FM11-22 Signal Opns Army and Corps

8/6/2019 FM11-22 Signal Opns Army and Corps

1/76

DEPARTMENT FIELD MANUAL

SIGNAL OPERATIONSIN THE

CORPS AND ARMY

WAR DEPARTMENT

MHICopy 3

WARc:l

JANUARY 1945


2/76

IVAR DEPARTME.NT FIELD MANUALFM 11-22

h is ,anual. together ,7ith FIi 11-21 (whl l published); slpersedes FJI11.20, Organisations anld Opratliosll inl th Corps, Army, Theatcr ofOpcratlons, ald GCiQ, II oe,elber 1940, inlldillg Cl, 12 JuYIIne 1941.

SIGNAL OPERATIONSIN THE

CORPS AND ARMY

(aDE I' ARTMl ENT * JAV UARY 1 945

Fur Sale by tle Supcriltelndenlt of Dcu ets, \Vashillgton 25, D. C.United rStatrs Governrlt Ib'illting Ofice

I Vashilltoll: 1945


3/76

WAR DEPARTMIENTWashington 25, D. C., 15 January 1945

FM 11-22. Signal Operations ill thile Corps andArmy. is pulblished for the information and guidanceof all coilcerned.'

[AG; 300.7 (16 IJc 44)]BIY ORIIRRF01 TIIE SECREIARY OF WAR:

OFFICIAL:J. A. ULIO G. C. MARSHALL,lajor Gcncral Chief of Staff

lThe djulant GcncralI) SrRIUTirON:

AAF(2); AGF(40); ASF(2); T'of Opns(10);Arm & Sv Bld(l); Gen & Sp Sv Sch(10) ; USMA(50) ; A.(25) ; CHQ(25) ; D(5); R(2).

Ti/O & E: 11-15(6); 11-25(6); 11-37(2); 11-39(2): 11465(2): 11-77(2): 11-95(6): 11-107(2); 11-127(2): 11-155T(2).

For explanation of symbols, see FIM 21-6.

ii


4/76

CONTENTS Pa.eIN I. GENERAL .............. ...................

II. CORPS ORGANIZATION ANDEMPLOYMENT ....................

III. SIGNAL SECTION, CORPS HEAD-QUARTERS ...... ......

IV. SIGNAL BATTALION .....................

V. SIGNAL ACTIVITIES IN THECORPS .......... ...................

VI. ARMY ............ ....................

VII. SIGNAL SECTION, ARMY HEAD-OUARTERS .....................

VIII. SIGNAL CORPS ORGANIZATIONSIN THE ARMY .............

IX. SIGNAL ACTIVITIES IN THE ARMY

P-4aOraPhl..-4

S-6 3

7-10 5

11-14 a

15-36

37-40

41-50

51-58

59-80

10

30

33

41

49

66MI

INDEX ............................................................................

SECTIC


5/76

This manual, together with FM. 11-21 (when published), super-sedes FM 11-20, Organizations and Operations in the Corps,Army, Theater of Operations, and GHQ, 11 November 1940,including C1, 12 Juhc 1941.

SECTION IGENERAL

I. PurposeThe purpose of this manual is to outline briefly the

organization of the corps and army, the organizationand operation of assigned signal corps units, and theapl)lication of signal corps activities to tactical opera-tions. This manual is based upon Field Service Regu-lations, FM 100-5, 100-10, and 100-15, and assumesan undlerstanding of the fundamental doctrines ofsignal corps activities as set forth in FM 24-5, 24-18,24-20, and 11-5.2. Organization

The organizations of corps and army headquartershave been covered in general terl'ls only, as have thesignal sections of these two headquarters. Organiza-tion of the signal sections is such as to be adeq(uateundelr most situations. However, for best results allavailable personnel and equipment should be organ-ized hito teams and subsections to meet the needs ofthe situation. The composition of these various teamshas been outlined to provide a guide to such organiza-tion for training and for operation.


6/76

3. Equipment, Supplies arid TransportationT/E 21, Table of Clothing and Individual Equip-menlt serves as a basis for determining the allowances

of- clothing and items of quartermaster individualequipment for all personnel. The issue of trainingequipment is governed by Tables of Allowances, WarDepartment Circulars, and Army Regulations. Organ-izational equipment, supplies, and transportation, insufficient quantities to permit the effective functioningof each unit, are prescribed by Tables of Organizationalnd Equipment, or by Tables of Equipment that aretnumbered to agree with the unit's T/O. AR 310-60contains a detailed explanation of the foregoing tables.In certain situations, specialized equipment and bulkymaterials may be carried in stock at higher echelondepots in a theater of operations for issue to units asrequired. Equipment and supplies peculiar to eachunit are mentioned to the extent necessary to explainthe operation of that unit, since the successful and ef-fective operation of tactical units in the field dependsto a large extent upon efficient training in the use, care,and maintenance of organizational equipment. Unitcommanders must keep up their full authorized allow-ances of organizational equipment and supplies at alltimes.4. Command of Attached Organizations

Portions of any signal corps organization of ahigher unit may be attached to lower units. Such at-tached signal organizations or detachments are underthe supervision of. the signal officer of the unit towhich attached, to the same extent as are the organicsignal troops, except when they are attached for ra-tions and quarters only. In this case supervision isretained by the senior unit.2


7/76

SECTION IICORPS ORGANIZATION ANDEMPLOYMENT

5. OrganizationThe organic elements of the corps consist essentially

of a headquarters and headquarters company; a signalbattalion; a headquarters and headquarters battery,corps artillery; and a field artillery observation bat-talion. Normally the corps will be composed of twoor more divisions, and may be reinforced by-

a. Field artillery units.b. Antiaircraft artillery units.c. Armored units.d. Tank destroyer units.e. Engineer units.f. Air force units.g. Chemical units.h. Cavalry reconnaissance units.i. Service organizations.

6. Employmenta. The corps is primarily a tactical unit of execution

and maneuver organized for flexibility. In operationsof long duration the divisions in the line may be re-lieved by fresh divisions, but the corps usually remainsuntil a decision is reached or the strategical plan ischanged.

b. When it is part of an army, the corps performs3


8/76

administrative and supply functions for corps troopsonly, unless the army commander delegates such func-tions to it for all of its components and subordinateunits. An exception to this exists in the case of am-munition supply, wherein corps normally handles sub-allocation of credits to divisions under its control.

c. When the corps is operating independently, it isresponsible for the administration and supply of corpstroops, divisions, and all other assigned or attachedunits.

d. With suitable reinforcements, a corps may carryon sustained independent operations, functioning essen-tially as a task force. The composition of a reinforcedcorps is not prescribed, since it depends on the as-signed mission. The general principles of operationand administration governing the operations of anarmy (FM 100-5, 100-10 and 100-15) are applicablealso to a corps, particularly to a reinforced corps op-erating independently.

e. For details of signal activities in the corps seesection V.

