FORMER KWIKSAVE NORTHGATE STREET/WORCESTER STREET … · occupied by The Bedmaker company,...

FORMER KWIKSAVE NORTHGATE STREET/WORCESTER

STREET, GLOUCESTER

ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION

AUGUST 2004

For

on behalf of

HUNTER PAGE PLANNING LTD

HIGHLAND DEVELOPMENTS LTD

CA REPORT: 04133

FORMER KWIKSAVE SITE NORTHGATE STREET/WORCESTER STREET

GLOUCESTER

ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION

CA PROJECT: 1799 CA REPORT: 04133

Author: Tim Havard

Approved:

Signed:

Mary Alexander

…………………………………………………………….

Issue: 01 Date: 17 AUGUST 2004

This report is confidential to the client. Cotswold Archaeology accepts no responsibility or liability to any third party to whom this report, or any part of it, is made known. Any such party relies upon this report entirely at their own risk. No part of this report may be reproduced by any means without permission.

© Cotswold Archaeology

Building 11, Kemble Enterprise Park, Kemble, Cirencester, Gloucestershire, GL7 6BQ Tel. 01285 771022 Fax. 01285 771033 E-mail: [email protected]

Former KwikSave Site, Northgate Street/Worcester Street, Gloucester: Archaeological Evaluation

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CONTENTS

SUMMARY........................................................................................................................3

1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 4

The site ................................................................................................................ 4

Archaeological background.................................................................................. 5

Archaeological objectives .................................................................................... 6

Methodology ........................................................................................................ 6

2. RESULTS ............................................................................................................ 7

Trench 1 (Fig. 3) .................................................................................................. 7

Trench 2 (Fig. 3) .................................................................................................. 8

Trench 3 (Fig. 4) .................................................................................................. 9

Trench 4 (Fig. 4) .................................................................................................. 10

Trench 5 (Fig. 5) .................................................................................................. 10

Trench 6 (Fig. 5) .................................................................................................. 11

The Finds ............................................................................................................. 11

The Biological Evidence....................................................................................... 11

3. DISCUSSION....................................................................................................... 12

Introduction .......................................................................................................... 12

Roman ................................................................................................................. 12

Dark earth deposits.............................................................................................. 13

Medieval............................................................................................................... 14

Modern................................................................................................................. 14

Conclusions ......................................................................................................... 15

4. CA PROJECT TEAM ........................................................................................... 15

5. REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 16

APPENDIX 1: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS...................................................................... 17

APPENDIX 2: THE FINDS................................................................................................ 20


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APPENDIX 3: LEVELS OF PRINCIPAL DEPOSITS AND STRUCTURES...................... 25

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Fig. 1 Site location plan (1:25 000)

Fig. 2 Trench location plan (1:1000)

Fig. 3 Trench 1 and 2: Plans and Sections (1:50)



Fig. 6 Trench 2: Roman metalling deposits

Fig. 7 Trench 3: Roman metalled surface

Fig. 8 Trench 3: probable medieval bank

Fig. 9 Trench 4: Roman metalled surface


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SUMMARY

Site Name: Former KwikSave Site

Location: Worcester Street/Northgate Street, Gloucester

NGR: SO 8343 1881

Type: Evaluation

Date: 15-28 July 2004

Location of Archive: Gloucester City Museum

Site Code: WSG 04

An archaeological evaluation was undertaken by Cotswold Archaeology in July 2004 at the

request of Hunter Page Planning Ltd (on the behalf of Highland Developments) at the former

KwikSave site, Worcester Street/Northgate Street. In accordance with an approved WSI (CA

2004), 6 trenches were excavated across the development area.

Trenches identified well preserved levels of Roman activity including metalled surfaces,

cultivation activity, bank material and possible demolition rubble. Evidence was uncovered to

suggest that these levels were well stratified and may represent a considerable period of

Roman activity. Two probable ditches were also observed to be cutting into Roman layers.

The majority of Roman layers were sealed by a deposit of dark earth, in some cases up to a

metre thick. Dating evidence suggests that this material is of Roman and later date.

Evidence for a bank of probable medieval date was also revealed in a position and in an

alignment consistent with the postulated outer line of the medieval town boundary

incorporating the 13th century town suburb. A section through this feature revealed that the

bank was composed of several rebuilds; the earliest phase contained sherds of Roman

pottery.

The project showed that, despite nineteenth and twentieth century disturbance and

truncation, the only area in which modern activity is likely to have completely destroyed

archaeologically significant levels is in trench 6 where clay lined tanning pits had penetrated

to a depth of at least 1.80m.


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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 In July 2004 Cotswold Archaeology (CA) carried out an archaeological evaluation for

Hunter Page Planning Ltd (on behalf of Highland Developments) at the former

KwikSave site, Northgate Street/Worcester Street (centred on NGR: SO 8343 1881;

Fig. 1). The evaluation was undertaken to accompany a planning application for

residential development.

1.2 The evaluation was carried out in accordance with a brief for archaeological field

evaluation (GAU 2003) prepared by Phil Greatorex, archaeological advisor to

Gloucester City Council (GCC)and with a subsequent detailed WSI produced by CA

(2004) and approved by GCC acting on the advice of Phil Greatorex. The fieldwork

also followed the Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Field Evaluation issued

by the Institute of Field Archaeologists (1999), Statement of Standards and

Practices Appropriate for Archaeological Fieldwork in Gloucestershire (GCC 1995)

and the Management of Archaeological Projects II (EH 1991). It was monitored by

Phil Greatorex, including a site visit on 23rd July.

The site

1.3 The proposed development area encloses an area of approximately 0.43 ha,

bounded to the east by Black Dog Way, with frontages onto Northgate Street and

Worcester Street. Two buildings fronting Worcester Street lie adjacent to the

northern boundary of the site, one formerly occupied by Budget rent-a-car. The

southern and central sector of the development area is covered by the premises of

the former Kwiksave with an entrance onto Northgate Street. An electricity sub-

station is located in the northern part of the site. Facing Black Dog Way to the rear

of Budget is a small triangle of ground covered by large trees and shrubs. A further

building fronts onto Worcester Street with two steel framed buildings to the rear

occupied by The Bedmaker company, currently still trading. The former delivery yard

to Kwiksave, and the access lane and yard for The Bedmaker comprise an open

concreted area.

