FOLIO PERTANDINCAN

OH! MEMANC CEMPAK (OMC)

KEMBARA SETEM PERINCKAT KEBANCSAAN 2014

SEKOLAH MENENCAH KEBANCSAAN PETRA JAVA

JALAN SEMARAK 93050 KUCHINC

SARAWAK

NO TELEFON : 082 - 254824 NO FAKS: 082-242507

FLORA

DAN

FAUNA

In Malaysia, there is a unique fauna life but also dangerous and poisonous such as spiders.

Spiders are classified as Araneae. The sets of larger Arachnid class include a group that also

contains scorpions, mites, ticks, and falangid. There are several types of spiders in Malaysia.

They are the Fighting Spider, the Curved Spiny Spider, St Andrew's Cross Spider, Golden

Orb-web Spider and some of which are poisonous. There are also the Thiania Bhamoensis,

a spider specie which is iridescent green-blue. Females are more green, males are more blue.

From the front view, the female's faces are black. And the males are white. These spiders

build a silken retreat by binding a pair of green leaves together where they rest, moult and

the lay their eggs. This habit is however, quite unusual for a jumping spider. Making a single rivet to attach the leaves takes about half an hour.

41

FLORA AND FAUNA IN MALAYSIA,

MY BELOVED HOMELAND Malaysia, situated in South East Asia, is my beloved homeland. It had achieved its

independence 51 years ago from the British Colony. It consists of 13 beautiful states including the Federal Territories. Malaysia is well known for its vast varieties of flora and

fauna.

M,alays ia SOsen : Djalaysia SOsen : G

: i() 7

M,alaysia 50sen M,alaysia SOsen

~ .s;

Do you know that Malaysia is one of the 17 (12 by WWF) countries throughout the world to be declared as a 'Megadiverse State'? It means that it is a country which focused on

majority of the fauna and flora at one particular place. It is thus a country which is rich in biodiversity.

1

Malaysia is estimated to contain 20percent of the world's animal species and includes some

of the most bio diverse areas on the planet. The Malaysian rainforest is home to a great

variety of wildlife.

-.r : HIDUPAN :-LIAR-: WILDLIFE . . ! Minggu Setem 1996 : Stamp Week 1996

In Malaysia, more than 286 known species of mammals roam the forest, from the mighty

elephants to the littlest mousedeers and the ferocious tigers to the shy tapirs.

2

Most mammals live in the forest floor and in the trees like Mangroves, Cengal, Keruing,

Kapur, Ketapang and more.

Seeds of these trees are carried by animals such as birds, monkeys, butterflies, insects, bats

and wind to be spread to other places.

3

Malaysia's position in the humid tropical regions has made its national landscape with the

colorful variety of flora

and fauna. Biological diversity and richness has attracted the attention of the world and has

been recognized as one of the 12 countries' mega biodiversity in the world.

4

Apart from these, there are also various other animal that are equally interesting. Of birds

themselves, more than 742 species have been identified, including the beautiful Kelicap Pinang

to the tiny Hummingbird.

TH:ukur Spo/ffd~ Srr~clllnmlis

The avifauna ofMalaysia includes a total of 781 species, of which 4 are endemic, 3 have

been introduced by humans, and 10 are rare or accidental. 45 species are globally threatened

5

The greatest variety of wild orchids are in the hills and mountains at Malaysia. Taman

Negara and Cameron Highlands in Pahang are two of the better-known localities for

observing orchids but real orchid admirers should visit Mount Kinabalu in Sabah.

Wild orchid plants are usually much smaller than their commercially-grown hybrid

counterparts.

15

Birds flying in the woods or in the garden and on the trees and fragrant flowers are scented

like Chrysolite, Kenanga, Tanjung and Penanga Lilin

There are many varieties of flowers found in Malaysia and there are some species that are

attractive and unique due to their special shape or rare fragrance. Most traditional Malay

landscape comprise of plants with fragrant flowers, leaves and wood. In fact, most traditional

poetry refer to these unique traits.