4


9/76

SECTION IIISIGNAL SECTION. CORPS

HEADQUARTERS7. Organization

The signal section, corps headquarters, consists ofthe corps signal officer, his executive officer, and a suf-ficient number of commissioned assistants and enlistedclerks and draftsmen to permit the section to functionproperly. The signal section of the headquarters of areinforced corps is increased in strength so that it canperform its prescribed duties for a greater number ofcorps troops and subordinate units.8. Duties

The principal duty of the signal section, corps head-quarters, during operation, is to formulate a plan forsignal activities, and to insure the fulfillment of thatplan. This duty includes-

a. Advising the corps commander on all signalactivities.

b. Preparing signal operation instructions (SOI)for approval.c. Preparing standing signal instructions (SSI), ifnecessary, to explain the use of any part of the SOI.Id. Preparing signal plan, signal annex, paragraph 5of the field order, and other signal orders.e.- Preparing standing operating procedure (SOP)for corps signal activities in coordination with inter-

S


10/76

ested-eneral and special staff sections, and in con-formity with SOP for signal activities as issued byhigher headquarters concerned.f. Checking the SOP for signal activities of thevarious corps units and coordinating these with theSOP of higher headquarters.g. Supervision of signal supply and repair for corpstroops (and for divisions if the corps is operatingseparately or if the army delegates supply functions tothe corps).h. Maintenance of current status records of signalcommunication facilities in use and available, both mili-tary and civilian.i. Submission of reports, as required, to the signalsection of higher headquarters concerning the operat-ing condition and composition of the signal communica-tion system in use by the corps.j. Cooperation with the signal intelligence section ofarmy or the corresponding section of a higher head-quarters, on all matters pertaining to radio intelligence,cryptographic and signal security, and initiation ofnecessary corrective action in case of violations.I k. The procurement of codes and ciphers from thesuperior headquarters or other source as directed, andthe accounting for and distribution of them to sub-ordinate units and to corps troops.I. Supervision and assignment of photographic mis-sions to assigned or attached photographic units (FM11-37).m. Supervision and coordination of training forcorps signal troops, attached signal troops, and corpscommunication personnel.

9. Signal Section, Headquarters, Reinforced CorpsThe signal section of a reinforced corps resembles,6


11/76

on a smaller scale, the signal section of an armyheadquarters. It must perform the duties shown inparagraph 8, and, in addition, may supervise supply,repair, photographic, and intelligence functions. Thisis due to the possibility of assigning personnel froma signal radio intelligence company, a signal depotcompany, a signal pigeon company, and additionalconstruction, operating, and messenger personnel tothe corps when reinforced. For organization andduties of the army signal section see section VII.10. Operations

a. The corps signal officer controls the technicaltraining and tactical employment of the signal battalionand all other signal corps units assigned or attachedto the corps unless their control is retained by higherheadquarters as explained in paragraph 4. Routineadministration, disciplinary matters, and internal op-erations are the responsibility of the unit commanderconcerned. The corps signal officer maintains closeliaison with the other staff officers and staff sectionsof his headquarters, with the signal officers of divi-sions, assigned or attached to the corps, and with thesignal officer of army or other higher headquarters.Transportation required for the signal section is pro-vided by the corps headquarters company and thecorps transportation service.

b. Signal companies of component divisions areorganic to the divisions and as such are controlledtactically, and trained technically, by the division signalofficers.

7


12/76

SECTION IVSIGNAL BATTALION

II. CommandA signal battalion is an organic part of corps troops.The battalion commander is responsible for the ad-ministration, discipline, and internal operation of thebattalion, and for the execution of its training pro-gram and tactical missions as directed by the corpssignal officer.

12. DutiesThe signal battalion installs, operates, and maintainsthe corps signal systems. It operates the corps signaldump and performs third echelon maintenance on sig-nal equipment for corps troops.

13. OrganizationA signal battalion (T/O &E 11-15) is composed of aheadquarters and headquarters company, two signallight construction companies, a signal field operationcompany, and a medical detachment. Current Tables

of Organization show the detailed composition of thevarious companies and of the medical detachment. Themedical detachment usually is attached to the head-quarters and headquarters company for administra-tion, supply, mess, and maintenance of its motorvehicles.8


13/76


14/76

SECTION VSIGNAL ACTIVITIES IN THE CORPSI 5. Reference

For all matters regarding basic general policies andprocedures in signal activities, see FM 11-5, 24-5,24-18, and 24-20. For technical details and operatingcharacteristics of signal equipment, see the varioustechnical manuals listed in FM 21-6.16. Tactical Function

The corps executes the major tactical missions ofthe army and maintains the continuity of battle. Acorps headquarters and its organic and attached troopsconstitute the framework for operations in a tacticalzone of action in which as many divisions are em-ployed as the conditions of each situation require(par. 6). A corps determines the employment of itsdivisions, maintains signal communication with themby which it exercises control, directs and coordinatestheir tactical operations, and supports them with fireof the corps artillery and with such other means asmay be available. The width and depth of a corpszone of action are influenced by many factors, such asthe composition and number of corps troops, thenumber and types of divisions under corps control,and the maneuver space required both for the divi-sions and for the full employment of the fire powerof organic and attached artillery..10


15/76


16/76

b. SOP FOR TIHE SIGNAL BATTALION. The SOPfor the signal battalion, based upon and conformingto the corps SOP, elaborates upon those portionswhich apply specifically to functions of the battalion.The individual SOP for each company of the bat-talion elaborates further, enumerating the composi-tion of all teams, the vehicles regularly used, and alldetailed procedures which can be standardized andprescribed advantageously.19. Location of Command Posts

a. GENIRAL. The signal communication require-ments affecting the selection of command posts areexplained in FM 11-5. The distances between com-mand posts of higher and lower units depend uponthe tactical and logistical requirements of any specificoperation.

b. CORPS. When the corps is part of an army, thearmy usually prescribes the location of the corps com-mand post and its axis of signal communication. Ifthe corps is not a part of an army, or if the army,of which it is a part, has not prescribed these locations,they are decided upon and announced by the corpscommander. The corps command post should be nearenough to the front to facilitate signal communicationwith, and control of, subordinate units for a consider-able period of time during an advance; and yet not soclose to the front that possible local reverses wouldnecessitate its movement to the rear. The length oftime required to establish the corps signal communica-tion system demands that the command post be movedno oftener than is required for proper control of sub-ordinate units. No hard and fast rules can be pre-scribed- for the distance at which the corps commandpost should be located in the rear of the front line.12


17/76

The maximum distance in any case is influenced bythe terrain, the disposition of enemy forces, and thedistance over which satisfactory communication canbe maintained. For other basic factors governing theselection of command post locations, see FM 100-5and 11-5.C. CORPS TROOPS. The units included in corps troopsmay be required to operate anywhere in the corps zoneof action, and the locations of their command postsdepend primarily on the area of their employment.Consideration must be given to maintaining signal com-munication between corps headquarters and supportedunits. The talking range of wire circuits must be con-sidered carefully when establishing wire lines betweenthe echelons of corps headquarters and installations ofcorps troops. In highly fluid situations it may benecessary to employ long range field wire with repeat-ers, and radio to establish satisfactory communication.

d. DIVISION. When the division is part of a corps,the corps usually prescribes the general location of thedivision command post and the axis of signal communi-cation. The locations of division command posts insome situations may be selected by the division com-manders. Locations selected are reported promptlyto superior, subordinate, and adjacent units. The ref-erences and basic considerations concerning the locationof corps command posts also apply to the selection ofdivision command post sites (FM 7-24).20. Signal Supplya. The corps signal officer is responsible for signalsupply and the recovery, evacuation, salvage, and re-pair of signal equipment of corps troops. He willreclaim serviceable items for reissue within the com-mand. When the corps is operating alone, or when

13


18/76

supply functions have been delegated to it by higherauthority (par. 6), the corps signal officer has thesame duties with respect to the signal supply of divi-sions as does the army signal officer when the corpsis operating as part of an army.b. Units of corps troops usually secure their signal

supplies from an army signal depot, designated rail-heads or supply points. Corps troops submit requisi-tions to the corps signal officer who forwards themto the army signal officer.

c. In exceptional cases, in order to facilitate the re-pair function of corps troops, the practice of aug-menting corps repair sections with small, mobile repairdetachments is followed. These repair detachmentscome from the signal repair company of the army.d. The policy of pooling specified items of supple-menlary equipment has been established, and is con-trolled by the army signal officer. This pool facilitatesthe distribution of important equipment for specializedtasks.

e. Details of signal supply, recovery, evacuation,salvage, and repair procedures are set forth in TM38-220, 38-403, 38-505, and 38-205. Supply channelsand depots are explained in FM 100-10. Additionalreference data are contained in FM 101-10.2 1. Photography