1.4 The underlying geology of the area is mapped as Third (Main) Terrace of the

Pleistocene era (BGS 1961).


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Archaeological background

1.5 The archaeological significance of the site has been discussed in a desk-top

assessment (CgMs 2004). The conclusions of that report and the potential of the

site are briefly discussed below.

1.6 There are no reported prehistoric finds in the vicinity, however the river terrace

gravels that underlie the site are known to be favoured locations for occupation in

the prehistoric period and some form of Iron Age settlement related to the crossing

point of the River Severn may have pre-dated the Roman occupation.

1.7 The site lies without the Roman town walls; with Northgate Street marking a main

route from the town’s North Gate to Ermine Street and the early Roman fort at

Kingsholm, The connection between Kingsholm and Gloucester continued after the

Roman garrison was re-located, with the development of a Roman cemetery serving

the town, and into the Saxon period as a religious centre. A considerable body of

evidence for structural remains belonging to the Roman period have been identified

during building works at various locations on the east side of Northgate Street and

opposite the area of proposed development. Immediately to the south of the former

Kwiksave entrance a quantity of Roman amphora were uncovered in the 19th

century. Roman street metalling has been identified in various locations along the

length of Northgate Street and branching west at the junction with Worcester Street.

Although the current alignment of Worcester Street dates to the 17th century, the

remains of a first century timber structure of Roman date has been recorded at 35

Worcester Street.

1.8 No evidence for Saxon occupation has been identified within the immediate vicinity

of the proposed development area, although the route along Northgate Street to

Ermine Street and Kingsholm was undoubtedly maintained in this period. Eleventh

and 12th century pottery found close to the Kwiksave entrance on Northgate Street

is the earliest recorded evidence for occupation in the medieval period. By the 13th

century the area had become a suburb of sufficient importance to warrant defending

by the construction of new defences using the diverted course of the River Twyver,

running along the approximate alignment of Black Dog/Bruton Way. Medieval

tenement frontages have been identified on the east side of Northgate Street and


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there is potential for similar evidence in the area of the proposed development, with

small-scale workshops and industries located in the tenement back-plots.

1.9 Cartographic evidence from the 19th century shows a large area in the interior of the

proposed development occupied by a tannery, with a Methodist Chapel on the

Worcester Street frontage and shops and a bakery on Northgate Street. Before the

middle of the 20th century the tannery was replaced by a garage, later converted to

accommodate the Kwiksave supermarket. Tanning pits and other modern foundations

and intrusions may have caused considerable damage to earlier deposits but the desk

based assessment concluded that there is potential for medieval and/or Roman

remains to survive.

Archaeological objectives

1.10 The objectives of the evaluation were to establish the character, quality, date,

significance and extent of any archaeological remains or deposits surviving within

the site. This information will assist the Local Planning Authority in making an

informed judgement on the likely impact upon the archaeological resource by the

proposed development.

Methodology

1.11 The fieldwork comprised the excavation of six trenches all measuring 10m in length

by 1.5m in width. Due to the presence of live services the location of several

trenches was revised slightly in the field; however the basic layout of the trenches

remained much as specified within the original WSI.

1.9 All trenches were excavated by mechanical excavator equipped with a toothless

grading bucket. All machine excavation was undertaken under constant

archaeological supervision to the top of the first significant archaeological horizon or

the natural substrate, whichever was encountered first. Where archaeological

deposits were encountered they were excavated by hand in accordance with the CA

Technical Manual 1: Excavation Recording Manual (1996).

1.10 Deposits were assessed for their palaeoenvironmental potential and, where

appropriate, sampled and processed in accordance with the CA Technical Manual 2:

The Taking and Processing of Environmental and Other samples from


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Archaeological Sites (2003). All artefacts recovered were processed in accordance

with the CA Technical Manual 3: Treatment of Finds Immediately After Excavation

(1995).

1.11 The archive and artefacts from the evaluation are currently held by CA at their

offices in Kemble. Subject to the agreement of the legal landowner the site archive

(including artefacts) will be deposited with Gloucester City Museum.

2. RESULTS

2.1 This section provides an overview of the evaluation results; detailed summaries of

the recorded contexts and finds are to be found in Appendices 1 and 2 respectively.

Details of the relative heights of the principal deposits and features expressed as

metres Above Ordnance Datum (m AOD) appear in Appendix 3.

Trench 1 (Fig. 3)

2.2 The area available for excavation to the first horizon of archaeological significance

was reduced by the presence of several live services. A machine dug sondage

measuring 2.5m in length and 0.6m in width was excavated to the appropriate level.

2.3 A possible metalled layer 117 was exposed at the north-west end of the sondage

and comprised well compacted stone fragments and gravel. Due to safety

considerations it was not possible to examine this deposit further. It was sealed by a

dark humic clay silt layer 116 which measured at least 0.57m in depth. No finds

were recovered from either context.

2.4 Layer 116 was sealed by a layer 115, which though similar in composition to 116

contained significant brick and stone rubble inclusions.

2.5 The south-eastern end of trench 1 was truncated by a cellar 106 and its modern

backfill 108.


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Trench 2 (Fig. 3)

2.6 Deposit 217 lay centrally within trench 2 and was exposed in the edge of a sondage.

It comprised compacted yellow gravel and stone fragments mixed with gritty grey

brown clay silt from which no finds were recovered and measured at least 0.46m in

depth. It was cut by 219, a feature of which only the southern edge was revealed

within the trench and which contained a single exposed dark brown grey clay silt fill

218. This measured at least 0.44m in depth and hand auguring of this deposit

showed it to be at least another 0.3m in depth. No finds were recovered from this

deposit and it was sealed by 205.

2.7 A mid brown grey silty clay layer 213 lay towards the northern extent of trench 2

from which one sherd of Roman pottery of 2nd to 3rd-century pot was recovered. It

was sealed by a light brown green sandy silt 212 from which five sherds of Roman

pottery of 3rd to 4th-century or later date were recovered. It was sealed by a thin

metalled surface 211 which comprised compacted yellow gravel from which four

sherds of Roman pottery of 2nd to 4th-century pottery were recovered. This surface

was cut by 208. To the south of 208 a comparable sequence of deposits was

observed with 214, 210 and 204 being very similar in composition to 213, 212 and

211 respectively. Roman pottery of 2nd to 3rd-century or later date was recovered

from 214, 1st to 2nd-century or later date from 210 and 2nd to 4th-century date from

204.