6

The Malaysian tropical rain forest is one of the most complex and rich ecosystem in the

world. The forest is home to about 14,500 species of flowering plants and trees. Two such

species are the Pulai tree and the Bungor tree wich are widely planted in garden and along

the highway. The fresh fruits of Perah tree are poisonous but can be consumed after cooking

while the aromatic essential oils obtained from the resin of Keruing gondola tree is used in

perfume production

Basically, over 620 species of birds have been recorded just in the Peninsular. Many are endemic to the mountains of the peninsular, such as the Crested Argus. This specie has a

Pheasant or Argusianus Argus is the most beautiful pheasants in Malaysia, even in the world.

Plumage of male pheasants is very beautiful and interesting, which is reddish brown with

patches of fine black ink. There is also a fine white patch on the wings and tail feathers. Two

main tail feathers are longer which reach up to a meter and a half and nothing hit the ground.

The female pheasant is smallish and has a less attractive plumage and also rather short tails.

Tropical rain forests in Malaysia have more than 286 mammals. Some of these mammals

should be conserved to evade extinction of the species such as beavers, porcupines, weasels

ground, martens and foxes.

S P ESIE S MAMALIA Y ANG OI LINDUNGI StRI Ill PROTE CTED MAMMALS SERIES //{

Malaysia ZfXI5 RM 2

Malaysia has 10 monkey species.Among the most fascinating denizen of Malaysia's rain

forests are Red Leaf Monkeys, which are locally known as LotongMerah. The Proboscis

Monkey isunique and rare and yet it isan unmistakable denizen of Borneo. It is easily

recognized by the male's large nose. There are only about 1,000 population of this specie left

in Sarawak and Sabah together. Because of this, they are a strictly protected species.

8

Peninsular Malaysia holds three big cats: the Indochinese tiger, theleopard and also

the clouded leopard.

Wild cats can also be found in Malaysia. Some of the species can only be found in Peninsular Malaysia, whereas some are just found in Borneo. In total, there nine species living in the jungles of Malaysia.

9

There are about 22 recorded species of odonata in Malaysia. 0 these 33 species can be found in

Tasik Bera alone. The odonata species normally thrive where are bodies of unpolluted water.

Malaysia,.,, 30sen ! Malaysia,., 30sen Seranggatanglung fu./goropyrorhyncha

Pianggang perosak buah D)sdtrcu.scingufatus

Malaysia,.,, 50sen : Malaysia,.,, 50sen Bdalangkunyit Va/anganiflricomis

A decline in number of species of these creatures is a clear indication of the poor state of health

of our environment.

10

These insectson the trees and flowers either search for food or sip nectar. Malaysia has some

kinds of flowers which are rarely encountered, such as bunga peluru meriam and camellia flowers.

In general, there are over 1,000 species of butterflies in Malaysia. Although the majority of butterflies are found in the lowland in the primeval forest, they can be found in nearly every type of habitat.

Malaysia ,.,. RM l

Butterflies feed primarily on nectar from flowers and play important ecological role as one of the major agent of pollination

12

Plant form the basis for life on the earth and they threatened as never before. Malaysian hills

and mountain have the richest variety of flowering plants in the country. Gunung Kinabalu is

one of the world's richest mountains in terms of species diversity.

In Kinabalu Park alone more than 1,200 different species of orchids can be found- the

highest known concentration or orchid in any single place in the world.

13

One of the interesting and beautiful flora in Malaysia is the wild orchids. Wild orchids are an

amazing artistic display.

The spectacular array of colours, patterns and sizes has evolved over millennia to make them

more attractive to small insect pollinators and to take advantage of specific habitats .

.

.

.

RM5 : .

........... ........ .

