL $LS$OD R$HEL E*O%OR < LE$ E*O%OR, rere+en#e/ b #heirren#+ *R. < *RS. LEON$RO E*O%ORD JRELL ?&LL$ < *ELONEY ?&LL$, rere+en#e/ b #heir ren#+ *R. < *RS.JO?EN&$NO ?&LL$D JONELL O;E *$&N$Y, *$RY GR$'E *$&N$Y n/ *$G$LENE *$&N$Y, rere+en#e/ b #heirren#+ *R. < *RS. EL& *$&N$YD JON$LYN $N%&OL$ n/ JER0&N $N%&OL$, rere+en#e/ b #heir ren#+ EL&E$N%&OL$ n/ $NE'&%$ $N%&OL$D *$R&$ 'ON'E;'&ON '$BY$O, rere+en#e/ b her ren#+ 0EN&REO '$BY$O

n/ ES%RELL&%$ '$BY$O, NOE*& %RNO rere+en#e/ b her ren#+ *$NEL %RNO n/ ?E?EN'&$ %RNODSOLO*ON ;$L$%LON, S$L*ERO ;$L$%LON n/ ROS$L&N$ ;$L$%LON, rere+en#e/ b #heir ren#+ *$R%&LL$NO;$L$%LON n/ '$R*&L$ ;$L$%LON, e#i#ioner+,v+.%E &?&S&ON S;ER&N%ENEN% O S'OOLS O 'EB n/ $N%ON&O $. S$NG%$N, re+on/en#+.

elino 2. 3anal "or petitioners.

)he (oliitor 3eneral "or respondents.



GR&FO-$H&NO, J.:

%he+e #Io +e4i! 4ivi! 4#ion+ "or 4ertiorari , 2anda&us n/ ;rohibi#ion Iere 4on+o!i/#e/ be4:+e #he ri+ee++en#i!! #he +me i++:e7 Ihe#her +4hoo! 4hi!/ren Iho re member+ or re!iCio:+ +e4# 2noIn + Jehovh>+0i#ne++e+ m be ee!!e/ "rom +4hoo! (bo#h :b!i4 n/ riv#e), "or re":+inC, on 44o:n# o" #heir re!iCio:+ be!ie"+, #o#2e r# in #he "!C 4eremon Ihi4h in4!:/e+ !inC (b bn/) or +inCinC #he ;hi!iine n#ion! n#hem, +!:#inC#he ;hi!iine "!C n/ re4i#inC #he #rio#i4 !e/Ce.

&n G.R. No. 95AA Roe! Ebr!inC, e# !. v+. ivi+ion S:erin#en/en# o" S4hoo!+ o" 'eb: n/ *n:e! . BionC4oC, 'eb:i+#ri4# S:ervi+or, #he e#i#ioner+ re @3 hiCh +4hoo! n/ e!emen#r +4hoo! +#:/en#+ in #he #oIn+ o" n Bn#n,;inm:nCKn, 'r4r, n/ %b:rn 'eb: rovin4e. $!! minor+, #he re ++i+#e/ b #heir ren#+ Iho be!onC #o #here!iCio:+ Cro: 2noIn + Jehovh>+ 0i#ne++e+ Ihi4h 4!im+ +ome 1, b#ie/ :b!i+her+ in #he ;hi!iine+.

&n G.R. No. 9588A, * $mo!o, e# !. v+. ivi+ion S:erin#en/en# o" S4hoo!+ o" 'eb: n/ $n#onio $. SnC:#n, #hee#i#ioner+ re 5 hiCh +4hoo! n/ Cr/e +4hoo! +#:/en#+ enro!!e/ in :b!i4 +4hoo!+ in $+#:ri+, 'eb:, Iho+e ren#+re Jehovh>+ 0i#ne++e+. Bo#h e#i#ion+ Iere rere/ b #he +me 4o:n+e!, $##orne e!ino *. Gn!.

$!! #he e#i#ioner+ in #he+e #Io 4+e+ Iere ee!!e/ "rom #heir 4!++e+ b #he :b!i4 +4hoo! :#hori#ie+ in 'eb: "orre":+inC #o +!:#e #he "!C, +inC #he n#ion! n#hem n/ re4i#e #he #rio#i4 !e/Ce + reM:ire/ b Re:b!i4 $4# No.165 o" J:! 11, 1955, n/ b er#men# Or/er No. 8 /#e/ J:! 1, 1955 o" #he er#men# o" E/:4#ion, ':!#:re n/Sor#+ (E'S) m2inC #he "!C 4eremon 4om:!+or in !! e/:4#ion! in+#i#:#ion+. Re:b!i4 $4# No. 165 rovi/e+7

Se4. 1. 'll eduational institutions shall hene"orth observe dail% "lag ere&on% , Ihi4h +h!! be +im!en/ /iCni"ie/ n/ +h!! in4!:/e #he !inC or +inCinC o" #he ;hi!iine N#ion! n#hem.

Se4. . %he Se4re#r o" E/:4#ion i+ hereb :#horie/ n/ /ire4#e/ #o i++:e or 4:+e #o be i++:e/r:!e+ n/ reC:!#ion+ "or #he roer 4on/:4# o" #he "!C 4eremon herein rovi/e/.

Se4. 3. ailure or re"usal to observe the "lag ere&on% rovi/e/ b #hi+ $4# n/ in 44or/n4e Ii#hr:!e+ n/ reC:!#ion+ i++:e/ b #he Se4re#r o" E/:4#ion, "#er roer no#i4e n/ herinC, shall

sub4et the eduational institution onerned and its head to publi ensure + n /mini+#r#ive:ni+hmen# Ihi4h +h!! be :b!i+he/ # !e+# on4e in neI+er o" Cener! 4ir4:!#ion.

!n ase o" "ailure to observe "or the seond ti&e the "lagere&on% provided b% this 't , #he Se4re#ro" E/:4#ion, "#er roer no#i4e n/ herinC, shall ause the anellation o" the reognition or per&it

o" the private eduational institution responsible "or suh "ailure .

%he im!emen#inC r:!e+ n/ reC:!#ion+ in er#men# Or/er No. 8 rovi/e7

RLES $N REGL$%&ONS OR 'ON'%&NG %E L$G 'ERE*ONY &N $LL E'$%&ON$L&NS%&%%&ONS.

1. %he i!iino !C +h!! be /i+!e/ b !! e/:4#ion! in+#i#:#ion+, :b!i4 n/ riv#e, ever +4hoo!/ #hro:Cho:# #he er. &# +h!! be ri+e/ # +:nri+e n/ !oIere/ # +:n+e#. %he "!C-+#"" m:+# be+#riCh#, +!iCh#! n/ Cen#! #erinC # #he en/, n/ o" +:4h heiCh# + Io:!/ Cive #he !C 4ommn/inC o+i#ion in "ron# o" #he b:i!/inC or Ii#hin #he 4omo:n/.

. 5ver% publi and private eduational institution shall hold a "lagraising ere&on% ever% &orning

e/ept when it is raining, in Ihi4h even# #he 4eremon m be 4on/:4#e/ in/oor+ in #he be+# Io++ib!e. $ re#re# +h!! be he!/ in #he "#ernoon o" #he +me /. %he "!C-ri+inC 4eremon in #hemorninC +h!! be 4on/:4#e/ in #he "o!!oIinC mnner7

. Pupils and teahers or +#:/en#+ n/ "4:!# member+ who are in shool and its

pre&ises shall asse&ble in "or&ation "aing the "lag. $# 4ommn/, boo2+ +h!! be :#I or he!/ in #he !e"# hn/ n/ ever%bod% shall o&e to attention. %ho+e Ii#h h#++h!! :n4over. No one +h!! en#er or !eve #he +4hoo! Cro:n/+ /:rinC #he 4eremon.

b. )he asse&bl% shall sing the Philippine 6ational 'nthe& 44omnie/ b #he +4hoo!bn/ or Ii#ho:# #he 44omnimen# i" i# h+ noneD or #he n#hem m be !e/ b #he+4hoo! bn/ !one. $# #he "ir+# no#e o" #he $n#hem, #he "!C +h!! be ri+e/ bri+2!.



0hi!e #he "!C i+ beinC ri+e/, all persons present shall stand at attention and e/eute

a salute. Bo+ n/ men Ii#h h#+ +h!! +!:#e b !4inC #he h# over #he her#. %ho+eIi#ho:# h# m +#n/ Ii#h #heir rm+ n/ hn/+ /oIn n/ +#riCh# # #he +i/e+. %ho+ein mi!i#r or Bo S4o:# :ni"orm +h!! Cive #he +!:#e re+4ribe/ b #heir reC:!#ion+.%he +!:#e +h!! be +#r#e/ + #he !C ri+e+, n/ 4om!e#e/ :on !+# no#e o" #hen#hem.

4. &mme/i#e! "o!!oIinC #he +inCinC o" #he $n#hem, the asse&bl% shall reite in unison

the "ollowing patrioti pledge (EnC!i+h or vern4:!r ver+ion), Ihi4h m brinC #he4eremon #o 4!o+e. %hi+ i+ reM:ire/ o" !! :b!i4 +4hoo!+ n/ o" riv#e +4hoo!+ Ihi4h

re in#en/e/ "or i!iino +#:/en#+ or Iho+e o:!#ion i+ re/ominn#! i!iino.

EnC!i+h ?er+ion

& !ove #he ;hi!iine+.&# i+ #he !n/ o" m bir#hD&# i+ #he home o" m eo!e.&# ro#e4#+ me n/ he!+ me #o be, +#ronC, h n/ :+e":!.&n re#:rn, & Ii!! hee/ #he 4o:n+e! o" m ren#+D& Ii!! obe #he r:!e+ o" m +4hoo!D& Ii!! er"orm #he /:#ie+ o" #rio#i4, !I-bi/inC 4i#ienD& Ii!! +erve m 4o:n#r :n+e!"i+h! n/ "i#h":!!D& Ii!! be #r:e, i!iino in #ho:Ch#, in Ior/, in /ee/.

Jehovh>+ 0i#ne++e+ /mi##e/! #e4h #heir 4hi!/ren no# #o +!:#e #he "!C, +inC #he n#ion! n#hem, n/ re4i#e #he#rio#i4 !e/Ce "or #he be!ieve #h# #ho+e re 4#+ o" Ior+hi or re!iCio:+ /evo#ion (. 1,Rollo) Ihi4h #he4nno# 4on+4ien#io:+! Cive . . . #o none or n#hinC e4e# Go/ (. 8, Ro!!o). %he "ee! bo:n/ b #he Bib!e>+4ommn/ #o C:r/ o:r+e!ve+ "romi/o!+ P 1 John 571 (. 9, Rollo). %he 4on+i/er #he "!C + n imCe or i/o! rere+en#inC #he S##e (. 1, Rollo). %he#hin2 #he 4#ion o" #he !o4! :#hori#ie+ in 4ome!!inC #he "!C +!:#e n/ !e/Ce #rn+4en/+ 4on+#i#:#ion! !imi##ion+ on#he S##e>+ oIer n/ inv/e+ #he +here o" #he in#e!!e4# n/ +iri# Ihi4h #he 'on+#i#:#ion ro#e4# Cin+# o""i4i!4on#ro! (. 1, Rollo).

%hi+ i+ no# #he "ir+# #ime #h# #he M:e+#ion, o" Ihe#her #he 4hi!/ren o" Jehovh>+ 0i#ne++e+ m be ee!!e/ "rom +4hoo!

"or /i+obe/ien4e o" R.$. No. 165 n/ er#men# Or/er No. 8, +erie+ o" 1955, h+ been ri+e/ be"ore #hi+ 'o:r#.

%he +me i++:e I+ ri+e/ in 1959 in 3erona, et al. vs. (eretar% o" 5duation, et al ., 16 ;hi!. (1959) n/ 7albuna,

et al. vs. (eretar% o" 5duation, 11 ;hi!. 15 (196). %hi+ 'o:r# in #he Geron 4+e :he!/ #he e:!+ion o" #he+#:/en#+, #h:+7

%he "!C i+ no# n imCe b:# +mbo! o" #he Re:b!i4 o" #he ;hi!iine+, n emb!em o" n#ion!+overeiCn#, o" n#ion! :ni# n/ 4ohe+ion n/ o" "ree/om n/ !iber# Ihi4h i# n/ #he 'on+#i#:#ionC:rn#ee n/ ro#e4#. n/er ++#em o" 4om!e#e +er#ion o" 4h:r4h n/ +##e in #he Covernmen#,#he "!C i+ :##er! /evoi/ o" n re!iCio:+ +iCni"i4n4e. S!:#inC #he "!C /oe+ no# invo!ve n re!iCio:+4eremon. %he "!C +!:#e i+ no more re!iCio:+ 4eremon #hn #he #2inC o" n o#h o" o""i4e b :b!i4 o""i4i! or b 4n/i/#e "or /mi++ion #o #he br.

&n reM:irinC +4hoo! :i!+ #o r#i4i#e in #he "!C +!:#e, #he S##e #hr: #he Se4re#r o" E/:4#ion i+no# imo+inC re!iCion or re!iCio:+ be!ie" or re!iCio:+ #e+# on +i/ +#:/en#+. &# i+ mere! en"or4inC non-/i+4rimin#or +4hoo! reC:!#ion !i4b!e #o !! !i2e Ihe#her 'hri+#in, *o+!em, ;ro#e+#n# orJehovh>+ 0i#ne++. %he S##e i+ mere! 4rrinC o:# #he /:# imo+e/ :on i# b #he 'on+#i#:#ion Ihi4h4hrCe+ i# Ii#h +:ervi+ion over n/ reC:!#ion o" !! e/:4#ion! in+#i#:#ion+, #o e+#b!i+h n/ min#in 4om!e#e n/ /eM:#e ++#em o" :b!i4 e/:4#ion, n/ +ee #o i# #h# !! +4hoo!+ im #o /eve!o,monC o#her #hinC+, 4ivi4 4on+4ien4e n/ #e4h #he /:#ie+ o" 4i#ien+hi.

%he 4hi!/ren o" Jehovh>+ 0i#ne++e+ 4nno# be eem#e/ "rom r#i4i#ion in #he "!C 4eremon. %hehve no v!i/ riCh# #o +:4h eem#ion. *oreover, eem#ion #o #he reM:iremen# Ii!! /i+r:# +4hoo!/i+4i!ine n/ /emor!ie #he re+# o" #he +4hoo! o:!#ion Ihi4h b "r 4on+#i#:#e+ #he Cre# mKori#.



%he "ree/om o" re!iCio:+ be!ie" C:rn#ee/ b #he 'on+#i#:#ion /oe+ no# n/ 4nno# men eem#ion"rom or non-4om!in4e Ii#h re+onb!e n/ non-/i+4rimin#or !I+, r:!e+ n/ reC:!#ion+rom:!C#e/ b 4ome#en# :#hori#. (. -3).

3erona I+ rei#er#e/ in 7albuna, + "o!!oI+7

%he Se4re#r o" E/:4#ion I+ /:! :#horie/ b #he LeCi+!#:re #hr: Re:b!i4 $4# 165 #orom:!C#e +i/ er#men# Or/er, n/ i#+ rovi+ion+ reM:irinC #he ob+ervn4e o" #he "!C +!:#e, no#beinC re!iCio:+ 4eremon b:# n 4# n/ ro"e++ion o" !ove n/ !!eCin4e n/ !e/Ce o" !o!# #o #he"#her!n/ Ihi4h #he "!C +#n/+ "or, /oe+ no# vio!#e #he 4on+#i#:#ion! rovi+ion on "ree/om o"re!iCion. (B!b:n, e# !. v+. Se4re#r o" E/:4#ion, e# !., 11 ;hi!. 15).

Re:b!i4 $4# No. 165 n/ #he r:!inC in 3erona hve been in4oror#e/ in Se4#ion 8, %i#!e ?&, 'h#er 9 o" #he$/mini+#r#ive 'o/e o" 198A (Ee4:#ive Or/er No. 9) Ihi4h #oo2 e""e4# on Se#ember 1, 1988 (one er "#er i#+:b!i4#ion in #he O""i4i! Ge##e, ?o!. 63, No. 38 o" Se#ember 1, 198A). ;rCrh 5 o" Se4#ion 8 Cive+ !eCi+!#ive44he# #o #he r:!inC in 3erona, #h:+7

5. $n #e4her or +#:/en# or :i! Iho re":+e+ #o Koin or r#i4i#e in #he "!C 4eremon m be/i+mi++e/ "#er /:e inve+#iC#ion.

oIever, #he e#i#ioner+ herein hve no# ri+e/ in i++:e #he 4on+#i#:#ion!i# o" #he bove rovi+ion o" #he neI$/mini+#r#ive 'o/e o" 198A. %he hve #rCe#e/ on! Re:b!i4 $4# No. 165 n/ #he im!emen#inC or/er+ o" #he E'S.

&n 1989, #he E'S ReCion! O""i4e in 'eb: re4eive/ 4om!in#+ bo:# #e4her+ n/ :i!+ be!onCinC #o #he Jehovh>+0i#ne++e+, n/ enro!!e/ in vrio:+ :b!i4 n/ riv#e +4hoo!+, Iho re":+e/ #o +inC #he ;hi!iine n#ion! n#hem,+!:#e #he ;hi!iine "!C n/ re4i#e #he #rio#i4 !e/Ce. ivi+ion S:erin#en/en# o" S4hoo!+, S:+n B. 'bh:C o" #he'eb: ivi+ion o" E'S, n/ r. $##. *r4e!o *. B4!+o, $++i+#n# ivi+ion S:erin#en/en#, re4!!inC #hi+ 'o:r#>+/e4i+ion in 3erona, i++:e/ ivi+ion *emorn/:m No. 18, /#e/ November 1A, 1989 (. 1@A-1@8, Rollo o" G.R. No.95AA) /ire4#inC i+#ri4# S:ervi+or+, iCh S4hoo! ;rin4i!+ n/ e/+ o" ;riv#e E/:4#ion! in+#i#:#ion+ + "o!!oI+7

1. Reor#+ re4hinC #hi+ O""i4e /i+4!o+e #h# #here re n:mber o" #e4her+, :i!+, +#:/en#+, n/+4hoo! em!oee+ in :b!i4 +4hoo!+ Iho re":+e #o +!:#e #he ;hi!iine "!C or r#i4i#e in #he /i!"!C 4eremon be4:+e o" +ome re!iCio:+ be!ie".

. S:4h re":+! no# on! :n/ermine+ Re:b!i4 $4# No. 165 n/ #he E'S er#men# Or/er No. 8,

Serie+ o" 1955 (&m!emen#inC R:!e+ n/ ReC:!#ion+) b:# !+o +#ri2e+ # #he her# o" #he E'S+:+#ine/ e""or# #o in4:!4#e #rio#i+m n/ n#ion!i+m.

3. Le# i# be +#re++e/ #h# n be!ie" #h# 4on+i/er+ #he "!C + n imCe i+ no# in n mnner Ih#ever K:+#i"i4#ion "or no# +!:#inC #he ;hi!iine "!C or no# r#i4i#inC in "!C 4eremon. %h:+, #heS:reme 'o:r# o" #he ;hi!iine ++7

%he "!C i+ no# n imCe b:# +mbo! o" #he Re:b!i4 o" #he ;hi!iine+, n emb!em o"n#ion! +overeiCn#, o" n#ion! :ni# n/ 4ohe+ion n/ "ree/om n/ !iber# Ihi4h i#n/ #he 'on+#i#:#ion C:rn#ee n/ ro#e4#. (Geron, e# !. v+. Se4. o" E/:4#ion, e# !.,16 ;hi!. 11.)

@. $+ reCr/+ #he 4!im "or "ree/om o" be!ie", Ihi4h n obKe4#ioni+# m /vn4e, #he S:reme 'o:r#

++er#+7

B:# be#Ieen #he "ree/om o" be!ie" n/ #he eer4i+e o" +i/ be!ie", #here i+ M:i#e +#re#4h o" ro/ #o #rve!. &" #he eer4i+e o" +i/ re!iCio:+ be!ie" 4!+he+ Ii#h #hee+#b!i+he/ in+#i#:#ion+ o" +o4ie# n/ Ii#h #he !I, #hen #he "ormer m:+# ie!/ n/Cive I #o #he !##er. (Geron, e# !. v+. Se4. o" E/:4#ion, e# !., 16 ;hi!. 11.)

5. 'ordingl%, teahers and shool e&plo%ees who hoose not to partiipate in the dail% "lag ere&on%

or to obe% the "lag salute regulation spelled out in 0epart&ent 8rder 6o. 9, (eries o" 1;;, shall be

onsidered re&oved "ro& the servie a"ter due proess.

6. &n +#ronC !nC:Ce bo:# :i!+ n/ +#:/en#+ Iho /o #he +me #he S:reme 'o:r# h+ #hi+ #o +7



&" #he 4hoo+e no# #o obe #he "!C +!:#e reC:!#ion, #he mere! !o+# #he bene"i#+ o":b!i4 e/:4#ion beinC min#ine/ # #he een+e o" #heir "e!!oI 'i#ien+, no#hinCmore. $44or/inC #o o:!r ere++ion, #he 4o:!/ #2e i# or !eve i#Q vinC e!e4#e/no# #o 4om! Ii#h #he reC:!#ion bo:# #he "!C +!:#e #he "or"ei#e/ #heir riCh# #o##en/ :b!i4 +4hoo!+. (Geron, e# !. v+. Se4. o" E/:4#ion, e# !., 16 ;hi!. 15.)

A. S4hoo! /mini+#r#or+ +h!! #here"ore +:bmi# #o #hi+ O""i4e reor# on #ho+e Iho 4hoo+e no# #or#i4i#e in "!C 4eremon or +!:#e #he ;hi!iine "!C. (. 1@A-1@8, Rollo o" G.R. No. 95AADEmh+i+ +:!ie/).

'eb: +4hoo! o""i4i!+ re+or#e/ #o n:mber o" I+ #o er+:/e #he 4hi!/ren o" Jehovh>+ 0i#ne++e+ #o obe #hememorn/:m. &n #he B:envi+# E!emen#r S4hoo!, #he 4hi!/ren Iere +2e/ #o +iCn n $Creemen# (=+b:#n) in #he'eb:no /i!e4# romi+inC #o +inC #he n#ion! n#hem, !4e #heir riCh# hn/ on #heir bre+# :n#i! #he en/ o" #he +onCn/ re4i#e #he !e/Ce o" !!eCin4e #o #he "!C ($nne , . @6, Rollo o" G.R. No. 95AA n/ . @8, Rollo o" G.R. No.9588A), b:# #he re":+e/ #o +iCn #he =+b:#n (. , Rollo o" G.R. No. 95AA).

&n %:biCmno2 E!emen#r S4hoo!, #he %e4her-&n-'hrCe, $n#onio $. SnC:#n, me# Ii#h #he Jehovh>+ 0i#ne++e+>ren#+, + /i+4!o+e/ in hi+ !e##er o" O4#ober 1A, 199, e4er#+ "rom Ihi4h reve! #he "o!!oIinC7

$"#er #Io () "r:i#!e++ 4on"ron##ion mee#inC+ Ii#h #he Jehovh>+ 0i#ne++e+> ren#+ on O4#ober ,199 n/ e+#er/ /:e #o #heir "irm +#n/ no# #o +!:#e #he "!C o" #he Re:b!i4 o" #he ;hi!iine+/:rinC !C 'eremon n/ o#her o44+ion+, + mn/#e/ b !I +e4i"i4!! Re:b!i4 $4# No. 165, #hi+O""i4e hereb or/er+ #he /roinC "rom #he !i+# in #he S4hoo! ReCi+#er (B;S orm &) o" !! #e4her+, !!Jehovh 0i#ne++ :i!+ "rom Gr/e & : #o Gr/e ?& e""e4#ive #o/.

%hi+ or/er i+ in 4om!in4e Ii#h ivi+ion *emorn/:m No. 18 +. 1989 /#e/ November 1A, 1989 bvir#:e o" er#men# Or/er No. 8 +. 1955 /#e/ J:! 1, 1955 in 44or/n4e Ii#h Re:b!i4 $4# No. 165n/ S:reme 'o:r# e4i+ion o" 4+e Genro Geron, e# !., ;e#i#ioner+ n/ $e!!n#+ v+. %heonorb!e Se4re#r o" E/:4#ion, e# !., Re+on/en#+ n/ $e!!ee+> /#e/ $:C:+# 1, 1959 Cin+##heir "vor. (. 1@9, Rollo o" G.R. No. 95AA.)