2.8 A probable ditch 208 cut deposits 211 and 204. It displayed signs of primary silting

on both sides in the form of 215 and 216 respectively and a secondary fill 209 which

comprised dark brown grey clay silt which measured at least 0.26m in depth. Seven

sherds of Roman pottery of 3rd to 4th-century date were recovered from this fill. This

fill was sealed by a dark grey brown humic clay silt 205 which measured at least 1m

in depth. Two sherds of post-medieval pottery together with a quantity of residual

medieval and Roman pottery were recovered from this layer.

2.9 Layer 205 was cut by pit 206 which had very regular vertical sides and a flat base

and contained a single loose fill 207 of brick, stone and tile. One sherd of pottery of

18th century or later date was recovered from this fill. It was in turn sealed by a

modern levelling layer 203 and the existing concrete floor 202.


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Trench 3 (Fig. 4)

2.10 A clay silt layer 330 containing stone rubble 327 lay at the western extent of trench

4. Roman pottery of 3rd to 4th-century date was recovered from both of these

contexts. This was sealed by a possible metalled surface 325 which comprised

compacted gravel which was in turn sealed by a deposit of stone rubble 326. No

finds were recovered from either of these contexts.

2.11 Stone rubble 326 was sealed by a dark humic clay silt 324 which measured 0.6m in

depth and from which three sherds of Roman pottery of 3rd to 4th-century date were

recovered. This was sealed by three successive layers of silty clay, 323, 322 and

321 the latter of which was cut by 328. It was not possible to examine the

relationship between 328 and brick built features 315 and 317 due to the presence

of a later concrete footing 328, though it is likely that 328 was the construction cut

for either 315 or 317.

2.12 A probable bank 310, comprising compacted sandy silt with gritty inclusions was

observed towards the eastern extent of trench 3. Four sherds of Roman pottery of

2nd to 4th-century date were recovered from this context. It was sealed by a dark

brown humic clay silt layer 309 from which three sherds of medieval pottery of 13th

to 14th-century date were recovered. Overlying 309 was banked material 308 which

consisted of clay mixed with limestone fragments and measured at least 0.3m in

height. One possibly intrusive sherd of post-medieval pottery of 18th century or later

date together with a small quantity of residual Roman tile was recovered from this

context.

2.13 Bank 308 was sealed by a thin silty clay lens 307, from which one sherd of pottery of

15th to 18th century date was recovered, and then a layer of dark brown grey humic

clay silt 306 from which no finds were recovered. This was sealed by a deposit 305,

which though similar in composition, contained occasional brick fragments and from

which three sherds of pottery of 18th to 19th-century date were recovered.

2.14 Brick surface 317 lay towards the centre of trench 3. This appeared to be

contemporary with a circular brick wall footing 317, though it was cut by a later stone

built drain 316. This was cut by a concrete footing, as was layer 305 at the southern

end of the trench by an identical footing 303.


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2.15 Both concrete footings 303 and 320 were sealed by the existing concrete floor 301.

Trench 4 (Fig. 4)

2.16 Dark yellow brown clay silt 418, measuring at least 0.2m in depth lay towards the

eastern end of trench 4. Two sherds of Roman pottery of 2nd to 4th-century date

were recovered from this layer which was sealed by a similar, though darker layer

417 from which seven sherds of mid to late 4th-century date were recovered.

2.17 Layer 417 was sealed by a thin layer of compacted gravel metalling 416. Also

overlying 417, immediately to the south of 416, was stone rubble 415. No finds were

recovered from either 415 or 416 which were sealed by successive layers of humic

clay silt 414 and 413. Six sherds of Roman pottery of mid to late 4th-century date

were recovered from 414 whilst no finds were recovered from 413.

2.18 Layer 413 was cut by the construction cut 411 for brick wall footing 410 and

concrete backfill 407. To the east of wall 411, lay three surfacing layers 408, 409

and 412 which lay interior to the wall. The latest of these layers, 408 was sealed by

successive demolition layers 406 and 405, levelling layer 404 and floor levels, 401

and 400, of the existing building.

Trench 5 (Fig. 5)

2.19 Layer 505 was observed along the length of trench 5 and consisted of dark brown

grey humic clay silt. It measured at least 1.2m in depth and hand auguring showed it

continuing at least 0.2m beyond this depth. One sherd of post-medieval pottery of

18th century or later date was recovered from this context together with a residual

quantity of Roman and medieval pottery.

2.20 Layer 505 was sealed by a mixed levelling layer 504 which contained a large

amount of building rubble. It was cut by a modern pit 502 and the construction

trench 506 for a brick built wall 508. A stoneware bottle of late 19th or early 20th-

century date was recovered from the backfill 507 of the construction trench.

2.21 Wall 508 and fill 503 of pit 502 were both sealed by the concrete floor 501 of the

existing building.


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Trench 6 (Fig. 5)

2.22 A clay lining 603 of at least six pits was observed in trench 6. It was generally 0.3m

in width and at least 1.4m in depth. The rectangular pits formed by lining 603 were

all backfilled with demolition rubble 604. Due to safety considerations it was not

possible to determine the exact depth of the pits, however they were cut to a depth

of at least 1.8m below the existing ground surface.

2.23 A brick pier 607 lay towards the north-west end of the trench, immediately abutted

by two clay lined pits.

2.25 Brick wall 605 lay at the south-east end of trench 6. No construction cut for this wall

could be seen in section, and the interior of the wall had been backfilled with

demolition rubble 606.

The Finds

2.27 Large quantities of Romano-British material was recovered, of which a large portion

appears to be residual occurring alongside post-medieval/modern pottery. The

stratified Roman material mostly dates to the later Roman period (after c. 250AD)

although a small quantity of material may be earlier in date. A single sherd of 1st to

2nd century Samian ware was recovered from fill 210 and a sherd of 1st to 3rd

century Dressel 20 amphora was recovered from fill 217. A single Roman coin of AD

364-378 date was recovered from layer 414. A large quantity of ceramic building

material was also recovered.

The Biological Evidence

2.28 Although all identified deposits were assessed for their palaeoenvironmental

potential, no deposits were found suitable for further analysis.