Persidangan Anggerik Sedunia Ke- 17 17th World Orchid Co11.forenc~

MALAY.SIA 2002

040384

14

The greatest variety of wild orchids are in the hills and mountains at Malaysia. Taman

Negara and Cameron Highlands in Pahang are two of the better-known localities for

observing orchids but real orchid admirers should visit Mount Kinabalu in Sabah.

Wild orchid plants are usually much smaller than their commercially-grown hybrid

counterparts.

15

One threatened fauna is the Borneo orangutan, Pongee Pygmaeus. It is a specie

of orangutan native to the island of Borneo and live in groups in the mangrove forests along

the coast and the banks of the rivers in Sabah and Sarawak. Some forests in Malaysia have

been turned into a wildlife sanctuary, especially for animals that are almost extinct. Forest

Reserve Kabili, Sepilok in Sabah and Forest Reserve Semonggok in Sarawak made

orangutan sanctuary. On the other hand, in the state of Johore, Peninsular Malaysia, the

Endau-Rompin Forest is a sanctuary to rhinocerous.

Among other faunas which are fully protected is the ibex. Ibex usual

the area of either lowlands, hills or mountains.

Malaysia 30sen

16

There are about 150 species offrog in Malaysia. Frogs and Toads are unique and special

creatures which look the same but not alike. Frogs have smooth skin and moist skin, while

toads have grumbled, clump-smooth and dry .Most frogs and toads live on the forest floor or

burrowing underground. In fact, there are some on the trees at different heights, living on the

edge or in ponds, lakes, rivers and lakes. The diversity of species of frogs and toads are very

high in the tropical climate of Malaysia which is hot and humid all year round. "Borneo

horned frog," the Megophrysnasutaare widely distributed in Malaysia.

Frogs or toads, are collectively known as the Amphibians. Amphibians are animals that

spend part of their lives in water and part of their lives on land. What makes an amphibian

unusual among the other vertebrates is its skin, which acts not only as a protective layer but

also as a respiratory organ. Frogs or toads are usually prey or food for snakes.

17

In Malaysia, there are about 141 species of snakes that live either in the water or on land. Of

these, only 16 species of snakes, 21 species of land and sea snakes are venomous identified.Snakes such as the Cobra and Vipers Teach Cane belong to the dangerous snakes'

category and are often found near the place of residence or work whereas almost all of the

sea snakes can be harmful.

Snakes can be found along with aquatic plants such as lilies, water hyacinth and white

flowers in a pond or swamp.

18

Coastal areas, rivers and mangroves in Malaysia are home to fireflies. A firefly is an insect

that is quite unique because of abdominal tail glowing like lights, twinkling lights emit green

three times within one second at a time. It is a beetle with wings and usually called fireflies

or lowing bioluminescence as seen in the stomach in order to attract partners or victims.

Only males can fly while female fireflies wait on the ground. It produces a "cold light", with

no infrared or ultraviolet frequencies. It's chemically produced light from the lower abdomen

may appear yellow, green, or pale red.

19

The behaviors of nocturnal animals are rather unique. They are active at night and sleep

during the day. Nocturnal animals usually have a sense of hearing and smell, and their sense

of sight is very sharp. In the animal park, nocturnal animals are usually kept in captivity

glowing special night to reverse sleep-wake cycle, so that these animals will be awake at the

time of arrival of visitors.

Some animals have eyes that can be adjusted to the light of day and night, like a cat, but others are just lovely eyes at night, like bats.

20

There is a legen~ that says Ayam Serama is the offspring of cross breeding between the pigeons and chickens. Another story tells of the origin of gift starting with the pigmy

chickens given by the King of Siam to the local sultans in ancient times. Some are believed

to have originated from Kelantan.

Malaysia

Ayam Kampung is the term given to the chickens that are kept in loose or free. Usually these

chickens are reared in rural areas. The scientific name for chicken is Gallus Domesticusas

they aris descended from the Red Jungle fowl, the Gallus gallus.

