1 | Ralf Sussmann et al.: | German contribution to S5P validation via 12 TCCON and NDACC FTIR stations

German contribution to S5P validation via 12 TCCON and NDACC FTIR stations Ralf Sussmann, KIT/IMK-IFU, Garmisch Thomas Blumenstock, KIT/IMK-ASF, Karlsruhe Dietrich Feist, MPI-BGC, Jena Frank Hase, KIT/IMK-ASF, Karlsruhe Justus Notholt, IUP, Bremen Mathias Palm, IUP, Bremen Markus Rettinger, KIT/IMK-IFU, Garmisch Matthias Schneider, KIT/IMK-ASF, Karlsruhe Mahesh Kumar Sha, BIRA-IASB, Brussels Corinne Vigouroux, BIRA-IASB, Brussels Thorsten Warneke, IUP, Bremen

• NDACC – differences to TCCON • German contribution to NIDFORVal &

TCCON4S5P • CO an CH4 validation strategy

2 | Ralf Sussmann et al.: | German contribution to S5P validation via 12 TCCON and NDACC FTIR stations

site measurement mode* latitude longitude altitude

[km] PIs

Ny-Ålesund1 (Spitsbergen)

TCCON & NDACC

78.9 °N

11.9 °E

0.02 J. Notholt & J. Notholt

Kiruna2 (Sweden) NDACC 67.8 N 20.4 E 0.42 T. Blumenstock

Białystok1 (Poland) TCCON 53.2 °N 23.0 °E 0.18 T. Warneke

Bremen1 (Germany)

TCCON & NDACC

53.1°N 8.9°E 0.03 J. Notholt & T. Warneke

Karlsruhe2 (Germany)

TCCON & NDACC

49.1 °N 8.4 °E 0.110 F. Hase

Orléans1 (France) TCCON 48.0 °N 2.1 °E 0.13 T. Warneke

Garmisch3 (Germany)

TCCON & NDACC

47.5 °N 11.1 °E 0.743 R. Sussmann & R. Sussmann

Zugspitze3 (Germany)

TCCON & NDACC

47.4 °N 11.0 °E 2.964 R. Sussmann & R. Sussmann

Izaña2 (Tenerife) TCCON & NDACC

28.3 °N 16.5 °W 2.370 M. Schneider & T.

Blumenstock

Palau1 (start Jan 2016) NDACC 7.0°N 134°E 0.005 M. Palm

Paramaribo1 (Suriname) NDACC 5.9°N 55.0 °W 0.007 T. Warneke

Ascension Island4

TCCON 7.9 °S 14.3 °W 0.03 D. Feist

• the European FTIR community comprises 16 FTIR sites

• 12 of these (Table) are run by the 4 German FTIR groups

FTIR sites operated by German groups within TCCON and NDACC 1operated by IUP Bremen; 2operated by KIT/IMK-ASF; 3operated by KIT/IMK-IFU; 4operated by MPI-BGC.

3 | Ralf Sussmann et al.: | German contribution to S5P validation via 12 TCCON and NDACC FTIR stations

TCCON has been started in 2004 with satellite validation in mind → Near-infrared solar FTIR’s, use O2 to retrieve dry-air column → XCO2, XCH4, XCO, XN2O, XHF, XH2O, XHDO → Highly homogenized network → Calibrated to WMO scale → High accuracy / precision (2% / 1% for CO and 0.2% / 0.3% for CH4) → Global coverage (80° N – 45° S) → Data is used to validate satellite measurement from GOSAT (TANSO-FTS), ENVISAT (SCIAMACHY) and OCO-2 → TCCON and TROPOMI measure CO and CH4 in the same spectral region

TCCON overview

4 | Ralf Sussmann et al.: | German contribution to S5P validation via 12 TCCON and NDACC FTIR stations

TCCON: global CO and CH4 time series

courtesy: Debra Wunch, California Institute of Technology

5 | Ralf Sussmann et al.: | German contribution to S5P validation via 12 TCCON and NDACC FTIR stations

NDACC overview: started in 1992

6 | Ralf Sussmann et al.: | German contribution to S5P validation via 12 TCCON and NDACC FTIR stations

First SCIA CO validation: Sussmann and Buchwitz, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2005 First SCIA CH4 valid.: Sussmann, Stremme, Buchwitz, de Beek, ACP, 2005

SCIA: Channel 8, icing issue WFMD v0.4 WFMD v0.41

Zugspitze FTIR

NDACC does not measure O2 columns, and is not calibrated to WMO

NDACC FTIR: Heritage SCIAMACHY validation

7 | Ralf Sussmann et al.: | German contribution to S5P validation via 12 TCCON and NDACC FTIR stations

Zugspitze FTIR

Lauder FTIR

• emissions occured in the northern hemisphere

• >40 % of global methane increase after 2007 is from oil /gas emissions

NDACC FTIR: long time series since 1992, e.g. CH4 incl. reactive species, e.g. H2CO, CO, C2H6