&n #he n Bn#n i+#ri4#, #he i+#ri4# S:ervi+or, *n:e! . BionC4oC, or/ere/ #he /roinC "rom #he ro!!+ o"+#:/en#+ Iho o#e/ #o "o!!oI #heir re!iCio:+ be!ie" Ihi4h i+ Cin+# #he !C S!:#e LI on #he #heor #h# #he"or"ei#e/ #heir riCh# #o ##en/ :b!i4 +4hoo!+. (. @A, Rollo o" G.R. No. 95AA.)

1+# &n/or+emen#$$NB$N%$Y$N &S%R&'% &&

nbn#n, 'eb:, J:! @, 199.

Re+e4#":!! re#:rne/ #o *r+. $!i4i $. i, S4hoo! &n 'hrCe [+i4], $C:Ko E!emen#r S4hoo! Ii#h #hein"orm#ion #h# this o""ie is sad to order the dropping o" Jeremi+ imo+ n/ Jene#h imo+,Gr/e+ &&& n/ &? :i!+ re+e4#ive! "ro& the roll sine the% opted to "ollow their religious belie"

whih is against the lag (alute <aw (R.$. 165) n/ E'S Or/er No. 8, +erie+ o" 1955, hvinC e!e4#e/no# #o 4om! Ii#h #he reC:!#ion bo:# #he "!C +!:#e #he "or"ei#e/ #heir riCh# #o ##en/ :b!i4+4hoo!+ (Geron, e# !. v+. Se4. o" E/:4#ion, e# !., 16 ;hi!iine+ 15). oIever, +ho:!/ #he 4hnCe#heir min/ #o re+e4# n/ "o!!oI #he !C S!:#e LI #he m be re-44e#e/.

(SC/.) *$NEL . B&ONG'OGi+#ri4# S:ervi+or

(. @A, Rollo o" G.R. No. 95AA.)

%he e:!+ion + o" O4#ober 3, 199 o" #he @3 e#i#ioninC +#:/en#+ o" #he nbn#n N#ion! iCh S4hoo!, $C:KoE!emen#r S4hoo!, '!e BrnC N#ion! iCh S4hoo!, ;inm:nCKn ;rovin4i! iCh S4hoo!, %b:e!n 'en#r!S4hoo!, 'n+oKn E!emen#r S4hoo!, Liboron E!emen#r S4hoo!, %C# ;rimr S4hoo!, Sn J:n ;rimr S4hoo!n/ Nor#hern 'en#r! E!emen#r S4hoo! o" Sn ernn/o, 'eb:, :on or/er o" #hen $4#inC ivi+ion S:erin#en/en#*r4e!o B4!+o, rom#e/ +ome Jehovh>+ 0i#ne++e+ in 'eb: #o e! #o #he Se4re#r o" E/:4#ion &+i/ro 'rio b:##he !##er /i/ no# n+Ier #heir !e##er. (. 1, Rollo.)



%he e#i#ion in G.R. No. 9588A I+ "i!e/ b 5 +#:/en#+ Iho Iere +imi!r! ee!!e/ be4:+e r. ;b!o $n#oin, Iho+:44ee/e/ S:+n 'bh:C + ivi+ion S:erin#en/en# o" S4hoo!+, Io:!/ no# re4!! #he e:!+ion or/er+ o" hi+re/e4e++or. &n+#e/, he verb!! 4:+e/ #he e:!+ion o" +ome more 4hi!/ren o" Jehovh>+ 0i#ne++e+.

On O4#ober 31, 199, #he +#:/en#+ n/ #heir ren#+ "i!e/ #he+e +e4i! 4ivi! 4#ion+ "or 2anda&us,Certiorari n/;rohibi#ion !!eCinC #h# #he :b!i4 re+on/en#+ 4#e/ Ii#ho:# or in e4e++ o" #heir K:ri+/i4#ion n/ Ii#h Crve b:+e o"/i+4re#ion P (1) in or/erinC #heir e:!+ion Ii#ho:# rior no#i4e n/ herinC, hen4e, in vio!#ion o" #heir riCh# #o /:ero4e++, #heir riCh# #o "ree :b!i4 e/:4#ion, n/ #heir riCh# #o "ree/om o" +ee4h, re!iCion n/ Ior+hi (. 3, Rollo).%he e#i#ioner+ r #h#7

4. J:/Cmen# be ren/ere/7

i. /e4!rinC n:!! n/ voi/ #he e:!+ion or /roinC "rom #he ro!!+ o" herein e#i#ioner+"rom #heir re+e4#ive +4hoo!+D

ii. rohibi#inC n/ enKoininC re+on/en# "rom ":r#her brrinC #he e#i#ioner+ "rom #heir4!++e+ or o#herIi+e im!emen#inC #he e:!+ion or/ere/ on e#i#ioner+D n/

iii. 4ome!!inC #he re+on/en# n/ !! er+on+ 4#inC "or him #o /mi# n/ or/er #he re-/mi++ion o" e#i#ioner+ #o #heir re+e4#ive +4hoo!+. (. @1, Rollo.)

n/ #h# en/inC #he /e#ermin#ion o" #he meri#+ o" #he+e 4+e+, #emorr re+#rininC or/er be i++:e/ enKoininC #he

re+on/en#+ "rom en"or4inC #he e:!+ion o" #he e#i#ioner+ n/ #o re-/mi# #hem #o #heir re+e4#ive 4!++e+.

On November A, 199, #he 'o:r# i++:e/ #emorr re+#rininC or/er n/ Iri# o" re!iminr mn/#or inK:n4#ion4ommn/inC #he re+on/en#+ #o imme/i#e! re-/mi# #he e#i#ioner+ #o #heir re+e4#ive 4!++e+ :n#i! ":r#her or/er+"rom #hi+ 'o:r# (. 5A, Rollo).

%he 'o:r# !+o or/ere/ #he Se4re#r o" E/:4#ion n/ 'eb: i+#ri4# S:ervi+or *n:e! . BionC4oC #o be im!e/e/ +re+on/en#+ in #he+e 4+e+.

On * 13, 1991, #he So!i4i#or Gener! "i!e/ 4on+o!i/#e/ 4ommen# #o #he e#i#ion+ (. 98, Rollo) /e"en/inC #hee:!+ion or/er+ i++:e/ b #he :b!i4 re+on/en#+ on #he Cro:n/+ #h#7

1. Birre re!iCio:+ r4#i4e+ o" #he Jehovh>+ 0i#ne++e+ ro/:4e rebe!!io:+ n/ n#i-+o4i! +4hoo!

4hi!/ren n/ 4on+eM:en#! /i+!o! n/ m:#n# i!iino 4i#ien+.

. %here re no neI n/ v!i/ Cro:n/+ #o +:+#in #he 4hrCe+ o" #he Jehovh>+ 0i#ne++e+ #h# #heE'S> r:!e+ n/ reC:!#ion+ on #he "!C +!:#e 4eremonie+ re vio!#ive o" #heir "ree/om o" re!iCion n/Ior+hi.

3. %he "!C +!:#e i+ /evoi/ o" n re!iCio:+ +iCni"i4n4eD in+#e/, i# in4:!4#e+ re+e4# n/ !ove o"4o:n#r, "or Ihi4h #he "!C +#n/+.

@. %he S##e>+ 4ome!!inC in#ere+#+ beinC :r+:e/ b #he E'S> !I":! reC:!#ion+ in M:e+#ion /o no#Irrn# eem#ion o" #he +4hoo! 4hi!/ren o" #he Jehovh>+ 0i#ne++e+ "rom #he "!C +!:#e 4eremonie+on #he b+i+ o" #heir oIn +e!"-er4eive/ re!iCio:+ 4onvi4#ion+.

5. %he i++:e i+ no# "ree/om o" +ee4h b:# en"or4emen# o" !I n/ K:ri+r:/en4e.

6. S##e>+ oIer #o reC:!#e rere++ive n/ :n!I":! re!iCio:+ r4#i4e+ K:+#i"ie/, be+i/e+ hvinC+4ri#:r! b+i+.

A. %he en!# o" e:!+ion i+ !eC! n/ v!i/, more +o Ii#h #he en4#men# o" Ee4:#ive Or/er No. 9(%he $/mini+#r#ive 'o/e o" 198A).

O:r #+2 here i+ e#reme! /i""i4:!#, "or #he 3-er o!/ /e4i+ion o" #hi+ 4o:r# in 3erona :ho!/inC #he "!C +!:#e !In/ rovinC #he e:!+ion o" +#:/en#+ Iho re":+e #o obe i#, i+ no# !iCh#! #o be #ri"!e/ Ii#h.



&# i+ +omeIh# ironi4 hoIever, #h# "#er #he 3erona r:!inC h/ re4eive/ !eCi+!#ive 44he# b i#+ in 4oror#ion in #he$/mini+#r#ive 'o/e o" 198A, #he re+en# 'o:r# be!ieve+ #h# #he #ime h+ 4ome #o re-emine i#. %he i/e #h# one mbe 4ome!!e/ #o +!:#e #he "!C, +inC #he n#ion! n#hem, n/ re4i#e #he #rio#i4 !e/Ce, /:rinC "!C 4eremon onin o" beinC /i+mi++e/ "rom one>+ Kob or o" beinC ee!!e/ "rom +4hoo!, i+ !ien #o #he 4on+4ien4e o" #he re+en#Cener#ion o" i!iino+ Iho 4:# #heir #ee#h on #he Bi!! o" RiCh#+ Ihi4h C:rn#ee+ #heir riCh#+ #o "ree +ee4h n/ #he"ree eer4i+e o" re!iCio:+ ro"e++ion n/ Ior+hi (Se4. 5, $r#i4!e &&&, 198A 'on+#i#:#ionD $r#i4!e &?, Se4#ion 8, 19A3'on+#i#:#ionD $r#i4!e &&&, Se4#ion 1[A], 1935 'on+#i#:#ion).

Re!iCio:+ "ree/om i+ ":n/men#! riCh# Ihi4h i+ en#i#!e/ #o #he hiChe+# riori# n/ #he m!e+# ro#e4#ion monCh:mn riCh#+, "or i# invo!ve+ #he re!#ion+hi o" mn #o hi+ 're#or ('hie" J:+#i4e EnriM:e *. ernn/o>+ +er#e

oinion in Germn v+. BrnCn, 135 S'R$ 51@, 53-531).

%he riCh# #o re!iCio:+ ro"e++ion n/ Ior+hi h+ #Io-"o!/ +e4#, vis., "ree/om #o be!ieve n/"ree/om #o 4# on one>+ be!ie". %he "ir+# i+ b+o!:#e + !onC + #he be!ie" i+ 4on"ine/ Ii#hin #he re!m o"#ho:Ch#. %he +e4on/ i+ +:bKe4# #o reC:!#ion Ihere #he be!ie" i+ #rn+!#e/ in#o e#ern! 4#+ #h# ""e4##he :b!i4 Ie!"re (J. 'r:, 'on+#i#:#ion! LI, 1991 E/., . 1A6-1AA).

;e#i#ioner+ +#re++, hoIever, #h# Ihi!e #he /o no# #2e r# in #he 4om:!+or "!C 4eremon, #he /o no# enCCe ine#ern! 4#+ or behvior #h# Io:!/ o""en/ #heir 4o:n#rmen Iho be!ieve in ere++inC #heir !ove o" 4o:n#r #hro:Ch#he ob+ervn4e o" #he "!C 4eremon. %he M:ie#! +#n/ # ##en#ion /:rinC #he "!C 4eremon #o +hoI #heir re+e4# "or#he riCh# o" #ho+e Iho 4hoo+e #o r#i4i#e in #he +o!emn ro4ee/inC+ ($nne , Rollo o" G.R. No. 9588A, . 5n/ Rollo o" G.R. No. 95AA, . @8). Sin4e #he /o no# enCCe in /i+r:#ive behvior, #here i+ no Irrn# "or #heire:!+ion.

%he +o!e K:+#i"i4#ion "or rior re+#rin# or !imi##ion on #he eer4i+e o" re!iCio:+ "ree/om (44or/inC#o #he !#e 'hie" J:+#i4e '!:/io %eehn2ee in hi+ /i++en#inC oinion in Germn v+. BrnCn, 135 S'R$51@, 51A) i+ #he ei+#en4e o" Crve n/ re+en# /nCer o" 4hr4#er bo#h Crve n/ imminen#, o" +erio:+ evi! #o :b!i4 +"e#, :b!i4 mor!+, :b!i4 he!#h or n o#her !eCi#im#e :b!i4 in#ere+#, #h##he S##e h+ riCh# (n/ /:#) #o reven#. $b+en# +:4h #hre# #o :b!i4 +"e#, #he e:!+ion o" #hee#i#ioner+ "rom #he +4hoo!+ i+ no# K:+#i"ie/.

%he +i#:#ion #h# #he 'o:r# /ire4#! re/i4#e/ in 3erona #h#7

%he "!C 4eremon Ii!! be4ome #hinC o" #he +# or erh+ 4on/:4#e/ Ii#h ver "eI r#i4in#+,n/ #he #ime Ii!! 4ome Ihen Ie Io:!/ hve 4i#ien+ :n#:Ch# n/ :nin4:!4#e/ in n/ no# imb:e/ Ii#hreveren4e "or #he "!C n/ !ove o" 4o:n#r, /mir#ion "or n#ion! heroe+, n/ #rio#i+m P #he#i4,

even #rCi4 +i#:#ion, n/ !! be4:+e +m!! or#ion o" #he +4hoo! o:!#ion imo+e/ i#+ Ii!!,/emn/e/ n/ I+ Crn#e/ n eem#ion. (Geron, . @.)

h+ no# 4ome #o ++. 0e re no# er+:/e/ #h# b eem#inC #he Jehovh>+ 0i#ne++e+ "rom +!:#inC #he "!C, +inCinC#he n#ion! n#hem n/ re4i#inC #he #rio#i4 !e/Ce, #hi+ re!iCio:+ Cro: Ihi4h /mi##e/! 4omri+e+ +m!! or#iono" #he +4hoo! o:!#ion Ii!! +h2e : o:r r# o" #he C!obe n/ +://en! ro/:4e n#ion :n#:Ch# n/:nin4:!4#e/ in n/ :nimb:e/ Ii#h reveren4e "or #he "!C, #rio#i+m, !ove o" 4o:n#r n/ /mir#ion "or n#ion!heroe+ (Geron v+. Se4. o" E/:4#ion, 16 ;hi!. , @). $"#er !!, Ih# #he e#i#ioner+ +ee2 on! i+ eem#ion "rom #he"!C 4eremon, no# e4!:+ion "rom #he :b!i4 +4hoo!+ Ihere #he m +#:/ #he 'on+#i#:#ion, #he /emo4r#i4 I o" !i"en/ "orm o" Covernmen#, n/ !ern no# on! #he r#+, +4ien4e+, ;hi!iine hi+#or n/ 4:!#:re b:# !+o re4eive #rininC"or vo4#ion o" ro"e++ion n/ be #:Ch# #he vir#:e+ o" #rio#i+m, re+e4# "or h:mn riCh#+, re4i#ion "or n#ionheroe+, #he riCh#+ n/ /:#ie+ o" 4i#ien+hi, n/ mor! n/ +iri#:! v!:e+ (Se4. 3[], $r#. &?, 198A 'on+#i#:#ion) +r# o" #he 4:rri4:!. Ee!!inC or bnninC #he e#i#ioner+ "rom ;hi!iine +4hoo!+ Ii!! brinC bo:# #he ver +i#:#ion

#h# #hi+ 'o:r# h/ "ere/ in 3erona. or4inC +m!! re!iCio:+ Cro:, #hro:Ch #he iron hn/ o" #he !I, #o r#i4i#e in 4eremon #h# vio!#e+ #heir re!iCio:+ be!ie"+, Ii!! hr/! be 4on/:4ive #o !ove o" 4o:n#r or re+e4# "or /:!!4on+#i#:#e/ :#hori#ie+.

$+ *r. J:+#i4e J42+on remr2e/ in =est >irginia vs. 7arnette, 319 .S. 6@ (19@3)7

. . . %o be!ieve #h# #rio#i+m Ii!! no# "!o:ri+h i" #rio#i4 4eremonie+ re vo!:n#r n/ +on#neo:+in+#e/ o" 4om:!+or ro:#ine i+ #o m2e n :n"!##erinC e+#im#e o" #he e! o" o:r in+#i#:#ion+ #o"ree min/+. . . . 0hen #he [/iver+i#] re +o hrm!e++ #o o#her+ or #o #he S##e + #ho+e Ie /e! Ii#hhere, #he ri4e i+ no# #oo Cre#. B:# "ree/om #o /i""er i+ no# !imi#e/ #o #hinC+ #h# /o no# m##er m:4h.%h# Io:!/ be mere +h/oI o" "ree/om. %he #e+# o" i#+ +:b+#n4e i+ #he riCh# #o /i""er + #o #hinC+#h# #o:4h #he her# o" #he ei+#inC or/er.



:r#hermore, !e# i# be no#e/ #h# 4oer4e/ :ni# n/ !o!# even #o #he 4o:n#r, . . . P ++:minC #h#+:4h :ni# n/ !o!# 4n be ##ine/ #hro:Ch 4oer4ion P i+ no# Co! #h# i+ 4on+#i#:#ion!!ob#inb!e # #he een+e o" re!iCio:+ !iber#. $ /e+irb!e en/ 4nno# be romo#e/ b rohibi#e/men+. (*eer v+. Nebr+2, 6 .S. 39, 6A L. e/. 1@, 1@6.)

*oreover, #he e:!+ion o" member+ o" Jehovh>+ 0i#ne++e+ "rom #he +4hoo!+ Ihere #he re enro!!e/ Ii!! vio!#e #heirriCh# + ;hi!iine 4i#ien+, :n/er #he 198A 'on+#i#:#ion, #o re4eive "ree e/:4#ion, "or i# i+ #he /:# o" #he S##e #oro#e4# n/ romo#e #he riCh# o" !! 4i#ien+ #o M:!i# e/:4#ion . . . n/ #o m2e +:4h e/:4#ion 44e++ib!e #o !! (Se4.1, $r#. &?).

&n >itoriano vs. 5lizalde Rope =or*ers? nion, 59 S'R$ 5@, A-A5, Ie :he!/ #he eem#ion o" member+ o" #he &C!e+ini 'ri+#o, "rom #he 4overCe o" 4!o+e/ +ho Creemen# be#Ieen #heir em!oer n/ :nion be4:+e i# Io:!/ vio!#e#he #e4hinC o" #heir 4h:r4h no# #o Koin n !bor Cro:7

. . . &# i+ 4er#in #h# no# ever 4on+4ien4e 4n be 44ommo/#e/ b !! #he !I+ o" #he !n/D b:# IhenCener! !I+ 4on"!i4# Ii#h +4r:!e+ o" 4on+4ien4e, eem#ion+ o:Ch# #o be Crn#e/ :n!e++ +ome4ome!!inC +##e in#ere+#+ in#ervene+. (Sherber# v+. Berner, 3A@ .S. 398, 1 L. E/. / 965, 9A, 83 S.'#. 1A9.)

0e ho!/ #h# +imi!r eem#ion m be 44or/e/ #o #he Jehovh>+ 0i#ne++e+ Ii#h reCr/ #o #he ob+ervn4e o" #he"!C 4eremon o:# o" re+e4# "or #heir re!iCio:+ be!ie"+, hoIever birre #ho+e be!ie"+ m +eem #o o#her+.Never#he!e++, #heir riCh# no# #o r#i4i#e in #he "!C 4eremon /oe+ no# Cive #hem riCh# #o /i+r:# +:4h #rio#i4eer4i+e+. ;rhr+inC #he IrninC 4i#e/ b #hi+ 'o:r# in 6on vs. 0a&es&&, 185 S'R$ 53, 535, Ihi!e #he hiChe+#reCr/ m:+# be ""or/e/ #heir riCh# #o #he "ree eer4i+e o" #heir re!iCion, #hi+ +ho:!/ no# be #2en #o men #h# +4hoo!:#hori#ie+ re oIer!e++ #o /i+4i!ine #hem i" #he +ho:!/ 4ommi# bre4he+ o" #he e4e b 4#ion+ #h# o""en/ #he+en+ibi!i#ie+, bo#h re!iCio:+ n/ #rio#i4, o" o#her er+on+. &" #he M:ie#! +#n/ # ##en#ion /:rinC #he "!C 4eremonIhi!e #heir 4!++m#e+ n/ #e4her+ +!:#e #he "!C, +inC #he n#ion! n#hem n/ re4i#e #he #rio#i4 !e/Ce, Ie /o no#+ee hoI +:4h 4on/:4# m o++ib! /i+#:rb #he e4e, or o+e Crve n/ re+en# /nCer o" +erio:+ evi! #o :b!i4+"e#, :b!i4 mor!+, :b!i4 he!#h or n o#her !eCi#im#e :b!i4 in#ere+# #h# #he S##e h+ riCh# (n/ /:#) #oreven# (Germn v+. BrnCn, 135 S'R$ 51@, 51A).

Be"ore Ie 4!o+e #hi+ /e4i+ion, i# i+ rori#e #o re4!! #he Jne+e o44:#ion o" o:r 4o:n#r in 19@-19@@ Ihenever i!iino, reCr/!e++ o" re!iCio:+ er+:+ion, in "er o" #he inv/er, +!:#e/ #he Jne+e "!C n/ boIe/ be"oreever Jne+e +o!/ier. ;erh+, i" e#i#ioner+ h/ !ive/ #hro:Ch #h# /r2 erio/ o" o:r hi+#or, #he Io:!/ no# M:ibb!enoI bo:# +!:#inC #he ;hi!iine "!C. or Ihen !iber#ion 4me in 19@@ n/ o:r oIn "!C I+ ro:/! hoi+#e/ !o"#Cin, i# I+ be:#i":! +iCh# #o beho!/ #h# m/e o:r her#+ o:n/ Ii#h ri/e n/ Ko over #he neI!-reCine/

"ree/om n/ +overeiCn# o" o:r n#ion.

$!#ho:Ch #he 'o:r# :ho!/+ in #hi+ /e4i+ion #he e#i#ioner+> riCh# :n/er o:r 'on+#i#:#ion #o re":+e #o +!:#e #he;hi!iine "!C on 44o:n# o" #heir re!iCio:+ be!ie"+, Ie hoe, never#he!e++, #h# no#her "oreiCn inv+ion o" o:r 4o:n#rIi!! no# be ne4e++r in or/er "or o:r 4o:n#rmen #o re4i#e n/ 4heri+h #he ;hi!iine "!C.

0EREORE, #he e#i#ion "or ertiorari n/ rohibi#ion i+ GR$N%E. %he e:!+ion or/er+ i++:e/ b #he :b!i4re+on/en#+ Cin+# #he e#i#ioner+ re hereb $NNLLE $N SE% $S&E. %he #emorr re+#rininC or/er Ihi4h I+i++:e/ b #hi+ 'o:r# i+ hereb m/e ermnen#.

SO ORERE.

G.R. No. L-5@6 Se#ember 1, 19A@

BENJ$*&N ?&'%OR&$NO, p#($,-$&&(ppe##ee"

s.



EL&$LE RO;E 0OR=ERS> N&ON n/ EL&$LE RO;E $'%ORY, &N'., /e"en/n#+, EL&$LE RO;E 0OR=ERS>N&ON, +e&e,+(,-(ppe##(,-.

Salon,a1 Drdone41 Yap1 Sicat " $ssociates for plaintiff'appellee.

Cipriano Cid " $ssociates for defendant'appellant.

$L&?$R, J.: p

Appe(# -/ -!$s C/0r- /, p0re#) 20es-$/,s /& #( &r/' -!e +e$s$/, /& -!e C/0r- /& F$rs- I,s-(,e /& M(,$#( $, $-s C$$# C(se N/. 9<=.

T!e 0,+$sp0-e+ &(-s -!(- sp(,e+ -!e $,s-(,- (se &/##/

Be,?('$, V$-/r$(,/ !ere$,(&-er re&erre+ -/ (s Appe##ee>" ( 'e'*er /& -!e re#$3$/0s se- %,/, (s -!e 4I3#es$( ,$ Cr$s-/4" !(+ *ee,

$, -!e e'p#/) /& -!e E#$(#+e R/pe F(-/r)" I,. !ere$,(&-er re&erre+ -/ (s C/'p(,)> s$,e 1<9. As s0! e'p#/)ee" !e (s (

'e'*er /& -!e E#$(#+e R/pe W/r%ers U,$/, !ere$,(&-er re&erre+ -/ (s U,$/,> !$! !(+ $-! -!e C/'p(,) ( /##e-$e *(r3($,$,3

(3ree'e,- /,-($,$,3 ( #/se+ s!/p pr/$s$/, !$! re(+s (s &/##/s

Me'*ers!$p $, -!e U,$/, s!(## *e re20$re+ (s ( /,+$-$/, /& e'p#/)'e,- &/r (## per'(,e,- e'p#/)ees /r%ers

/ere+ *) -!$s A3ree'e,-.