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3. DISCUSSION

Introduction

3.1 The archaeological features encountered during the evaluation can be broadly dated

to the Roman, medieval, and modern periods. No evidence was found which pre-

dated the Roman period. The presence of ‘dark earth’ within all trenches, except

trench 6, indicates the potential for survival of archaeologically significant features in

these trenches. The absence of such deposits within trench 6 is due to modern

truncation though the depth of such truncation is unresolved.

Roman

3.2 The features dated to the Roman period can be divided into several groups;

metalled surfaces, banked material, dark earth, stone rubble and cut features

Evidence for Metalled Surfaces

3.3 Metalled surfaces comprising crushed and rammed gravel were encountered in

trenches 2, 3 and 4. The most substantial of these was the surface in trench 2

formed by 204 and 211 which was later cut by ditch 208. This would originally have

formed a surface of at least 3.7m by 1.5m. Contexts 204 and 211 sealed sandy silt

deposits 210 and 212 respectively. Such a pattern of silty deposits being sealed by

metalled layers is typical of Roman street levels where layers of silt roadwash are

sealed by later metalled re-surfacing. Surface 204/211 is therefore interpreted as

being a thin street metalling. The limited amount of pottery recovered from these

layers in trench 2 suggests a third century and later date.

3.4 Evidence for a possible metalled surface was also observed in trench 3 in the form

of layer 325. Similar to the pattern observed in trench 2, the metalled layer seals a

silt layer 330, however given the limited amount of this deposit revealed, further

interpretation is limited. Roman pottery was recovered from both layers 330 and

324, making it likely that 325 is of Roman date.

3.5 Metalled surface 416 in sealed dark earth deposit 417 and was sealed by a similar

dark earth deposit 414. Roman pottery of mid to late 4th-century date was recovered

from both 417 and 414. This, coupled with the fact that 416 was a thin deposit, make

it likely that it was a briefly utilised surface laid during a period of late Roman activity.


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3.6 A small amount of possible metalled layer 117 was also revealed in trench 1 sealed

by dark earth deposits. The similarity of its appearance and composition to deposits

in trench 2 would suggest a Roman date.

Evidence for banked material

3.7 Possible bank 310 appears similar in profile to later bank 308, though it is of different

composition. Dating evidence would suggest that it is of Roman 2nd to 4th-century

date. It is sealed by medieval layer 309 which lips up over the top of 310, thus

making it possible that a Roman bank 310 has been replaced by a later medieval

bank 308.

Evidence for stone rubble

3.8 Two areas of stone rubble 326 and 415 were identified. Both of these were in very

close proximity to areas of Roman metalling and the amount of stone found in these

deposits implies that they may represent demolition deposits.

3.9 Evidence for cut features

Two features in trench 2 cutting the upmost Roman levels were recorded. The linear

nature and profile of 208 would suggest the presence of a ditch, whilst the exact

function of 219 remains unclear as only one side of the feature was exposed within

the trench. Several sherds of 3rd to 4th century pottery were recovered from the fill

209 of 208, but its similar composition to the overlying dark earth 205 suggests that

they may be residual within the latter slumping into 208.

Dark earth deposits

3.9 The term dark earth is generally used to describe ‘poorly stratified archaeological

deposits that occur between Roman levels and overlying medieval and post-

medieval archaeology’ (Macphail et al. 2003, 350). Within the context of this site it is

used as a generic term to describe dark soils which in the majority of trenches

sealed Roman deposits.

3.10 With the exception of the deposits recorded in trench 4, it was not possible to

distinguish distinct layers within the dark earth deposits, given the confines of the

evaluation trenches. Dark earth deposits in trenches 2, 3 and 5 were all at least

0.7m in depth and contained post-medieval pottery with quantities of residual


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medieval and Roman pottery. Such a depth of an apparently homogenous deposit

with pottery of a wide date range suggests a gradual build up of this material

beginning in the late Roman or post-Roman period.

3.11 The source of dark earth has been the cause of much debate (ibid). The dark earth

observed on site is likely to be the result of long term cultivation and manuring. The

site lay outside both the Roman and medieval town walls and on the 1780 Hall and

Pinnell map is shown as being small garden plots. Such a long term process would

account for the lack of visible stratigraphy within the dark earth.

Medieval

3.13 The only context specifically dated to the medieval period is layer 309. This is similar

in form to other dark earth deposits and appears to lip up over the top of bank 310. If

indeed the dark earth deposits observed on site are the result of

cultivation/manuring then 309 may represent a medieval cultivation layer sealing a

Roman deposit. 309 was then in turn sealed by a later bank 308.

3.14 One sherd of post-medieval pottery was recovered from this bank; however given

the proximity of pipe trench 312, this sherd may well be intrusive. The bank was

overlain by 307 from which a sherd of Malvern redware pottery was recovered. This

long lived pottery type which was manufactured between the 15th and 18th century,

and without additional dating evidence the upper surface to the bank cannot be

more precisely dated.

3.15 The bank is located on an alignment consistent with that of the outer medieval

defences constructed along the diverted course of the River Twyver. The

watercourse depicted on the 1780 Hall and Pinnell map may preserve the medieval

alignment, which is still apparent in the present route of Black Dog Way. Evidence

from evaluation trench 3 indicates the bank was re-established and maintained over

a considerable period of time. The dating evidence is equivocal, but would suggest

that the bank was established as early as the 2nd to 4th centuries.

Modern

3.16 Modern truncation appears to have removed evidence demonstrably dateable to the

post-medieval rather than modern period.


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3.17 The dating of the clay lined tanning pits recorded in trench 6 is problematic. Their

position does not correspond to the position of the external tanning pits first

recorded on the 1886 Ordnance Survey map and they appear to lie within the

tannery. However the detailed 1891 Insurance Map of the City does not record the

presence of any internal pits. The main tannery building first appears on the 1843

Causton map, so the pits may represent an earlier tannery. There is no trace of such

a building on the 1796 second edition Hall and Pinnell map of Gloucester.

3.18 The position of the curved brick footing 315 corresponds with the curved south-west

corner of the tannery. The position of brick footings uncovered within trenches 4 and

5 corresponds to the position of a store shown on the 1891 Insurance Map.

Conclusions

3.18 The evaluation has demonstrated that, despite modern activity, there is a high

potential for the survival of Roman and medieval deposits. Roman activity of third

century and later date has been identified in at least three trenches, and though the

site lies outside the Roman colonia, its position in close proximity to the main route

from the north gate to Ermin Street means that the presence of such activity is to be

expected here. Medieval evidence was uncovered in trench 3 towards the western

extent, though the presence of dark earth deposits in all trenches except trench 6

means that the possibility of more medieval deposits should not be excluded.

