Fortuna WikiFORTUNA

7/30/2019 Fortuna WikiFORTUNA

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FortunaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other uses, seeFortuna (disambiguation).

Fortuna governs the circle of the four stages of life, the Wheel of Fortune, in a manuscript ofCarmina Burana

Fortuna(Latin:Fortna, equivalent to theGreekgoddessTyche) was the goddess of fortune

andpersonificationofluckinRoman religion. She might bring good luck or bad: she could be represented as

veiled and blind, as in modern depictions ofJustice, and came to represent life's capriciousness. She was also

a goddess offate: asAtrox Fortuna, she claimed the young lives of theprincepsAugustus'

grandsonsGaiusandLucius, prospective heirs to the Empire.[1]

Her father was said to be Jupiter and like him, she could also be bountiful (Copia). AsAnnonariashe protected

grain supplies. June 11 was sacred to her: on June 24 she was given cult at the festival ofFors Fortuna.[2][3]

Contents

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1 Cult

2 Middle Ages

3 Pars Fortuna in Astrology
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4 Aspects of Fortuna

5 See also

6 Notes

7 References

8 External links

Cult[edit]

Fortuna and Pontos

Fortuna's Roman cult was variously attributed toServius Tullius whose exceptional good fortune suggested

their sexual intimacy[4] and toAncus Marcius.[5]The two earliest temples mentioned in Roman Calendars

were outside the city, on the right bank of the Tiber (in ItalianTrastevere). The first temple dedicated to Fors

was attributed to the Etruscan Servius Tullius, while the second is known to have been built in 293 BC as the

fulfilment of a Roman promise made during laterEtruscan wars[6]The date of dedication of her temples was 24

June, or Midsummers Day, when celebrants from Rome annually floated to the temples downstream from the

city. After undisclosed rituals they then rowed back, garlanded and inebriated.[7]Also Fortuna had a temple at

theForum Boarium. Here Fortuna was twinned with the cult ofMater Matuta(the goddesses shared a festival

on 11 June), and the paired temples have been revealed in the excavation beside the church

ofSant'Omobono: the cults are indeed archaic in date.[8]Fortuna Primigenia ofPraenestewas adopted by

Romans at the end of 3rd BC in an important cult ofFortuna Publica Populi Romani(the Official Good Luck of

the Roman People) on theQuirinalisoutside thePorta Collina.[9]No temple at Rome, however, rivalled the

magnificence of the Praenestine sanctuary.

Fortuna's identity as personification of chance events was closely tied tovirtus(strength of character). Public

officials who lacked virtues invited ill-fortune on themselves and Rome:Sallustuses the infamousCatilineas
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illustration "Truly, when in the place of work, idleness, in place of thespirit of measure and equity, caprice

and pride invade, fortune is changed just as with morality".[10]

Anoracleat theTemple of Fortuna PrimigenainPraenesteused a form of divination in which a small boy

picked out one of various futures that were written onoakrods. Cults to Fortuna in her many forms are attested

throughout the Roman world. Dedications have been found to Fortuna Dubia (doubtful fortune), Fortuna

Brevis (fickle or wayward fortune) and Fortuna Mala (bad fortune).

She is found in a variety of domestic and personal contexts. During the early Empire, an amulet from theHouse

of MenanderinPompeiilinks her to the Egyptian goddessIsis, as Isis-Fortuna.[11]She is functionally related to

the GodBonus Eventus,[12]who is often represented as her counterpart: both appear onamuletsand

intaglioengraved gemsacross the Roman world.

Her name seems to derive from Vortumna (she who revolves the year).[citation needed]

The earliest reference tothe Wheel of Fortune, emblematic of the endless changes in life between prosperity

and disaster, is from 55 BC.[13]InSeneca's tragedyAgamemnon, a chorus addresses Fortuna in terms that

would remain almost proverbial, and in a high heroic ranting mode that Renaissance writers would emulate:

"O Fortune, who dost bestow the thrones high boon with mocking hand, in dangerous and doubtful state thou

settest the too exalted. Never have sceptres obtained calm peace or certain tenure; care on care weighs them

down, and ever do fresh storms vex their souls. ...great kingdoms sink of their own weight, and Fortune gives

way neath the burden of herself. Sails swollen with favouring breezes fear blasts too strongly theirs; the tower

which rears its head to the very clouds is beaten by rainyAuster.... Whatever Fortune has raised on high, she

lifts but to bring low. Modest estate has longer life; then happy he whoeer, content with the common lot, withsafe breeze hugs the shore, and, fearing to trust his skiff to the wider sea, with unambitious oar keeps close to

land."[14]

Ovid's description is typical of Roman representations: in a letter from exile[15]he reflects ruefully on the

"goddess who admits by her unsteady wheel her own fickleness; she always has its apex beneath her swaying

foot."