21

Eagles are warm-blooded animals. They have wings and their body is covered with feathers.

There are several types of hawks in Malaysia as Red Eagle, Sea Eagle, Eagle Hindik, Black

Eagle, and Crested Eagle.

Red Eagles are found in many coastal areas and swamps. Black Eagles are birds of mountain

forests. Eagles are predatory or carnivorous animals (carnivores).

22

Duck is the common name for birds from the sub family Anatinae. It is the largest group of

waterfowl (aquatic birds), and are normally found near water areas such as ponds, streams and rivers.

They may be found in both fresh and saltwater areas. Ducks are related to swans and geese

and are the smallest of them in size.

Wild Duck Species

23

Betta splendens is a kind of fighting fish, which are produced through the cross-breeding of

fighting fish from Malaysia, Thailand and Kampuchea. These cross-bred species is a very

popular ornamental fish.

Goldfish is a domesticated marine life in Malaysia while the puffer fish is a kind of wild.

24

A wide range of rare vegetables species can be found in Malaysia. It has been estimated that

about 120 species of rare vegetables or ulam are being planted in the home gardens or are

still growing wild.

Peria katak Momortlica clwramia

Malaysia = 50sen Terung asam

Solanum fero.r Malaysia ,., 50sen

.. ....................

-

Malaysia possesses a rich diversity of tropical fruits. Besides the commercial fruits, there are

many other fruit species which are grouped under rare fruits. Most of the rare fruits are

seasonal, but there are also species that are non-seasonal, producing fruits throughout the

year. These rare fruits are usually grown in home gardens or orchards.

Among the fruits that can be found in home gardens are Cermai, Ceri Terengganu, and

Durian Nyekak.

The durian the most popular Malaysian fruit and fondly regarded as the 'king of fruit'. The

jack fruit is the world's largest fruit is cousin of the cempedak.

27

Tongkat Ali inhibits the under storey of lowland forest. Kacip Fatimah thrives in shady

places, normally as undergrowth in the forest. Kacip Fatimah is one of the most popular and

potent ingredient in traditional herbal Jamu' for afterbirth care. It is also used for treating

gonorrhea, dysmenorrheal, rheumatism, dysentery and flatulence .

Buah Keras of candlenut is native to Malaysia but now is distributed throughout the tropics.

It is a medium or large sized tree. Kerdas is found in Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra

mostly wild in the forest.

RM 1 : Malaysia : . r .

?:3"'\_) /" " : ;, ~~ ;$

Mas Cotek is a wild plant which can be found in Kelantan, Pahang and Terengganu. Mas

Cotekis used traditionally to cure lung disease. It is also a well-known herb for women after

childbirth.

28

Root crops are the second most important source of carbohydrates in the world's food, the

most important being cereals. However, in the tropical world, root crops are proportionally

much more important. In fact, in many tropical countries where rice is not grown, they are

the staple diet.

In general, the protein content is low but some, like potato and yam provide significant

amounts of certain vitamins

29

One of the interesting, beautiful, attractive and unique flora in Malaysia is the spices due to

their special shape or rare fragrance. A variety of spices are available in Malaysia.

These are used to add flavor and aroma to food as well as being used for medicinal purpose.

Spices come in many forms such as leaves, berries, seeds, roots and in powder form.

30

Woodpecker is one of the fauna that can be found in Malaysia. In Malaysia, there are 25 species of woodpeckers. The beak is toothless and hard like a chisel. Many species of

woodpeckers are bright and colorful. However, female woodpeckers usually are less bright

and less colorful.

These birds can be seen perched vertically on the end of a hard tail in the trunk while the

beak is hard and chisel-shaped trunk with speed peck repeatedly like a machine gun firing.

Woodpecker can be found in various areas from the mangroves to the mountains.

31

At Malaysia, The Rose a well-loved flower with its beautiful, fragrant bloom and wide

range of colour is off en called the Queen of Flowers.