T!e /##e-$e *(r3($,$,3 (3ree'e,- e5p$re+ /, M(r! 8" 1<:= *0- (s re,ee+ -!e &/##/$,3 +()" M(r! =" 1<:=.

U,+er Se-$/, =(>" p(r(3r(p! =" /& Rep0*#$ A- N/. 9" pr$/r -/ $-s ('e,+'e,- *) Rep0*#$ A- N/. 889@" -!e e'p#/)er (s ,/-

pre#0+e+ 4&r/' '(%$,3 (, (3ree'e,- $-! ( #(*/r /r3(,$(-$/, -/ re20$re (s ( /,+$-$/, /& e'p#/)'e,- 'e'*ers!$p -!ere$," $& s0!

#(*/r /r3(,$(-$/, $s -!e represe,-(-$e /& -!e e'p#/)ees.4 O, 70,e 1" 1<:1" !/eer" Rep0*#$ A- N/. 889@ (s e,(-e+"

$,-r/+0$,3 (, ('e,+'e,- -/ — p(r(3r(p! => s0*se-$/, (> /& se-$/, = /& Rep0*#$ A- N/. 9" (s &/##/s ... 4*0- s0!

(3ree'e,- s!(## ,/- /er 'e'*ers /& (,) re#$3$/0s se-s !$! pr/!$*$- (&&$#$(-$/, /& -!e$r 'e'*ers $, (,) s0! #(*/r /r3(,$(-$/,4.

Be$,3 ( 'e'*er /& ( re#$3$/0s se- -!(- pr/!$*$-s -!e (&&$#$(-$/, /& $-s 'e'*ers $-! (,) #(*/r /r3(,$(-$/," Appe##ee prese,-e+ !$s

res$3,(-$/, -/ (ppe##(,- U,$/, $, 1<:6" (,+ !e, ,/ (-$/, (s -(%e, -!ere/," !e re$-er(-e+ !$s res$3,(-$/, /, Sep-e'*er 8" 1<=.

T!ere0p/," -!e U,$/, r/-e ( &/r'(# #e--er -/ -!e C/'p(,) (s%$,3 -!e #(--er -/ sep(r(-e Appe##ee &r/' -!e ser$e $, $e /& -!e &(-

-!(- !e (s res$3,$,3 &r/' -!e U,$/, (s ( 'e'*er. T!e '(,(3e'e,- /& -!e C/'p(,) $, -0r, ,/-$&$e+ Appe##ee (,+ !$s /0,se# -!(-

0,#ess -!e Appe##ee /0#+ (!$ee ( s(-$s&(-/r) (rr(,3e'e,- $-! -!e U,$/," -!e C/'p(,) /0#+ *e /,s-r($,e+ -/ +$s'$ss !$' &r/'

-!e ser$e. T!$s pr/'p-e+ Appe##ee -/ &$#e (, (-$/, &/r $,?0,-$/," +/%e-e+ (s C$$# C(se N/. 9<= $, -!e C/0r- /& F$rs- I,s-(,e /&

M(,$#( -/ e,?/$, -!e C/'p(,) (,+ -!e U,$/, &r/' +$s'$ss$,3 Appe##ee. 1 I, $-s (,ser" -!e U,$/, $,/%e+ -!e 40,$/, se0r$-) #(0se4

/& -!e /##e-$e *(r3($,$,3 (3ree'e,-; (ss($#e+ -!e /,s-$-0-$/,(#$-) /& Rep0*#$ A- N/. 889@; (,+ /,-e,+e+ -!(- -!e C/0r- !(+ ,/

?0r$s+$-$/, /er -!e (se" p0rs0(,- -/ Rep0*#$ A- N/. 9" Se-$/,s 6= (,+ < +> (,+ e>. Up/, -!e &(-s (3ree+ 0p/, *) -!e

p(r-$es +0r$,3 -!e pre-r$(# /,&ere,e" -!e C/0r- a 6uo re,+ere+ $-s +e$s$/, /, A030s- 6:" 1<:9" -!e +$sp/s$-$e p/r-$/, /& !$!

re(+s

IN VIEW OF THE FOREGOING" ?0+3'e,- $s re,+ere+ e,?/$,$,3 -!e +e&e,+(,- E#$(#+e R/pe F(-/r)" I,. &r/'

+$s'$ss$,3 -!e p#($,-$&& &r/' !$s prese,- e'p#/)'e,- (,+ se,-e,$,3 -!e +e&e,+(,- E#$(#+e R/pe W/r%ers U,$/, -/

p() -!e p#($,-$&& P9@@ &/r (--/r,e)s &ees (,+ -!e /s-s /& -!$s (-$/,.3

Fr/' -!$s +e$s$/," -!e U,$/, (ppe(#e+ +$re-#) -/ -!$s C/0r- /, p0re#) 20es-$/,s /& #(" (ss$3,$,3 -!e &/##/$,3 err/rs

I. T!(- -!e #/er /0r- erre+ !e, $- +$+ ,/- r0#e -!(- Rep0*#$ A- N/. 889@ $s 0,/,s-$-0-$/,(#.

II. T!(- -!e #/er /0r- erre+ !e, $- se,-e,e+ (ppe##(,- !ere$, -/ p() p#($,-$&& -!e s0' /& P9@@ (s (--/r,e)s &ees

(,+ -!e /s- -!ere/&.

I, s0pp/r- /& -!e (##e3e+ 0,/,s-$-0-$/,(#$-) /& Rep0*#$ A- N/. 889@" -!e U,$/, /,-e,-e+" &$rs-#)" -!(- -!e A- $,&r$,3es /, -!e

&0,+('e,-(# r$3!- -/ &/r' #(&0# (ss/$(-$/,s; -!(- 4-!e er) p!r(se/#/3) /& s($+ Rep0*#$ A- 889@" -!(- 'e'*ers!$p $, ( #(*/r

/r3(,$(-$/, $s *(,,e+ -/ (## -!/se *e#/,3$,3 -/ s0! re#$3$/0s se- pr/!$*$-$,3 (&&$#$(-$/, $-! (,) #(*/r /r3(,$(-$/,4 @ " 4pr/!$*$-s (##

-!e 'e'*ers /& ( 3$e, re#$3$/0s se- &r/' ?/$,$,3 (,) #(*/r 0,$/, $& s0! se- pr/!$*$-s (&&$#$(-$/,s /& -!e$r 'e'*ers -!ere-/4 5 ; (,+"

/,se20e,-#)" +epr$es s($+ 'e'*ers /& -!e$r /,s-$-0-$/,(# r$3!- -/ &/r' /r ?/$, #(&0# (ss/$(-$/,s /r /r3(,$(-$/,s 30(r(,-ee+ *)

-!e B$## /& R$3!-s" (,+ -!0s *e/'es /*,/5$/0s -/ Ar-$#e III" Se-$/, 1 :> /& -!e 1<89 C/,s-$-0-$/,. 6



Se/,+#)" -!e U,$/, /,-e,+e+ -!(- Rep0*#$ A- N/. 889@ $s 0,/,s-$-0-$/,(# &/r $'p($r$,3 -!e /*#$3(-$/, /& /,-r(-s $, -!(-" !$#e

-!e U,$/, $s /*#$3e+ -/ /'p#) $-! $-s /##e-$e *(r3($,$,3 (3ree'e,- /,-($,$,3 ( 4#/se+ s!/p pr/$s$/,"4 -!e A- re#$ees -!e

e'p#/)er &r/' $-s re$pr/(# /*#$3(-$/, /& //per(-$,3 $, -!e '($,-e,(,e /& 0,$/, 'e'*ers!$p (s ( /,+$-$/, /& e'p#/)'e,-; (,+

-!(- s($+ A-" &0r-!er'/re" $'p($rs -!e U,$/,s r$3!-s (s $- +epr$es -!e 0,$/, /& +0es &r/' 'e'*ers !/" 0,+er -!e A-" (re re#$ee+

&r/' -!e /*#$3(-$/, -/ /,-$,0e (s s0! 'e'*ers. A

T!$r+#)" -!e U,$/, /,-e,+e+ -!(- Rep0*#$ A- N/. 889@ +$sr$'$,(-/r$#) &(/rs -!/se re#$3$/0s se-s !$! *(, -!e$r 'e'*ers &r/'

?/$,$,3 #(*/r 0,$/,s" $, $/#(-$/, /& Ar-$#e I##" Se-$/, 1 > /& -!e 1<89 C/,s-$-0-$/,; (,+ !$#e s($+ A- 0,+0#) pr/-e-s er-($,

re#$3$/0s se-s" $- #e(es ,/ r$3!-s /r pr/-e-$/, -/ #(*/r /r3(,$(-$/,s. 8

F/0r-!#)" Rep0*#$ A- N/. 889@" (sser-e+ -!e U,$/," $/#(-es -!e /,s-$-0-$/,(# pr/$s$/, -!(- 4,/ re#$3$/0s -es- s!(## *e re20$re+ &/r

-!e e5er$se /& ( $$# r$3!-"4 $, -!(- -!e #(*/rers e5er$se /& !$s $$# r$3!- -/ ?/$, (ss/$(-$/,s &/r p0rp/ses ,/- /,-r(r) -/ #( !(s -/

*e +e-er'$,e+ 0,+er -!e A- *) !$s (&&$#$(-$/, $-! ( re#$3$/0s se-; -!(- /,erse#)" $& ( /r%er !(s -/ seer !$s re#$3$/0s /,,e-$/,

$-! ( se- -!(- pr/!$*$-s 'e'*ers!$p $, ( #(*/r /r3(,$(-$/, $, /r+er -/ *e (*#e -/ ?/$, ( #(*/r /r3(,$(-$/," s($+ A- /0#+ $/#(-e

re#$3$/0s &ree+/'. 9

F$&-!#)" -!e U,$/, /,-e,+e+ -!(- Rep0*#$ A- N/. 889@" $/#(-es -!e 4e20(# pr/-e-$/, /& #(s4 #(0se /& -!e C/,s-$-0-$/," $- *e$,3 (

+$sr$'$,(-e#) #e3$s#(-$/," $,(s'0! (s *) e5e'p-$,3 &r/' -!e /per(-$/, /& #/se+ s!/p (3ree'e,- -!e 'e'*ers /& -!e 4I3#es$( ,$

Cr$s-/4" $- !(s 3r(,-e+ s($+ 'e'*ers 0,+0e (+(,-(3es /er -!e$r &e##/ /r%ers" &/r !$#e -!e A- e5e'p-s -!e' &r/' 0,$/,

/*#$3(-$/, (,+ #$(*$#$-)" $- ,eer-!e#ess e,-$-#es -!e' (- -!e s('e -$'e -/ -!e e,?/)'e,- /& (## /,ess$/,s" *e,e&$-s (,+ /-!er

e'/#0'e,-s -!(- -!e 0,$/, '$3!- se0re &r/' -!e e'p#/)er. 1

S$5-!#)" -!e U,$/, /,-e,+e+ -!(- Rep0*#$ A- N/. 889@ $/#(-es -!e /,s-$-0-$/,(# pr/$s$/, re3(r+$,3 -!e pr/'/-$/, /& s/$(#

?0s-$e. 11

Appe##(,- U,$/," &0r-!er'/re" (sser-e+ -!(- ( 4#/se+ s!/p pr/$s$/,4 $, ( /##e-$e *(r3($,$,3 (3ree'e,- (,,/- *e /,s$+ere+

$/#(-$e /& re#$3$/0s &ree+/'" (s -/ (## &/r -!e ('e,+'e,- $,-r/+0e+ *) Rep0*#$ A- N/. 889@;1 (,+ -!(- 0,#ess Rep0*#$ A- N/.

889@ $s +e#(re+ 0,/,s-$-0-$/,(#" -r(+e 0,$/,$s' $, -!$s /0,-r) /0#+ *e $pe+ /0- (s e'p#/)ers /0#+ pre&er -/ !$re /r e'p#/)

'e'*ers /& -!e I3#es$( ,$ Cr$s-/ $, /r+er -/ +/ (() $-! #(*/r /r3(,$(-$/,s. 13

Appe##ee" (ss($#$,3 (ppe##(,-s (r30'e,-s" /,-e,+e+ -!(- Rep0*#$ A- N/. 889@ +/es ,/- $/#(-e -!e r$3!- -/ &/r' #(&0#

(ss/$(-$/,s" &/r -!e r$3!- -/ ?/$, (ss/$(-$/,s $,#0+es -!e r$3!- ,/- -/ ?/$, /r -/ res$3, &r/' ( #(*/r /r3(,$(-$/," $& /,es /,s$e,e

+/es ,/- (##/ !$s 'e'*ers!$p -!ere$," (,+ -!e A- !(s 3$e, s0*s-(,e -/ s0! r$3!- *) pr/!$*$-$,3 -!e /'p0#s$/, /& /r%ers -/

?/$, #(*/r /r3(,$(-$/,s; 1@ -!(- s($+ A- +/es ,/- $'p($r -!e /*#$3(-$/, /& /,-r(-s &/r s($+ #( &/r'e+ p(r- /&" (,+ (s $,/rp/r(-e+

$,-/" -!e -er's /& -!e #/se+ s!/p (3ree'e,-; 15-!(- -!e A- +/es ,/- $/#(-e -!e es-(*#$s!'e,- /& re#$3$/, #(0se /r sep(r(-$/, /&

C!0r! (,+ S-(-e" &/r C/,3ress" $, e,(-$,3 s($+ #(" 'ere#) (/''/+(-e+ -!e re#$3$/0s ,ee+s /& -!/se /r%ers !/se re#$3$/,

pr/!$*$-s $-s 'e'*ers &r/' ?/$,$,3 #(*/r 0,$/,s" (,+ *(#(,e+ -!e /##e-$e r$3!-s /& /r3(,$e+ #(*/r $-! -!e /,s-$-0-$/,(# r$3!- /&(, $,+$$+0(# -/ &ree#) e5er$se !$s !/se, re#$3$/,; -!(- -!e /,s-$-0-$/,(# r$3!- -/ -!e &ree e5er$se /& /,es re#$3$/, !(s pr$'() (,+

pre&ere,e /er 0,$/, se0r$-) 'e(s0res !$! (re 'ere#) /,-r(-0(# 16 ; -!(- s($+ A- +/es ,/- $/#(-e -!e /,s-$-0-$/,(# pr/$s$/,

/& e20(# pr/-e-$/," &/r -!e #(ss$&$(-$/, /& /r%ers 0,+er -!e A- +epe,+$,3 /, -!e$r re#$3$/0s -e,e-s $s *(se+ /, s0*s-(,-$(#

+$s-$,-$/," $s 3er'(,e -/ -!e p0rp/se /& -!e #(" (,+ (pp#$es -/ (## -!e 'e'*ers /& ( 3$e, #(ss; 1A -!(- s($+ A-" &$,(##)" +/es ,/-

$/#(-e -!e s/$(# ?0s-$e p/#$) /& -!e C/,s-$-0-$/," &/r s($+ A- (s e,(-e+ pre$se#) -/ e20(#$e e'p#/)'e,- /pp/r-0,$-$es &/r (##

$-$e,s $, -!e '$+s- /& -!e +$ers$-$es /& -!e$r re#$3$/0s *e#$e&s.4 18

I. Be&/re We pr/ee+ -/ -!e +$s0ss$/, /& -!e &$rs- (ss$3,e+ err/r" $- $s ,eess(r) -/ pre'$se -!(- -!ere (re s/'e -!/r/03!#)

es-(*#$s!e+ pr$,$p#es !$! '0s- *e &/##/e+ $, (## (ses !ere 20es-$/,s /& /,s-$-0-$/,(#$-) (s /*-($,s $, -!e $,s-(,- (se (re

$,/#e+. A## pres0'p-$/,s (re $,+0#3e+ $, &(/r /& /,s-$-0-$/,(#$-); /,e !/ (--(%s ( s-(-0-e" (##e3$,3 0,/,s-$-0-$/,(#$-) '0s-

pr/e $-s $,(#$+$-) *e)/,+ ( re(s/,(*#e +/0*-" -!(- ( #( '() /r% !(r+s!$p +/es ,/- re,+er $- 0,/,s-$-0-$/,(#; -!(- $& (,)

re(s/,(*#e *(s$s '() *e /,e$e+ !$! s0pp/r-s -!e s-(-0-e" $- $## *e 0p!e#+" (,+ -!e !(##e,3er '0s- ,e3(-e (## p/ss$*#e *(ses;

-!(- -!e /0r-s (re ,/- /,er,e+ $-! -!e $s+/'" ?0s-$e" p/#$)" /r e5pe+$e,) /& ( s-(-0-e; (,+ -!(- ( #$*er(# $,-erpre-(-$/, /& -!e/,s-$-0-$/, $, &(/r /& -!e /,s-$-0-$/,(#$-) /& #e3$s#(-$/, s!/0#+ *e (+/p-e+. 19

1. Appe##(,- U,$/,s /,-e,-$/, -!(- Rep0*#$ A- N/. 889@ prohi#its (,+ *(,s -!e 'e'*ers /& s0! re#$3$/0s se-s -!(- &/r*$+

(&&$#$(-$/, /& -!e$r 'e'*ers $-! #(*/r 0,$/,s &r/' ?/$,$,3 #(*/r 0,$/,s (ppe(rs ,/!ere $, -!e /r+$,3 /& Rep0*#$ A- N/. 889@;

,e$-!er (, -!e s('e *e +e+0e+ *) ,eess(r) $'p#$(-$/, -!ere&r/'. I- $s ,/- s0rpr$s$,3" -!ere&/re" -!(- (ppe##(,-" !($,3 -!0s

'$sre(+ -!e A-" /''$--e+ -!e err/r /& /,-e,+$,3 -!(- s($+ A- $s /*,/5$/0s -/ -!e /,s-$-0-$/,(# pr/$s$/, /, &ree+/' /&

(ss/$(-$/,.

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I- '() ,/- *e ('$ss -/ p/$,- /0- !ere -!(- -!e &ree e5er$se /& re#$3$/0s pr/&ess$/, /r *e#$e& $s s0per$/r -/ /,-r(- r$3!-s. I, (se /&

/,&#$-" -!e #(--er '0s-" -!ere&/re" )$e#+ -/ -!e &/r'er. T!e S0pre'e C/0r- /& -!e U,$-e+ S-(-es !(s (#s/ +e#(re+ /, seer(#

/(s$/,s -!(- -!e r$3!-s $, -!e F$rs- A'e,+'e,-" !$! $,#0+e &ree+/' /& re#$3$/," e,?/) ( pre&erre+ p/s$-$/, $, -!e /,s-$-0-$/,(#

s)s-e'. 33 Re#$3$/0s &ree+/'" (#-!/03! ,/- 0,#$'$-e+" $s ( &0,+('e,-(# pers/,(# r$3!- (,+ #$*er-)" 3@ (,+ !(s ( pre&erre+ p/s$-$/, $,

-!e !$er(r!) /& (#0es. C/,-r(-0(# r$3!-s" -!ere&/re" '0s- )$e#+ -/ &ree+/' /& re#$3$/,. I- $s /,#) !ere 0,(/$+(*#) ,eess(r) -/

pree,- (, $''e+$(-e (,+ 3r(e +(,3er -/ -!e se0r$-) (,+ e#&(re /& -!e /''0,$-) -!(- $,&r$,3e'e,- /& re#$3$/0s &ree+/' '() *e

?0s-$&$e+" (,+ /,#) -/ -!e s'(##es- e5-e,- ,eess(r) -/ (/$+ -!e +(,3er.

8. I, &0r-!er s0pp/r- /& $-s /,-e,-$/, -!(- Rep0*#$ A- N/. 889@ $s 0,/,s-$-0-$/,(#" (ppe##(,- U,$/, (erre+ -!(- s($+ A-

+$sr$'$,(-es $, &(/r /& 'e'*ers /& s($+ re#$3$/0s se-s $, $/#(-$/, /& Se-$/, 1 > /& Ar-$#e I## /& -!e 1<89 C/,s-$-0-$/," (,+ !$!

$s ,/ Se-$/, /& Ar-$#e IV /& -!e 1<8 C/,s-$-0-$/," !$! pr/$+es



N/ #( s!(## *e '(+e respe-$,3 (, es-(*#$s!'e,- /& re#$3$/," /r pr/!$*$-$,3 -!e &ree e5er$se -!ere/&" (,+ -!e &ree

e5er$se (,+ e,?/)'e,- /& re#$3$/0s pr/&ess$/, (,+ /rs!$p" $-!/0- +$sr$'$,(-$/, (,+ pre&ere,e" s!(## &/reer *e

(##/e+. N/ re#$3$/0s -es- s!(## *e re20$re+ &/r -!e e5er$se /& $$# /r p/#$-$(# r$3!-s.

T!e /,s-$-0-$/,(# pr/$s$/, $,-/ /,#) pr/!$*$-s #e3$s#(-$/, &/r -!e s0pp/r- /& (,) re#$3$/0s -e,e-s /r -!e '/+es /& /rs!$p /& (,) se-"

-!0s &/res-(##$,3 /'p0#s$/, *) #( /& -!e (ep-(,e /& (,) ree+ /r -!e pr(-$e /& (,) &/r' /& /rs!$p" 35 *0- (#s/ (ss0res -!e &ree

e5er$se /& /,es !/se, &/r' /& re#$3$/, $-!$, #$'$-s /& 0-'/s- ('p#$-0+e. I- !(s *ee, s($+ -!(- -!e re#$3$/, #(0ses /& -!e

C/,s-$-0-$/, (re (## +es$3,e+ -/ pr/-e- -!e *r/(+es- p/ss$*#e #$*er-) /& /,s$e,e" -/ (##/ e(! '(, -/ *e#$ee (s !$s /,s$e,e

+$re-s" -/ pr/&ess !$s *e#$e&s" (,+ -/ # $e (s !e *e#$ees !e /03!- -/ #$e" /,s$s-e,- $-! -!e #$*er-) /& /-!ers (,+ $-! -!e /''/,

3//+. 36 A,) #e3$s#(-$/, !/se e&&e- /r p0rp/se $s -/ $'pe+e -!e /*ser(,e /& /,e /r (## re#$3$/,s" /r -/ +$sr$'$,(-e $,$+$/0s#)

*e-ee, -!e re#$3$/,s" $s $,(#$+" ee, -!/03! -!e *0r+e, '() *e !(r(-er$e+ (s *e$,3 /,#) $,+$re-. 3A B0- $& -!e s-(3e re30#(-es

/,+0- *) e,(-$,3" $-!$, $-s p/er" ( 3e,er(# #( !$! !(s &/r $-s p0rp/se (,+ e&&e- -/ (+(,e -!e s-(-es se0#(r 3/(#s" -!e

s-(-0-e $s (#$+ +esp$-e $-s $,+$re- *0r+e, /, re#$3$/0s /*ser(,e" 0,#ess -!e s-(-e (, (/'p#$s! $-s p0rp/se $-!/0- $'p/s$,3 s0!

*0r+e,. 38

I, $,lipa% v. /ui4 39 " -!$s C/0r- !(+ /(s$/, -/ s-(-e -!(- -!e 3/er,'e,- s!/0#+ ,/- *e pre#0+e+ &r/' p0rs0$,3 (#$+ /*?e-$es

se0#(r $, !(r(-er ee, $& -!e $,$+e,-(# res0#- /0#+ *e &(/r(*#e -/ ( re#$3$/, /r se-. I- !(s #$%e$se *ee, !e#+ -!(- -!e s-(-0-e" $,

/r+er -/ $-!s-(,+ -!e s-r$-0res /& /,s-$-0-$/,(# pr/!$*$-$/," '0s- !(e ( se0#(r #e3$s#(-$e p0rp/se (,+ ( pr$'(r) e&&e- -!(-

,e$-!er (+(,es ,/r $,!$*$-s re#$3$/,. @ Assesse+ *) -!ese r$-er$(" Rep0*#$ A- N/. 889@ (,,/- *e s($+ -/ $/#(-e -!e /,s-$-0-$/,(#

$,!$*$-$/, /& -!e 4,/es-(*#$s!'e,-4 /& re#$3$/,> #(0se /& -!e C/,s-$-0-$/,.