4. CA PROJECT TEAM

Fieldwork was undertaken by Tim Havard, assisted by Dave Cudlip, Emily King,

Andrew Loader, Ben Powell and Eddie Stratford. The report was written by Tim

Havard. The illustrations were prepared by Lorna Gray. The archive has been

compiled by Tim Havard, and prepared for deposition by Ed McSloy. The project

was managed for CA by Tim Havard.


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5. REFERENCES

BGS (British Geological Survey) 1961 Sheet 234

CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2004 Former KwikSave Site, Northgate Street/Worcester Street,

Gloucester: Written Scheme of Investigation for an Archaeological Evaluation

CgMs 2004, Archaeological Desk-based Assessment, Worcester Street/Northgate Street,

Gloucester ref no JHSW/4842

Gloucester Archaeology Unit (GAU) 2003 Brief For an Archaeological Field Evaluation:

Former KwikSave Site, Gloucester

Gloucester Archaeology Unit (GAU) 2004 Extract From Gloucester Historic Environment

Record: Former KwikSave Site, Gloucester

Highland Developments 2004 Worcester Street, Gloucester: Desk Study

Macphail, R., Galinié, H. and Verhaeghe, F. 2003 ‘A Future for Dark Earth’, Antiquity Vol.77

296, 349-358

Cartographic Sources

1780 R.Hall and T.Pinnell A Plan of the City of Glocester

1796 R.Hall and T.Pinnell A Plan of the City of Glocester (2nd edition)

1843 A.Causton, Map of the City and Borough from a survey by Arthur Causton

1852 Ordnance Survey Map of Gloucester for Public Health Act


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APPENDIX 1: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS

Trench 1 101 Existing linoleum floor, measuring 0.02m in depth. Covers 102. 102 Concrete floor underneath 101, measuring 0.2m to 0.3m in depth. Covers 103. 103 Metal pipes for under floor heating, measuring 0.06m in diameter. Covers 104. 104 Layer of made up ground, mixed 50% brick and stone rubble with 50% re-deposited 115, measuring

0.18m to 0.24m in depth. 105 Concrete surface, measuring 0.04m in depth. Sealed by 104. 106 Brick built wall of disused cellar, stretcher bond, measuring at least 0.5m in depth. 107 Construction cut for 107: measuring at least 0.5m in depth. 108 Mixed brick and stone rubble backfill within cellar 106. 109 Construction cut for pipe 109: measuring 0.55m in depth, 0.35m in width and at least 1.6m in length. 110 Metal pipe within cut 109, measuring 0.15m in diameter. 111 Backfill of cut 109: 60% dark brown sandy silt, 40% brick and stone rubble. 112 Construction cut for pipe 113: measuring 0.49m in depth, 0.26m in width and at least 1.6m in length. 113 Metal pipe within cut 112, measuring 0.15m in diameter. 114 Backfill of cut 112: 60% dark brown sandy silt, 40% mixed brick and stone rubble. 115 Layer: 80% mid to dark brown grey clay silt, 20% brick and stone rubble, measuring 0.36m to 0.38m in

depth. Seals 116. 116 Layer: mid to dark grey humic clay silt with occasional irregular stone fragments, measuring at least

0.57m in depth. Overlies 117. 117 Possible metalled layer: mid to dark grey yellow compacted gravel and stone fragments, measuring at

least 0.05m in depth. Trench 2 201 Existing linoleum floor, measuring 0.02m in depth. Overlies 202. 202 Concrete floor, measuring 0.05m in depth. Overlies 203. 203 Brick concrete preparation layer for 202, measuring 0.18m in depth. Overlies 207. 204 Possible metalled surface: mid yellow sandy gravel well compacted, measuring 0.08m in depth. Overlies

210. 205 Layer: dark grey brown humic clay silt with occasional irregular stone fragments and very occasional

charcoal inclusions, measuring 1.05m in depth. 206 Cut for pit: vertical sides with a flat base, measuring 0.7m in depth, at least 1.1m in length and at least

0.6m in width. 207 Single fill of 206: mixed brick, stone and tile rubble, very loose. 208 Cut for possible ditch: linear in plan, moderately sloped irregular sides, base not established, measuring

1.6m in width and at least 0.35m in depth. 209 Secondary fill of 208: dark grey brown clay silt with very occasional charcoal flecking, measuring at least

0.26m in depth. 210 Layer: light brown green sandy silt, measuring 0.22m in depth. Overlies 214. 211 Possible metalled surface: mid yellow sandy gravel well compacted, measuring 0.08m in depth. Overlies

212. 212 Layer: light brown green sandy silt, measuring 0.2m in depth. Overlies 213. 213 Layer: mid grey brown silty clay with frequent charcoal flecking, measuring at least 0.17m in depth. 214 Layer: mid grey brown silty clay with frequent charcoal flecking, measuring at least 0.13m in depth. 215 Primary fill of 208: mid yellow brown silty gravel, measuring a maximum of 0.06m in depth, similar to 216. 216 Primary fill of 208: mid yellow brown silty gravel, measuring a maximum of 0.1m in depth, similar to 215. 217 Layer: 50% mid yellow brown gravel mixed with stone fragments 50% mid brown grey clay silt with

frequent stone grit inclusions, only observed in trench edge, measuring at least 0.46m in depth. 218 Single exposed fill of 219: dark brown grey clay silt with frequent charcoal flecking and very occasional

irregular limestone fragments, measuring at least 0.44m in depth. 219 Cut for ditch or pit: only one side exposed, steeply irregularly sloped, measuring at least 0.6m in depth

and at least 1.8m in width. Cuts 217. Trench 3 300 Existing concrete floor: measuring 0.02m in depth. Seals 301.


18


301 Brick concrete preparation layer for 300, measuring 0.22m in depth. 302 Construction cut for 303, measuring 0.7m in width, 0.5m in depth and at least 1.52m in length. 303 Concrete foundation for modern breeze block wall. 304 Demolition debris overlying 303, measuring 0.38m in depth. 305 Layer: mid to dark grey humic clay silt with 5% brick rubble, measuring 0.54m in depth. Overlies 306. 306 Layer: dark brown grey humic clay silt with very occasional charcoal flecking, measuring 0.16m in depth.