Middle Ages[edit]
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The humiliation ofEmperor Valerianby kingShapur I of Persia(260) passed intoEuropeancultural memory as an instance

of the reversals ofFortuna. InHans Holbein's pen-and-ink drawing (1521), the universal lesson is brought home by its

contemporary setting.

Fortuna did not disappear from the popular imagination with the ascendancy of Christianity by any

means.[16]Saint Augustinetook a stand against her continuing presence, in theCity of God: "How, therefore, is

she good, who without discernment comes to both the good and to the bad? ...It profits one nothing to worship

her if she is truly fortune... let the bad worship her...this supposed deity".[17]In the 6th century, theConsolation

of Philosophy, by statesman and philosopherBoethius, written while he faced execution, reflected the Christian

theology ofcasus, that the apparently random and often ruinous turns of Fortune's Wheel are in fact both

inevitable and providential, that even the most coincidental events are part of God's hidden plan which one

should not resist or try to change. Fortuna, then, was a servant of God,[18]and events, individual decisions,

theinfluence of the starswere all merely vehicles of Divine Will. In succeeding generations

Boethius' Consolation was required reading for scholars and students. Fortune crept back into popular

acceptance, with a new iconographic trait, "two-faced Fortune", Fortuna bifrons; such depictions continue into

the 15th century.[19]
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Albrecht Drer's engraving ofFortuna, ca 1502

The ubiquitous image ofthe Wheel of Fortunefound throughout the Middle Ages and beyond was a direct

legacy of the second book of Boethius's Consolation. The Wheel appears in many renditions from tiny

miniatures inmanuscriptsto huge stained glass windows in cathedrals, such as atAmiens. Lady Fortune is

usually represented as larger than life to underscore her importance. The wheel characteristically has four

shelves, or stages of life, with four human figures, usually labeled on the left regnabo (I shall reign), on the

top regno (I reign) and is usually crowned, descending on the right regnavi(I have reigned) and the lowly figure

on the bottom is marked sum sine regno (I have no kingdom). Medieval representations of Fortune emphasizeher duality and instability, such as two faces side by side likeJanus; one face smiling the other frowning; half

the face white the other black; she may be blindfolded but without scales, blind to justice. She was associated

with thecornucopia, ship's rudder, the ball and the wheel. The cornucopia is where plenty flows from, the

Helmsman's rudder steers fate, the globe symbolizes chance (who gets good or bad luck), and the wheel

symbolizes that luck, good or bad, never lasts.
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Fortuna lightly balances theorbof sovereignty between thumb and finger in a Dutch painting ofca 1530 (Muse des Beaux-Arts de Strasbourg)

Fortune would have many influences in cultural works throughout the Middle Ages. InLe Roman de la Rose,

Fortune frustrates the hopes of a lover who has been helped by a personified character "Reason". In

Dante'sInferno(vii.67-96)Virgilexplains the nature of Fortune, both a devil and a ministering angel, subservient

to God.Boccaccio's De Casibus Virorum Illustrium ("The Fortunes of Famous Men"), used byJohn Lydgateto

compose hisFall of Princes, tells of many where the turn of Fortune's wheel brought those most high to

disaster, and Boccaccio essay De remedii dell'una e dell'altra Fortuna, depends upon Boethius for the double

nature of Fortuna. Fortune makes her appearance inCarmina Burana(see image). The Christianized LadyFortune is not autonomous: illustrations for Boccaccio's Remediishow Fortuna enthroned in a triumphal car

with reins that lead to heaven,[20]and appears in chapter 25 of Machiavelli'sThe Prince, in which he says

Fortune only rules one half of men's fate, the other half being of their own will. Machiavelli reminds the reader

that Fortune is a woman, that she favours a strong, or even violent hand, and that she favours the more

aggressive and bold young man than a timid elder. EvenShakespearewas no stranger to Lady Fortune:

When in disgrace with Fortune and men's eyes

I all alone beweep my outcast state ...Sonnet 29

Pars Fortuna in Astrology[edit]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globus_crucigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globus_crucigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globus_crucigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Strasbourghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Strasbourghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Strasbourghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Strasbourghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Roman_de_la_Rosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Roman_de_la_Rosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Roman_de_la_Rosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#Infernohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#Infernohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#Infernohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Boccacciohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Boccacciohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Boccacciohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lydgatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lydgatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lydgatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Princes&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Princes&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Princes&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmina_Buranahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmina_Buranahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmina_Buranahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Princehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Princehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Princehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonnet_29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonnet_29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonnet_29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna?veaction=edit&vesection=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna?veaction=edit&vesection=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna?veaction=edit&vesection=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Allegory_of_Fortune_mg_0010.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Allegory_of_Fortune_mg_0010.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Allegory_of_Fortune_mg_0010.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Allegory_of_Fortune_mg_0010.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna?veaction=edit&vesection=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonnet_29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Princehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmina_Buranahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Princes&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lydgatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Boccacciohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#Infernohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Roman_de_la_Rosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Strasbourghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Strasbourghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globus_cruciger


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llustration by Al-Biruni (973-1048) of different phases of the moon, from the

Persian Kitab al-tafhim

InAstrologythe term Pars Fortuna represents a mathematical point in

thezodiacderived by the longitudinal positions of

theSun,MoonandAscendant(Rising sign) in the birth chart of an

individual. It represents an especially beneficial point in the horoscopic

chart. InArabicAstrology, this point is calledArabian Parts.[21]

The procedure followed for fixing onesPars Fortuna in ancient and

traditional astrology depended on the time of birth, viz., during daylight

or night time (whether the Sun was above or below thehorizon). In

modernwestern astrologythe day time formula only was used for

many years, but with more knowledge of ancient astrology, the two

calculation methods are now often used.

The formula for calculating the day time Part of Fortune (PF) is (using

the 360 degree positions for each point):

PF = Ascendant +Moon-Sun

The formula for the night-time Part of Fortune is PF = Ascendant +

Sun - Moon

Each calculation method results in a differentzodiacposition for

thePart of Fortune.[22]

Al Biruni(973 1048), an 11th-century mathematician, astronomer

and scholar, who was the greatest proponent of this system of

prediction, listed a total of 97 Arabic Parts, which were widely used for

astrological consultations. Paul Vachier has prepared an Arabic Parts

Calculator for all the Arabic Parts.[23]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zodiachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zodiachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zodiachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascendanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascendanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascendanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Partshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Partshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_astrologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_astrologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_astrologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zodiachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zodiachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zodiachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Partshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Partshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Birunihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Birunihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lunar_eclipse_al-Biruni.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lunar_eclipse_al-Biruni.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lunar_eclipse_al-Biruni.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lunar_eclipse_al-Biruni.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Birunihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Partshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zodiachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_astrologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Partshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascendanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zodiachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrology


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Aspects of Fortuna[edit]

Lady Fortune in a Boccaccio manuscript

Fortuna Annonaria brought the luck of the harvest

Fortuna Belli the fortune of war

Fortuna Primigeniadirected the fortune of a firstborn child at themoment of birth

Fortuna Virilis, "Manly Fortune," was celebrated only by women

Fortuna Reduxbrought one safely home

Fortuna Respiciens the fortune of the provider

Fortuna Muliebris the luck of a woman. Typical of Roman

attitudes, the fortune of a woman in marriage, however,

was Fortuna Virilis.[citation needed]

Fortuna Victrix brought victory in battle

Fortuna Augusta the fortune of the emperor[24]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna?veaction=edit&vesection=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna?veaction=edit&vesection=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna?veaction=edit&vesection=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestrina#Sanctuary_of_Fortuna_Primigeniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestrina#Sanctuary_of_Fortuna_Primigeniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna_Virilishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna_Virilishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna_Reduxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna_Reduxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-Pars_Fortuna-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-Pars_Fortuna-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-Pars_Fortuna-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ForutuneWheel.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ForutuneWheel.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ForutuneWheel.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ForutuneWheel.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-Pars_Fortuna-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna_Reduxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna_Virilishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestrina#Sanctuary_of_Fortuna_Primigeniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna?veaction=edit&vesection=4


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Fortuna Balnearis the fortune of the baths.[24]

Fortuna Conservatrix the fortune of the Preserver[25]

Fortuna Equestris fortune of the Knights.