T!e p0rp/se /& Rep0*#$ A- N/. 889@ $s se0#(r" /r#+#)" (,+ -e'p/r(#" ,/- sp$r$-0(# /r re#$3$/0s /r !/#) (,+ e-er,(#. I- (s $,-e,+e+

-/ sere -!e se0#(r p0rp/se /& (+(,$,3 -!e /,s-$-0-$/,(# r$3!- -/ -!e &ree e5er$se /& re#$3$/," *) (er-$,3 -!(- er-($, pers/,s *e

re&0se+ /r%" /r *e +$s'$sse+ &r/' /r%" /r *e +$sp/ssesse+ /& -!e$r r$3!- -/ /r% (,+ /& *e$,3 $'pe+e+ -/ p0rs0e ( '/+es- 'e(,s/& #$e#$!//+" *) re(s/, /& 0,$/, se0r$-) (3ree'e,-s. T/ !e#p $-s $-$e,s -/ &$,+ 3($,&0# e'p#/)'e,- !ere*) -!e) (, '(%e ( #$$,3

-/ s0pp/r- -!e'se#es (,+ -!e$r &('$#$es $s ( (#$+ /*?e-$e /& -!e s-(-e. I, &(-" -!e s-(-e $s e,?/$,e+" $, -!e 1<89 C/,s-$-0-$/," -/

(&&/r+ pr/-e-$/, -/ #(*/r" (,+ re30#(-e -!e re#(-$/,s *e-ee, #(*/r (,+ (p$-(# (,+ $,+0s-r). @1 M/re s/ ,/ $, -!e 1<8 C/,s-$-0-$/,

!ere $- $s '(,+(-e+ -!(- 4-!e S-(-e s!(## (&&/r+ pr/-e-$/, -/ #(*/r" pr/'/-e &0## e'p#/)'e,- (,+ e20(#$-) $, e'p#/)'e,-" e,s0re

e20(# /r% /pp/r-0,$-$es re3(r+#ess /& se5" r(e /r ree+ (,+ re30#(-e -!e re#(-$/, *e-ee, /r%ers (,+ e'p#/)ers. @

T!e pr$'(r) e&&e-s /& -!e e5e'p-$/, &r/' #/se+ s!/p (3ree'e,-s $, &(/r /& 'e'*ers /& re#$3$/0s se-s -!(- pr/!$*$- -!e$r

'e'*ers &r/' (&&$#$(-$,3 $-! ( #(*/r /r3(,$(-$/," $s -!e pr/-e-$/, /& s($+ e'p#/)ees (3($,s- -!e (33re3(-e &/re /& -!e /##e-$e

*(r3($,$,3 (3ree'e,-" (,+ re#$e$,3 er-($, $-$e,s /& ( *0r+e, /, -!e$r re#$3$/0s *e#$e&s; (,+ *) e#$'$,(-$,3 -/ ( er-($, e5-e,-

e/,/'$ $,se0r$-) +0e -/ 0,e'p#/)'e,-" !$! $s ( ser$/0s 'e,(e -/ -!e !e(#-!" '/r(#s" (,+ e#&(re /& -!e pe/p#e /& -!e S-(-e"

-!e A- (#s/ pr/'/-es -!e e##*e$,3 /& s/$e-). I- $s /0r $e -!(- -!e e5e'p-$/, &r/' -!e e&&e-s /& #/se+ s!/p (3ree'e,- +/es ,/-

+$re-#) (+(,e" /r +$'$,$s!" -!e $,-eres-s /& (,) p(r-$0#(r re#$3$/,. A#-!/03! -!e e5e'p-$/, '() *e,e&$- -!/se !/ (re 'e'*ers /&

re#$3$/0s se-s -!(- pr/!$*$- -!e$r 'e'*ers &r/' ?/$,$,3 #(*/r 0,$/,s" -!e *e,e&$- 0p/, -!e re#$3$/0s se-s $s 'ere#) $,$+e,-(# (,+$,+$re-. T!e 4es-(*#$s!'e,- #(0se4 /& re#$3$/,> +/es ,/- *(, re30#(-$/, /, /,+0- !/se re(s/, /r e&&e- 'ere#) !(ppe,s -/

/$,$+e /r !(r'/,$e $-! -!e -e,e-s /& s/'e /r (## re#$3$/,s. @3 T!e &ree e5er$se #(0se /& -!e C/,s-$-0-$/, !(s *ee, $,-erpre-e+ -/

re20$re -!(- re#$3$/0s e5er$se *e pre&ere,-$(##) ($+e+. @@

We *e#$ee -!(- $, e,(-$,3 Rep0*#$ A- N/. 889@" C/,3ress (-e+ /,s$s-e,-#) $-! -!e sp$r$- /& -!e /,s-$-0-$/,(# pr/$s$/,. I- (-e+

'ere#) -/ re#$ee -!e e5er$se /& re#$3$/," *) er-($, pers/,s" /& ( *0r+e, -!(- $s $'p/se+ *) 0,$/, se0r$-) (3ree'e,-s. I- (s

C/,3ress $-se#& -!(- $'p/se+ -!(- *0r+e, !e, $- e,(-e+ -!e I,+0s-r$(# Pe(e A- Rep0*#$ A- 9>" (,+" er-($,#)" C/,3ress" $& $-

s/ +ee's (+$s(*#e" /0#+ -(%e (() -!e s('e *0r+e,. I- $s er-($, -!(- ,/- eer) /,s$e,e (, *e (/''/+(-e+ *) (## -!e #(s

/& -!e #(,+; *0- !e, 3e,er(# #(s /,&#$- $-! sr0pp#es /& /,s$e,e" e5e'p-$/,s /03!- -/ *e 3r(,-e+ 0,#ess s/'e 4/'pe##$,3

s-(-e $,-eres-4 $,-ere,es.@5 I, -!e $,s-(,- (se" We see ,/ s0! /'pe##$,3 s-(-e $,-eres- -/ $-!!/#+ e5e'p-$/,.

Appe##(,- *e($#s -!(- !$#e Rep0*#$ A- N/. 889@ pr/-e-s 'e'*ers /& er-($, re#$3$/0s se-s" $- #e(es ,/ r$3!- -/" (,+ $s s$#e,- (s

-/ -!e pr/-e-$/, /&" #(*/r /r3(,$(-$/,s. T!e p0rp/se /& Rep0*#$ A- N/. 889@ (s ,/- -/ 3r(,- r$3!-s -/ #(*/r 0,$/,s. T!e r$3!-s /&#(*/r 0,$/,s (re ('p#) pr/$+e+ &/r $, Rep0*#$ A- N/. 9 (,+ -!e ,e L(*/r C/+e. As -/ -!e #('e,-e+ s$#e,e /& -!e A- re3(r+$,3

-!e r$3!-s (,+ pr/-e-$/, /& #(*/r 0,$/,s" s0&&$e $- -/ s()" &$rs-" -!(- -!e (#$+$-) /& ( s-(-0-e $s +e-er'$,e+ *) $-s pr/$s$/,s" ,/- *) $-s

s$#e,e @6 ; (,+" se/,+" -!e &(- -!(- -!e #( '() /r% !(r+s!$p +/es ,/- re,+er $- 0,/,s-$-0-$/,(#. @A

I- /0#+ ,/- *e ('$ss -/ s-(-e" re3(r+$,3 -!$s '(--er" -!(- -/ /'pe# pers/,s -/ ?/$, (,+ re'($, 'e'*ers /& ( 0,$/, -/ %eep -!e$r

?/*s $, $/#(-$/, /& -!e$r re#$3$/0s sr0pp#es" /0#+ !0r-" r(-!er -!(, !e#p" #(*/r 0,$/,s" C/,3ress !(s see, $- &$- -/ e5e'p- re#$3$/0s

/*?e-/rs #es- -!e$r res$s-(,e spre(+ -/ /-!er /r%ers" &/r re#$3$/0s /*?e-$/,s !(e /,-(3$/0s p/-e,-$(#$-$es '/re -!(, p/#$-$(# (,+

p!$#/s/p!$ /*?e-$/,s.

F0r-!er'/re" #e- $- *e ,/-e+ -!(- /ere+ 0,$-) (,+ #/)(#-) ee, -/ -!e /0,-r)" (,+ ( fortiori -/ ( #(*/r — 0,$/, (ss0'$,3 -!(- s0!

0,$-) (,+ #/)(#-) (, *e (--($,e+ -!r/03! /er$/, — $s ,/- ( 3/(# -!(- $s /,s-$-0-$/,(##) /*-($,(*#e (- -!e e5pe,se /& re#$3$/0s

#$*er-). @8 A +es$r(*#e e,+ (,,/- *e pr/'/-e+ *) pr/!$*$-e+ 'e(,s.



=. Appe##(,-s &/0r-! /,-e,-$/," -!(- Rep0*#$ A- N/. 889@ $/#(-es -!e /,s-$-0-$/,(# pr/!$*$-$/, (3($,s- re20$r$,3 ( re#$3$/0s -es- &/r

-!e e5er$se /& ( $$# r$3!- /r ( p/#$-$(# r$3!-" $s ,/- e## -(%e,. T!e A- +/es ,/- re20$re (s ( 20(#$&$(-$/," /r /,+$-$/," &/r ?/$,$,3

(,) #(&0# (ss/$(-$/, 'e'*ers!$p $, (,) p(r-$0#(r re#$3$/, /r $, (,) re#$3$/0s se-; ,e$-!er +/es -!e A- re20$re (&&$#$(-$/, $-! (

re#$3$/0s se- -!(- pr/!$*$-s $-s 'e'*ers &r/' ?/$,$,3 ( #(*/r 0,$/, (s ( /,+$-$/, /r 20(#$&$(-$/, &/r $-!+r($,3 &r/' ( #(*/r 0,$/,.

7/$,$,3 /r $-!+r($,3 &r/' ( #(*/r 0,$/, re20$res ( p/s$-$e (-. Rep0*#$ A- N/. 889@ /,#) e5e'p-s 'e'*ers $-! s0! re#$3$/0s

(&&$#$(-$/, &r/' -!e /er(3e /& #/se+ s!/p (3ree'e,-s. S/" 0,+er -!$s A-" ( re#$3$/0s /*?e-/r $s ,/- re20$re+ -/ +/ ( p/s$-$e (- —

-/ e5er$se -!e r$3!- -/ ?/$, /r -/ res$3, &r/' -!e 0,$/,. He $s e5e'p-e+ ipso 3ure $-!/0- ,ee+ /& (,) p/s$-$e (- /, !$s p(r-. A

/,s$e,-$/0s re#$3$/0s /*?e-/r ,ee+ ,/- per&/r' ( p/s$-$e (- /r e5er$se -!e r$3!- /& res$3,$,3 &r/' -!e #(*/r 0,$/, — !e $s

e5e'p-e+ &r/' -!e /er(3e /& (,) #/se+ s!/p (3ree'e,- -!(- ( #(*/r 0,$/, '() !(e e,-ere+ $,-/. H/ -!e, (, -!ere *e (

re#$3$/0s -es- re20$re+ &/r -!e e5er$se /& ( r$3!- !e, ,/ r$3!- ,ee+ *e e5er$se+

We !(e s($+ -!(- $- (s $-!$, -!e p/#$e p/er /& -!e S-(-e -/ e,(- Rep0*#$ A- N/. 889@" (,+ -!(- $-s p0rp/se (s #e3(# (,+ $,

/,s/,(,e $-! -!e C/,s-$-0-$/,. I- $s ,eer (, $##e3(# e(s$/, /& ( /,s-$-0-$/,(# pr/$s$/, /r pr/!$*$-$/, -/ (/'p#$s! ( +es$re+

res0#-" !$! $s #(&0# $, $-se#&" *) +$s/er$,3 /r &/##/$,3 ( #e3(# () -/ +/ $-.@9

9. Appe##(,- (ers (s $-s &$&-! 3r/0,+ -!(- Rep0*#$ A- N/. 889@ $s ( +$sr$'$,(-/r) #e3$s#(-$/," $,(s'0! (s $- 3r(,-s -/ -!e 'e'*ers

/& er-($, re#$3$/0s se-s 0,+0e (+(,-(3es /er /-!er /r%ers" -!0s $/#(-$,3 Se-$/, 1 /& Ar-$#e III /& -!e 1<89 C/,s-$-0-$/, !$!

&/r*$+s -!e +e,$(# -/ (,) pers/, /& -!e e20(# pr/-e-$/, /& -!e #(s. 5

T!e 30(r(,-) /& e20(# pr/-e-$/, /& -!e #(s $s ,/- ( 30(r(,-) /& e20(#$-) $, -!e (pp#$(-$/, /& -!e #(s 0p/, (## $-$e,s /& -!e s-(-e.

I- $s ,/-" -!ere&/re" ( re20$re'e,-" $, /r+er -/ (/$+ -!e /,s-$-0-$/,(# pr/!$*$-$/, (3($,s- $,e20(#$-)" -!(- eer) '(," /'(, (,+

!$#+ s!/0#+ *e (&&e-e+ (#$%e *) ( s-(-0-e. E20(#$-) /& /per(-$/, /& s-(-0-es +/es ,/- 'e(, $,+$sr$'$,(-e /per(-$/, /, pers/,s

'ere#) (s s0!" *0- /, pers/,s (/r+$,3 -/ -!e $r0's-(,es s0rr/0,+$,3 -!e'. I- 30(r(,-ees e20(#$-)" ,/- $+e,-$-) /& r$3!-s. T!e

C/,s-$-0-$/, +/es ,/- re20$re -!(- -!$,3s !$! (re +$&&ere,- $, &(- *e -re(-e+ $, #( (s -!/03! -!e) ere -!e s('e. T!e e20(#pr/-e-$/, #(0se +/es ,/- &/r*$+ +$sr$'$,(-$/, (s -/ -!$,3s -!(- (re +$&&ere,-. 51 I- +/es ,/- pr/!$*$- #e3$s#(-$/, !$! $s #$'$-e+

e$-!er $, -!e /*?e- -/ !$! $- $s +$re-e+ /r *) -!e -err$-/r) $-!$, !$! $- $s -/ /per(-e.

T!e e20(# pr/-e-$/, /& -!e #(s #(0se /& -!e C/,s-$-0-$/, (##/s #(ss$&$(-$/,. C#(ss$&$(-$/, $, #(" (s $, -!e /-!er +ep(r-'e,-s /&

%,/#e+3e /r pr(-$e" $s -!e 3r/0p$,3 /& -!$,3s $, spe0#(-$/, /r pr(-$e *e(0se -!e) (3ree $-! /,e (,/-!er $, er-($, p(r-$0#(rs.

A #( $s ,/- $,(#$+ *e(0se /& s$'p#e $,e20(#$-). 5 T!e er) $+e( /& #(ss$&$(-$/, $s -!(- /& $,e20(#$-)" s/ -!(- $- 3/es $-!/0- s()$,3

-!(- -!e 'ere &(- /& $,e20(#$-) $, ,/ '(,,er +e-er'$,es -!e '(--er /& /,s-$-0-$/,(#$-). 53 A## -!(- $s re20$re+ /& ( (#$+ #(ss$&$(-$/,

$s -!(- $- *e re(s/,(*#e" !$! 'e(,s -!(- -!e #(ss$&$(-$/, s!/0#+ *e *(se+ /, s0*s-(,-$(# +$s-$,-$/,s !$! '(%e &/r re(#

+$&&ere,es; -!(- $- '0s- *e 3er'(,e -/ -!e p0rp/se /& -!e #(; -!(- $- '0s- ,/- *e #$'$-e+ -/ e5$s-$,3 /,+$-$/,s /,#); (,+ -!(- $-

'0s- (pp#) e20(##) -/ e(! 'e'*er /& -!e #(ss. 5@ T!$s C/0r- !(s !e#+ -!(- -!e s-(,+(r+ $s s(-$s&$e+ $& -!e #(ss$&$(-$/, /r +$s-$,-$/,

$s *(se+ /, ( re(s/,(*#e &/0,+(-$/, /r r(-$/,(# *(s$s (,+ $s ,/- p(#p(*#) (r*$-r(r). 55

I, -!e e5er$se /& $-s p/er -/ '(%e #(ss$&$(-$/,s &/r -!e p0rp/se /& e,(-$,3 #(s /er '(--ers $-!$, $-s ?0r$s+$-$/," -!e s-(-e $sre/3,$e+ (s e,?/)$,3 ( $+e r(,3e /& +$sre-$/,. 56 I- $s ,/- ,eess(r) -!(- -!e #(ss$&$(-$/, *e *(se+ /, s$e,-$&$ /r '(r%e+

+$&&ere,es /& -!$,3s /r $, -!e$r re#(-$/,. 5A Ne$-!er $s $- ,eess(r) -!(- -!e #(ss$&$(-$/, *e '(+e $-! '(-!e'(-$(# ,$e-). 58 He,e

#e3$s#(-$e #(ss$&$(-$/, '() $, '(,) (ses pr/per#) res- /, ,(rr/ +$s-$,-$/,s" 59 &/r -!e e20(# pr/-e-$/, 30(r(,-) +/es ,/-

pre#0+e -!e #e3$s#(-0re &r/' re/3,$$,3 +e3rees /& e$# /r !(r'" (,+ #e3$s#(-$/, $s (++resse+ -/ e$#s (s -!e) '() (ppe(r.

We *e#$ee -!(- Rep0*#$ A- N/. 889@ s(-$s&$es -!e (&/re'e,-$/,e+ re20$re'e,-s. T!e A- #(ss$&$es e'p#/)ees (,+ /r%ers" (s -/

-!e e&&e- (,+ /er(3e /& 0,$/, s!/p se0r$-) (3ree'e,-s" $,-/ -!/se !/ *) re(s/, /& -!e$r re#$3$/0s *e#$e&s (,+ /,$-$/,s (,,/-

s$3, 0p $-! ( #(*/r 0,$/," (,+ -!/se !/se re#$3$/, +/es ,/- pr/!$*$- 'e'*ers!$p $, #(*/r 0,$/,s. T$#e #(ss$&$(-$/, res-s /, re(# /r

s0*s-(,-$(#" ,/- 'ere#) $'(3$,(r) /r !$'s$(#" +$s-$,-$/,s. T!ere $s s0! re(# +$s-$,-$/, $, -!e *e#$e&s" &ee#$,3s (,+ se,-$'e,-s /&

e'p#/)ees. E'p#/)ees +/ ,/- *e#$ee $, -!e s('e re#$3$/0s &($-! (,+ +$&&ere,- re#$3$/,s +$&&er $, -!e$r +/3'(s (,+ (,,/,s. Re#$3$/0s

*e#$e&s" '(,$&es-(-$/,s (,+ pr(-$es" -!/03! -!e) (re &/0,+ $, (## p#(es" (,+ $, (## -$'es" -(%e s/ '(,) (r$e+ &/r's (s -/ *e (#'/s-

*e)/,+ $'(3$,(-$/,. T!ere (re '(,) $es -!(- /'pr$se -!e *r/(+ spe-r0' /& re#$3$/0s *e#$e&s ('/,3 -!e pe/p#e. T!ere (re

+$erse '(,,ers $, !$! *e#$e&s" e20(##) p(r('/0,- $, -!e #$es /& -!e$r p/ssess/rs" '() *e (r-$0#(-e+. T/+() -!e /0,-r) $s &(r'/re !e-er/3e,/0s $, re#$3$/, -!(, *e&/re" +$&&ere,es $, re#$3$/, +/ e5$s-" (,+ -!ese +$&&ere,es (re $'p/r-(,- (,+ s!/0#+ ,/- *e

$3,/re+.

Ee, &r/' -!e p!)!/#/3$(# p/$,- /& $e" -!e #(ss$&$(-$/, $s *(se+ /, re(# (,+ $'p/r-(,- +$&&ere,es. Re#$3$/0s *e#$e&s (re ,/- 'ere

*e#$e&s" 'ere $+e(s e5$s-$,3 /,#) $, -!e '$,+" &/r -!e) (rr) $-! -!e' pr(-$(# /,se20e,es (,+ (re -!e '/-$es /& er-($, r0#es. /&

!0'(, /,+0- (,+ -!e ?0s-$&$(-$/, /& er-($, (-s. 6 Re#$3$/0s se,-$'e,- '(%es ( '(, $e -!$,3s (,+ ee,-s $, -!e$r re#(-$/, -/

!$s G/+. I- 3$es -/ !0'(, #$&e $-s +$s-$,-$e !(r(-er" $-s -/,e" $-s !(pp$,ess /r 0,!(pp$,ess $-s e,?/)'e,- /r $r%s/'e,ess. Us0(##)"

( s-r/,3 (,+ p(ss$/,(-e +es$re $s $,/#e+ $, ( re#$3$/0s *e#$e&. T/ er-($, pers/,s" ,/ s$,3#e &(-/r /& -!e$r e5per$e,e $s '/re

$'p/r-(,- -/ -!e' -!(, -!e$r re#$3$/," /r -!e$r ,/- !($,3 (,) re#$3$/,. Be(0se /& +$&&ere,es $, re#$3$/0s *e#$e& (,+ se,-$'e,-s" (

er) p//r pers/, '() /,s$+er !$'se#& *e--er -!(, -!e r$!" (,+ -!e '(, !/ ee, #(%s -!e ,eess$-$es /& # $&e '() *e '/re !eer&0#

-!(, -!e /,e !/ !(s (## p/ss$*#e #050r$es. D0e -/ -!e$r re#$3$/0s *e#$e&s pe/p#e" #$%e -!e '(r-)rs" *e('e res$3,e+ -/ -!e $,e$-(*#e

(,+ (ep-e+ !eer&0##) ee, -!e '/s- p($,&0# (,+ e5r0$(-$,3 p($,s. Be(0se /& +$&&ere,es $, re#$3$/0s *e#$e&s" -!e /r#+ !(s



$-,esse+ -0r'/$#" $$# s-r$&e" perse0-$/," !(-re+" *#//+s!e+ (,+ (r" 3e,er(-e+ -/ ( #(r3e e5-e,- *) 'e'*ers /& se-s !/ ere

$,-/#er(,- /& /-!er re#$3$/0s *e#$e&s. T!e #(ss$&$(-$/," $,-r/+0e+ *) Rep0*#$ A- N/. 889@" -!ere&/re" res-s /, s0*s-(,-$(#

+$s-$,-$/,s.

T!e #(ss$&$(-$/, $,-r/+0e+ *) s($+ A- $s (#s/ 3er'(,e -/ $-s p0rp/se. T!e p0rp/se /& -!e #( $s pre$se#) -/ (/$+ -!/se !/

(,,/-" *e(0se /& -!e$r re#$3$/0s *e#$e&" ?/$, #(*/r 0,$/,s" &r/' *e$,3 +epr$e+ /& -!e$r r$3!- -/ /r% (,+ &r/' *e$,3 +$s'$sse+ &r/'

-!e$r /r% *e(0se /& 0,$/, s!/p se0r$-) (3ree'e,-s.

Rep0*#$ A- N/. 889@" &0r-!er'/re" $s ,/- #$'$-e+ $, $-s (pp#$(-$/, -/ /,+$-$/,s e5$s-$,3 (- -!e -$'e /& $-s e,(-'e,-. T!e #( +/es

,/- pr/$+e -!(- $- $s -/ *e e&&e-$e &/r ( er-($, per$/+ /& -$'e /,#). I- $s $,-e,+e+ -/ (pp#) &/r (## -$'es (s #/,3 (s -!e /,+$-$/,s -/

!$! -!e #( $s (pp#$(*#e e5$s-. As #/,3 (s -!ere (re #/se+ s!/p (3ree'e,-s *e-ee, (, e'p#/)er (,+ ( #(*/r 0,$/," (,+ -!ere (re

e'p#/)ees !/ (re pr/!$*$-e+ *) -!e$r re#$3$/, &r/' (&&$#$(-$,3 $-! #(*/r 0,$/,s" -!e$r e5e'p-$/, &r/' -!e /er(3e /& s($+

(3ree'e,-s /,-$,0es.