Overlies 307. 307 Lens of dark black grey silty clay, measuring 0.06m in depth. Overlies bank 308. 308 Probable bank, 70% mid to dark brown clay mixed with frequent irregular limestone fragments,

measuring a maximum of 0.3m in depth, at least 1.5m in width and at least 0.82m in length. 309 Layer: mid to dark brown grey humic clay silt, measuring at least 0.26m in depth. Overlies 310. 310 Probable bank dark brown sandy silt with occasional stone grit inclusions, measuring at least 1.5m in

width, at least 0.48m in length and at least 0.24m in depth. 311 Metal pipe, measuring 0.06m in diameter. 312 Pipe trench, measuring 0.38m in depth. Cuts 305. 313 Plastic pipe, measuring 0.15m in diameter, cuts 305. 314 Brick manhole, measuring at least 0.5m in depth. Sealed by 301. 315 Semi-circular brick foundation, stretcher bond, measuring 0.25m in width and approximately 2.4m in

diameter. Cut by 319. 316 Stone built drain within 317, measuring 0.35m in width and 1.2m in length. Cut by 319. 317 Brick surface, stretcher bond, not excavated. Contemporary with 315 and 316. Cut by 319. 318 Concrete foundation for modern breeze block wall. 319 Construction cut for 318, measuring 0.5m in depth. 320 Demolition debris overlying 319, measuring 0.38m in depth. 321 Layer: probable demolition debris, compacted brick rubble, measuring 0.22m in depth. 322 Layer: dark grey black silty clay with frequent charcoal flecking and occasional stone and brick rubble,

measuring 0.24m in depth. Overlies 323. 323 Layer: mid blue grey silty clay with occasional irregular stone fragments, measuring 0.28m in depth.

Overlies 324. 324 Layer: dark grey humic clay silt, measuring 0.6m in depth. Overlies 326. 325 Possible metalled surface: mid yellow sandy gravel, well compacted, measuring 0.16m in depth. Overlies

330. 326 Probable stone rubble, comprising irregular and angular pieces of chalk, limestone and sandstone.

Overlies 325. 327 Stone rubble within 330, comprising irregular pieces of chalk, limestone and sandstone. 328 Probable construction cut, linear in plan, measuring 0.8m in depth. Cuts 322. 329 Single fill of 328: mid grey brown silty clay mixed with brick and stone rubble. 330 Layer: dark green grey clay silt with very occasional irregular stone and gravel inclusions, measuring at

least 0.2m in depth. Trench 4 400 Existing linoleum floor, measuring 0.02m in depth. Covers 401. 401 Concrete floor, measuring 0.04m in depth. Covers 402. 402 Layer: brick concrete, measuring 0.14m in depth. 403 Number not assigned. 404 Layer: light grey concrete, measuring 0.06m in depth. Overlies 405. 405 Levelling layer: dark yellow brown sandy gravel measuring 0.08m in depth. Overlies 406. 406 Levelling layer: dark red brown crushed brick, measuring 0.16m in depth. Overlies 407. 407 Backfill within 411, mid grey concrete. 408 Floor level internal to wall 410: dark red brown heavily compacted clinker, measuring 0.1m in depth.

Overlies 409. 409 Levelling layer: light grey gravel mixed with clay, measuring a maximum of 0.12m in depth. 410 Brick wall: flemish bond, measuring 0.4m in width, 0.62m in depth and at least 1.5m in width. 411 Construction cut for wall 410. 412 Levelling layer: dark red brown concrete and brick rubble, measuring 0.12m in depth. Overlies 413. 413 Layer: mid grey humic clay silt with frequent charcoal flecks, measuring 0.5m in depth. Overlies 414. 414 Layer: dark grey humic clay silt with occasional charcoal flecks, measuring at least 0.84m in depth. 415 Stone rubble, mixed chalk, limestone, CBM and cobbles. Overlies 417. 416 Possible metalled layer: dark yellow well compacted gravel, measuring 0.05m in depth and at least 0.5m

in width. Overlies 417.


19


417 Layer: dark brown grey silty clay with occasional charcoal flecks, measuring 0.4m in depth. Overlies 418. 418 Layer: dark yellow brown clay silt with very occasional charcoal flecks, measuring at least 0.2m in depth. Trench 5 501 Existing concrete floor, measuring 0.24m in depth. Overlies 503 and 507. 502 Probable demolition cut: steep regularly sloped sides and a flat base, measuring 0.7m in depth and 0.5m

in width. Cuts 504. 503 Single fill of 502: 50% dark grey brown sandy silt mixed with 50% brick, stone and concrete rubble. 504 Levelling layer: 50% dark grey brown sandy silt mixed with 50% brick and stone rubble. Overlies 505. 505 Layer: dark grey brown humic clay silt with occasional stone fragments, measuring at least 1.3m in

depth. 506 Construction cut for wall 508: recti-linear in plan, measuring at least 1.1m in depth and 0.5m in width.

Cuts 504. 507 Backfill of 506: dark grey brown sandy silt with occasional charcoal flecks and brick fragments. 508 Brick wall: probable Flemish bond, measuring 0.7m in depth, 0.48m in width and at least 3.9m in length. Trench 6 601 Existing linoleum floor, measuring 0.02m in depth. Overlies 602. 602 Concrete floor, measuring 0.22m in depth. Overlies 606. 603 Generic clay lining of tanning pits, blue grey clay, measuring 0.3m to 0.4m in width and at least 1.4m in

depth. 604 Generic backfill of pits: 60% mixed stone and brick demolition rubble with 40% dark grey brown sandy

silt, measuring at least 1.4m in depth. 605 Brick wall, stretcher bond, measuring 0.25m in width and at least 0.9m in height. No construction cut

visible. 606 Backfill in interior of wall 605, mixed brick, concrete and sand, measuring at least 0.9m in depth. 607 Brick pier, square in plan, abutted by clay lining 603.


20


APPENDIX 2: THE FINDS

By Sam Inder

Large quantities of pottery, ceramic building material, animal bone, glass, clay pipe, shell and metal artefacts were recovered during excavations. Large quantities of Romano-British material was recovered, of which a large portion appears to be residual occurring alongside post-medieval/modern pottery. The stratified Roman material mostly dates to the later Roman period (after c. 250AD) although a small quantity of material may be earlier in date. A single sherd of 1st to 2nd century Samian ware was recovered from fill 210 and a sherd of 1st to 3rd century Dressel 20 amphora was recovered from fill 217.