Hausmann, Sussmann, Smale, ACP, 2016

8 | Ralf Sussmann et al.: | German contribution to S5P validation via 12 TCCON and NDACC FTIR stations

Zugspitze NDACC FTIR

NDACC FTIR: mid-IR spectra enable profile retrievals, e.g. CO

TCCON: column retrieval only • larger Doppler width in near-IR →

reduced altitude range for profiles • fitting of full bands → lineshape

errors accumulate and impact pofile retrieval

3-4 degrees of freedom of signal

9 | Ralf Sussmann et al.: | German contribution to S5P validation via 12 TCCON and NDACC FTIR stations

Validation of S5P Methane and Carbon Monoxide with TCCON Data Validation team: → M. K. Sha (activity leader), B. Dils, M. De Mazière; BIRA-IASB, Brussels → R. Sussmann; KIT/IMK-IFU, Garmisch → D. G. Feist; MPI-BGC, Jena

Proposal goal: Geophysical validation of S5P CO and CH4 total column products using data of the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). To improve the quality of the CO validation work, the NDACC CO data will be used at sites which perform both TCCON and NDACC type measurements.

Support team members: → experts of the TCCON community from12 research institutes and universities contributing with data from 21 measurement stations

AO project ID 28603 - TCCON4S5P: team and goal

10 | Ralf Sussmann et al.: | German contribution to S5P validation via 12 TCCON and NDACC FTIR stations

• Geophysical CO & CH4 validation work (BIRA) → Initial validation (12 months): rapid delivery of data → Long term validation (7 years): Improvement of ongoing validation

strategy, long term validation during the life time of the satellite, revalidation using future versions of TCCON, NDACC, and S5P data products

• Reduction of intercomparison error by using independent profile information as a common prior for satellite and ground based soundings (KIT-Garmisch)

• Validation with TCCON-constrained global XCH4 fields (BIRA & MPI-BGC)

AO project ID 28603 - TCCON4S5P: proposed activities

11 | Ralf Sussmann et al.: | German contribution to S5P validation via 12 TCCON and NDACC FTIR stations

German proposal part I. 12-months initial validation phase with rapid data delivery

ID 28603 & ID 28607 request a 12-months initial validation phase, where

• TCCON data (CO, CH4) shall be provided every 3 months (i.e. 4 times)

• NDACC data (H2CO) every month (i.e. 12 times)

• rapid delivery shall start as soon as S5P is able to carry out a sufficient number of qualitative measurements over participating TCCON sites.

• if these conditions are met already during E1, then the results of the validation can be used in the update of the S5P operational processor at the end of the commissioning phase.

12 | Ralf Sussmann et al.: | German contribution to S5P validation via 12 TCCON and NDACC FTIR stations

German proposal part II. Long-term validation

Item II.1: Annual contribution to basic operational costs To guarantee the availability of continuous station operations during the long-term validation phase we need a funded contribution to the basic operational costs per year and site (NDACC and/or TCCON).

E.g., Zugspitze FTIR room rent is 65 k €/year …

13 | Ralf Sussmann et al.: | German contribution to S5P validation via 12 TCCON and NDACC FTIR stations

German proposal, long-term validation: Item II.2: NDACC CO profiles

• harmonize NDACC CO profile retrieval

• CO profiles shall be provided annually and used for improved validation of CO columns (⇒ Item II.3)

14 | Ralf Sussmann et al.: | German contribution to S5P validation via 12 TCCON and NDACC FTIR stations

Deliverable 3.4 of ID 28603 by KIT-Garmisch:

• Preparation of coincident time series (CO and CH4) from satellite and ground-sites corrected to realistic common prior (→ reduced intercomparison error).

• Data provision: launch +24 months, plus every following year for the operational lifetime of the satellite.

Following slides: Ideas on validation strategy (CO, CH4) - Role of realistic common prior

German proposal, long term validation: Item II.3: Satellite and ground data (CO, CH4) corrected to realistic common prior (KIT/IMK-IFU)

15 | Ralf Sussmann et al.: | German contribution to S5P validation via 12 TCCON and NDACC FTIR stations

NIR-MIR differences

quasi-periodic bias

- reduced by common

prior (ACTM)

remaining quasi-periodic bias remaining smoothing effects

Sussmann, R., Ostler, A., Forster, F., Rettinger, M., Deutscher, N. M., Griffith, D. W. T., Hannigan, J. W., Jones, N., and Patra, P. K.: First intercalibration of column-averaged methane from the Total Carbon Column Observing Network and the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 397-418, 2013.