[25]

Fortuna Huiusce Dieifortune of the present day.[25]

Fortuna Obsequens fortune of indulgence.[25]

Fortuna Privata fortune of the private individual.[25]

Fortuna Publica fortune of the people.[25]

Fortuna Romana fortune of Rome.[25]

Fortuna Virgo fortune of the virgin.[25]

Pars Fortuna[26]

See also[edit]

Carmina Burana (Orff)(opening theme: "O Fortuna")

Column of the Goths

Fortune favours the bold(Fortes fortuna adiuvat)

Notes[edit]

1. ^Marguerite Kretschmer, "Atrox Fortuna" The Classical

Journal22.4 (January 1927), 267 - 275.

2. ^Samuel Ball Platner and Thomas Ashby,A Topographical

Dictionary of Ancient Rome,; (London: Oxford University Press)

1929: on-line text.

3. ^Ovid,FastiVI. 773-786.

4. ^Varro,De Lingua Latina VI.17.

5. ^Plutarch; seeSamuel Ball Platner and Thomas Ashby,A

Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome,; (London: Oxford

University Press) 1929: on-line text.

6. ^Livy, 'Ad Urbem Condita', 2.40.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-Pars_Fortuna-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-Pars_Fortuna-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-Pars_Fortuna-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-Par_fortune-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-Par_fortune-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-Par_fortune-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-Par_fortune-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-Par_fortune-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-Par_fortune-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna_Huiusce_Dieihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna_Huiusce_Dieihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-Par_fortune-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-Par_fortune-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-Par_fortune-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-Par_fortune-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-Par_fortune-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-Par_fortune-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-Par_fortune-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-Par_fortune-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-Par_fortune-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-Par_fortune-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-Par_fortune-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-Par_fortune-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-Par_fortune-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-Par_fortune-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-Par_fortune-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-Par_fortune-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-Par_fortune-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-Par_fortune-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna?veaction=edit&vesection=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna?veaction=edit&vesection=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna?veaction=edit&vesection=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmina_Burana_(Orff)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmina_Burana_(Orff)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column_of_the_Gothshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column_of_the_Gothshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_favours_the_boldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_favours_the_boldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna?veaction=edit&vesection=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna?veaction=edit&vesection=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna?veaction=edit&vesection=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-2http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Fors_Fortuna.htmlhttp://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Fors_Fortuna.htmlhttp://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Fors_Fortuna.htmlhttp://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Fors_Fortuna.htmlhttp://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Fors_Fortuna.htmlhttp://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Fors_Fortuna.htmlhttp://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Fors_Fortuna.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarchhttp://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Fors_Fortuna.htmlhttp://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Fors_Fortuna.htmlhttp://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Fors_Fortuna.htmlhttp://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Fors_Fortuna.htmlhttp://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Fors_Fortuna.htmlhttp://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Fors_Fortuna.htmlhttp://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Fors_Fortuna.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-6http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Fors_Fortuna.htmlhttp://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Fors_Fortuna.htmlhttp://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Fors_Fortuna.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-3http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Fors_Fortuna.htmlhttp://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Fors_Fortuna.htmlhttp://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Fors_Fortuna.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna?veaction=edit&vesection=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_favours_the_boldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column_of_the_Gothshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmina_Burana_(Orff)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna?veaction=edit&vesection=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-Par_fortune-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-Par_fortune-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-Par_fortune-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-Par_fortune-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-Par_fortune-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-Par_fortune-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna_Huiusce_Dieihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-Par_fortune-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-Par_fortune-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_note-Pars_Fortuna-24


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7. ^Billington, S., Green, M. 'The Concept of the Goddess'

(London, New York, 1996), 133-134.

8. ^Hornblower, S., Spawforth, A., 'The Oxford Classical

Dictionary' (Oxford, New York), 606.

9. ^Hornblower, S., Spawforth, A. 'The Oxford Classical Dictionary'

(Oxford, New York), 606.

10. ^Verum ubi pro labore desidia, pro continentia et aequitate

lubido atque superbia invasere, fortuna simul cum moribus

immutatur, Sallust, Catilina, ii.5. His view offortuna is discussed

in Etienne Tiffou, "Salluste et la Fortuna", Phoenix, 31.4 (Winter

1977), 349 - 360.

11. Âllison, P., 2006, The Insula of Menander at Pompeii: Vol.III,

The Finds; A Contextual Study, Oxford: Clarendon Press

12. ^Greene, E.M., The Intaglios, in Birley, A. and Blake, J., 2005,

Vindolanda: The Excavations of 2003-2004, Bardon Mill:

Vindolanda Trust, pp187-193

13. ^Cicero, In Pisonem.