Signal photographic units are not normally an or-ganic part of corps troops, but may be assigned orattached to the corps if circumstances warrant. Suchassigned photographic troops are employed tacticallyunder the command of the corps signal officer (par. 54).Attached photographic personnel are employed simi-larly unless they are attached for specific photographicmissions only.14


19/76

22. Signal IntelligenceThe corps assistant chief of staff, G-2, is responsible

for the signal intelligence activities within the corps.a. Two radio intelligence platoons are included inthe corps signal battalion. These platoons perform

the signal intelligence functions for the corps. Nor-mally these platoons are controlled directly by thecorps. However, occasion may arise where it is de-sirable to attach a platoon to a division. In addition,,the army usually will exercise general supervisionover all platoons within the army area. Signal corpspersonnel in corps troops may be directed to assist insignal intelligence activities in addition to their signalcommunication duties. All signal-communication per-sonnel should be trained to'recognize and report imme-diately any information of value to the signal intelli-gence effort. These reports are made to the unit signalofficer who forwards them to the nearest G-2. Fordetailed discussion of signal intelligence, see FM 11-35.

b. Contained within -the corps signal battalion head-quarters is the traffic analysis section, composed oftraffic analysis officers and necessary enlisted trafficanalysis assistants, who perform traffic analysis func-tions for the corps. It is the function of this sectionto work in conjunction with the corps G-2, the corpssignal officer, and the army intelligence service, in theanalysis of enemy communications. Informationgained from the radio intelligence platoons of the corpssignal battalion will be processed and evaluated by thissection and recommendations made to the corps G-2and corps signal officer concerning signal intelligenceand counterintelligence measures to be taken by corpstroops. In general, this section will be concernedchiefly with lower echelon communication systems of

IS5


20/76

the enemy. Close liaison must be maintained with thearmy signal intelligence service to facilitate the hand-ling and evaluation of enemy communications. Thetraffic analysis section also performs intelligence work.23. Message Centers

Message centers are established at the command postand the rear echelon as a matter of routine, and ad-vance message centers are employed as required. De-tailed prdcedures and instructions for the routine opera-tion of message centers, and information as to theauthority of commanders to depart from prescribedprocedures, are given in FM 24-5 (or FM 24-17,when published). See paragraph 67 for a discussion ofsignal centers.24. Messengers

Within the limitations of personnel and transporta-tion available, messenger communication is employed inthe corps as follows:

a. Local messengers at the command post, rearechelon, and advance message center(s). (Messageoriginating in one office for delivery to another officein the same echelon are handled by the staff section in-volved and not by local messengers). Where a messageis to be delivered to more than one unit the messagecenter should be furnished one copy for each such officeor person plus one file copy. The message centerpersonnel should never be expected to prepare copiesof a message.

b. Special messengers operate from each messagecenter when required.c. Scheduled messengers between the command postsof the corps, divisions, major units of corps troops, and16


21/76

corps rear echelon. The corps railhead and miscellane-ous units of corps troops may be included if locatedconveniently, or if the volume of message traffic re-quires this service.

d. Airplane messenger service will come from aheadquarters higher than corps and may be used be-tween the corps command post, rear echelon and ad-vanced message center. Drop and pick-up messageservice may be furnished forward units.25. Pigeons

a. For general information concerning the capabili-ties, distribution, and use of pigeons, see FM 11-5,11-80, and 24-5. See also discussion.on army signalpigeon company in paragraph 55.

b. Pigeon communication is employed in the corps asfollows:(1) Lofts and personnel attached to the corps by

higher headquarters usually are retained under corpscontrol. They may be attached to subordinate unitsif the situation permits and time is available to estab-lish lofts and settle pigeons.(2) If the corps is operating independently, loftsand pigeon personnel assigned to corps by higher head-quarters may be retained under corps control or allottedto subordinate units, depending upon the situation andthe time available to establish lofts and settle pigeons.

(3) When, in lieu of the attachment of lofts andpersonnel, higher headquarters distributes pigeons tothe corps headquarters, further distribution to subordi-nate units is made by the corps. Only in exceptionalcircumstances are any retained for release by corpsheadquarters.

17


22/76

26. Radioa. GENERAL. Radio is the primary means of signal

communication with and within corps reconnaissanceelements, aviation units attached to the corps, and alsowith and within moving motorized, mechanized, andarmored units. As soon as wire communication isestablished between units, radio communication betweensuch units generally is restricted. Some of the radiooperators are employed to guard the assigned frequen-cies while others are used for security monitoring.Radio stations are kept in readiness to resume instantoperation when needed. It should be remembered con-stantly that the enemy can prevent the employment ofradio communication by jamming. The importance ofcorps radio nets.makes them a logical target for enemyjamming. The plan of operation of radio nets shouldinclude the necessary measures to get radio messagesthrough enemy interference by operating through jam-ming, by using alternate frequencies or frequenciesretained by the corps signal officer for emergency use,or by the use of another means of signal communica-tion. The most important factor in obtaining reliableradio communication is in maintaining strict radiodiscipline and correct radio procedure. When severalradio sets are operated together at a distance from acommand post it may be desirable to establish a radiocontrol center (par. 36).

b. RADIO NETS OF HIGHER HEADQUARTERS. The-corps establishes and operates a station at its commandpost as a subordinate station in the army or other higherheadquarters command net. (See par. 70 for informa-tion on army radio nets.)

C. CORPS RADIO NETS. (1) General. Certain radionets which may be established by a corps are shown18


23/76

in TM 11-462. The radio nets illustrated are not tobe considered as the only nets which may be organizedor as including all the stations which may be placedin the net shown. Whenever the situation demands,provided suitable radio sets and frequencies are avail-able, the corps commander reorganizes his existing nets,or organizes additional nets to meet his special require-ments for radio communication. The principal radionets employed by a corps are explained below.

(2) Corps command net. The corps command netincludes the forward echelon of corps headquarters andthe command posts of all assigned and attached divi-sions, of corps artillery and corps antiaircraft artillery,and of assigned or attached tank and tank destroyerunits. Other units, such as the corps reserves, also maybe included. The corps command net may be utilizedas the corps primary warning net to alert the commandto enemy air, mechanized, gas, airborne, or groundattack. In case of heavy traffic, two command netsmay be established.

(3) Corps reconnaissancenet. A reconnaissance netis established to provide communication between recon-naissance elements and the corps command post, and toprovide for expeditious handling of enemy informationof vital interest to the assistant chief of staff, G-2.

(4) Corps administrativenet.' An administrative netwith stations at the corps command post, and the corpsrear echelon may be established for emergency use oruse in the absence of adequate wire facilities. Rail-heads, traffic control stations, prisoner of war in-closures, administration and supply, and other installa-tions may be included in this net in the absence ofwire communication or in other special circumstances.

(5) Corps artillery net. The corps artillery net is19


24/76

employed to control and coordinate the organic andattached field artillery. The net is auxiliary to theartillery wire system.

(6) Corps antiaircraft artillery net. This net in-cludes the command echelons of all corps antiaircraftartillery, and is employed for command purposes.

(7) Tank destroyer net. This net may be establishedfor control and coordination of a tank destroyer groupor other tank destroyer units assigned or attached tothe corps. Headquarters of such tank destroyer unitswould be included also in the corps command net andmight be included in a corps reconnaissance net.

(8) Tank unit net. This net is established for thecontrol and coordination of tank units assigned or at-tached to the corps. The headquarters of such unitswould be included in the corps command net.