Roses and other flowering plants are used by Malay as "Bunga Rampai" for special

occasions such as wedding, while Chinese use the buds to flavor ordinary tea. The Indians

have found uses for the petals as flavoring or to add their scents to food.

Heliconia is one of the flora that can be found in Malaysia. There are about 40 different

species of Heliconia. The leaves of this plant are paddle-shaped, and they are related to the

banana family. Helicona are sometimes called "lobster claws" or "parrot flowers" because of

their beak-like "bracts" which can be orange, purple, red, yellow, pink, green or a

combination of these.

A bract is a leaf structure at the base of a flower. The heliconia's bracts are so large and

colourful that they almost hide the flowers altogether, which are tiny and are found inside

these bracts.

Highland in Malaysia such as Cameron Highlands in Pahang and Kundasang in Sabah also

promote the cultivation of tea and vegetables for commercial purposes.

Malaysia 1011 Kundasang Sabah

33

Malaysia has more than 300 species of freshwater fish such as the Sultan Fish, or also known

as lkan Jelawat, Ikan Patin, Keli, Baung, Sebalau and others.

Malaysia ,.,., 50sen

The best time to go fishing in the South China Sea is between February and November. In

the Andaman Sea, offLangkawi, the best time is between December and March.

Malaysia~

Temoleh f'mburt>tu plilirni

~i1~i~~~i;:: . . . .

. . . .

Keli Kayu Cloritu bt'llracl:uJ

34

Palm are one of the most well-know and extensively cultivated plant families. Most palms

are distinguished by their large evergreen leaves arranged at the top of an unbranched stem.

owever, many palms are exceptions to this statement, and palms in fact exhibit an enormous

diversity in physical characteristics. Palms also inhibit nearly every type of habitat from

rainforest to deserts. However the majority of the species are tropical or subtropical as few palms can tolerate coid weather.

35

Live corals are the most important contributors to the structure of a saltwater reef in nature as

well as in reef aquariums. Feather stars are a group of crinoids without stalks, which is

different from sea lilies (stalked crinoids) that have a stalk throughout their life

Malaysia's exclusive economic zone IS 1.5 times larger than its land area, . The waters

around Sipadan Island are the most biodiverse in the world with around 600 coral species and 1200 fish species.

Seashells are the hard protective layer of a marine animal. Seashells are commonly attributed

to marine molluscs which has various sub-categories such as gastropods (e.g. snails), bivalves (e.g. clams) and chi tons.

36

There are 599 islands, reefs and rock islands in Malaysia's waters. Of these islands, 244 of them are located in the South China Sea. Five of these islands and reefs are Swallow Island,

Investigator Reef, Erica Reef, Mariveles Reef and Ardasier Reef. Important as there are in

terms of strategic and national security, the islands and reefs are also rich with diverse

marine ecosystem. Swallow Island is well known as a paradise for divers, for the

waters around the island is rich with diverse species of fish, corals, turtles, giant clams, sea

grass and marine mammals.

Erica Reef has a varied marine eco-system comprising corals, coral fish, Spinner Dolphins

and Bottlenose Dolphins among others. An example of the unique marine species that can be found here is Sea Cucumber (Synapta meida). Ardasier Reef has a varied marine eco-system with coral reefs, coral fish and the likes. Marine life such as Gastropod (Astraea rhodostoma) are abundant in this reef.

37

The South China Sea surrounding East Malaysia and Brunei extend to great depths and

contain life forms which are both fascinating and mysterious. From the beautiful coral fishes

to the elusive deep-sea nautilus, these marine species descended from the ancient fish-like

creatures of the Ordovician period some 480 million years ago. Nautiluses represent the only

living members of the subclass Nautiloidea and are often considered to be "living fossils".