Reducing CO & CH4 intercomarison error S5P – TCCON (I): Correct to same a priori

16 | Ralf Sussmann et al.: | German contribution to S5P validation via 12 TCCON and NDACC FTIR stations

Dynamics: stratospheric subsidence XCH4 difference ~ 30 ppb

sza≈80°

Ostler, A., Sussmann, R., Rettinger, M., Deutscher, N.M, Dohe, S., Hase, F., Jones, N., Palm, M., and Sinnhuber, B.-M.: Multi-station intercomparison of column-averaged methane from NDACC and TCCON: impact of dynamical variability, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 4081–4101, 2014.

Reducing CO & CH4 intercomarison error S5P – TCCON (II): Use realistic common a priori

different smoothing

17 | Ralf Sussmann et al.: | German contribution to S5P validation via 12 TCCON and NDACC FTIR stations

Search für model providing realistic CH4 a priori profile: Model-TCCON comparison

Ostler, A., Sussmann, R., Patra, P. K., Houweling, S., De Bruine, M., Stiller, G. P., Haenel, F. J., Plieninger, J., Bousquet, P., Yin, Y., Saunois, M., Walker, K. A., Deutscher, N. M., Griffith, D. W. T., Blumenstock, T., Hase, F., Warneke, T., Wang, Z., Kivi, R., and Robinson, J.: Evaluation of column-averaged methane in models and TCCON with a focus on the stratosphere, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 4843-4859, 2016.

Model-TCCON agreement →

Model-TCCON agreement after replacing model stratosphere by →

MIPAS (ACE)

Conclusion: TM5 or LMDz can be used as common CH4 prior for TROPOMI validation by TCCON

18 | Ralf Sussmann et al.: | German contribution to S5P validation via 12 TCCON and NDACC FTIR stations

Search for realistic common CO prior for TCCON & TROPOMI:

Use NDACC CO profiles

19 | Ralf Sussmann et al.: | German contribution to S5P validation via 12 TCCON and NDACC FTIR stations

Background

MPI-BGC has developed global CH4 inversion system based on TM3.

Plan: produce separate data stream where inversion system is constrained by TCCON only.

Resulting global CH4 fields are globally consistent with TCCON and the prior. They provide an excellent reference for satellite XCH4 validation – even far away from TCCON sites.

Proposal (deliverable 3.5 of ID 28603):

• Provide TCCON-constrained global XCH4 fields from the MPI-BGC inversion system.

• Data provision: launch +21 months, plus every following year

German proposal, long-term validation: Item II.4: TCCON-constrained global XCH4 fields (MPI-BGC)

20 | Ralf Sussmann et al.: | German contribution to S5P validation via 12 TCCON and NDACC FTIR stations

Deliverable WP1 of ID 28607: Provide annually harmonized time series of HCHO profiles and total columns, including averaging kernels and error budget, from NDACC sites: • setup of harmonized H2CO retrieval • annual data provision to BIRA-IASB

German FTIR proposal Part II. Long-term validation: Item II.5: NDACC H2CO data

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3

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5

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9

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21 | Ralf Sussmann et al.: | German contribution to S5P validation via 12 TCCON and NDACC FTIR stations

Independent of S5P, all TCCON & NDACC partners will deliver data to the TCCON & NDACC archive within the limits of their base funding. This data will be available for S5P validation once it becomes public – typically 12 months after measurement. Any additional efforts require dedicated cost-covering funding.

Funding situation S5P validation by German TCCON & NDACC FTIR

ESA SOW for TCCON data stream automation (delivery with 3-months delay) has been setup

⇒designated project start Jan 2017, duration 9 months

• Currently no funding for NDACC data stream automation

• German partners submitted proposal to DLR for support of NDACC and TCCON measurements and S5P validation work

⇒ got basically positive signal from DLR in Aug 2016

22 | Ralf Sussmann et al.: | German contribution to S5P validation via 12 TCCON and NDACC FTIR stations

Summary

• Differences between NDACC and TCCON

• Validation strategy (CO & CH4): realistic common prior

• German data provision to BIRA: TCCON (CO & CH4), NDACC (H2CO & CO)

• Funding of data stream automation proposed to enable rapid data flow during 12-months initial validation phase

• Basic contribution per station and year for long term validation proposed to guarantee station operations

• CO & CH4: Funding of KIT-Garmisch workpackage on reduction of TCCON-S5P intercomparison error proposed

• TCCON-constrained model CH4 fields: Funding of MPI-BGC workpackage proposed

23 | Ralf Sussmann et al.: | German contribution to S5P validation via 12 TCCON and NDACC FTIR stations

CTM – MIPAS biases in the stratosphere due to model transport errors

Search für model providing realistic CH4 a priori profile (II): Model-MIPAS comparison in the stratosphere

Ostler, Sussmann, Patra, Houweling et al., AMT 2016.

24 | Ralf Sussmann et al.: | German contribution to S5P validation via 12 TCCON and NDACC FTIR stations

CTM – ACE biases in the stratosphere due to model transport errors

Search für model providing realistic CH4 a priori profile (III): Model-ACE comparison in the stratosphere

Ostler, Sussmann, Patra, Houweling et al., AMT 2016.