(9) Special mission nets. These include nets organ-ized to maintain signal communication with units onspecial reconnaissance missions; command nets forunits on special tactical missions, such as a raid or areconnaissance in force; special warning nets for se-curity against attacks on key positions; antiaircraftartillery intelligence service net (AAAIS); and netsfor other similar tactical purposes.27. Sound

Usually sound communication is employed in thecorps system only to give the alarm in event of gas,air, airborne, or mechanized attack.28. Visual

Panels and smoke, including colored smoke, are usedat the corps command post and also at the commandposts of corps artillery and other corps units for com-20


25/76

munication with airplanes in flight. Pyrotechnic signalsmay be used occasionally in conjunction with localsecurity measures to organize the defense of corpsinstallations. Signal lamps normally are not used forcorps signal communication.29. Wire

Wire is the primary means of signal communicationfor most units in the corps. The wire system includesopen wire, field wire, cable, switchboards, telephones.manual telegraph, teletypewriter equipment and fac-simile. For further details on employment of thisequipment see appropriate Field Manuals listed in FM21-6. Full use should always be made of existingcommercial wire facilities in establishing the corps wiresystem, especially for the longer trunk circuits, sincethis conserves material and normally permits wirecommunication to be established more quickly. How-ever, it is not to be assumed that existing commercialfacilities will always be available without a great dealof rehabilitation.30. Construction Center

A construction center is an installation located nearor in a command post where wire lines converge forentrance to the telephone central. For a detailed dis-cussion on construction centers refer to FM 24-20.3 . Wire Traffic

Knowledge of the total traffic handled by the tele-phone, teletypewriter, telegraph, and facsimile facili-ties in the corps is essential in order to plan the efficientutilization of available wire facilities and equipment andto distribute the traffic load properly. This information

21


26/76

is obtained by keeping records of telephone traffic andof the telegraphic messages transmitted between unitsin the system. In the absence of these records, esti-mates are made of the probable traffic loads and thetimes-and duration of peak loads. Bases for these esti-mates are the traffic loads in simulated tactical opera-tions and actual maneuvers, and records of traffic lbadsof similar headquarters in past operations of our forcesor those of other nations.32. Wire System

a. EXTENT AND COMPOSITION. The number of tele-phones, local circuits,.trunk circuits, and telephone andtelegraph channels installed and operated in the corpssystem depends upon the time available, the require-ments of the situation, the existing wire facilities, theorders of the commander, available equipment and sup-plies, and the capabilities of the signal personnel. Thefundamental principle to be observed in determiningthe extent and complexity of the wire system is to in-stall no more than is absolutely necessary for adequatecontrol. Certain things must be considered in deter-mining minimum requirements, the more important ofwhich include the type of action (fluid or stabilized),the number and type of troops controlled, and thetraffic handling capacity of signal communication agen-cies and means. A stabilized position usually warrantsa more elaborate installation than those occupied suc-cessively during an advance, and an organized defensiveposition justifies a more elaborate wire system than oneoccupied for a relatively short time, such as during adelaying action. Successive installations must not be soextensive that signal troops are taxed to the point ofexhaustion.

b. LOCAL TELEPHONE REQUIREMENTS. In a complete22


27/76

iffstallation for a stabilized location, wire communica-tion may be provided as shown in the list following.This is intended to serve as a guide only. Several ofthe staff sections require more than one local circuit,depending on the volume of traffic. During rapidlymoving tactical situations, the number of local circuitsinstalled would be reduced greatly and two or moresections or'individuals would use the same telephone,while some locals listed would not be installed.

LOCAL TELEPHONE INSTALLATIONS FOR A CORPSCommand postCorps commanderAidesMessage centerChief of staffG-1 sectionG-2 sectionG-3 sectionG-4 section*Public telephoneArtillery sectionCorps antiaircraft artilleryEngineer sectionChemical section*Signal sectionRepresentative of support-

ing aviationOrdnance section*Medical section**May require local telephone

Rear echelonMessage centerAdjutant general's sectionInspector general's sectionChemical section*Corps quartermasterserviceJudge advocate general'ssectionFinance sectionOrdnance section*Public telephoneChaplain's sectionMedical section*G-4 section*Radio stationsSpecial services officerSignal battalion detach-

mentHeadquarters company de-tachment

Motor parkservice at both echelons.

23


28/76

Headquarters comman- Wire chiefdant

Radio stations Chief telephone operatorLiaison officers Chief teletypewriter

operatorProvost marshal Postal officerSignal battalion Pigeon loftMilitary police companyMotor parkWire chiefChief telephone operatorChief teletypewriter

operatorc. PRIORITY OF INSTALLATIONS. No universally ap-plicable sequence of installation of telephones can beprescrtibed. Priority of installation of certain tele-

phones can be established in a general way with theunderstanding that the actual sequence of installationwill depend on the current situation and other factors.Telephones for the message center, the corps com-mander or his chief of staff, and a public telephone forgeneral use should be installed first. Telephones shouldbe provided next for the general staff sections. Thespecial staff section telephones then should be installed,followed by the other telephones required. If theinstallation of telephones can be completed before thecommand post opens, the sequence of installation is ofrelatively little consequence, except that invariably thetelephone for the message center is installed first.

d. TELEPHONE TRUNK AND LONG LOCAL CHANNELS.(1) The following table lists the telephone trunk andlong local channels of a corps wire system that are de-sirable in a stabilized situation. This list is to be usedas a guide only as it does not list all of the trunk or24


29/76

long local circuits that may be required. It does notinclude channels provided by higher headquarters.

Unit to which connected Trunk or longlocal channels

From command postDivisions ........................................... 2 to each division.Corps artillery headquarters ........... 2.Corps antiaircraft artillery ............ 2.Tank destroyer group or other unit 1 (or more).

(assigned or attached)..............Mechanized cavalry groups ........... 1 each.Engineer groups or separate bat-

talions ................................. 1Corps reserve ................................... 1 .Adjacent corps on the right*-......... 2.Rear echelon .................................... 4 (or more).Signal battalion ............................... 2.

From rear echelonRailheads (corps and division) ..... 2.Medical units .................................. 2.Ordnance ........................................ 1.

*Or as directed by common superior.(2) Appropriate personnel of the signal corps units

assigned or attached to the corps are responsible forthe installation and maintenance of the wire systemrequired to provide these channels. Circuits previouslyinstalled by divisions often may be utilized partially tofulfill the requirements. Increased use of carrier equip-ment will reduce the number of physical circuits neededto provide the desired channels.

e. TELEPHONE SWITCHING CENTRALS. (1) Installa-tion. Telephone switching centrals utilizing available

25


30/76

switchboards, telephone central office sets, and associ-ated equipment are installed at the command post, therear echelon, advance message center(s), and at otherlocations and installations as required by the operationsinvolved. Switching facilities at the headquarters ofunits of corps troops other than signal corps are in-stalled by communication organizations organic to suchunits. Switching centrals may be installed at the junc-tion of several wire lines and at other critical locationsto provide greater flexibility and more efficient use ofthe available wire lines. (See FM 24-20 for additionalinformation on switching centrals.)

(2) Types. The type of switchboard used for anyinstallations will depend on the available equipment andon specific requirements. Existing military and com-mercial facilities are utilized to the greatest practicableextent. For list of reference manuals giving details ofmilitary telephone switching equipment, see FM 21-6.33. Teletypewriter and Manual Telegraph

a. CIRCUITS. The most efficient utilization of wireline facilities is achieved by superimposing telegraphand teletypewriter channels on circuits which providethe telephone channels.

b. MANUAL TELEGRAPH SETS. Manual telegraphsets may be used to provide an auxiliary communica-tion means for the corps on certain long local lines, andto such installations as ammunition distributing points,railheads, and advance message centers, depending onthe availability of equipment, channels, and operators.-They also may be held in reserve for use if teletype-writer equipment fails, or for use on channels unsuitedfor teletypewriter operation. Phantom circuits or car-rier channels are used for telegraph operation whenever26


31/76

adequate equipment is obtainable. If ground-returncircuits must be used, existing telephone circuits shouldbe utilized by simplexing.c. TELETYPEWRITERS. The teletypewriter is the prin-cipal telegraphic communication facility for the corpsbecause of its high traffic capacity, ease of operation,accuracy of transmission, and convenience. Where sev-eral teletypewriters are located in the same generalvicinity, teletypewriter switching centrals are used topermit a limited number of trunk channels to serveall local teletypewriter stations. The flexibility providedby switching equipment makes all trunk channels ac-cessible to any local station and permits maximumutilization of the trunk channels provided.

d. TELETYPEWRITER STATIONS. Teletypewriter sta-tions may be installed at any or all of the followinglocations, and at such other places as the tactical situa-tion and the composition of the corps mray require. Thenumber of stations-will be limited by the equipmentand operating personnel available.