F$,(##)" -!e A- (pp#$es e20(##) -/ (## 'e'*ers /& s($+ re#$3$/0s se-s; -!$s $s e$+e,- &r/' $-s pr/$s$/,. T!e &(- -!(- -!e #( 3r(,-s (

pr$$#e3e -/ 'e'*ers /& s($+ re#$3$/0s se-s (,,/- *) $-se#& re,+er -!e A- 0,/,s-$-0-$/,(#" &/r (s We !(e (+er-e+ -/" -!e A- /,#)

res-/res -/ -!e' -!e$r &ree+/' /& (ss/$(-$/, !$! #/se+ s!/p (3ree'e,-s !(e -(%e, (()" (,+ p0-s -!e' $, -!e s('e p#(,e (s

-!e /-!er /r%ers !/ (re ,/- pr/!$*$-e+ *) -!e$r re#$3$/, &r/' ?/$,$,3 #(*/r 0,$/,s. T!e $r0's-(,e" -!(- -!e /-!er e'p#/)ees"

*e(0se -!e) (re +$&&ere,-#) s$-0(-e+" (re ,/- 3r(,-e+ -!e s('e pr$$#e3e" +/es ,/- re,+er -!e #( 0,/,s-$-0-$/,(#" &/r eer)

#(ss$&$(-$/, (##/e+ *) -!e C/,s-$-0-$/, *) $-s ,(-0re $,/#es $,e20(#$-).

T!e 'ere &(- -!(- -!e #e3$s#(-$e #(ss$&$(-$/, '() res0#- $, (-0(# $,e20(#$-) $s ,/- $/#(-$e /& -!e r$3!- -/ e20(# pr/-e-$/," &/r

eer) #(ss$&$(-$/, /& pers/,s /r -!$,3s &/r re30#(-$/, *) #( pr/+0es $,e20(#$-) $, s/'e +e3ree" *0- -!e #( $s ,/- -!ere*)

re,+ere+ $,(#$+. A #(ss$&$(-$/, /-!er$se re(s/,(*#e +/es ,/- /&&e,+ -!e /,s-$-0-$/, s$'p#) *e(0se $, pr(-$e $- res0#-s $, s/'e

$,e20(#$-). 61 A,e,- -!$s '(--er" $- !(s *ee, s($+ -!(- !e,eer $- $s (pp(re,- &r/' -!e s/pe /& -!e #( -!(- $-s /*?e- $s &/r -!e

*e,e&$- /& -!e p0*#$ (,+ -!e 'e(,s *) !$! -!e *e,e&$- $s -/ *e /*-($,e+ (re /& p0*#$ !(r(-er" -!e #( $## *e 0p!e#+ ee, -!/03!

$,$+e,-(# (+(,-(3e '() /0r -/ $,+$$+0(#s *e)/,+ -!/se e,?/)e+ *) -!e 3e,er(# p0*#$. 6

:. Appe##(,-s &0r-!er /,-e,-$/, -!(- Rep0*#$ A- N/. 889@ $/#(-es -!e /,s-$-0-$/,(# pr/$s$/, /, s/$(# ?0s-$e $s (#s/ *(se#ess.

S/$(# ?0s-$e $s $,-e,+e+ -/ pr/'/-e -!e e#&(re /& (## -!e pe/p#e. 63 Rep0*#$ A- N/. 889@ pr/'/-es -!(- e#&(re $,s/&(r (s $- #//%s

(&-er -!e e#&(re /& -!/se !/" *e(0se /& -!e$r re#$3$/0s *e#$e&" (,,/- ?/$, #(*/r 0,$/,s; -!e A- pree,-s -!e$r *e$,3 +epr$e+ /&

/r% (,+ /& -!e 'e(,s /& #$e#$!//+. I, +e-er'$,$,3 !e-!er (,) p(r-$0#(r 'e(s0re $s &/r p0*#$ (+(,-(3e" $- $s ,/- ,eess(r) -!(-

-!e e,-$re s-(-e *e +$re-#) *e,e&$-e+ — $- $s s0&&$$e,- -!(- ( p/r-$/, /& -!e s-(-e *e *e,e&$-e+ -!ere*).

S/$(# ?0s-$e (#s/ 'e(,s -!e (+/p-$/, *) -!e G/er,'e,- /& 'e(s0res (#0#(-e+ -/ $,s0re e/,/'$ s-(*$#$-) /& (## /'p/,e,-

e#e'e,-s /& s/$e-)" -!r/03! -!e '($,-e,(,e /& ( pr/per e/,/'$ (,+ s/$(# e20$#$*r$0' $, -!e $,-erre#(-$/,s /& -!e 'e'*ers /&

-!e /''0,$-). 6@ Rep0*#$ A- N/. 889@ $,s0res e/,/'$ s-(*$#$-) -/ -!e 'e'*ers /& ( re#$3$/0s se-" #$%e -!e I3#es$( ,$ Cr$s-/" !/(re (#s/ /'p/,e,- e#e'e,-s /& s/$e-)" &/r $- $,s0res se0r$-) $, -!e$r e'p#/)'e,-" ,/-$-!s-(,+$,3 -!e$r &($#0re -/ ?/$, ( #(*/r 0,$/,

!($,3 ( #/se+ s!/p (3ree'e,- $-! -!e e'p#/)er. T!e A- (#s/ (+(,es -!e pr/per e/,/'$ (,+ s/$(# e20$#$*r$0' *e-ee, #(*/r

0,$/,s (,+ e'p#/)ees !/ (,,/- ?/$, #(*/r 0,$/,s" &/r $- e5e'p-s -!e #(--er &r/' -!e /'pe##$,3 ,eess$-) /& ?/$,$,3 #(*/r 0,$/,s

-!(- !(e #/se+ s!/p (3ree'e,-s (,+ e20(#$es" $, s/ &(r (s /pp/r-0,$-) -/ /r% $s /,er,e+" -!/se !/se re#$3$/, pr/!$*$-s

'e'*ers!$p $, #(*/r 0,$/,s $-! -!/se !/se re#$3$/, +/es ,/- pr/!$*$- s($+ 'e'*ers!$p. S/$(# ?0s-$e +/es ,/- $'p#) s/$(#

e20(#$-)" *e(0se s/$(# $,e20(#$-) $## (#()s e5$s- (s #/,3 (s s/$(# re#(-$/,s +epe,+ /, pers/,(# /r s0*?e-$e pr/#$$-$es. S/$(#

?0s-$e +/es ,/- re20$re #e3(# e20(#$-) *e(0se #e3(# e20(#$-)" *e$,3 ( re#(-$e -er'" $s ,eess(r$#) pre'$se+ /, +$&&ere,-$(-$/,s *(se+

/, pers/,(# /r ,(-0r(# /,+$-$/,s. 65 S/$(# ?0s-$e 30(r(,-ees e20(#$-) /& /pp/r-0,$-) 66 " (,+ -!$s $s pre$se#) !(- Rep0*#$ A- N/.

889@ pr/p/ses -/ (/'p#$s! — $- 3$es #(*/rers" $rrespe-$e /& -!e$r re#$3$/0s sr0pp#es" e20(# /pp/r-0,$-) &/r /r%.

. As $-s #(s- 3r/0,+" (ppe##(,- /,-e,+s -!(- -!e ('e,+'e,- $,-r/+0e+ *) Rep0*#$ A- N/. 889@ $s ,/- (##e+ &/r — $, /-!er /r+s"

-!e A- $s ,/- pr/per" ,eess(r) /r +es$r(*#e. A,e,- -!$s '(--er" $- !(s *ee, !e#+ -!(- ( s-(-0-e !$! $s ,/- ,eess(r) $s ,/-" &/r -!(-

re(s/," 0,/,s-$-0-$/,(#; -!(- $, +e-er'$,$,3 -!e /,s-$-0-$/,(# (#$+$-) /& #e3$s#(-$/," -!e /0r-s (re 0,/,er,e+ $-! $ss0es (s -/-!e ,eess$-) &/r -!e e,(-'e,- /& -!e #e3$s#(-$/, $, 20es-$/,. 6A C/0r-s +/ $,20$re $,-/ -!e $s+/' /& #(s. 68 M/re/er" #e3$s#(-0res"

*e$,3 !/se, *) -!e pe/p#e" (re pres0'e+ -/ 0,+ers-(,+ (,+ /rre-#) (ppre$(-e -!e ,ee+s /& -!e pe/p#e" (,+ $- '() !(,3e -!e

#(s (/r+$,3#). 69 T!e &e(r $s e,-er-($,e+ *) (ppe##(,- -!(- 0,#ess -!e A- $s +e#(re+ 0,/,s-$-0-$/,(#" e'p#/)ers $## pre&er

e'p#/)$,3 'e'*ers /& re#$3$/0s se-s -!(- pr/!$*$- -!e$r 'e'*ers &r/' ?/$,$,3 #(*/r 0,$/,s" (,+ -!0s *e ( &(-(# *#/ -/ 0,$/,$s'.

We +/ ,/- (3ree. T!e -!re(- -/ 0,$/,$s' $## +epe,+ /, -!e ,0'*er /& e'p#/)ees !/ (re 'e'*ers /& -!e re#$3$/0s se-s -!(-

/,-r/# -!e +e'(,+s /& -!e #(*/r '(r%e-. B0- -!ere $s re(##) ,/ /(s$/, ,/ -/ 3/ &0r-!er (,+ (,-$$p(-e pr/*#e's We (,,/- ?0+3e

$-! -!e '(-er$(# ,/ *e&/re Us. A- (,) r(-e" -!e (#$+$-) /& ( s-(-0-e $s -/ *e +e-er'$,e+ &r/' $-s 3e,er(# p0rp/se (,+ $-s e&&$() -/

(/'p#$s! -!e e,+ +es$re+" ,/- &r/' $-s e&&e-s /, ( p(r-$0#(r (se. A T!e esse,-$(# *(s$s &/r -!e e5er$se /& p/er" (,+ ,/- ( 'ere

$,$+e,-(# res0#- (r$s$,3 &r/' $-s e5er-$/," $s -!e r$-er$/, *) !$! -!e (#$+$-) /& ( s-(-0-e $s -/ *e 'e(s0re+. A1

II. We ,/ p(ss /, -!e se/,+ (ss$3,'e,- /& err/r" $, s0pp/r- /& !$! -!e U,$/, (r30e+ -!(- -!e +e$s$/, /& -!e -r$(# /0r- /r+er$,3

-!e U,$/, -/ p() P9@@ &/r (--/r,e)s &ees +$re-#) /,-r(e,es Se-$/, 6= /& Rep0*#$ A- N/. 9" &/r -!e $,s-(,- (-$/, $,/#es (,



$,+0s-r$(# +$sp0-e !ere$, -!e U,$/, (s ( p(r-)" (,+ s($+ U,$/, 'ere#) (-e+ $, -!e e5er$se /& $-s r$3!-s 0,+er -!e 0,$/, s!/p

pr/$s$/, /& $-s e5$s-$,3 /##e-$e *(r3($,$,3 /,-r(- $-! -!e C/'p(,); -!(- s($+ /r+er (#s/ /,-r(e,es Ar-$#e 66@ /& -!e C$$#

C/+e; -!(-" &0r-!er'/re" Appe##ee (s ,eer (-0(##) +$s'$sse+ *) -!e +e&e,+(,- C/'p(,) (,+ +$+ ,/- -!ere&/re s0&&er (,) +('(3e

(- (## . A

I, re&0-$,3 (ppe##(,- U,$/,s (r30'e,-s" Appe##ee #($'e+ -!(- $, -!e $,s-(,- (se -!ere (s re(##) ,/ $,+0s-r$(# +$sp0-e $,/#e+ $,

-!e (--e'p- -/ /'pe# Appe##ee -/ '($,-($, $-s 'e'*ers!$p $, -!e 0,$/, 0,+er p($, /& +$s'$ss(#" (,+ -!(- -!e U,$/," *) $-s (-"

$,&#$-e+ $,-e,-$/,(# !(r' /, Appe##ee; -!(- s$,e Appe##ee (s /'pe##e+ -/ $,s-$-0-e (, (-$/, -/ pr/-e- !$s r$3!- -/ /r%" (ppe##(,-

/0#+ #e3(##) *e /r+ere+ -/ p() (--/r,e)s &ees 0,+er Ar-$#es 1@= (,+ 66@ /& -!e C$$# C/+e. A3

T!e se/,+ p(r(3r(p! /& Se-$/, 6= /& Rep0*#$ A- N/. 9 !$! $s re#$e+ 0p/, *) (ppe##(,- pr/$+es -!(-

N/ s0$-" (-$/, /r /-!er pr/ee+$,3s s!(## *e '($,-($,(*#e $, (,) /0r- (3($,s- ( #(*/r /r3(,$(-$/, /r (,) /&&$er /r

'e'*er -!ere/& &/r (,) (- +/,e *) /r /, *e!(#& /& s0! /r3(,$(-$/, in furtherance of an industrial dispute -/

!$! $- $s ( p(r-)" /, -!e 3r/0,+ /,#) -!(- s0! (- $,+0es s/'e /-!er pers/, -/ *re(% ( /,-r(- /& e'p#/)'e,-

/r -!(- $- $s $, res-r($,- /& -r(+e /r $,-er&eres $-! -!e -r(+e" *0s$,ess /r e'p#/)'e,- /& s/'e /-!er pers/, /r $-!

-!e r$3!- /& s/'e /-!er pers/, -/ +$sp/se /& !$s (p$-(# /r #(*/r. E'p!(s$s s0pp#$e+>

T!(- -!ere (s ( #(*/r +$sp0-e $, -!e $,s-(,- (se (,,/- *e +$sp0-e+ &/r (ppe##(,- s/03!- -!e +$s!(r3e /& resp/,+e,- *) $r-0e /&

-!e #/se+ s!/p (3ree'e,- (,+ 0,+er Se-$/, 6 ?> /& Rep0*#$ A- N/. 9 ( 20es-$/, $,/#$,3 -e,0re /& e'p#/)'e,- $s $,#0+e+ $,

-!e -er' 4#(*/r +$sp0-e4. A@ T!e +$s!(r3e /r -!e (- /& see%$,3 $- $s -!e #(*/r +$sp0-e $-se#&. I- *e$,3 -!e #(*/r +$sp0-e $-se#&" -!(- er)

s('e (- /& -!e U,$/, $, (s%$,3 -!e e'p#/)er -/ +$s'$ss Appe##ee (,,/- *e 4(, (- +/,e ... in furtherance of an industrial

dispute-. T!e 'ere &(- -!(- (ppe##(,- $s ( #(*/r 0,$/, +/es ,/- ,eess(r$#) 'e(, -!(- (## $-s (-s (re $, &0r-!er(,e /& (, $,+0s-r$(#

+$sp0-e. A5 Appe##(,- U,$/," -!ere&/re" (,,/- $,/%e $, $-s &(/r Se-$/, 6= /& Rep0*#$ A- N/. 9. T!$s (se $s ,/- $,-er-$,e+ $-!

(,) 0,&($r #(*/r pr(-$e (se e5$s-$,3 (- -!e -$'e !e, Appe##ee &$#e+ !$s /'p#($,- *e&/re -!e #/er /0r-.

Ne$-!er +/es Ar-$#e 66@ /& -!e C$$# C/+e" $,/%e+ *) -!e U,$/," sere (s $-s s!$e#+. T!e (r-$#e pr/$+es -!(- (--/r,e)s &ees (,+

e5pe,ses /& #$-$3(-$/, '() *e ((r+e+ 4!e, -!e +e&e,+(,-s (- /r /'$ss$/, !(s /'pe##e+ -!e p#($,-$&& ... to incur e&penses to

protect his interest 4; (,+ 4$, (,) /-!er (se !ere -!e /0r- +ee's $- ?0s- (,+ e20$-(*#e -!(- (--/r,e)s &ees (,+ e5pe,ses /&

#$-$3(-$/, s!/0#+ *e re/ere+4. I, -!e $,s-(,- (se" $- (,,/- *e 3($,s($+ -!(- (ppe##(,- U,$/,s (- $, +e'(,+$,3 Appe##ees +$s'$ss(

(0se+ Appe##ee -/ $,0r e5pe,ses -/ pree,- !$s *e$,3 +$s'$sse+ &r/' !$s ?/*. C/s-s (/r+$,3 -/ Se-$/, 1" R0#e 1=6" /& -!e R0#es

/& C/0r-" s!(## *e (##/e+ (s ( '(--er /& /0rse -/ -!e pre($#$,3 p(r-).

WHEREFORE" -!e $,s-(,- (ppe(# $s +$s'$sse+" (,+ -!e +e$s$/," +(-e+ A030s- 6:" 1<:9" /& -!e C/0r- /& F$rs- I,s-(,e /& M(,$#(" $, $-s

C$$# C(se N/. 9<=" (ppe(#e+ &r/' $s (&&$r'e+" $-! /s-s (3($,s- (ppe##(,- U,$/,. I- $s s/ /r+ere+.

E+#r/ v. E+4ri#or$.*.No. ;--1651, $:C:+# @, 3!uno1 J.E

F(-s

1. Resp/,+e,- $s -!e C/0r- $,-erpre-er /& RTC Br(,! 698 $, L(s P$,(s C$-). T!e /'p#($,(,- Es-r(+( re20es-e+ &/r (, $,es-$3(-$/,

/& resp/,+e,- &/r #$$,3 $-! ( '(, ,/- !er !0s*(,+ !$#e s!e (s s-$## #e3(##) '(rr$e+ (,+ !($,3 */r,e ( !$#+ $-!$, -!$s #$e$,

(rr(,3e'e,-. Es-r(+( *e#$ee+ -!(- Esr$-/r $s /''$--$,3 ( 3r/ss#) $''/r(# (- !$! -(r,$s!es -!e $'(3e /& -!e ?0+$$(r)" -!0s s!e

s!/0#+ ,/- *e (##/e+ -/ re'($, e'p#/)e+ -!ere$, (s $- '$3!- (ppe(r -!(- -!e /0r- /,+/,es !er (-.

6. Resp/,+e,- (+'$--e+ s!e s-(r-e+ #$$,3 $-! L0$(,/ 0$#(p$/" 7r. '/re -!(, 6@ )e(rs (3/ !e, !er !0s*(,+ (s s-$## (#$e *0-

#$$,3 $-! (,/-!er /'(,. S!e #$%e$se (+'$--e+ !($,3 ( s/, $-! 0$#(p$/ *0- +e,$es (,) #$(*$#$-) &/r (##e3e+ 3r/ss#) $''/r(

/,+0- *e(0se" 1> S!e $s ( 'e'*er /& -!e 7e!/(!s W$-,esses (,+ -!e W(-! T/er S/$e-)" 6> T!(- -!e /,?03(# (rr(,3e'e,-

(s $, /,&/r'$-) $-! -!e$r re#$3$/0s *e#$e&s" (,+ 8> T!(- -!e /,?03(# (rr(,3e'e,- $-! 0$#(p$/ !(s -!e (ppr/(# /& !e

/,3re3(-$/,.



8. Esr$-/r #$%e$se #($'e+ -!(- s!e !(+ e5e0-e+ ( De#(r(-$/, /& P#e+3$,3 F($-!&0#,ess $, (/r+(,e $-! !er re#$3$/, !$!

(##/s 'e'*ers /& -!e 7e!/(!s $-,esses !/ !(e *ee, (*(,+/,e+ *) -!e$r sp/0ses -/ e,-er $,-/ '(r$-(# re#(-$/,s. T!e

De#(r(-$/, -!0s '(%es -!e res0#-$,3 0,$/, '/r(# (,+ *$,+$,3 $-!$, -!e /,3re3(-$/, (## /er -!e /r#+ e5ep- $, /0,-r$es !ere

+$/re $s (##/e+.

e!/7

Esr$-/r (s -!ere&/re !e#+ ,/- (+'$,$s-r(-$e#) #$(*#e &/r 3r/ss#) $''/r(# /,+0-. Esr$-/rs /,?03(# (rr(,3e'e,- (,,/- *e

pe,(#$e+ (s s!e !(s '(+e /0- ( (se &/r e5e'p-$/, &r/' -!e #( *(se+ /, !er &0,+('e,-(# r$3!- -/ re#$3$/,. T!e C/0r- re/3,$es

-!(- s-(-e $,-eres-s '0s- *e 0p!e#+ $, /r+er -!(- &ree+/'s—$,#0+$,3 re#$3$/0s &ree+/'—'() *e e,?/)e+.

I, -!e (re( /& re#$3$/0s e5er$se (s pre&erre+ &ree+/'" !/eer" '(, s-(,+s (/0,-(*#e -/ (, (0-!/r$-) !$3!er -!(, -!e s-(-e" (,+

s/ -!e s-(-e $,-eres- s/03!- -/ *e 0p!e#+ '0s- *e s/ /'pe##$,3 -!(- $-s $/#(-$/, $## er/+e -!e er) &(*r$ /& -!e s-(-e -!(- $## (#s/

pr/-e- -!e &ree+/'. I, -!e (*se,e /& ( s!/$,3 -!(- -!e s-(-e $,-eres- e5$s-s" '(, '0s- *e (##/e+ -/ s0*sr$*e -/ -!e I,&$,$-e.

[G.R. No. 1@159. J:ne 6, 1]

R$N'&S'O Y$;, JR., .2.. E0&N Y$;, petitioner, vs. 'OR% O $;;E$LS n/ #he ;EO;LE O %E;&L&;;&NES, respondents.

E ' & S & O N

GON$G$-REYES, J.7

T!e r$3!- (3($,s- e5ess$e *($#" (,+ -!e #$*er-) /& (*/+e (,+ -r(e#" (re *e$,3 $,/%e+ -/ se- (s$+e -/ res/#0-$/,s /& -!e C/0r-

/& Appe(#s !$! &$5e+ *($# (- P9"9@@"@@@.@@ (,+ $'p/se+ /,+$-$/,s /, !(,3e /& res$+e,e (,+ -r(e# (*r/(+.

F/r '$s(ppr/pr$(-$,3 ('/0,-s e20$(#e,- -/ P9"9@@"@@@.@@" pe-$-$/,er (s /,$-e+ /& es-(&( *) -!e Re3$/,(# Tr$(# C/0r- /&

P(s$3 C$-)1 (,+ (s se,-e,e+ -/ &/0r )e(rs (,+ -/ '/,-!s /& prision correccional " (s '$,$'0'" -/ e$3!- )e(rs /& prision ma%or (s

'(5$'0'" $, (++$-$/, -/ /,e 1> )e(r &/r e(! (++$-$/,(# P1@"@@@.@@ $, e5ess /& P66"@@@.@@ *0- $, ,/ (se s!(## $- e5ee+ -e,-)

6@> )e(rs.6He &$#e+ ( ,/-$e /& (ppe(#" (,+ '/e+ -/ *e (##/e+ pr/$s$/,(# #$*er-) 0,+er -!e (s! */,+ !e !(+ &$#e+ e(r#$er $, -!e

pr/ee+$,3s. T!e '/-$/, (s +e,$e+ *) -!e -r$(# /0r- $, (, /r+er +(-e+ Fe*r0(r) 1" 1<<<.

http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2001/jun2001/141529.htm#_edn1







A&-er -!e re/r+s /& -!e (se ere -r(,s'$--e+ -/ -!e C/0r- /& Appe(#s" pe-$-$/,er &$#e+ $-! -!e s($+ /0r- ( M/-$/, -/ F$5 B($#

F/r -!e Pr/$s$/,(# L$*er-) /& A0se+Appe##(,- Pe,+$,3 Appe(#" $,/%$,3 -!e #(s- p(r(3r(p! /& Se-$/, 9" R0#e 11= /& -!e 1<<

Re$se+ R0#es /& C/0r-. As%e+ -/ /''e,- /, -!$s '/-$/," -!e S/#$$-/r Ge,er(# /p$,e+ -!(- pe-$-$/,er '() *e (##/e+ -/ p/s- *($# $,

-!e ('/0,- /& P9"9@@"@@@.@@ (,+ *e re20$re+ -/ se0re ( er-$&$(-$/,K30(r(,-) &r/' -!e M()/r /& -!e p#(e /& !$s res$+e,e -!(- !e

$s ( res$+e,- /& -!e (re( (,+ -!(- !e $## re'($, -/ *e s/ 0,-$# &$,(# ?0+3'e,- $s re,+ere+ /r $, (se !e -r(,s&ers res$+e,e" $- '0s- *e

$-! pr$/r ,/-$e -/ -!e /0r- (,+ pr$(-e /'p#($,(,-.8 Pe-$-$/,er &$#e+ ( Rep#)" /,-e,+$,3 -!(- -!e pr/p/se+ *($# /& P9"9@@"@@@.@@

(s $/#(-$e /& !$s r$3!- (3($,s- e5ess$e *($#.