14. Âgamemnon, translation by Frank Justus Miller(on-line text)

15. Ôvid, Ex Ponto, iv, epistle 3.

16. ^Howard R. Patch, The Goddess Fortuna in Medieval

Literature, 1927 is the basic study.17. Âugustine, City of God, iv.18-18; v.8.

18. ^Selma Pfeiffenberger, "Notes on the Iconology of Donatello's

Judgment of Pilate at San Lorenzo" Renaissance Quarterly20.4

(Winter 1967:437-454) p 440.

19. Âs Pfeiffenberger observes, citing A. Laborde, Les manuscrits

peintures de la Cit de Dieu, Paris, 1909: vol. III, pls 59, 65;

Pfeiffenberger notes that there are no depictions of a Fortuna

bifrons in Roman art.

20. ^Noted by Pfeiffenberger 1967:441.

21. ^-Part of Fortune;David Plant, "Fortune, Spirit and the Lunation

Cycle"

22. ^David Plant, op. cit..

23. ^Paul Vachier, "Arabic Parts".
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-14http://www.theoi.com/Text/SenecaAgamemnon.htmlhttp://www.theoi.com/Text/SenecaAgamemnon.htmlhttp://www.theoi.com/Text/SenecaAgamemnon.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-21http://www.cafeastrology.com/partoffortune.htmlhttp://www.cafeastrology.com/partoffortune.htmlhttp://www.cafeastrology.com/partoffortune.htmlhttp://www.skyscript.co.uk/fortune.htmlhttp://www.skyscript.co.uk/fortune.htmlhttp://www.skyscript.co.uk/fortune.htmlhttp://www.skyscript.co.uk/fortune.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-22http://www.skyscript.co.uk/fortune.htmlhttp://www.skyscript.co.uk/fortune.htmlhttp://www.skyscript.co.uk/fortune.htmlhttp://www.skyscript.co.uk/fortune.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-23http://www.noendpress.com/pvachier/arabicparts/index.phphttp://www.noendpress.com/pvachier/arabicparts/index.phphttp://www.noendpress.com/pvachier/arabicparts/index.phphttp://www.noendpress.com/pvachier/arabicparts/index.phphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-23http://www.skyscript.co.uk/fortune.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-22http://www.skyscript.co.uk/fortune.htmlhttp://www.skyscript.co.uk/fortune.htmlhttp://www.cafeastrology.com/partoffortune.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-15http://www.theoi.com/Text/SenecaAgamemnon.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna#cite_ref-7


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24. âbhttp://www.thaliatook.com/OGOD/augusta.htmlAugusta

25. âbcdefghhttp://www.mlahanas.de/RomanEmpire/Mythology/

Fortuna.htmlFortuna

26. Ârabic Parts

References[edit]

David Plant, "Fortune, Spirit and the Lunation Cycle"

www.cafeastrology.com Part of Fortune

Howard Rollin Patch (1923), Fortuna in Old French Literature

Lesley Adkins, Roy A. Adkins (2001) Dictionary of Roman

Religion

Howard Rollin Patch (1927, repr. 1967), The Goddess Fortuna in

Medieval Literature

Howard Rollin Patch (1922), The Tradition of the Goddess

Fortuna in Medieval Philosophy and Literature

J. Champeaux, Fortuna. Vol. I. Recherches sur le culte de la

Fortuna Rome et dans le monde romaine des origines la mort

de Csar; Vol. II. Les Transformations de Fortuna sous le

Rpublique (Rome, cole Franaise de Rome, 1982-1987).

Narducci, Emanuele, Sergio Audano and Luca Fezzi

(edd.),Aspetti della Fortuna dell'Antico nella Cultura Europea: atti

della quarta giornata di studi, Sestri Levante, 16 marzo

2007(Pisa: ETS, 2008) (Testi e studi di cultura classica, 41).

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has

media related to:Fortuna

Michael Best, "Medieval tragedy"

Arya, Darius Andre (January 27, 2006) [2002]. The Goddess

Fortuna in Imperial Rome: Cult, Art, Text. Theses and

Dissertations from The University of Texas at Austin. Austin:

University of Texas at Austin.hdl:2152/152. (login required)

orDarius Andre Arya, "The Goddess Fortuna in Imperial Rome:

Cult, Art, Text"
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