TELETYPEWRITER STATIONSCommand post Rear echelonMessage center Message centerG-2 section G-4 sectionG-3 section Corps quartermasterserviceG-4 section Corps railhead

e. TELETYPEWRITER TRUNK CHANNELS..The trunkchannels listed in the following table are desirable forthe corps when the wire system is adequate to providethem. Normally wire lines in excess of those neededto fulfill the telephone channel requirements will not bebuilt to provide additional teletypewriter trunk chan-nels. A teletypewriter switching central normally

27


32/76

should be installed at the command post and at the rearechelon for flexible interconnection of local stations toavailable trunk channels.

TeletypewriterUnit to which connected tnk channelstrunk channelsFrom command post

Divisions ........................................... 2 to each division(one channel isto G-2 - G-3team).Rear echelon ................................ 2 (or more).

Army (may be reached throughrear echelon teletypewriter switch-ing central) ..................................... 1 (or more).

Supporting aviation (reachedthrough army teletypewriterswitching central or by directcircuit).

Adjacent corps. ........... ........ 2.From rear echelon

Army or other higher headquar-ters (provided by higher unit).... 2 (or more).f. MILITARY TELETYPEWRITER EQUIPMENT. For a

detailed description of military teletypewriter equip-ment and information on its operation and maintenance,see pertinent manuals listed in FM 21-6.34. Carrier Systems

Carrier systems provide multiple telephone and tele-graph channels over the same physical circuit. Theiruse permits a reduction in the number of physical cir-cuits needed to provide a given number of telephoneand telegraph channels with a consequent saving in28


33/76

time, manpower, and construction material, but requiresa greater amount of terminal equipment. The savingin construction material, labor, and time, on long wirelines more than offsets the additional terminal equip-ment required, especially when wire line constructionis difficult. Carrier systems are included in the plans ofthe corps signal officer when distances and terrain maketheir use desirable. For reference manuals giving thecharacteristics of carrier systems and equipment seeFM 21-6.35. Circuit Diagram of Corps Wire System

A circuit diagram of a corps wire system is shownin TM 11-462. The illustration should be used as aguide only. The circuit diagram presents a suitable andconvenient method of representing a wire system sche-matically. Approved symbols for use with circuit dia-grams are included in TM 11-462, FM 21-30 and24-20, and are to be used on all such diagrams to in-sure uniform interpretation.36. Signal Equipment Power Supply

Usually provision is made in the design of militarysignal equipment for individual power supply units ofthe type and size required by the equipment. Thelarger power units may have capacities considerably inexcess of the actual power requirements of the equip-ment with which they are issued. These power unitsshould be used whenever possible as a central sourceof power for several items of signal equipment groupedtogether, and the smaller units should be held in re-serve. Suitable power from existing commercial ormilitary plants, if available, is preferable to that fromfield power sources and should be used whenever avail-able in order to conserve power units.

29


34/76

SECTION VI

ARMY

37. OrganizationAn army consists of an army headquarters, two or

more corps, and certain army troops as required (FM101-10). Other troops temporarily attached td anarmy may be retained as army troops, or reallotted to itscorps in accordance with their needs. One or more ofthe several types of divisions may be allotted to anarmy. Service troops are allotted to an army as neededand additional combat units may be similarly allottedas warranted by the mission of the army. A type armycontaining three corps and having a strength of about185,000 is used for the purposes of this manual. For adetailed discussion of armies see FM 100-15:38. Signal Activities

All signal activities for the army, except those per-formed by and within the subordinate units, are handledby the signal section of army headquarters or by theunits composing the army signal service. Normallythe army signal service includes a signal operation bat-talion, two signal construction battalions, a signalphotographic company, a signal pigeon company, a sig-nal radio intelligence company (or battalion), a signaldepot: company, and a signal repair company. Theduties and organization of these units are discussed in-30


35/76

subsequent chapters. Additional signal corps units ofany type may be assigned, or temporarily allotted, toan army to meet its requirements.

39. Signal Supply (FM 100-10)a. The army signal depot maintains stockages of sig-nal equipment, parts, and supplies at levels prescribedby the army commander. They are stored at the depotor at advance supply points.

b. The army normally directs issue of signal sup-plies from army signal depots, or infrequently ar-ranges, through the regulating officer, for shipmentfrom the communications zone direct to railheads, truck-heads, or other advance supply points.

c. The army establishes supply points within reachof the using units: The division commander informshis units of signal supplies available and of their loca-tion. Thereafter regimental and separate battalion com-manders are responsible for drawing and distributingthese supplies to their battalions and companies. Forinformation concerning requisitions, see FM 100-10.

d. Signal construction battalions may establish ma-teriel yards for pole-line construction equipment. Theseserve as temporary battalion supply points.40. Evacuation

a. Battlefield recovery of signal equipment is afunction of divisions or other combat units in the for-ward areas. These troops will be responsible for get-ting the equipment to designated collecting points onthe axes of evacuation (or supply). Division or corpssignal officers will reclaim serviceable items for reissuewithin their commands. Unserviceable items are trans-ported from collecting points to railheads or signal

31


36/76

depots by units designated by the army. Evacuationfrom railheads is normally by returning daily trains.Signal depot companies will process assembled damagedequipment and determine whether it should be repairedand released or salvaged for parts.

b. Captured enemy signal equipment, if usable andof known type, is repaired and placed in stock for issue.If not of known type, it is returned through signalsupply channels to the theater signal officer for study,identification, and forwarding to the zone of the in-terior, or other designated locality.

32


37/76

SECTION VIISIGNAL SECTION, ARMYHEADQUARTERS

41. GeneralThe signal section of army headquarters is the officeof the army signal officer. The army signal officer

controls the technical training and tactical employmentof all signal corps units assigned or attached to thearmy. Subject to such other instructions as may beissued by him, the operation of the several subsectionscomposing the signal section are as indicated in para-graphs 44 to 50 inclusive. A general coverage oftraining, supply, photography, signal intelligence, andsignal communication functions of the signal corps ap-pears in FM 11-5. For further details see pertinentmanuals listed in FM 21-6. In addition to those con-tacts maintained by officers in charge of the varioussubsections, each officer maintains close contact withcommanders of appropriate signal units of the army,with corps signal officers, with communication officersof army troops, with communication officers of sup-porting aviation, and with corresponding subdivisionsof the next higher signal service.42. Transportation

Transportation required by the army signal sectionis obtained from the army headquarters transportationpool.

33


38/76

43. OrganizationThe signal section of army headquarters is not

divided into subsections in the Tables of Organization(T/O & E 200-1). The duties of the various officersand enlisted personnel are, however, indicated therein.For a better understanding of the operation of the sig-nal section the functional breakdown- into subsectionsis used in the succeeding paragraphs (See fig. 1.)

lNAL SEOTCIONAYI

PAIT 0o 1/0 200 I

aw L conoag ImAlo 4anFigure . tio br-down of the sgn section,Figure 1. Functional hbrea-down o the signal section,army headquarters.