The later material is made up of both local, regional and continental wares. Severn Valley ware, local colour-coated wares, oxidised flagon fabrics and greywares are found throughout the assemblage and were probably produced in or around the Gloucester region. Of the regional imports Dorset Black-Burnished ware is dominant while smaller quantities of Oxfordshire red slipped ware and Midlands shell tempered ware are also present. A small quantity of Gaulish and Southern Spanish amphoras comprise the later imports. Forms and decoration mostly reflect the later nature of the assemblage. Sherds of Black-Burnished ware from fills 212, 213 exhibit obtuse lattice decoration typical of the 3rd to 4th century and white slip decorated Oxfordshire red slipped ware from layer 414 is dateable to the mid to late 4th century. Sherds of Black-Burnished ware jars with everted rims were recovered from fills 327, 324 and 417 and are dateable to the 3rd to 4th century. A flanged bowl was also recovered from fill 417 and is of similar date.

A single Cu alloy coin was recovered from layer 414. Despite being fairly worn the coin is identifiable as a ‘Gloria Romanorum’ of the house of Valentinian, dateable from 364 to 378 AD. Large quantities of ceramic building material were recovered including Imbrex, Tegula and stone roofing tile. A fragment of painted wall plaster from fill 211 was also recovered . A small quantity of medieval pottery was recovered of which the majority is certainly residual. A single sherd of 13th to 14th century Saintonge ware was recovered from fill 309 and may be stratified. Other fabrics comprise Cotswold Oolitic ware, Malvernian red ware and possible Bristol Redcliffe ware. The remainder of the pottery is post-medieval/modern in date and is made up of china, yellow slip ware, English stone ware, iron glazed earthenware, Frechen ware, glazed red earthenware and North Devon gravel tempered ware.

Finds Concordance

204 3 sherds of pottery (8g); Imitation Black-Burnished ware, poss burnt Black-Burnished ware

2 fragments of ceramic building material (5g)

3 oyster shells (42g)

Spot-date: 2nd to 4th century

205 11 sherds of pottery (339g); china, Samian, Dorset Black-Burnished ware, slip ware, misc medieval jug fabric, poss Redcliffe ware

25 fragments of charcoal/coal (116g) 1 piece of slate (67g) 33 clay pipe fragments (140g) 1 burnt stone (7g) 1 worked stone object (23g) 59 fragment of animal bone (737g) 2 oyster shells (108g)

14 fragments of vessel glass (193g)

Spot-date: 19th century


21


207 1 sherd of pottery (29g); yellow slip ware

1 stone roof tile (340g)

1 oyster shell (56g)

1 clay pipe fragment (3g)

Spot-date: 17th to 18th century

209 7 sherds of pottery (78g); Samian, Black-Burnished ware, local colour-coat

1 fragment of stone roofing tile (214g)


4 fragments of animal bone (63g)

1 piece of charcoal (15g)

1 Fe object (31g); probable horse shoe

Spot-date: 3rd to 4th century

210 1 sherd of pottery (2g); Samian

1 fragment of tile (37g)

1 piece of fired clay (8g)


2 Fe nails (20g)

Spot-date: 1st to 2nd century +

211 4 sherds of pottery (25g); Samian, Severn Valley ware

1 fragment of painted wall plaster (29g)

1 fragment of animal bone (10g)


212 5 sherds of pottery (48g); Dorset Black-Burnished ware, Severn Valley ware, white slipped flagon fabric

3 fragments of tile (173g)


2 Fe nails (34g)


213 1 sherd of pottery (26g); Dorset Black-Burnished ware



214 4 sherds of pottery (52g); Dorset Black-Burnished ware, Gaulish amphora, misc oxidised fabric


1 piece of ceramic building material (2g)



1 Fe nail (12g)

Spot-date: 2nd to 3rd century +


22


217 1 sherd of amphora (38g); Dressel 20



1 worked stone (515g)

Spot-date: 1st to 3rd century

305 21 sherds of pottery (382g); Dorset Black-Burnished ware, Samian, Oxfordshire red slip ware, Cotswold

Oolitic ware, iron glazed earthenware, yellow slipped ware, glazed red earthenware, Frechen ware, N

Devon gravel tempered ware,

1 fragment of imbrex roofing tile (114g)


1 fragment of brick (143g)

3 pieces of mortar (37g)



1 fragment of vessel glass (39g)

10 clay pipe fragments (38g)

9 pieces of coal (57g)

3 Fe objects (89g)


306 1 fragment of tile (116g)

1 fragment of ceramic building material (71g)

1 clay pipe stem (2g)

1 oyster shell (1g)


1 piece of slag (10g)

1 Fe nail (6g)

Spot-date: post-medieval

307 5 sherds of pottery (27g); micaceous greyware, Oxfordshire red slip ware, misc oxidised ware,

Malvernian red ware





308 5 fragments of tile (695g)

1 fragment of brick (139g)

1 piece of charcoal (1g)

Spot-date: post-medieval

309 7 sherds of pottery (66g); Samian, Dorset Black-Burnished ware, local brown colour-coat, Cotswold

Oolitic ware, Saintonge ware

1 oyster shell (2g)


23


1 fragment of imbrex roofing tile (31g)


1 Fe nail SF (27g)

1 Fe nail SF 5 (18g)



310 5 sherds of pottery (71g); Samian, greyware, Gaulish amphora, misc oxidised fabric



2 Fe objects SF 2 (10g); probable nail



324 5 sherds of pottery (40g); Dorset Black-Burnished ware, Severn Valley ware, local brown colour coat

2 fragments of stone tile (51g)

3 fragments of ceramic tile (23g)

1 fragment of animal bone (10g)

1 Fe nail (26g)


327 1 sherd of pottery (27g); Dorset Black-Burnished ware

1 fragment of tegula roofing tile (506g)



330 3 sherds of pottery (128g); Severn Valley ware, Micaceous greyware

1 fragment of tegula roofing tile (285g)


414 6 sherds of pottery (200g); Oxfordshire red slipped ware, Severn Valley ware, greyware, misc oxidised

flagon fabric





1 Cu coin SF 1 (3g)

Spot-date: mid to late 4th century

417 7 sherds of pottery (166g); micaceous greyware, Dorset Black-Burnished ware, Midlands shell tempered

ware, probable Oxfordshire red slip ware




Spot-date: mid to late 4th century


24


418 3 sherds of pottery (32g); Samian, greyware, white slipped flagon fabric

1 fragment of tile (27g)

