Formation of the Earth and the atmosphere
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Transcript of Formation of the Earth and the atmosphere
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Formation of the Earth and the atmosphere
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Solar System Formation and Structure
• Gravity– Mutual attracting force exerted by mass on all
other objects• Planetesimal hypothesis
– Suns condense from nebular clouds
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PLANETARYEVOLUTION
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Eros. Taken by NEARhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/imgcat/hires/nea_0127504836_mos.jpg
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PLANETARYEVOLUTION
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Our Solar System
Figure 2.1
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Dimensions and distances
• Earth’s orbit– Average distance from Earth to the Sun is
150,000,000 km (93,000,000 mi)– Perihelion – closest at January 3
• 147,255,000 km (91,500,000 mi)– Aphelion – farthest at July 4
• 152,083,000 km (94,500,000 mi)– Plane of Earth’s orbit is the plane of the
ecliptic
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– Perihelion – closest at January 3• 147,255,000 km (91,500,000 mi)
– Aphelion – farthest at July 4• 152,083,000 km (94,500,000 mi)
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Milankovitch Cycles
• Ellipticity of the orbit– 100,000 year cycle
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• Precession– The earth’s wobble– 26,000 year cycle
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• Axial tilt– 40,000 year cycle
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Solar Energy: From Sun to Earth
• Solar Activity and Solar Wind • Electromagnetic Spectrum of Radiant
Energy • Intercepted Energy at the Top of the
Atmosphere
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Solar Activity and Solar Wind
• Solar wind is clouds of electrically charged particles
• Sunspots are caused by magnetic storms• Sunspots have activity cycle of 11 years
Figure 2.2
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The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Figure 2.5 Figure 2.6
• Sun radiates shortwave energy• Shorter wavelengths have higher energy• Earth radiates longwave energy
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Earth’s Energy Budget
Figure 2.8
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Solar and Terrestrial Energy
Figure 2.7
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Figure 2.9
• Tropics receive more concentrated insolation (2.5x more) than the poles due to the Earth’s curvature
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The Seasons
• Seasonality • Reasons for Seasons • Annual March of the Seasons
What seasonal changes in the sun do we observe?
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Sun’s Altitude
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Tilt of the earth’s axis
SUNEquator
Memphis’ LatitudeN
SEquator
Memphis
N
S
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Sun’s altitude
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Sun’s Altitude
Winter Summer
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Sun’s Altitude
Winter Summer
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Declination – latitude where the sun is directly overhead.
Winter Summer
Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn
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Seasonality
• Seasonal changes– Sun’s altitude – angle above horizon– Declination – location of the subsolar point– Daylength
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Reasons for Seasons
• Revolution– Earth revolves around the Sun– Voyage takes one year– Earth’s speed is 107,280 kmph (66,660 mph)
• Rotation– Earth rotates on its axis once every 24 hours– Rotational velocity at equator is 1674 kmph
(1041 mph)
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Revolution and Rotation
Figure 2.13
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Reasons for Seasons
• Tilt of Earth’s axis– Axis is tilted 23.5° from plane of ecliptic
• Axial parallelism– Axis maintains alignment during orbit around
the Sun– North pole points toward the North Star
(Polaris)
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Axial Tilt and Parallelism
Figure 2.14
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Solstice – when the sun is at its maximum north or south.
Winter Summer
Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn
Winter solstice – December 21 or 22Subsolar point Tropic of Capricorn
Summer solstice – June 20 or 21Subsolar point Tropic of Cancer
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Equinox – when the sun passes over the equator
Win
ter
Sum
mer
Spring equinox – March 20 or 21Subsolar point Equator
Fall equinox – September 22 or 23
Subsolar point Equator
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Annual March of the Seasons
• Winter solstice – December 21 or 22– Subsolar point Tropic of Capricorn
• Spring equinox – March 20 or 21– Subsolar point Equator
• Summer solstice – June 20 or 21– Subsolar point Tropic of Cancer
• Fall equinox – September 22 or 23– Subsolar point Equator
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Annual March of the Seasons
Figure 2.15
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The sun
• Termperature of the surface = 6000 oC