44. Headquarters SubsectionThe headquarters subsection consists of the army

signal officer, deputy army signal officer, an- executiveofficer, and certain enlisted clerical assistants. Thearmy signal officer, with the assistance of the headquar-34


39/76

ters subsection, controls and directs the operation ofthe signal section. The scope of such control and thenecessary contacts with the various sections of thearmy commander's staff are discussed in FM 11-5.Among other matters, this subsection directs and co-ordinates the preparation of all items of SOI, preparedby other signal subsections for issue by army headquar-ters.45. Administrative and Personnel Subsection-

The administrative and personnel subsection consistsof the officer in charge, a warrant officer assistant, andenlisted clerical assistants. It is charged'with the gen-eral administration of the entire signal section of armyheadquarters, and with the handling of all matters.within the province of the army signal officer pertainingto the procurement, classification, and assignment ofsignal and communication personnel and replacementswithin the entire army. It maintains close contactwith assistant chief of staff, G-l, the adjutant generalof the army, and with commanders of replacement cen-ters and replacement depots charged with furnishingreplacements to the army.46. Training Subsection

a. GENERAL. The training subsection, composed ofthe officer in charge, one or more officer assistants, andenlisted clerical assistants, is charged with the handlingof all matters within the province of the army signalofficer regarding the training of signal and communica-tion units of the entire army, and the coordination ofthat training.b. PRIMARY DUTIES. The training subsection-

(1) Supervises the training of all signal and com-35


40/76

munication units in the army.(2) Recommends the establishment and discontinu-

ance of signal and communication troop schools of thearmy.

(3) Recommends the nature and extent of inspec-tions of training.(4) Maintains close contact with the G-3 section

of army headquarters.(5) Prepares and recommends the issuance of any

SOP or SOI considered necessary for training pur-poses (in coordination with the communication, sup-ply, and signal intelligence subsections).- (6) Keeps abreast of the latest developments in sig-nal and communication equipment.

(7) Obtains and recommends the circulation oftraining films (unless such circulation is controlled bya service command within the continental UnitedStates only).47. Supply Subsection

(. GENERAL. The supply subsection, consisting ofthe officer in charge, one or more officer assistants, andenlisted clerical assistants, is charged with the handlingof all matters within the province of the army signalofficer regarding the supply of signal corps equipmentand supplies to all units of the army.

b. DUTIES. Among other duties, the supply sub-section-

(1) Recommends and supervises the tactical em-ployment of the signal depot company and the signalrepair company.

(2) Recommends and supervises the establishmentand discontinuance of army signal depots, and of sig-nal sections of general depots if any are established;36


41/76

supervises their operation; and makes provision foradequate stocks of equipment and supplies therein.

(3) Performs, for the signal officer, all routineoperations regarding signal supply for troops of thearmy.

(4) Recommends and supervises the establishmentof army repair installations and of procedures pertain-ing to repair and preventive maintenance, recovery andevacuation, and salvage and reclamation of signalequipment.

(5) Maintains close contact with the assistant chiefof staff, G-4, of the army headquarters and with thecommanders of the army general depots if any areestablished.

(6) See also paragraph 46b(5).

48. Communication Subsectiona. GENERAL. The communication subsection, com-prising the officer in charge, several officer assistants,and enlisted wire and radio plant chiefs, installer-repairmen, draftsman and clerical assistants, is chargedwith the handling of all matters within the provinceof the army signal officer regarding signal communica-tion in the entire army.b. FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATIoN. This subsection isfurther subdivided on a functional basis, into wire,radio, and miscellaneous subgroups. Except for thepersonnel retained by the subsection chief as his im-mediate assistants 'in directing the operation of theentire subsection, such officers and enlisted men as arenecessary are assigned by him to these three subgroups.Matters pertaining to more than one subgroup arehandled or coordinated by the chief, or his immediateassistants; those pertaining solely to wire communica-

37


42/76

tion are charged to the wire subgroup, those pertainingto radio communication to the radio subgroup, andthose pertaining to all other means of signal communi-cation to the miscellaneous subgroup.

c. DUTIES. Among other duties, the communicationsubsection-

(1) Recommends and supervises the tactical em-ployment of the signal operation battalion, the signalconstruction battalions and the signal pigeon companyof the army signal service.(2) Obtains information concerning the signal sys-tems of corps and lower units, and commercial andother signal facilities in the army area.

(3) Plans and makes provision for extensions of theanny signal system to relieve corps and divisions ofoperating and maintaining rear installations to permitthose units to push their systems forward.

(4) Makes studies of traffic handling in all unitsof the army, and, on this basis, recommends changesin construction, operation, and maintenance proceduresand equipment to expedite or improve such handling.

(5) Coordinates action with the training subsectionfor changes in established SOP and for the trainingof personnel, and with the supply subsection for theprocurement of suitable equipment.

(6) Prepares the item of SOI concerning allocationof frequencies.

(7) Maintains close contact with assistant chiefs ofstaff, G-3 and G-4, the adjutant general, and the heads'of the principal supply services of the army.

(8) Keeps abreast of new developments in equip-ment.49. Signal Intelligence Subsection

a. - GENERAL. The signal intelligence subsection, to-38


43/76

gether with the signal radio intelligence company (orbattalion) assigned to the army signal service, com-prises the signal intelligence service of the army. Theseoperate under control of the army signal officer. Thissubsection is strictly an operating agency and is chargedwith supervision and conduct of all signal intelligenceactivities within the army. It is not organized to carryon research or production activities, such as the WarDepartment signal intelligence service performs, butfunctions in close cooperation with the latter in orderto insure maximum coordination of all signal intelli-gence agencies of the field forces.

b. ORGANIZATION. The following functional break-down is normal, but not prescribed:

(1) Administrative.(2) Radio intelligence.(3) Security.(4) Solution.C. DUTIES. The officer in charge of this subsection is

the army cryptographic security officer, and the otherofficers normally are designated as assistants for theperformance of this duty. Among other duties, the sub-section recommends, to the army signal officer, thetactical employment of the signal radio intelligence com-pany (or battalion) of the army. The subsection like-wise supervises its operation. To obtain optimum em-ployment of all radio intelligence means in the army,the subsection also recommends necessary supervisoryactions pertaining to the radio intelligence platoons ofcorps signal battalions. It prepares those items of SOIpertaining directly to signal security and intelligence(par. 46b(5)), such as cipher keys and instructions forthe use of codes and cipher systems. Items involvingboth signal communication and signal security, such as

39


44/76

code supplements and authentication codes, are pre-pared in collaboration with the communication sub-section. The solution subgroup does not performoriginal cryptanalysis, but concentrates on the de-cryptographing of intercepted messages involving thosecodes and cipher systems for which the solutions havebeen compiled and furnished by the War Departmentsignal intelligence service. For a detailed discussion ofother duties of the subsection and for more completeinformation concerning signalintelligence activities, seeFM 11-35.50. Signal Photographic Subsection

This subsection, under control of the photographicofficer, is charged with the planning, coordinating andsupervising of all photographic activities in the army.Careful planning is necessary in order to obtain combatcoverage required by the War Department and by thearmy commander. Coordination is important espe-cially when more than one photographic agency is op-erating in the army area. The subsection has beenprovided with two officers to allow one to be availablefor continuous field supervision while the other handlesthe numerous administrative duties connected withphotographic activities (TM 11-409 and FM 11-37,when published).

40


45/76

SECTION VIIISIGNAL CORPS ORGANIZATIONSIN THE ARMY

51. Generala. COMMIIAND. Unit commanders are responsible for

the internal administration and discipline of their units,for the execution of training directives initiated by thearmy commander, and for the development and use ofproper operating procedures and techniques to accom-plish the missions assigned to their units.

b. DUTIES. The duties of each of these organizationsare stated in general terms in the following paragraphs.Signal corps activities in the army are discussed insection IX .