T!e (ss($#e+ res/#0-$/, /& -!e C/0r- /& Appe(#s =" $ss0e+ /, O-/*er :" 1<<<" 0p!e#+ -!e re/''e,+(-$/, /& -!e S/#$$-/r

Ge,er(#; -!0s" $-s +$sp/s$-$e p/r-$/, re(+s

WHEREFORE" pre'$ses /,s$+ere+" -!e M/-$/, -/ F$5 B($# F/r Pr/$s$/,(# L$*er-) /& A0se+Appe##(,- Pe,+$,3 Appe(# $s !ere*)

GRANTED. A0se+(ppe##(,- Fr(,$s/ Y(p" 7r." (.%.(. E+$, Y(p $s !ere*) ALLOWED TO POST BAIL $, -!e ('/0,- /& F$e M$##$/, F$e

H0,+re+ T!/0s(,+ P9"9@@"@@@.@@> Pes/s" s0*?e- -/ -!e &/##/$,3 /,+$-$/,s" $.

1> He (0se+(ppe##(,-> se0res ( er-$&$(-$/,K30(r(,-) &r/' -!e M()/r /& -!e p#(e /& !$s res$+e,e -!(- !e $s (

res$+e,- /& -!e (re( (,+ -!(- !e $## re'($, -/ *e ( res$+e,- -!ere$, 0,-$# &$,(# ?0+3'e,- $s re,+ere+ /r $, (se !e

-r(,s&ers res$+e,e" $- '0s- *e $-! pr$/r ,/-$e -/ -!e /0r-;

6> T!e C/''$ss$/, /& I''$3r(-$/, (,+ Dep/r-(-$/, CID> $s !ere*) +$re-e+ -/ $ss0e ( !/#+ +ep(r-0re /r+er (3($,s-

(0se+(ppe##(,-; (,+

8> T!e (0se+(ppe##(,- s!(## &/r-!$-! s0rre,+er !$s p(ssp/r- -/ -!e D$$s$/, C#er% /& C/0r- &/r s(&e%eep$,3 0,-$# -!e/0r- /r+ers $-s re-0r,;

=> A,) $/#(-$/, /& -!e (&/res($+ /,+$-$/,s s!(## (0se -!e &/r&e$-0re /& (0se+(ppe##(,-s *($# */,+" -!e +$s'$ss(# /&

(ppe(# (,+ !$s $''e+$(-e (rres- (,+ /,&$,e'e,- $, ?($#.

SO ORDERED.9

A '/-$/, &/r re/,s$+er(-$/, (s &$#e+" see%$,3 -!e re+0-$/, /& -!e ('/0,- /& *($# &$5e+ *) resp/,+e,- /0r-" *0- (s +e,$e+ $,

( res/#0-$/, $ss0e+ /, N/e'*er 69" 1<<<. He,e" -!$s pe-$-$/,.

Pe-$-$/,er se-s /0- -!e &/##/$,3 (ss$3,'e,-s /& err/r

T!e resp/,+e,- C/0r- /& Appe(#s /''$--e+ 3r(e (*0se /& +$sre-$/, $, &$5$,3 -!e *($# &/r -!e pr/$s$/,(# #$*er-) /& pe-$-$/,erpe,+$,3 (ppe(# $, -!e ('/0,- /& P9.9 '$##$/,.

T!e resp/,+e,- C/0r- /& Appe(#s /''$--e+ 3r(e (*0se /& +$sre-$/, $, *(s$,3 -!e *($# &/r -!e pr/$s$/,(# #$*er-) /& -!e

pe-$-$/,er /, !$s $$# #$(*$#$-).

T!e resp/,+e,- C/0r- /& Appe(#s 0,+0#) res-r$-e+ pe-$-$/,ers /,s-$-0-$/,(# #$*er-) /& (*/+e (,+ -r(e# $, $'p/s$,3 -!e /-!er

/,+$-$/,s &/r -!e 3r(,- /& *($#.

Pe-$-$/,er /,-e,+s -!(- -!e C/0r- /& Appe(#s" *) se--$,3 *($# (- ( pr/!$*$-/r) ('/0,-" e&&e-$e#) +e,$e+ !$' !$s r$3!- -/ *($#. He

!(##e,3es -!e #e3(# *(s$s /& resp/,+e,- /0r- &/r &$5$,3 *($# (- P9"9@@"@@@.@@" !$! $s e20$(#e,- -/ -!e ('/0,- /& !$s $$# #$(*$#$-)

-/ pr$(-e /'p#($,(,- M(,$#( M(!/3(,) M(r%e-$,3 C/rp/r(-$/," (,+ (r30es -!(- -!e R0#es /& C/0r- ,eer $,-e,+e+ &/r -!e $$#

#$(*$#$-) /& -!e (0se+ -/ *e ( 30$+e#$,e /r *(s$s &/r +e-er'$,$,3 -!e ('/0,- /& *($#. He pr()s -!(- *($# *e re+0e+ -/ (- #e(s-

P=@"@@@.@@" $-$,3 -!e '(5$'0' ('/0,- /& *($# -!(- (, *e p/s-e+ &/r -!e r$'e /& es-(&( 0,+er -!e 1<<: B($# B/,+ G0$+e" /r

P6@"@@@.@@" e20$(#e,- -/ -!e ('/0,- /& *($# !e p/s-e+ +0r$,3 -!e -r$(# /& -!e (se. :

O, -!e /-!er !(,+" -!e S/#$$-/r Ge,er(# '($,-($,s -!(- ,/ 3r(e (*0se /& +$sre-$/, /0#+ *e (sr$*e+ -/ -!e C/0r- /& Appe(#s

&/r &$5$,3 -!e ('/0,- /& *($# (- P9"9@@"@@@.@@ /,s$+er$,3 -!e seer$-) /& -!e pe,(#-) $'p/se+" -!e e$3!- /& -!e e$+e,e (3($,s-

pe-$-$/,er" (,+ -!e 3r($-) /& -!e /&&e,se /& !$! pe-$-$/,er (s /,$-e+ *) -!e RTC. He (sser-e+ -!(- -!e P9"9@@"@@@.@@ ,/- /,#)

/rresp/,+e+ -/ $$# #$(*$#$-) *0- (#s/ -/ -!e ('/0,- /& &r(0+ $'p0-e+ -/ pe-$-$/,er. T!e S/#$$-/r Ge,er(# &0r-!er p/$,-e+ /0- -!e

pr/*(*$#$-) /& &#$3!- $, (se pe-$-$/,er $s re#e(se+ /, *($#" $- !($,3 *ee, es-(*#$s!e+ -!(- pe-$-$/,er (s $, p/ssess$/, /& ( (#$+

p(ssp/r- (,+ $s( (,+ !(+ $, &(- #e&- -!e /0,-r) seer(# -$'es +0r$,3 -!e /0rse /& -!e pr/ee+$,3s $, -!e #/er /0r-. I- (s (#s/

s!/, -!(- pe-$-$/,er 0se+ +$&&ere,- ,('es $, !$s *0s$,ess -r(,s(-$/,s (,+ !(+ seer(# (*/+es $, +$&&ere,- p(r-s /& -!e /0,-r).












As &/r -!e /,+$-$/,s $'p/se+ *) -!e *($# */,+" -!e S/#$$-/r Ge,er(# (+(,e+ -!(- (## -!(- -!e C/0r- /& Appe(#s re20$res $s

,/-$e $, (se /& !(,3e /& (++ress; $- +/es ,/- $, (,) () $'p($r pe-$-$/,ers r$3!- -/ !(,3e (*/+e &/r (s #/,3 (s -!e /0r- $s

(ppr$se+ /& !$s !(,3e /& res$+e,e +0r$,3 -!e pe,+e,) /& -!e (ppe(#.

Pe-$-$/,ers (se &(##s $-!$, -!e pr/$s$/,s /& Se-$/, 9" R0#e 11= /& -!e 1<< R0#es /& C/0r- !$! s-(-es

SEC. 9. Bail1 when discretionar%. Up/, /,$-$/, *) -!e Re3$/,(# Tr$(# C/0r- /& (, /&&e,se ,/- p0,$s!(*#e *)

+e(-!" reclusion perpetua /r #$&e $'pr$s/,'e,-" -!e /0r-" /, (pp#$(-$/," '() (+'$- -!e (0se+ -/ *($#.

T!e /0r-" $, $-s +$sre-$/," '() (##/ -!e (0se+ -/ /,-$,0e /, pr/$s$/,(# #$*er-) 0,+er -!e s('e *($# */,+ +0r$,3 -!e per$/+ -/(ppe(# s0*?e- -/ -!e /,se,- /& -!e */,+s'(,.

I& -!e /0r- $'p/se+ ( pe,(#-) /& $'pr$s/,'e,- e5ee+$,3 s$5 :> )e(rs" *0- ,/- '/re -!(, -e,-) 6@> )e(rs" -!e (0se+ s!(## *e

+e,$e+ *($#" /r !$s *($# pre$/0s#) 3r(,-e+ s!(## *e (,e##e+" 0p/, ( s!/$,3 *) -!e pr/se0-$/," $-! ,/-$e -/ -!e (0se+" /& -!e

&/##/$,3 /r /-!er s$'$#(r $r0's-(,es

(> T!(- -!e (0se+ $s ( re$+$$s-" 20(s$re$+$$s-" /r !(*$-0(# +e#$,20e,-" /r !(s /''$--e+ -!e r$'e (33r((-e+ *) -!e

$r0's-(,e /& re$-er(-$/,;

*> T!(- -!e (0se+ $s &/0,+ -/ !(e pre$/0s#) es(pe+ &r/' #e3(# /,&$,e'e,-" e(+e+ se,-e,e" /r !(s $/#(-e+ -!e /,+$-$/,s /&

!$s *($# $-!/0- (#$+ ?0s-$&$(-$/,;

> T!(- -!e (0se+ /''$--e+ -!e /&&e,se !$#e /, pr/*(-$/," p(r/#e" /r 0,+er /,+$-$/,(# p(r+/,;

+> T!(- -!e $r0's-(,es /& -!e (0se+ /r !$s (se $,+$(-e -!e pr/*(*$#$-) /& &#$3!- $& re#e(se+ /, *($#; /r

e> T!(- -!ere $s 0,+0e r$s% -!(- +0r$,3 -!e pe,+e,) /& -!e (ppe(#" -!e (0se+ '() /''$- (,/-!er r$'e.

T!e (ppe##(-e /0r- '() re$e -!e res/#0-$/, /& -!e Re3$/,(# Tr$(# C/0r-" /, '/-$/, (,+ $-! ,/-$e -/ -!e (+erse p(r-).

T!ere $s ,/ 20es-$/, -!(- $, -!e prese,- (se -!e C/0r- /& Appe(#s e5er$se+ $-s +$sre-$/, $, &(/r /& (##/$,3 *($# -/ pe-$-$/,er

/, (ppe(#. Resp/,+e,- /0r- s-(-e+ -!(- $- (s +/$,3 s/ &/r !0'(,$-(r$(, re(s/,s" (,+ +esp$-e ( pere$e+ !$3! r$s% /& &#$3!-" (s *)

pe-$-$/,ers (+'$ss$/, !e e,- /0- /& -!e /0,-r) seer(# -$'es +0r$,3 -!e pe,+e,) /& -!e (se" &/r !$! re(s/, -!e /0r- +ee'e+

$- ,eess(r) -/ pe3 -!e ('/0,- /& *($# (- P9"9@@"@@@.@@.

T!e pr/!$*$-$/, (3($,s- re20$r$,3 e5ess$e *($# $s e,s!r$,e+ $, -!e C/,s-$-0-$/,. T!e /*$/0s r(-$/,(#e" (s +e#(re+ $, -!e

#e(+$,3 (se /& )e la Camara vs. :na,e"< $s -!(- $'p/s$,3 *($# $, (, e5ess$e ('/0,- /0#+ re,+er 'e(,$,3#ess -!e r$3!- -/ *($#

T!0s" $, 5illaseor vs. $#ao"1@ -!$s C/0r- '(+e -!e pr/,/0,e'e,- -!(- $- $## ,/- !es$-(-e -/ e5er$se $-s s0per$s/r) p/ers /er

#/er /0r-s s!/0#+ -!e #(--er" (&-er !/#+$,3 -!e (0se+ e,-$-#e+ -/ *($#" e&&e-$e#) +e,) -!e s('e *) $'p/s$,3 ( pr/!$*$-/r) s0' /r

e5(-$,3 0,re(s/,(*#e /,+$-$/,s.

555 T!ere $s 3r$' $r/,) $, (, (0se+ *e$,3 -/#+ -!(- !e !(s ( r$3!- -/ *($# *0- (- -!e s('e -$'e *e$,3 re20$re+ -/ p/s- s0! (,

e5/r*$-(,- s0'. W!(- (33r((-es -!e s$-0(-$/, $s -!(- -!e #/er /0r- ?0+3e /0#+ (pp(re,-#) )$e#+ -/ -!e /''(,+ /& -!e

&0,+('e,-(# #(. I, re(#$-)" s0! ( s(,-$'/,$/0s (/(# /& respe- &/r ( '(,+(-e /& -!e C/,s-$-0-$/, (s /, ( p0re#) er*(#

#ee#. T!ere $s re(s/, -/ *e#$ee -!(- (,) pers/, $, -!e p/s$-$/, /& pe-$-$/,er /0#+ 0,+er -!e $r0's-(,es *e 0,(*#e -/ res$s-

-!/03!-s /& es(p$,3 &r/' /,&$,e'e,-" re+0e+ (s !e '0s- !(e *ee, -/ ( s-(-e /& +esper(-$/,. I, -!e s('e *re(-! (s !e (s

-/#+ !e /0#+ *e *($#e+ /0-" -!e e5ess$e ('/0,- re20$re+ /0#+ /,#) 'e(, -!(- pr/$s$/,(# #$*er-) /0#+ *e *e)/,+ !$s

re(!. I- /0#+ !(e *ee, '/re &/r-!r$3!- $& !e ere $,&/r'e+ (-e3/r$(##) -!(- s0! ( r$3!- /0#+ ,/- *e (($#e+ /&. T!ere

/0#+ !(e *ee, ,/ +$s(pp/$,-'e,- /& e5pe-(-$/,s -!e,. I- +/es (## -/ '$,+ -!ese /r+s /& 70s-$e 7(%s/," ( pr/'$se -/ -!e

e(r -/ *e *r/%e, -/ -!e !/pe" ( -e(s$,3 $##0s$/, #$%e ( '0,$&$e,- *e20es- $, ( p(0pers $##. 55511

A- -!e s('e -$'e" Se-$/, <" R0#e 11= /& -!e Re$se+ R0#es /& Cr$'$,(# Pr/e+0re (+$ses /0r-s -/ /,s$+er -!e &/##/$,3

&(-/rs $, -!e se--$,3 /& -!e ('/0,- /& *($#

(> F$,(,$(# (*$#$-) /& -!e (0se+ -/ 3$e *($#;

*> N(-0re (,+ $r0's-(,es /& -!e /&&e,se;

> Pe,(#-) &/r -!e /&&e,se !(r3e+;
















+> C!(r(-er (,+ rep0-(-$/, /& -!e (0se+;

e> A3e (,+ !e(#-! /& -!e (0se+;

&> We$3!- /& -!e e$+e,e (3($,s- -!e (0se+;

3> Pr/*(*$#$-) /& -!e (0se+ (ppe(r$,3 (- -!e -r$(#;

!> F/r&e$-0re /& /-!er *($#;

$> T!e &(- -!(- -!e (0se+ (s ( &03$-$e &r/' ?0s-$e !e, (rres-e+; (,+

?> Pe,+e,) /& /-!er (ses !ere -!e (0se+ $s /, *($#.

T!0s" -!e /0r- !(s $+e #(-$-0+e $, &$5$,3 -!e ('/0,- /& *($#. W!ere $- &e(rs -!(- -!e (0se+ '() ?0'p *($#" $- $s er-($,#) ,/-

pre#0+e+ &r/' $,s-(##$,3 +e$es -/ e,s0re (3($,s- -!e s('e. Op-$/,s '() $,#0+e $,re(s$,3 -!e *($# */,+ -/ (, (ppr/pr$(-e #ee#"

/r re20$r$,3 -!e pers/, -/ rep/r- per$/+$(##) -/ -!e /0r- (,+ -/ '(%e (, (/0,-$,3 /& !$s '/e'e,-s. 16 I, -!e prese,- (se

!ere pe-$-$/,er (s &/0,+ -/ !(e #e&- -!e /0,-r) seer(# -$'es !$#e -!e (se (s pe,+$,3" -!e C/0r- /& Appe(#s re20$re+ -!e

/,&$s(-$/, /& !$s p(ssp/r- (,+ -!e $ss0(,e /& ( !/#++ep(r-0re /r+er (3($,s- !$'.

U,+er -!e $r0's-(,es /& -!$s (se" e &$,+ -!(- (ppr/pr$(-e /,+$-$/,s !(e *ee, $'p/se+ $, -!e *($# */,+ -/ e,s0re (3($,s-

-!e r$s% /& &#$3!-" p(r-$0#(r#)" -!e /'*$,(-$/, /& -!e !/#++ep(r-0re /r+er (,+ -!e re20$re'e,- -!(- pe-$-$/,er $,&/r' -!e /0r- /&

(,) !(,3e /& res$+e,e (,+ /& !$s !ere(*/0-s. A#-!/03! (, $,re(se $, -!e ('/0,- /& *($# !$#e -!e (se $s /, (ppe(# '() *e

'er$-/r$/0s" e &$,+ -!(- -!e se--$,3 /& -!e ('/0,- (- P9"9@@"@@@.@@ $s 0,re(s/,(*#e" e5ess$e" (,+ /,s-$-0-es (, e&&e-$e +e,$(#

/& pe-$-$/,ers r$3!- -/ *($#.

T!e p0rp/se &/r *($# $s -/ 30(r(,-ee -!e (ppe(r(,e /& -!e (0se+ (- -!e -r$(#" 18 /r !e,eer s/ re20$re+ *) -!e /0r- 1= T!e

('/0,- s!/0#+ *e !$3! e,/03! -/ (ss0re -!e prese,e /& -!e (0se+ !e, re20$re+ *0- ,/ !$3!er -!(, $s re(s/,(*#) (#0#(-e+ -/

&0#&$## -!$s p0rp/se.19 T/ &$5 *($# (- (, ('/0,- e20$(#e,- -/ -!e $$# #$(*$#$-) /& !$! pe-$-$/,er $s !(r3e+ $, -!$s (se

P9"9@@"@@@.@@> $s -/ per'$- -!e $'press$/, -!(- -!e ('/0,- p($+ (s *($# $s (, e5(-$/, /& -!e $$# #$(*$#$-) -!(- (0se+ $s !(r3e+ /&;

-!$s e (,,/- (##/ *e(0se *($# $s ,/- $,-e,+e+ (s ( p0,$s!'e,-" ,/r (s ( s(-$s&(-$/, /& $$# #$(*$#$-) !$! s!/0#+ ,eess(r$#)

(($- -!e ?0+3'e,- /& -!e (ppe##(-e /0r-.

A- -!e s('e -$'e" e (,,/- )$e#+ -/ pe-$-$/,ers s0*'$ss$/, -!(- *($# $, -!e $,s-(,- (se *e se- (- P=@"@@@.@@ *(se+ /, -!e

1<<: B($# B/,+ G0$+e. T!e 0rre,- B($# B/,+ G0$+e" $ss0e+ /, A030s- 6<" 6@@@" '($,-($,s re/''e,+e+ *($# (- P=@"@@@.@@ &/r

es-(&( !ere -!e ('/0,- /& &r(0+ $s P1=6"@@@.@@ /r /er (,+ -!e $'p/s(*#e pe,(#-) 6@ )e(rs /& reclusion temporal >. Tr0e" -!e C/0r!(s !e#+ -!(- -!e B($# B/,+ G0$+e" ( $r0#(r /& -!e Dep(r-'e,- /& 70s-$e &/r -!e 30$+(,e /& s-(-e pr/se0-/rs" (#-!/03! -e!,$(##)

,/- *$,+$,3 0p/, -!e /0r-s" 'er$-s (--e,-$/," *e$,3 $, ( se,se (, e5press$/, /& p/#$) /& -!e E5e0-$e Br(,!" -!r/03! -!e

Dep(r-'e,- /& 70s-$e" $, -!e e,&/re'e,- /& r$'$,(# #(s. 1: T!0s" /0r-s (re (+$se+ -!(- -!e) '0s- ,/- /,#) *e ((re *0- s!/0#+

(#s/ /,s$+er -!e B($# B/,+ G0$+e +0e -/ $-s s$3,$&$(,e $, -!e (+'$,$s-r(-$/, /& r$'$,(# ?0s-$e. 1 T!$s ,/-$-!s-(,+$,3" -!e C/0r- $s

,/- pre#0+e+ &r/' $'p/s$,3 $, pe-$-$/,ers (se (, ('/0,- !$3!er -!(, P=@"@@@.@@ *(se+ /, -!e B($# B/,+ G0$+e> !ere $-

pere$es -!(- (, (ppr/pr$(-e $,re(se $s +$-(-e+ *) -!e $r0's-(,es.

I- '$#$-(-es e'p!(s$s -!(- pe-$-$/,er $s see%$,3 *($# on appeal . Se-$/, 9" R0#e 11= /& -!e Re$se+ R0#es /& Cr$'$,(# Pr/e+0re $s

#e(r -!(- (#-!/03! -!e 3r(,- /& *($# /, (ppe(# $, ,/,(p$-(# /&&e,ses $s +$sre-$/,(r)" !e, -!e pe,(#-) $'p/se+ /, -!e /,$-e+

(0se+ e5ee+s s$5 )e(rs (,+ $r0's-(,es e5$s- -!(- p/$,- -/ -!e pr/*(*$#$-) /& &#$3!- $& re#e(se+ /, *($#" -!e, -!e (0se+ '0s- *e

+e,$e+ *($#" /r !$s *($# pre$/0s#) 3r(,-e+ s!/0#+ *e (,e##e+. 1 I, -!e s('e e$," -!e C/0r- !(s !e#+ -!(- -!e +$sre-$/, -/ e5-e,+

*($# +0r$,3 -!e /0rse /& -!e (ppe(# s!/0#+ *e e5er$se+ $-! 3r(e (0-$/, (,+ &/r s-r/,3 re(s/,s" /,s$+er$,3 -!(- -!e (0se+ !(+

*ee, $, &(- /,$-e+ *) -!e -r$(# /0r-.1<

I, (, e(r#$er (se" -!e C/0r- (+/p-e+ Se,(-/r V$e,-e 7. Fr(,$s/s +$s20$s$-$/, /, !)*($# s!/0#+ *e +e,$e+ (&-er ?0+3'e,- /& /,$-$/, (s ( '(--er /& $se +$sre-$/,; -!0s

T!e $'p/r-(,e (--(!e+ -/ /,$-$/, $s +0e -/ -!e 0,+er#)$,3 pr$,$p#e -!(- *($# s!/0#+ *e 3r(,-e+ /,#) !ere $- $s 0,er-($,

!e-!er -!e (0se+ $s 30$#-) /r $,,/e,-" (,+ -!ere&/re" !ere -!(- 0,er-($,-) $s re'/e+ *) /,$-$/, $- /0#+" 3e,er(##)

spe(%$,3" *e (*s0r+ -/ (+'$- -/ *($#. A&-er ( pers/, !(s *ee, -r$e+ (,+ /,$-e+ -!e pres0'p-$/, /& $,,/e,e !$! '() *e re#$e+

0p/, $, pr$/r (pp#$(-$/,s $s re*0--e+" (,+ -!e *0r+e, $s 0p/, -!e (0se+ -/ s!/ err/r $, -!e /,$-$/,. Fr/' (,/-!er p/$,- /& $e

$- '() *e pr/per#) (r30e+ -!(- -!e pr/*(*$#$-) /& 0#-$'(-e p0,$s!'e,- $s s/ e,!(,e+ *) -!e /,$-$/, -!(- -!e (0se+ $s '0!