Malaysia - 50 sen

ORANGESTRIPED TRIGGERFISH &Wupw wsduiA.tw Kduuan 1krsuna Mili.ysd-Brund I M~-B~jMru Ww

Malaysia is also surrounded by an ocean which has hundreds of thousands or perhaps

millions of groups of organisms including plankton, sponges, corals, shrimp, crabs, starfish,

clams, sea horses, and so on. These marine animals look very unique and interesting.

40

Several animals have evolved to live a semi aquatic life, of which their survival depends on

their ability to access dry land and water habitats during different times of the day or during

their life cycle.

Mal ay~ia_~ 50sen

Natural habitats in Malaysia including mangroves, freshwater swamps, rivers, and mudflats

provide both vertebrate and invertebrate semi aquatic animals, space and resources for their

use. There are crabs fiddle, mud crabs, fish belacak, mangrove snake, turtle valves, frogs

toads and ferrets water.

38

Ocean around Malaysia is among the areas with the highest biodiversity in the world is a

habitat for marine life such as Octopus, dolphins, humpback whales and more.

39

Today, there are 567 species of reptiles in Malaysia. The -major groups being crocodiles, turtles, snakes, lizards and frogs. All reptiles are cold-blooded, which is why they warm

themselves in the sun, and have bodies covered in dry, horny scales.

Some reptiles lay eggs; others give birth to live young. All reptiles are vertebrates, animal

with backbones. They are low to the ground, and all except snakes and a few lizards have

four legs. The size of reptiles can range from the very tiniest of frogs that are smaller than a

person's.

: Malaysia - RM 2 .... .................

42

Diversity of flora and fauna in Malaysia become a tourist attraction and researchers. Pahang

National Park, Forest Mulu in Sarawak, Perak's Belum Forest has become a sanctuary for a

variety of wildlife.

43

The source of food for the animals in the forest is fruits and other small animals.

There are many types of fruits that are rarely found in tropical forests in Malaysia.like

Jambu Bol, Salak, Cerapu and Binjai

CERAPU Garclnfo pralnlana

Some of the Malaysian fruits are seasonal, while others are available all year round, and some seem to fruit without reason, as and when they like!

44

As trees grow close together, they obstruct sunlight from reaching the forest floor. This

situation has led to the forest floor vegetation, sparse. Part of the forest is dark and damp.

This layer is covered by leaves and dry rot thick. Conditions suitable for living plants PFI eat

The trees as well as shrubs in the tropical forest of Malaysia is also home to birds such as quail, pikau ,mabparang sang serukrimba and sang serukgunung.

45

Malaysia's position surrounded by the sea makes it ideal as a habitat for marine life and

plants of all colors, beautiful, interesting, unique and rare species such as the Green Sea

Turtle, Thorny Seahorse, Leopard Moray Eel, Blue Sea Star, Mandarin fish and Red-Spotted

coral crab.

46

The coral reefs of Malaysia are among the finest in the world, in size and in spectacle. While

they may look like rocks or plants, corals are actually animals live. They formed a

'membrane' unique life cover rocks as always.

Malaysia 50sen Malaysia RM 1

They are formed by gradually accumulation and transformation of tiny soft bodied animals,

closely related to sea anemones. More than 3000 marine species live in coral reefs in

Malaysia and this is coming from the area of maintenance for more than half the entire

seafood supply.

47

Malaysia famous for its fauna which has a fragrant aroma and attractive. Daun Kesum used

for cooking traditional dishes such as asam laksa and asam pedas. While the mint used in

cooking to flavor candy, ice cream, cake and drinks cordials.

Malaysia is famous for the eyes of the world's biodiversity. Even tourism, preservation and conservation can contribute to the economy. We as Malaysians should be proud because Malaysia is recognized as a megadiverse country and 115 of the world's flora and fauna in Malaysia. Yes, Malaysia is a small country, but still rich in animal and plant diversity. Malaysia is truly rich when it comes to Flora and Fauna, a truly marvellous wonder to see.

48