C. ORGANIZATION AND EQUIPMENT. Units in thearmy are organized and equipped on the basis of perti-nent T/O & E's to perform all duties for which theyare responsible. Applicable T/O & E's are indicatedin the following paragraphs.52. Signal Operation Battalion

a. DUTIES. The principal duties of the signal opera-tion battalion are the installation, operation and main-tenance of the telephone, manual telegraph, teletype-writer, radio, and associated signal communicationfacilities at all echelons of army headquarters, and atother installations or establishments as. required. It

41


46/76

installs local circuits at the various establishments ofarmy headquarters, but is not organized to constructtrunk circuits.

b. ORGANIZATION AND EQUIPMENT. The signal op-eration battalion (T/O & E 11-95) consists of a head-quarters and headquarters detachment (T/O & E 11-95); two signal operation companies (T/O &E 11-97);and a medical detachment.53. Signal Light Construction Battalion

a. DUTIES. The signal light construction battalionsare responsible for the rehabilitation and maintenanceof all wire lines, both military and commercial, takenover for use by army headquarters, and for the con-struction and maintenance of all additional trunk cir-cuits required for the wire system. One or both ofthe light construction companies (or constructionplatoons thereof) may be used to assist other signalcorps units in wire line construction.

b. ORGANIZATION AND EQUIPMENT. The signal lightconstruction battalion (T/O & E 11-25) consists of aheadquarters and headquarters detachment (T/O & E11-26); two signal light construction companies (T/O& E 11-27); and a medical detachment. In some casesarmies have signal heavy construction battalions insteadof the light battalions. In these cases see T/O & E11-65 and T/O & E 11-67.54. Signal Photographic Company

a. DUTIES. The duties of the company include-(1) Taking still and motion pictures (includingsound motion 'pictures) pertaining to the conduct ofmilitary operations within the army area to which itis assigned.42


47/76

(2) Developing and printing still pictures, as re-quired within the force, exclusive of those charged tothe Army Air Forces and the Corps of Engineers.

(3) Producing identification pictures.(4) Transmitting negatives and prints of still pic-tures and unprocessed motion pictures by the most ex-peditious means to the Chief Signal Officer, Attention:Army Pictorial Service, Washington, D. C., or otherdesignated agency.

(5) Maintaining a record of all still and motion pic-tures taken by the company showing their final disposi-tion.

(-6) Recommending measures to be taken to accom-plish the assigned photographic missions with maxi-mum efficiency. Such recommendations are made tothe photographic officer, army headquarters, and to thesignal officer of subordinate units.

(7) Producing training pictures for the assistantchief of staff, G-3.

b. ORGANIZATION AND EQUIPMENT. 'The signalphotographic company (T/O & E 11-37) is composedof a headquarters platoon, an assignment platoon, anda laboratory platoon.C. PRIMARY MISSION. The primary mission of thecompany is combat intelligence. Assignments for in-telligence coverage take priority over all other assign-ments. Although intelligence missions are few in num-ber in comparison to other missions, their importancemust not be minimized.d. OPERATIONS. Assignment and identification unitsof the signal photographic company often are attachedto subordinate headquarters for administration, thoughsupervision is retained by the army photographic officer.If assignment units are given general or specific mis-

43


48/76

sions based on requests from the subordinate head-quarters supervision may be delegated temporarily tothe signal officers of such headquarters. In any case,the signal officers of these headquarters assist the as-signment units in the execution of their missions (FM11-37).55. Signal Pigeon Company

a: DUTIES. The duties of the pigeon.company in-clude--

(1) Continuous breeding and training of pigeons toreplace losses which result from combat operations andnatural causes.

(2) Distribution of pigeons, protective equipment,feed, and message material from combat lofts to thenearest message center, and collection of empty con-tainers and other equipment used for such distributionwhen returned to the message center.

(3) Cooperation with, and assistance to , all combatunits by training personnel to receive, care for, handle,and release pigeons properly. The pigeon's capabilitiesare thoroughly explained to unit commanders and allother personnel concerned.(4) Prompt delivery to the'addressee or the nearestmessage center, as directed by competent authority, ofall messages received by pigeon at the combat lofts.

b. ORGANIZATION AND EQUIPMENT. The signalpigeon company (T/O & E 11-39) is composed of aheadquarters platoon, three combat platoons, and at-tached veterinary personnel.

C. OPERATIONS. During operations, one or moreof the combat platoons of the signal pigeon companyand most of its combat sections are allotted to sub-ordinate tactical units. Tactical control of such platoons44


49/76

and sections may be delegated to the signal officers ofthese units. Combat platoons may be assigned to taskforces or corps operating independently, and are then,for purposes of training and tactical employment, un-der the direct control of the signal officer of the unitor headquarters to which assigned (FMI 11-80).56. Signal Radio Intelligence Company

a. DUTIES. The duties of the radio intelligence com-pany are:(1) The installation, operation, and maintenance ofspecial radiostations employing company equipmentfor the purposes listed in (2) and (3) below. Thesetwo missions, listed in order of relative importance,cannot be performed simultaneously, because of limitedpersonnel and equipment.

(2) Obtaining intelligence by intercepting enemyradio transmissions, and determining probable locationsof enemy radio stations by means of radio positionfinding. These operations are conducted against sta-tions of relatively high power located at the headquar-ters of divisions and larger units.

(3) Obtaining information about unauthorized radiostations located in an occupied area by interceptingradio transmissions and determining probable positionsof such stations.

b. ORGANIZATION AND EQUIPMENT. The signalradio intelligence company (T/O & E 11-77) is com-posed of a headquarters platoon, a wire platoon, anintercept platoon, and a position finding platoon.

C. OPERATIONS. The nature of the operations of in-tercept and direction finding sections of the company issuch that they are widely dispersed throughout the armyarea. The various sections may be attached to sub-

45


50/76

ordinate units for rations. It may be necessary toaugment the wire communication lines of the companyin instances of extreme dispersion.57. Signal Depot Company

a. DUTIES. (1) Signal depots. The signal depotcompany establishes, operates, and maintains one ormore signal depots performing the following principalfunctions:

(a) The requisitioning, receipt, classification, stor-age, and issue of signal supplies and equipment, and theestablishment and operation of facilities requiredtherefor (FM 100-10).

(b) Local procurement of such supplies and equip-ment as may be directed or authorized.

(c) Submission of recommendations to the supplysubsection of the army signal-section concerning actionsto be taken and procedure to be followed by using unitsto conserve signal equipment and supplies.

(2) Repair. The signal depot company establishesand operates a fixed repair shop for the maintenanceand reclamation of signal equipment including radar,and for the reclamation of supplies including the in-spection of salvage and captured materiel as evacuatedfrom forward combat units, and the segregation, re-ceipt, and reclamation of portions of such materiel aspertains to the Signal Corps. This repair shop per-forms fourth echelon maintenance. It is establishedusually in the vicinity of, and operates in conjunctionwith, one of the signal depots established and operatedby the company.

b. ORGANIZATION AND EQUIPMENT. The signaldepot company (T/O & E 11-107) is composed of a46


51/76

headquarters platoon, a repair platoon, and three stor-age and issue sections.

C. OPERATIONS. Radio and wire repair sections maybe detached to establish and operate small depots whenrequired to facilitate supply activities. These portionsof the company, when located at some distance fromthe company bivouac, may be attached to convenientunits for rations. Their tactical control remains withthe army signal officer. Repair sections may be locatedwith such depots as required.58. Signal Repair Company

a. DUTIES. The principal duties of the signal repaircompany include-

(1) Third echelon maintenance of all signal equip-ment within the army area. Its maintenance func-tions are accomplished by repairing faulty equipmentor by replacing faulty parts or components thereof.

(2) The reclamation of signal equipment and sup-plies when sections of the company operate at a smalldepot.