'/re #$%e#) -/ (--e'p- -/ es(pe $& #$*er(-e+ /, *($# -!(, *e&/re /,$-$/,. 555 6@

Pe-$-$/,er $s see%$,3 *($# /, (ppe(#. He (s $, &(- +e#(re+ 30$#-) *e)/,+ re(s/,(*#e +/0*- *) -!e RTC" (,+ +0e -/ -!e ser$/0s

('/0,- /& &r(0+ $,/#e+" se,-e,e+ -/ $'pr$s/,'e,- &/r -e,-) )e(rs -!e '(5$'0' pe,(#-) &/r es-(&( *) &(#se pre-e,ses /r

&r(0+0#e,- (-s (##/e+ *) -!e Re$se+ Pe,(# C/+e. A#-!/03! $- (,,/- *e /,-r/er-e+ -!(- -!e C/0r- /& Appe(#s" +esp$-e -!e
























&/re3/$,3 /,s$+er(-$/,s (,+ -!e p/ss$*$#$-) /& &#$3!- s-$## $e#+e+ $-s +$sre-$/, -/ 3r(,- pe-$-$/,er *($#" -!e se--$,3 /& *($# $, -!e

('/0,- /& P9"9@@"@@@.@@ $s 0,?0s-$&$e+ (s !($,3 ,/ #e3(# ,/r &(-0(# *(s$s. G0$+e+ *) -!e pe,(#-) $'p/se+ *) -!e #/er /0r- (,+

-!e e$3!- /& -!e e$+e,e (3($,s- pe-$-$/,er" e *e#$ee -!(- -!e ('/0,- /& P6@@"@@@.@@ $s '/re re(s/,(*#e.

Pe-$-$/,er (#s/ /,-es-s -!e /,+$-$/, $'p/se+ *) -!e C/0r- /& Appe(#s -!(- !e se0re ( er-$&$(-$/,K30(r(,-) &r/' -!e M()/r /&

-!e p#(e /& !$s res$+e,e -!(- !e $s ( res$+e,- /& -!e (re( (,+ -!(- !e $## re'($, -/ *e ( res$+e,- -!ere$, 0,-$# &$,(# ?0+3'e,- $s

re,+ere+ /r $, (se !e -r(,s&ers res$+e,e" $- '0s- *e $-! pr$/r ,/-$e -/ -!e /0r-" #($'$,3 -!(- -!e s('e $/#(-es !$s #$*er-) /&

(*/+e (,+ -r(e#.

N/-(*#)" pe-$-$/,er +/es ,/- 20es-$/, -!e !/#++ep(r-0re /r+er !$! pree,-s !$' &r/' #e($,3 -!e P!$#$pp$,es 0,#ess e5press#)

per'$--e+ *) -!e /0r- !$! $ss0e+ -!e /r+er.61 I, &(-" -!e pe-$-$/, s0*'$-s -!(- -!e !/#++ep(r-0re /r+er (3($,s- pe-$-$/,er $s

(#re(+) s0&&$$e,- 30(r(,-ee -!(- !e $## ,/- es(pe. T!0s" -/ re20$re !$' -/ $,&/r' -!e /0r- eer) -$'e !e !(,3e+ !$s res$+e,e $s

(#re(+) 0,,eess(r).66

T!e r$3!- -/ !(,3e (*/+e (,+ -r(e# $-!$, -!e P!$#$pp$,es" *e$,3 $,/%e+ *) pe-$-$/,er" (re ,/- (*s/#0-e r$3!-s. Se-$/, :

Ar-$#e III /& -!e 1< C/,s-$-0-$/, s-(-es

T!e #$*er-) /& (*/+e (,+ /& !(,3$,3 -!e s('e $-!$, -!e #$'$-s presr$*e+ *) #( s!(## ,/- *e $'p($re+ e5ep- 0p/, #(&0#

/r+er /& -!e /0r-. Ne$-!er s!(## -!e r$3!- -/ -r(e# *e $'p($re+ e5ep- $, -!e $,-eres- /& ,(-$/,(# se0r$-)" p0*#$ s(&e-)" /r p0*#$

!e(#-!" (s '() *e pr/$+e+ *) #(.

T!e /r+er /& -!e C/0r- /& Appe(#s re#e(s$,3 pe-$-$/,er /, *($# /,s-$-0-es s0! #(&0# /r+er (s /,-e'p#(-e+ *) -!e (*/e

pr/$s$/,.

68

T!e /,+$-$/, $'p/se+ *) -!e C/0r- /& Appe(#s $s s$'p#) /,s$s-e,- $-! -!e ,(-0re (,+ &0,-$/, /& ( *($# */,+" !$! $s-/ e,s0re -!(- pe-$-$/,er $## '(%e !$'se#& (($#(*#e (- (## -$'es !e,eer -!e C/0r- re20$res !$s prese,e. Bes$+es" ( #/ser #//% (-

-!e 20es-$/,e+ /,+$-$/, $## s!/ -!(- pe-$-$/,er $s ,/- pree,-e+ &r/' !(,3$,3 (*/+e; !e $s 'ere#) re20$re+ -/ $,&/r' -!e /0r- $,

(se !e +/es s/.

0EREORE" -!e pe-$-$/, $s PARTIALLY GRANTED. Pe-$-$/,ers *($# pe,+$,3 (ppe(# $s re+0e+ &r/' P9"9@@"@@@.@@ -/

P6@@"@@@.@@. I, (## /-!er respe-s" -!e res/#0-$/,s /& -!e C/0r- /& Appe(#s" +(-e+ O-/*er :" 1<<< (,+ N/e'*er 69" 1<<<"

respe-$e#)" (re AFFIRMED. N/ pr/,/0,e'e,- (s -/ /s-s.

SO ORERE.

*elo1 +Chairman1 5itu,1 !an,ani#an1 (,+ Sandoval'Gutierre41 JJ.1 /,0r.










G.R. No. 8811 O4#ober A, 1989

ER&N$N E. *$R'OS, &*EL$ R. *$R'OS, ER&N$N R. *$R'OS. JR., &RENE *. $R$NE%$, &*EE *. *$NO%O',%O*$S *$NO%O', GREGOR&O $R$NE%$, ;$'&&'O E. *$R'OS, N&'$NOR YF&GE n/ ;&L&;;&NE 'ONS%&%%&ON$SSO'&$%&ON (;&L'ONS$), rere+en#e/ b i#+ ;re+i/en#, 'ONR$O . ES%RELL$, pe-$-$/,ers"

s.

ONOR$BLE R$L *$NGL$;S, '$%$L&NO *$'$R$&G, SEREY OROFE, *&R&$* EENSOR S$N%&$GO, &ELR$*OS, REN$%O E ?&LL$, in #heir 44i# + Se4re#r o" oreiCn $""ir+, Ee4:#ive Se4re#r, Se4re#r o" J:+#i4e,&mmiCr#ion 'ommi++ioner, Se4re#r o" N#ion! e"en+e n/ 'hie" o" S#"", re+e4#ive!, resp/,+e,-s.

R E S O L U T I O N

EN B$N'7

I, $-s +e$s$/, +(-e+ Sep-e'*er 19"1<<" -!e C/0r-" *) ( /-e /& e$3!- > -/ see, >" +$s'$sse+ -!e pe-$-$/," (&-er &$,+$,3 -!(- -!e

Pres$+e,- +$+ ,/- (- (r*$-r(r$#) /r $-! 3r(e (*0se /& +$sre-$/, $, +e-er'$,$,3 -!(- -!e re-0r, /& &/r'er Pres$+e,- M(r/s (,+ !$s

&('$#) (- -!e prese,- -$'e (,+ 0,+er prese,- $r0's-(,es p/se ( -!re(- -/ ,(-$/,(# $,-eres- (,+ e#&(re (,+ $, pr/!$*$-$,3 -!e$r

re-0r, -/ -!e P!$#$pp$,es. O, Sep-e'*er 6" 1<<" &/r'er Pres$+e,- M(r/s +$e+ $, H/,/#0#0" H(($$. I, ( s-(-e'e,-" Pres$+e,-

A20$,/ s($+

I, -!e $,-eres- /& -!e s(&e-) /& -!/se !/ $## -(%e -!e +e(-! /& Mr. M(r/s $, $+e#) (,+ p(ss$/,(-e#) /,&#$-$,3

()s" (,+ &/r -!e -r(,20$#$-) /& -!e s-(-e (,+ /r+er /& s/$e-)" -!e re'($,s /& Fer+$,(,+ E. M(r/s $## ,/- *e

(##/e+ -/ *e *r/03!- -/ /0r /0,-r) 0,-$# s0! -$'e (s -!e 3/er,'e,-" *e $- 0,+er -!$s (+'$,$s-r(-$/, /r -!e

s0ee+$,3 /,e" s!(## /-!er$se +e$+e. M/-$/, &/r Re/,s$+er(-$/," p. 1; R/##/" p" ==8.

O, O-/*er 6" 1<<" ( M/-$/, &/r Re/,s$+er(-$/, (s &$#e+ *) pe-$-$/,ers" r($s$,3 -!e &/##/$,3 '(?/r (r30'e,-s

1. -/ *(r &/r'er Pres$+e,- M(r/s (,+ !$s &('$#) &r/' re-0r,$,3 -/ -!e P!$#$pp$,es $s -/ +e,) -!e' ,/- /,#) -!e $,!ere,- r$3!- /&

$-$e,s -/ re-0r, -/ -!e$r /0,-r) /& *$r-! *0- (#s/ -!e pr/-e-$/, /& -!e C/,s-$-0-$/, (,+ (## /& -!e r$3!-s 30(r(,-ee+ -/ F$#$p$,/s

0,+er -!e C/,s-$-0-$/,;

6. -!e Pres$+e,- !(s ,/ p/er -/ *(r ( F$#$p$,/ &r/' !$s /, /0,-r); $& s!e !(s" s!e !(+ e5er$se+ $- (r*$-r(r$#); (,+

8. -!ere $s ,/ *(s$s &/r *(rr$,3 -!e re-0r, /& -!e &('$#) /& &/r'er Pres$+e,- M(r/s. T!0s" pe-$-$/,ers pr()e+ -!(- -!e C/0r- re/,s$+er

$-s +e$s$/," /r+er resp/,+e,-s -/ $ss0e -!e ,eess(r) -r(e# +/0'e,-s -/ e,(*#e Mrs. I'e#+( R. M(r/s" Fer+$,(,+ R. M(r/s" 7r."

Ire,e M. Ar(,e-(" I'ee M. M(,/-/" T/'') M(,/-/ (,+ Gre3/r$/ Ar(,e-( -/ re-0r, -/ -!e P!$#$pp$,es" (,+ e,?/$, resp/,+e,-s &r/'

$'p#e'e,-$,3 Pres$+e,- A20$,/s +e$s$/, -/ *(r -!e re-0r, /& -!e re'($,s /& Mr. M(r/s" (,+ -!e /-!er pe-$-$/,ers" -/ -!e P!$#$pp$,es.



C/''e,-$,3 /, -!e '/-$/, &/r re/,s$+er(-$/," -!e S/#$$-/r Ge,er(# (r30e+ -!(- -!e '/-$/, &/r re/,s$+er(-$/, $s '//- (,+

((+e'$ (s -/ -!e +ee(se+ Mr. M(r/s. M/re/er" !e (sser-s -!(- 4-!e &/r'(# r$3!-s *e$,3 $,/%e+ *) -!e M(r/ses 0,+er -!e #(*e

r$3!- -/ re-0r," $,#0+$,3 -!e #(*e# re-0r, /& M(r/s re'($,s" $s $, re(#$-) /r s0*s-(,e ( r$3!- -/ +es-(*$#$e -!e /0,-r)" ( r$3!- -/

!$+e -!e M(r/ses $,ess(,- s!(+/) /r!es-r(-e+ e&&/r-s (- +es-(*$#$(-$/,.4 C/''e,-" p. 6<. T!0s" !e pr()s -!(- -!e M/-$/, &/r

Re/,s$+er(-$/, *e +e,$e+ &/r #(% /& 'er$-.

We +e,) -!e '/-$/, &/r re/,s$+er(-$/,.

1. I- '0s- *e e'p!(s$e+ -!(- (s $, (## '/-$/,s &/r re/,s$+er(-$/," -!e *0r+e, $s 0p/, -!e '/(,-s" pe-$-$/,er !ere$," -/ s!/ -!(-

-!ere (re /'pe##$,3 re(s/,s -/ re/,s$+er -!e +e$s$/, /& -!e C/0r-.

6. A&-er ( -!/r/03! /,s$+er(-$/, /& -!e '(--ers r($se+ $, -!e '/-$/, &/r re/,s$+er(-$/," -!e C/0r- $s /& -!e $e -!(- ,/ /'pe##$,3

re(s/,s !(e *ee, es-(*#$s!e+ *) pe-$-$/,ers -/ (rr(,- ( re/,s$+er(-$/, /& -!e C/0r-s +e$s$/,.

T!e +e(-! /& Mr. M(r/s" (#-!/03! $- '() *e $ee+ (s ( s0pere,$,3 ee,-" !(s ,/- !(,3e+ -!e &(-0(# se,(r$/ 0,+er !$! -!e

C/0r-s +e$s$/, (s re,+ere+. T!e -!re(-s -/ -!e 3/er,'e,-" -/ !$! -!e re-0r, /& -!e M(r/ses !(s *ee, $ee+ -/ pr/$+e (

(-(#)-$ e&&e-" !(e ,/- *ee, s!/, -/ !(e e(se+. O, -!e /,-r(r)" $,s-e(+ /& er(s$,3 &e(rs (s -/ -!e +es-(*$#$(-$/, -!(- $## *e

(0se+ *) -!e re-0r, /& -!e M(r/ses" Mrs. M(r/s re$,&/re+ -!e *(s$s &/r -!e +e$s$/, -/ *(r -!e$r re-0r, !e, s!e (##e+ Pres$+e,-

A20$,/ 4$##e3(#"4 #($'$,3 -!(- $- $s Mr. M(r/s" ,/- Mrs. A20$,/" !/ $s -!e 4#e3(#4 Pres$+e,- /& -!e P!$#$pp$,es" (,+ +e#(re+ -!(- -!e

'(--er 4s!/0#+ *e *r/03!- -/ (## -!e /0r-s /& -!e /r#+.4 C/''e,-" p. 1; !hilippine Star " O-/*er =" 1<<.

8. C/,-r(r) -/ pe-$-$/,ers $e" $- (,,/- *e +e,$e+ -!(- -!e Pres$+e,-" 0p/, !/' e5e0-$e p/er $s es-e+" !(s 0,s-(-e+ res$+0(#

p/ers !$! (re $'p#$e+ &r/' -!e 3r(,- /& e5e0-$e p/er (,+ !$! (re ,eess(r) &/r !er -/ /'p#) $-! !er +0-$es 0,+er -!eC/,s-$-0-$/,. T!e p/ers /& -!e Pres$+e,- (re ,/- #$'$-e+ -/ !(- (re e5press#) e,0'er(-e+ $, -!e (r-$#e /, -!e E5e0-$e

Dep(r-'e,- (,+ $, s(--ere+ pr/$s$/,s /& -!e C/,s-$-0-$/,. T!$s $s s/" ,/-$-!s-(,+$,3 -!e (/e+ $,-e,- /& -!e 'e'*ers /& -!e

C/,s-$-0-$/,(# C/''$ss$/, /& 1<: -/ #$'$- -!e p/ers /& -!e Pres$+e,- (s ( re(-$/, -/ -!e (*0ses 0,+er -!e re3$'e /& Mr. M(r/s"

&/r -!e res0#- (s ( #$'$-(-$/, /& spe$&$ p/er /& -!e Pres$+e,-" p(r-$0#(r#) -!/se re#(-$,3 -/ -!e /''(,+er$,!$e& #(0se" *0- not

a diminution of the ,eneral ,rant of e&ecutive power.

T!(- -!e Pres$+e,- !(s p/ers /-!er -!(, -!/se e5press#) s-(-e+ $, -!e C/,s-$-0-$/, $s ,/-!$,3 ,e. T!$s $s re/3,$e+ 0,+er -!e U.S.

C/,s-$-0-$/, &r/' !$! e !(e p(--er,e+ -!e +$s-r$*0-$/, /& 3/er,'e,-(# p/ers ('/,3 -!ree 8> sep(r(-e *r(,!es.

Ar-$#e II" se-$/, 1" pr/$+es -!(- 4T!e E5e0-$e P/er s!(## *e es-e+ $, ( Pres$+e,- /& -!e U,$-e+ S-(-es /&

A'er$(.4 I, A#e5(,+er H('$#-/,s $+e#) (ep-e+ $e" -!$s s-(-e'e,- (,,/- *e re(+ (s 'ere s!/r-!(,+ &/r -!e

spe$&$ e5e0-$e (0-!/r$(-$/,s -!(- &/##/ $- $, se-$/,s 6 (,+ 8. H('$#-/, s-resse+ -!e +$&&ere,e *e-ee, -!e

seep$,3 #(,30(3e /& (r-$#e II" se-$/, 1" (,+ -!e /,+$-$/,(# #(,30(3e /& (r-$#e I" se-$/, 1 4A## #e3$s#(-$e

P/ers herein ,ranted s!(## *e es-e+ $, ( C/,3ress /& -!e U,$-e+ S-(-es . . .4 H('$#-/, s0*'$--e+ -!(- 4-!e

(r-$#e III e,0'er(-$/, $, se-$/,s 6 (,+ 81 /03!- -!ere&/re -/ *e /,s$+ere+" (s $,-e,+e+ 'ere#) -/ spe$&) -!e

pr$,$p(# (r-$#es $'p#$e+ $, -!e +e&$,$-$/, /& e5e0-$/, p/er; #e($,3 -!e res- -/ &#/ &r/' -!e 3e,er(# 3r(,- /& -!(-

p/er" $,-erpre-e+ $, /,&/'$-) $-! /-!er p(r-s /& -!e C/,s-$-0-$/,...

I, *%ers v. United States1 -!e S0pre'e C/0r- — (ep-e+ H('$#-/,s pr/p/s$-$/," /,#0+$,3 -!(- -!e &e+er(#

e5e0-$e" 0,#$%e -!e C/,3ress" /0#+ e5er$se p/er &r/' s/0res ,/- e,0'er(-e+" s/ #/,3 (s ,/- &/r*$++e, *) -!e

/,s-$-0-$/,(# -e5- -!e e5e0-$e p/er (s 3$e, $, 3e,er(# -er's" s-re,3-!e,e+ *) spe$&$ -er's !ere

e'p!(s$s (s re3(r+e+ (s (ppr/pr$(-e" (,+ (s #$'$-e+ *) +$re- e5press$/,s !ere #$'$-(-$/, (s ,ee+e+. . .4 T!e

#(,30(3e /& C!$e& 70s-$e T(&- $, M)ers '(%es #e(r -!(- -!e /,s-$-0-$/,(# /,ep- /& $,!ere,- p/er $s ,/- (

s),/,)' &/r p/er $-!/0- #$'$-; r(-!er" -!e /,ep- s033es-s /,#) -!(- ,/- (## p/ers 3r(,-e+ $, -!e C/,s-$-0-$/,

(re -!e'se#es e5!(0s-e+ *) $,-er,(# e,0'er(-$/," s/ -!(-" $-!$, ( sp!ere pr/per#) re3(r+e+ (s /,e /&

4e5e0-$e p/er" (0-!/r$-) $s $'p#$e+ 0,#ess -!ere /r e#se!ere e5press#) #$'$-e+. TRIBE" AMERICAN

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 1919< 1<>.

A,+ ,e$-!er (, e s0*sr$*e -/ -!e $e -!(- ( re/3,$-$/, /& -!e Pres$+e,-s $'p#$e+ /r res$+0(# p/ers $s -(,-('/0,- -/ se--$,3 -!e

s-(3e &/r (,/-!er +$-(-/rs!$p. Desp$-e pe-$-$/,ers s-r($,e+ (,(#/3)" -!e res$+0(# p/ers /& -!e Pres$+e,- 0,+er -!e C/,s-$-0-$/,

s!/0#+ ,/- *e /,&0se+ $-! -!e p/er /& -!e Pres$+e,- 0,+er -!e 1<8 C/,s-$-0-$/, -/ #e3$s#(-e p0rs0(,- -/ A'e,+'e,- N/. : !$!

pr/$+es

W!e,eer $, -!e ?0+3'e,- /& -!e Pres$+e,- Pr$'e M$,$s-er>" -!ere e5$s-s ( 3r(e e'er3e,) /r ( -!re(- /r

$''$,e,e -!ere/&" /r !e,eer -!e interim B(-(s(,3 P('*(,s( /r -!e re30#(r N(-$/,(# Asse'*#) &($#s /r $s 0,(*#e

-/ (- (+e20(-e#) /, (,) '(--er &/r (,) re(s/, -!(- $, !$s ?0+3'e,- re20$res $''e+$(-e (-$/," !e '()" $, /r+er -/

'ee- -!e e5$3e,)" $ss0e -!e ,eess(r) +erees" /r+ers" /r #e--ers /& $,s-r0-$/," !$! s!(## &/r' p(r- /& -!e #( /&

-!e #(,+"



T!ere $s ,/ s$'$#(r$-) *e-ee, -!e res$+0(# p/ers /& -!e Pres$+e,- 0,+er -!e 1< C/,s-$-0-$/, (,+ -!e p/er /& -!e Pres$+e,- 0,+er

-!e 1<8 C/,s-$-0-$/, p0rs0(,- -/ A'e,+'e,- N/. :. F$rs- /& (##" A'e,+'e,- N/. : re&ers -/ (, e5press 3r(,- /& p/er. I- $s ,/-

$'p#$e+. T!e," A'e,+'e,- N/. : re&ers -/ ( 3r(,- -/ -!e Pres$+e,- /& -!especific power of le,islation.

=. A'/,3 -!e +0-$es /& -!e Pres$+e,- 0,+er -!e C/,s-$-0-$/," $, /'p#$(,e $-! !$s /r !er> /(-! /& /&&$e" $s -/ pr/-e- (,+ pr/'/-e

-!e $,-eres- (,+ e#&(re /& -!e pe/p#e. Her +e$s$/, -/ *(r -!e re-0r, /& -!e M(r/ses (,+ s0*se20e,-#)" -!e re'($,s /& Mr. M(r/s (-

-!e prese,- -$'e (,+ 0,+er prese,- $r0's-(,es $s $, /'p#$(,e $-! -!$s */0,+e, +0-). I, -!e (*se,e /& ( #e(r s!/$,3 -!(-

s!e !(+ (-e+ $-! (r*$-r(r$,ess /r $-! 3r(e (*0se /& +$sre-$/, $, (rr$$,3 (- -!$s +e$s$/," -!e C/0r- $## ,/- e,?/$, -!e

$'p#e'e,-(-$/, /& -!$s +e$s$/,.

ACCORDINGLY" -!e C/0r- res/#e+ -/ DENY -!e M/-$/, &/r Re/,s$+er(-$/, &/r #(% /& 'er$-.4

[G.R. No. 9@8@. $ri! 8, 1991.]

R&'$RO '. S&L?ER&O, Petitioner , v. %E 'OR% O $;;E$LS, ON. BEN&GNO G. G$?&OL$, + J:/Ce o" #he ReCion!%ri! 'o:r# o" 'eb: 'i#, Brn4h &, n/ ;EO;LE O %E ;&L&;;&NES,Respondents.

H:i+:mbinC, %orre+ < EvnCe!i+# "or Petitioner .

SYLL$BS

1. REMEDIAL LAW; CRIMINAL PROCEDURE; BAIL" DEFINED. — 4B($# $s -!e se0r$-) 3$e, &/r -!e re#e(se /& ( pers/, $, 0s-/+) /& -!e#(" &0r,$s!e+ *) !$' /r ( */,+s'(," /,+$-$/,e+ 0p/, !$s (ppe(r(,e *e&/re (,) /0r- !e, s/ re20$re+ *) -!e C/0r- /r -!e R0#es1<9 R0#es /, Cr$'$,(# Pr/e+0re" (s ('e,+e+" R0#e 11=" Ses. 1 (,+ 6>.

6. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW; BILL OF RIGHTS; RIGHT TO TRAVEL RESTRICTED BY CONDITIONS OF BAIL. — T!e /,+$-$/, $'p/se+0p/, (, (0se+ /, *($# -/ '(%e !$'se#& (($#(*#e (- (## -$'es !e,eer -!e C/0r- re20$res !$s prese,e /per(-es (s ( (#$+res-r$-$/, /& !$s r$3!- -/ -r(e# M(,/-/" 7r. . C/0r- /& Appe(#s" E- A#." N/. :61@@" 8@ M() 1<:" 1=6 SCRA 1=<>. A pers/, &($,3r$'$,(# !(r3es '() *e res-r($,e+ *) -!e C/0r- &r/' #e($,3 -!e /0,-r) /r" $& (*r/(+" /'pe##e+ -/ re-0r, C/,s-$-0-$/,(# L("Cr0" Is(3(,$ A." 1< E+$-$/," p. 18>.