1 fragment of stone tile (110g)2 fragments of animal bone (29g)


505 8 sherds of pottery (56g); Dorset Black-Burnished ware, local brown colour-coat, Cotswold Oolitic ware,

Malvernian medieval ware, Tudor Green, Iron glazed earthenware


3 fragments of stone roofing tile (77g)

2 clay pipe stems (6g)


1 Cu alloy object (1g)

Spot-date: 18th century +

507 1 ceramic bottle (314g); English stoneware

Spot-date: 19th century


25


APPENDIX 3: LEVELS OF PRINCIPAL DEPOSITS AND STRUCTURES

Levels are expressed as metres below current ground level and as metres Above Ordnance Datum (AOD), calculated using the benchmark located at 25 Worcester Street, Gloucester (14.15m AOD). Upper figures are depth below modern ground level, lower figures in parentheses are metres AOD.

Trench 1 Trench 2 Trench 3 Trench 4 Trench 5 Trench 6 Current ground level 0.00m

(14.54m) 0.00m

(14.48m) 0.00m

(14.55m) 0.00m

(14.35m) 0.00m

(14.20m) 0.00m

(14.02m) Top of nineteenth /twentieth century development prior to existing building

0.3m (14.24m)

0.25m (14.23m)

0.10m (14.45m)

0.16m (14.19m)

0.24m (13.96m)

0.22m (13.98m)

Top of probable medieval deposits

N/A N/A

0.84m (13.71m)

N/A N/A N/A

Top of dark earth deposits

0.72m (13.88m)

0.22m (14.26m)

0.90m (13.55m)

0.20m (14.15m)

0.40m (13.80m)

N/A

Top of probable Roman deposits

1.23m (13.40m)

1.28m (13.20m)

1.30m (13.25m)

0.80m (13.56m)

N/A N/A

Limit of excavation 1.35m (13.24m)

1.72m (12.76m)

1.50m (13.10m)

1.80m (12.55m)

1.80m (12.40m)

1.80m (12.22m)

Gloucestershire

SCALE PROJECT NO.

PROJECT TITLE

FIGURE TITLE

COTSWOLD ARCHAEOLOGY

N

FIGURE NO.

0 2.5km

Former Kwiksave siteNorthgate Street/Worcester Street

Site location plan

1:25,000@A4 1799

Reproduced from the 1998 Ordnance Survey Explorer map with the permissionof Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office Crown copyright Cotswold Archaeological Trust AL50196A c

1

Site

T6

T5

T4

T2T3

T1

188

189

834 835

SO

SCALE PROJECT NO.

PROJECT TITLE

FIGURE TITLE


N

FIGURE NO.


Trench location plan

1:1000@A4 1799

Reproduced from the 2004 Ordnance Survey Superplan map with the permissionof Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office Crown copyright Cotswold Archaeological Trust AL50196A c

2

site

evaluation trench

0 100m

211

205

208213209

208214

201

218 219

205

217 201 205

section

205

203

201

202

206

207

209215

211212

213208

216 204

210

214

201

202203

205

205

218 219

217

201

202 203

205

14.50mAOD

N S

102

101

105

104

105

104

113

117

116 116pipe110

104104

wall106

wall106

108

108

104

108

102

101

101

concrete 102pipe 103

104

110

111

109115

115

116

115114

112112

117

14.50mAOD

NW SE

section

SCALE (@A3) PROJECT NO.

PROJECT TITLE

FIGURE TITLE

COTSWOLD ARCHAEOLOGYN

N

FIGURE NO.


Trenches 1 and 2:Plans and sections

1:50 and 1:20 1799 3

Trench 1 Plan (1:50)


Trench 2 Section (1:50)


area truncated by cellars

area unavailable for excavationdue to live services

2080 5m

0 5m

0 5m

0 2m

414

414

414

417

418 metalledsurface

416

stonerubble415 402

section

14.50mAOD

W E

400 401

402

413403

414

402

403413

414

400 401

402

403

400 401

414

413 407wall410

411

406405

404

408412

413409

417

418

metalled surface416

400 400

330

324

324

301

concretefoundations

318

brick foundation 315

drain316

brick surface317

brick surface319

301

313309

309 bank308

bank310

bank308

311

concretefoundations

303

301

301

section

14.60mAOD

W E

301

321

322

323

324

325330

327 326

328

329

concrete320

319

318 brickfoundation

315

317 brickfoundation

315

301

300

305314

306

309

bank308

307

bank310

312

301

309

SCALE PROJECT NO.

PROJECT TITLE

FIGURE TITLE


N

N

FIGURE NO.



1:50@A3 1799 4





0 5m

601

604 604

604 604

604604

604 604

604

604

604

602

606wall605

603

603

603 603

section

14.00mAOD

NW SE

603 603 603 603 603 603604

wall605

606

604604604604604

602

601

brick pier607

section

14.00mAOD

N S

501

504

505

501

504

505

503

502504

506

507

wall508

501

504

505

505 501 505

505

wall508

501

505

wall508

504

SCALE PROJECT NO.

PROJECT TITLE

FIGURE TITLE


N

FIGURE NO.

N



1:50@A3 1799 5





clay lining of tanning pits

0 5m

metalledsurface

211

ditch208

metalledsurface

204

rubble327

metalledsurface

325

rubble326


SCALE PROJECT NO.

PROJECT TITLE

FIGURE TITLE

FIGURE NO.

6 & 7

Former Kwiksave siteNorthgate street/Worcester Street

1799n/a

7

6

6 Trench 2: ditch 208

7 Trench 3 (west end): rubble 327, metalled surface 325 and rubble 326 Photographs


SCALE PROJECT NO.

PROJECT TITLE

FIGURE TITLE

FIGURE NO.

8


1799n/a

8

8 Trench 3 (east end): section through bankPhotograph


SCALE PROJECT NO.

PROJECT TITLE

FIGURE TITLE

FIGURE NO.

9


1799n/a

9

9 Trench 4: metalled surface 416 and rubble 415Photograph

rubble415

metalledsurface

416

FORMER KWIKSAVE NORTHGATE STREET/WORCESTER STREET … · occupied by The Bedmaker company,...

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