8. REMEDIAL LAW; CRIMINAL PROCEDURE; BAIL; A PERSON RELEASED ON BAIL MAY BE REARRESTED; GROUND. — A, (0se+re#e(se+ /, *($# '() *e re(rres-e+ $-!/0- -!e ,eess$-) /& ( (rr(,- $& !e (--e'p-s -/ +ep(r- &r/' -!e P!$#$pp$,es $-!/0- pr$/rper'$ss$/, /& -!e C/0r- !ere -!e (se $s pe,+$,3.

=. ID.; ID.; ID.; LIMITATION ON THE RESTRICTION ON THE RIGHT. — Ar-$#e III" Se-$/, : /& -!e 1< C/,s-$-0-$/, s!/0#+ *e$,-erpre-e+ -/ 'e(, -!(- !$#e -!e #$*er-) /& -r(e# '() *e $'p($re+ ee, $-!/0- C/0r- Or+er" -!e (ppr/pr$(-e e5e0-$e /&&$ers /r(+'$,$s-r(-$e (0-!/r$-$es (re ,/- (r'e+ $-! (r*$-r(r) +$sre-$/, -/ $'p/se #$'$-(-$/,s. T!e) (, $'p/se #$'$-s /,#) /, -!e *(s$s /&4,(-$/,(# se0r$-)" p0*#$ s(&e-)" /r p0*#$ !e(#-!4 (,+ 4(s '() *e pr/$+e+ *) #("4 ( #$'$-$e p!r(se !$! +$+ ,/- (ppe(r $, -!e1<8 -e5- T!e C/,s-$-0-$/," Ber,(s" 7/(20$, G." S.7." V/#. I" F$rs- E+$-$/," 1<" p. 6:8>.

9. ID.; ID.; ID.; NOT A LIMITATION ON THE INHERENT POWER OF THE COURT TO USE ALL MEANS TO CARRY THEIR ORDERS INTOEFFECT. — Ar-$#e III" Se-$/, : /& -!e 1< C/,s-$-0-$/, s!/0#+ *) ,/ 'e(,s *e /,s-r0e+ (s +e#$'$-$,3 -!e $,!ere,- p/er /& -!eC/0r-s -/ 0se (## 'e(,s ,eess(r) -/ (rr) -!e$r /r+ers $,-/ e&&e- $, r$'$,(# (ses pe,+$,3 *e&/re -!e'. W!e, *) #( ?0r$s+$-$/, $s/,&erre+ /, ( C/0r- /r ?0+$$(# /&&$er" (## (05$#$(r) r$-s" pr/ess (,+ /-!er 'e(,s ,eess(r) -/ (rr) $- $,-/ e&&e- '() *e e'p#/)e+*) s0! C/0r- /r /&&$er R0#e 189" Se-$/, :" R0#es /& C/0r->.



:. ID.; ID.; ID.; ID.; CASE AT BAR. — H/#+$,3 (, (0se+ $, ( r$'$,(# (se $-!$, -!e re(! /& -!e C/0r-s *) pree,-$,3 !$s+ep(r-0re &r/' -!e P!$#$pp$,es '0s- *e /,s$+ere+ (s ( (#$+ res-r$-$/, /, !$s r$3!- -/ -r(e# s/ -!(- !e '() *e +e(#- $-! $,(/r+(,e $-! #(. T!e /&&e,+e+ p(r-) $, (,) r$'$,(# pr/ee+$,3 $s -!e Pe/p#e /& -!e P!$#$pp$,es. I- $s -/ -!e$r *es- $,-eres- -!(-r$'$,(# pr/se0-$/,s s!/0#+ r0, -!e$r /0rse (,+ pr/ee+ -/ &$,(#$-) $-!/0- 0,+0e +e#()" $-! (, (0se+ !/#+$,3 !$'se#& ('e,(*#e(- (## -$'es -/ C/0r- Or+ers (,+ pr/esses.

E ' & S & O N

*ELEN'&O-ERRER$, J.

T!$s $s ( Pe-$-$/, &/r Re$e /, Certiorari 0,+er R0#e =9 /& -!e R0#es /& C/0r- pr()$,3 -!(- -!e De$s$/, /& resp/,+e,- C/0r- /&Appe(#s $, CAG.R. SP N/. 196" e,-$-#e+ 4R$(r+/ C. S$#er$/ . H/,. Be,$3,/ C. G($/#(" e-." E- A#."4 +(-e+ 81 7(,0(r) 1<<@" (se## (s -!e Res/#0-$/, /& 6< 70,e 1<<@ +e,)$,3 re/,s$+er(-$/," *e se- (s$+e.

O, 1= O-/*er 1<9" Pe-$-$/,er (s !(r3e+ $-! $/#(-$/, /& Se-$/, 6@ => /& -!e Re$se+ Se0r$-$es A- $, Cr$'$,(# C(se N/. CBU:8@= /& -!e Re3$/,(# Tr$(# C/0r- /& Ce*0. I, +0e -$'e" !e p/s-e+ *($# &/r !$s pr/$s$/,(# #$*er-).

O, 6: 7(,0(r) 1<" /r '/re -!(, -/ 6> )e(rs (&-er -!e &$#$,3 /& -!e I,&/r'(-$/," resp/,+e,- Pe/p#e /& -!e P!$#$pp$,es &$#e+ (,Ur3e,- e5 p(r-e M/-$/, -/ (,e# -!e p(ssp/r- /& (,+ -/ $ss0e ( !/#++ep(r-0re Or+er (3($,s- (0se+pe-$-$/,er /, -!e 3r/0,+ -!(-!e !(+ 3/,e (*r/(+ seer(# -$'es $-!/0- -!e ,eess(r) C/0r- (ppr/(# res0#-$,3 $, p/s-p/,e'e,-s /& -!e (rr($3,'e,- (,+s!e+0#e+ !e(r$,3s.

Oerr0#$,3 /pp/s$-$/," -!e Re3$/,(# Tr$(# C/0r-" /, = Apr$# 1<" $ss0e+ (, Or+er +$re-$,3 -!e Dep(r-'e,- /& F/re$3, A&&($rs -/ (,e#Pe-$-$/,ers p(ssp/r- /r -/ +e,) !$s (pp#$(-$/, -!ere&/r" (,+ -!e C/''$ss$/, /, I''$3r(-$/, -/ pree,- Pe-$-$/,er &r/' #e($,3 -!e/0,-r). T!$s /r+er (s *(se+ pr$'(r$#) /, -!e Tr$(# C/0r-s &$,+$,3 -!(- s$,e -!e &$#$,3 /& -!e I,&/r'(-$/, /, 1= O-/*er 1<9" 4-!e(0se+ !(s ,/- )e- *ee, (rr($3,e+ *e(0se !e !(s ,eer (ppe(re+ $, C/0r- /, -!e +(-es s!e+0#e+ &/r !$s (rr($3,'e,- (,+ -!ere $se$+e,e -/ s!/ -!(- (0se+ R$(r+/ C. S$#er$/" Sr. !(s #e&- -!e /0,-r) (,+ !(s 3/,e (*r/(+ $-!/0- -!e %,/#e+3e (,+per'$ss$/, /& -!$s C/0r-4 R/##/" p. =9>. Pe-$-$/,ers M/-$/, &/r Re/,s$+er(-$/, (s +e,$e+ /, 6 70#) 1<.

Pe-$-$/,ers Certiorari Pe-$-$/, *e&/re -!e C/0r- /& Appe(#s 'e- ( s$'$#(r &(-e /, 81 7(,0(r) 1<<@. He,e" -!$s Pe-$-$/, &/r Re$e &$#e+/, 8@ 70#) 1<<@.

A&-er -!e respe-$e p#e(+$,3s re20$re+ *) -!e C/0r- ere &$#e+" e res/#e+ -/ 3$e +0e /0rse (,+ -/ +e$+e -!e (se.!(,r/*#es$r-0(# #(#$*r(r)

Pe-$-$/,er /,-e,+s -!(- resp/,+e,- C/0r- /& Appe(#s erre+ $, ,/- &$,+$,3 -!(- -!e Tr$(# C/0r- /''$--e+ 3r(e (*0se /& +$sre-$/,('/0,-$,3 -/ #(% /& ?0r$s+$-$/, $, $ss0$,3 $-s Or+ers" +(-e+ = Apr$# (,+ 6 70#) 1<" 1> /, -!e *(s$s /& &(-s (##e3e+#) p(-e,-#)err/,e/0s" #($'$,3 -!(- -!e s!e+0#e+ (rr($3,'e,-s /0#+ ,/- *e !e#+ *e(0se -!ere (s ( pe,+$,3 M/-$/, -/ 0(s! -!e

I,&/r'(-$/,; (,+ 6> &$,+$,3 -!(- -!e r$3!- -/ -r(e# (, *e $'p($re+ 0p/, #(&0# /r+er /& -!e C/0r-" ee, /, 3r/0,+s /-!er -!(, -!e4$,-eres- /& ,(-$/,(# se0r$-)" p0*#$ s(&e-) /r p0*#$ !e(#-!.4r(#( $r-0(1( #$*r(r)

We pere$e ,/ reers$*#e err/r.

1> A#-!/03! -!e +(-e /& -!e &$#$,3 /& -!e M/-$/, -/ 0(s! !(s *ee, /'$--e+ *) Pe-$-$/,er" $- $s (pp(re,- -!(- $- (s &$#e+ #/,3 (&-er -!e&$#$,3 /& -!e I,&/r'(-$/, $, 1<9 (,+ /,#) (&-er seer(# (rr($3,'e,-s !(+ (#re(+) *ee, s!e+0#e+ (,+ (,e##e+ +0e -/ Pe-$-$/,ers,/,(ppe(r(,e. I, &(-" s($+ M/-$/, -/ 0(s! (s se- &/r !e(r$,3 /,#) /, 1< Fe*r0(r) 1<. C/,$,$,3#) s!/, *) -!e Tr$(# C/0r-(,+ /,&/r'e+ -/ *) resp/,+e,- Appe##(-e C/0r- $s -!e /,0rre,e /& -!e &/##/$,3 $r0's-(,es?3!(,r/*#es./'.p!

41. T!e re/r+s $## s!/ -!(- -!e $,&/r'(-$/, (s &$#e+ /, O-/*er 1=" 1<9. U,-$# -!$s +(-e 6 70#) 1<>" -!e (se !(+ )e- -/ *e(rr($3,e+. Seer(# s!e+0#e+ (rr($3,'e,-s ere (,e##e+ (,+ rese-" '/s-#) +0e -/ -!e &($#0re /& (0se+ S$#er$/ -/ (ppe(r. T!ere(s/, &/r (0se+ S$#er$/s &($#0re -/ (ppe(r !(+ $,(r$(*#) *ee, *e(0se !e $s (*r/(+ $, -!e U,$-e+ S-(-es /& A'er$(;

46. S$,e -!e $,&/r'(-$/, (s &$#e+" 0,-$# -!$s +(-e" $ccused S$#er$/ !(+ ,eer (ppe(re+ $, pers/, *e&/re -!e C/0r-;

48. T!e */,+ p/s-e+ *) (0se+ S$#er$/ !(+ *ee, (,e##e+ -$e (,+ (rr(,-s /& (rres- !(+ *ee, $ss0e+ (3($,s- !$' (## &/r -!es('e re(s/, — &($#0re -/ (ppe(r (- s!e+0#e+ (rr($3,'e,-s.

I, (## (,+$+,ess" -!e C/0r- '(%es -!e /*ser(-$/, -!(- $- !(s 3$e, (0se+ S$#er$/ '/re -!(, e,/03! /,s$+er(-$/,. T!e #$'$- !(+#/,3 *ee, re(!e+4 Or+er" 6 70#) 1<" Cr$'. C(se N/. CBU:8@=" RTC" Ce*0" p. 9; R/##/" p. 8>.

P(-e,-#)" -!ere&/re" -!e 20es-$/,e+ RTC Or+ers" +(-e+ = Apr$# 1< (,+ 6 70#) 1<" ere ,/- *(se+ /, err/,e/0s &(-s" (sPe-$-$/,er /0#+ (,- -!$s C/0r- -/ *e#$ee. T/ (## (ppe(r(,es" -!e pe,+e,) /& ( M/-$/, -/ 0(s! ('e (*/0- /,#) (&-er seer(#se--$,3s &/r (rr($3,'e,- !(+ *ee, s!e+0#e+ (,+ (,e##e+ *) re(s/, /& Pe-$-$/,ers ,/,(ppe(r(,e.

6> Pe-$-$/,ers &0r-!er s0*'$ss$/, $s -!(- resp/,+e,- Appe##(-e C/0r- 43#(r$,3#) erre+4 $, &$,+$,3 -!(- -!e r$3!- -/ -r(e# (, *e$'p($re+ 0p/, #(&0# /r+er /& -!e C/0r-" ee, /, 3r/0,+s /-!er -!(, -!e 4$,-eres- /& ,(-$/,(# se0r$-)" p0*#$ s(&e-) /r p0*#$!e(#-!.4r(#( $r-0(1( #$*r(r)



T/ s-(r- $-!" (,+ -!$s !(s ,/- *ee, /,-r/er-e+ *) Pe-$-$/,er" -!e *($# */,+ !e !(+ p/s-e+ !(+ *ee, (,e##e+ (,+ W(rr(,-s /&Arres- !(+ *ee, $ss0e+ (3($,s- !$' *) re(s/," $, */-! $,s-(,es" /& !$s &($#0re -/ (ppe(r (- s!e+0#e+ (rr($3,'e,-s. W(rr(,-s /&Arres- !($,3 *ee, $ss0e+ (3($,s- !$' &/r $/#(-$/, /& -!e /,+$-$/,s /& !$s *($# */,+" !e s!/0#+ *e -(%e, $,-/ 0s-/+). 4B($# $s -!ese0r$-) 3$e, &/r -!e re#e(se /& ( pers/, $, 0s-/+) /& -!e #(" &0r,$s!e+ *) !$' /r ( */,+s'(," /,+$-$/,e+ 0p/, !$s (ppe(r(,e*e&/re (,) /0r- !e, s/ re20$re+ *) -!e C/0r- /r -!e R0#es 1<9 R0#es /, Cr$'$,(# Pr/e+0re" (s ('e,+e+" R0#e 11=" Ses. 1 (,+6>.

T!e &/re3/$,3 /,+$-$/, $'p/se+ 0p/, (, (0se+ -/ '(%e !$'se#& (($#(*#e (- (## -$'es !e,eer -!e C/0r- re20$res !$s prese,e/per(-es (s ( (#$+ res-r$-$/, /& !$s r$3!- -/ -r(e# M(,/-/" 7r. . C/0r- /& Appe(#s" E-. A#. N/. :61@@" 8@ M() 1<:" 1=6 SCRA 1=<>.A pers/, &($,3 r$'$,(# !(r3es '() *e res-r($,e+ *) -!e C/0r- &r/' #e($,3 -!e /0,-r) /r" $& (*r/(+" /'pe##e+ -/ re-0r,C/,s-$-0-$/,(# L(" Cr0" Is(3(,$ A." 1< E+$-$/," p. 18>. S/ $- $s (#s/ -!(- 4A, (0se+ re#e(se+ /, *($# '() *e re(rres-e+

$-!/0- -!e ,eess$-) /& ( (rr(,- $& !e (--e'p-s -/ +ep(r- &r/' -!e P!$#$pp$,es $-!/0- pr$/r per'$ss$/, /& -!e C/0r- !ere -!e (se$s pe,+$,3 $*$+." Se. 6@ 6,+ p(r.>.

Pe-$-$/,er -(%es -!e p/s-0re" !/eer" -!(- !$#e -!e 1< C/,s-$-0-$/, re/3,$es -!e p/er /& -!e C/0r-s -/ 0r-($# -!e #$*er-) /&(*/+e $-!$, -!e #$'$-s presr$*e+ *) #(" $- res-r$-s -!e (##/(*#e $'p($r'e,- /& -!e r$3!- -/ -r(e# /,#) /, 3r/0,+s /& $,-eres- /&,(-$/,(# se0r$-)" p0*#$ s(&e-) /r p0*#$ !e(#-!" (s /'p(re+ -/ -!e pr/$s$/,s /, &ree+/' /& '/e'e,- $, -!e 1<89 (,+ 1<8C/,s-$-0-$/,s.

U,+er -!e 1<89 C/,s-$-0-$/," -!e #$*er-) /& (*/+e (,+ /& -r(e# ere -re(-e+ 0,+er /,e pr/$s$/,. Ar-$#e III" Se-$/, 1 => -!ere/&re(+s!(,r/*#es./' $r-0(# #( #$*r(r)

4T!e #$*er-) /& (*/+e (,+ /& !(,3$,3 -!e s('e $-!$, -!e #$'$-s presr$*e+ *) #( s!(## ,/- *e $'p($re+.4r(#( $r-0(1( #$*r(r)

T!e 1<8 C/,s-$-0-$/, (#-ere+ -!e 1<89 -e5- *) e5p#$$-#) $,#0+$,3 -!e #$*er-) /& -r(e#" -!0s?3!(,r/*#es./'.p!

4T!e #$*er-) /& (*/+e (,+ /& -r(e# s!(## ,/- *e $'p($re+ e5ep- 0p/, #(&0# /r+er /& -!e /0r- /r !e, ,eess(r) $, -!e $,-eres- /&

,(-$/,(# se0r$-)" p0*#$ s(&e-)" /r p0*#$ !e(#-!4 Ar-$#e IV" Se-$/, 9>.

T!e 1< C/,s-$-0-$/, !(s sp#$- -!e -/ &ree+/'s $,-/ -/ +$s-$,- se,-e,es (,+ -re(-s -!e' +$&&ere,-#)" -/$-?3!(,r/*#es./'.p!

4Se. :. T!e #$*er-) /& (*/+e (,+ /& !(,3$,3 -!e s('e $-!$, -!e #$'$-s presr$*e+ *) #( s!(## ,/- *e $'p($re+ e5ep- 0p/, #(&0#/r+er /& -!e /0r-. Ne$-!er s!(## -!e r$3!- -/ -r(e# *e $'p($re+ e5ep- $, -!e $,-eres- /& ,(-$/,(# se0r$-)" p0*#$ s(&e-)" /r p0*#$!e(#-!" (s '() *e pr/$+e+ *) #(.4r(#( $r-0(1( #$*r(r)

Pe-$-$/,er -!0s -!e/r$es -!(- 0,+er -!e 1< C/,s-$-0-$/," C/0r-s (, $'p($r -!e r$3!- -/ -r(e# /,#) /, -!e 3r/0,+s /& 4,(-$/,(#se0r$-)" p0*#$ s(&e-)" /r p0*#$ !e(#-!.4r(#( $r-0(1( #$*r(r)

T!e s0*'$ss$/, $s ,/- e## -(%e,.

Ar-$#e III" Se-$/, : /& -!e 1< C/,s-$-0-$/, s!/0#+ *e $,-erpre-e+ -/ 'e(, -!(- !$#e -!e #$*er-) /& -r(e# '() *e $'p($re+ ee,$-!/0- C/0r- Or+er" -!e (ppr/pr$(-e e5e0-$e /&&$ers /r (+'$,$s-r(-$e (0-!/r$-$es (re ,/- (r'e+ $-! (r*$-r(r) +$sre-$/, -/ $'p/se

#$'$-(-$/,s. T!e) (, $'p/se #$'$-s /,#) /, -!e *(s$s /& 4,(-$/,(# se0r$-)" p0*#$ s(&e-)" /r p0*#$ !e(#-!4 (,+ 4(s '() *e pr/$+e+ *)#("4 ( #$'$-$e p!r(se !$! +$+ ,/- (ppe(r $, -!e 1<8 -e5- T!e C/,s-$-0-$/," Ber,(s" 7/(20$, G." S.7." V/#. I" F$rs- E+$-$/," 1<" p.6:8>. App(re,-#)" -!e p!r(se/#/3) $, -!e 1< C/,s-$-0-$/, (s ( re(-$/, -/ -!e *(, /, $,-er,(-$/,(# -r(e# $'p/se+ 0,+er -!epre$/0s re3$'e !e, -!ere (s ( Tr(e# Pr/ess$,3 Ce,-er" !$! $ss0e+ er-$&$(-es /& e#$3$*$#$-) -/ -r(e# 0p/, (pp#$(-$/, /& (,$,-eres-e+ p(r-) See S(#/,3( . Her'/s/ Tr(e# Pr/ess$,3 Ce,-er" N/. 98:66" 69 Apr$# 1<@" < SCRA 161>.

Ar-$#e III" Se-$/, : /& -!e 1< C/,s-$-0-$/, s!/0#+ *) ,/ 'e(,s *e /,s-r0e+ (s +e#$'$-$,3 -!e $,!ere,- p/er /& -!e C/0r-s -/ 0se(## 'e(,s ,eess(r) -/ (rr) -!e$r /r+ers $,-/ e&&e- $, r$'$,(# (ses pe,+$,3 *e&/re -!e'. W!e, *) #( ?0r$s+$-$/, $s /,&erre+ /,( C/0r- /r ?0+$$(# /&&$er" (## (05$#$(r) r$-s" pr/ess (,+ /-!er 'e(,s ,eess(r) -/ (rr) $- $,-/ e&&e- '() *e e'p#/)e+ *) s0!C/0r- /r /&&$er R0#e 189" Se-$/, :" R0#es /& C/0r->.

Pe-$-$/,ers (r30'e,- -!(- -!e r0#$,3 $, M(,/-/" 7r." . C/0r- /& Appe(#s" E-. A#. s0pr(>" -/ -!e e&&e- -!(- -!e /,+$-$/, $'p/se+0p/, (, (0se+ (+'$--e+ -/ *($# -/ '(%e !$'se#& (($#(*#e (- (## -$'es !e,eer -!e C/0r- re20$res !$s prese,e /per(-es (s ( (#$+res-r$-$/, /, -!e r$3!- -/ -r(e# ,/ #/,3er !/#+s 0,+er -!e 1< C/,s-$-0-$/," $s &(r &r/' -e,(*#e. T!e ,(-0re (,+ &0,-$/, /& ( *($#*/,+ !(s re'($,e+ 0,!(,3e+ !e-!er 0,+er -!e 1<89" -!e 1<8" /r -!e 1< C/,s-$-0-$/,. Bes$+es" -!e M(,/-/ r0#$,3 /, -!(-

p/$,- (s *0- ( re(&&$r'(-$/, /& -!(- #($+ +/, #/,3 *e&/re $, Pe/p#e . U) T0$s$,3" :1 P!$#. =@= 1<89>.

Pe-$-$/,er $s &($,3 ( r$'$,(# !(r3e. He !(s p/s-e+ *($# *0- !(s $/#(-e+ -!e /,+$-$/,s -!ere/& *) &($#$,3 -/ (ppe(r *e&/re -!e C/0r-!e, re20$re+. W(rr(,-s &/r !$s (rres- !(e *ee, $ss0e+. T!/se /r+ers (,+ pr/esses /0#+ *e re,+ere+ ,03(-/r) $& (, (0se+ ere-/ *e (##/e+ -/ #e(e /r -/ re'($," (- !$s p#e(s0re" /0-s$+e -!e -err$-/r$(# /,&$,es /& -!e /0,-r). H/#+$,3 (, (0se+ $, ( r$'$,(#(se $-!$, -!e re(! /& -!e C/0r-s *) pree,-$,3 !$s +ep(r-0re &r/' -!e P!$#$pp$,es '0s- *e /,s$+ere+ (s ( (#$+ res-r$-$/, /, !$sr$3!- -/ -r(e# s/ -!(- !e '() *e +e(#- $-! $, (/r+(,e $-! #(. T!e /&&e,+e+ p(r-) $, (,) r$'$,(# pr/ee+$,3 $s -!e Pe/p#e /& -!eP!$#$pp$,es. I- $s -/ -!e$r *es- $,-eres- -!(- r$'$,(# pr/se0-$/,s s!/0#+ r0, -!e$r /0rse (,+ pr/ee+ -/ &$,(#$-) $-!/0- 0,+0e +e#()"$-! (, (0se+ !/#+$,3 !$'se#& ('e,(*#e (- (## -$'es -/ C/0r- Or+ers (,+ pr/esses.

WHEREFORE" -!e ?0+3'e,- 0,+er re$e $s !ere*) AFFIRMED. C/s-s (3($,s- pe-$-$/,er" R$(r+/ C. S$#er$/.

SO ORDERED.

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