(3) Recommending to higher headquarters actionsor procedures to be taken or followed by using units toconserve signal equipment and supplies.

b. ORGANIZATION AND EQUIPMENT. The signalrepair company (T/O & E 11-127) is composed of aheadquarters platoon, ten radio repair sections, and fivewire repair sections.C. OPERATIONS. Radio anid wire repair sections op-erate throughout the army area as needed to performthird echelon maintenance. The sections are locatedwith corps, signal depots or subdepots, army troops,and, in some situations, with divisions, to expedite the

47


52/76

performance of their duties. They do not assume therepair- responsibilities of units with which they arelocated. The army signal officer retains tactical controlthough the sections may be rationed with units in whosearea they are located.

48


53/76

SECTION IXSIGNAL ACTIVITIES IN THE ARMY

59. ReferencesFor basic doctrine of signal activities and procedures,

see FM 11-5, 24-5, 24-18 and 24-20. For technicaldetails and operating characteristics of signal equip-ment employed in army signal systems, see appropriatetechnical manuals listed in FM 216.60. Tactical Function

The army is the fundamental unit of strategic maneu-ver. It has tactical and administrative functions. Thecommander of an army group or of a theater of opera-tioris uses the army as' a basis for planning andexecuting strategic and tactical operations. The armycommander and his staff plan and execute the opera-tions necessary to accomplish most effectively and de-cisively the mission assigned to the army. Hence, thecommand echelon is provided with the signal communi-cation system necessary for obtaining continuous andreliable information concerning the strength, disposi-tion, composition, and movements of enemy forces; forcontrolling the disposition and coordinating the employ-ment and operations of all components of the army;and for effecting promptly the performance of alladministrative and supply functions. For detailed in-

49


54/76

formation concerning the tactical function and opera-tion of an army, see FM 100-15.61. Plans and Orders

For an outline of the steps required in the formula-tion of plans for signal communication, see FM fl-S.For the sequence to be followed in making an estimateof the situation in order to assure proper considerationof all elements or factors influencing the plan for signalcommunication, see FM 101-5. -Army signal operationinstructions (SOI), paragraphs 4 and 5 of army fieldorders, signal annexes, intelligence annexes, and ordersfor units of the army signal service, are comparable ingeneral content to corresponding orders for the divisionas described in FM 24-5, and conform in style andsequence to the provisions of FM 101-5. The contentand preparation of signal portions of army administra-tive orders also are governed by the provisions of FM4101-5.62. Standing Operating Procedure

a, GENERAL. Written orders for the control of mostsignal corps activities carried on within an army arethe exception rather than the rule. Repetitive portionsof all normal operations are performed as a matterof routine in accordance with established standing op-erating procedure (SOP), supplemented when neces-sary by verbal and written orders.

b. COMPOSITION. The army includes instructions tocover all SOP signal activities in the army and influ-ences the various items included in the SOP of eachunit under army. Pertinent features of the army SOPshould be incorporated so.far as practicable in the di-rectives issued by the training subsection of the army50


55/76

signal section (par. 46), so that all training activities ofsignal corps troops may be conducted efficiently andcoordinated effectively to ensure the successful per-formance of all signal activities during combat opera-tions.63. Location of Command Posts

a. GENERAL. The signal communication and otherconsiderations entering into the locations of all com-mand posts are covered in FM 11-5, except for dis-tances between command posts of higher and lowerunits. Because of the extent of the signal system re-quired by an army, particular emphasis must be placedon existing commercial facilities and those establishedby lower echelons in the selection of the site for anarmy command post.

b. ARMY. Usually, when the army is part of an armygroup, or directly under the control of a theater head-quarters (THQ), the group or theater commander pre-scribes the location of the army command post. Ifthe army is acting independently, or if the commandpost site has not been'prescribed for it by superior au-thority, it will be decided upon and announced by thearmy commander. The discussion concerning thelocation of the corps command post (par. 19b) is ap-plicable to the army command post.64. Activities

a. All signal activities are performed to some extentby the various signal units.b. Information pertaining to appropriate signal corpsunits performing such activities is included in varioussections of this manual, and in FM 11-5, 24-5, 24-18and 24-20. For information concerning signal supply

51


56/76

channels and procedures, see FM 100-10, TM 38-220,38-403, and 38-205 and pertinent circulars issued pe-riodically by the War Department or by the Office ofthe Chief Signal Officer. For detailed information ofsignal intelligence activities, see FM 11-35. Attentionis invited also to TM 11-450 on training of SignalCorps personnel. For a complete list of available pub-lications see FM 21-6.65. Means of Signal Communication

All signal communication performed by or withinthe army is accomplished by using one or more of themeans of signal communication as listed in FM 24-5.66. Message Centers

Message centers are established at the army commandpost and rear echelon as a matter of routine. How-ever, there will be throughout the army area numerousand widely dispersed administrative establishments forsupply, evacuation, sanitation, traffic control and mili-tary government, some of which may be grouped inparticular localities. In the interest of efficiency itmay be desirable to set up other message centers insuch localities, especially if several such establishmentsare located near each other. The locations of thesemessage centers are dependent on their proximity tocommercial or previously established military telephone,telegraph, or messenger systems from which they maybe served with a minimum of construction or effort.Established commercial telephone centrals or telegraphoffices provide ideal locations. These message centersconsist of message center personnel, messengers for theroutine collection and delivery of messages, and operat-ing personnel for the other signal means employed52


57/76

by it, For details of message center responsibilities,procedures, and operations, see FM 24-5 or FM 24-17,when published.67. Signal Centers

A signal center is a unified collection of several agen-cies of signal communication, including a message cen-ter, equipped to transmit and receive messages byelectrical means and by other means if required (seeFM 24-5 or FM 24-17, when published).68. Messengers

Within the limits of available personnel and trans-portation, the following types of messengers are usednormally in an army to provide messenger communica-tion:

a. Local and special messengers (par. 24a and b).b. Scheduled messengers, operating between thecommand posts of the army, corps, major units of armytroops, and the army rear echelon as required. Armyrailheads, various depots, prisoner of war enclosures,miscellaneous units of army troops, major regulatingstations, and similar important military establishmentswithin the army area may be served by scheduledmessenger service if conveniently located, or if the vol-ume of message traffic warrants this service.

c. Airplane service, to be used in an emergency, orif the time factor demands its use, for service to anypoint required.69. Pigeons

For tactical considerations governing the use ofpigeons see FM 11-5. Pigeons are used to providecommunication for various elements of subordinate

53


58/76

units of the army,.but they are seldom used in the armysignal communication system. See paragraph 55 for anexplanation of the operations of a signal pigeon com-pany to provide pigeon communication for lower units.(See also FM 11-80..)70. Radio

a. GENERAL. (1) The use of radio in the army, withthe exception of the following, is essentially an auxil-iary means of signal communication:

(a) With supporting aviation,(b) With attached cavalry,(c) With attached armored units.(2) Since it is the only means usually available with

and between the excepted forces, it is their primarymeans. In all other units, radio communication is usedpending the establishment of other means, to supple-ment other means, or to supplant-them in case of fail-ure. As soon as wire communication can be estab-lished between units, radio communication, if not re-quired to supplement it, is restricted. When radio isrestricted the assigned frequencies are still guardedand the radio sets are kept in readiness to resumeoperation when necessary.

b. SPECIAL SERVICES RADIO STATIONS. The armymay decide, or may be required, to operate one ormore special services radio stations for the transmis-sion of time signals, press reports, propaganda, counter-propaganda, and may be directed to control or take overthe operation of commercial and private radio stationsin its area. For information concerning the operationof such stations, see FM 11-5.

c. NE+s. A diagram showing the nets which may beestablished in an army system is included in TM 11-462.54


59/76

The diagram is not to be regarded as limiting the netswhich may be organized, or as prescribing the radiostations.which may be included in any net. Wheneverthe situation demands, and when suitable sets and fre-quencies are available, the army commander reorganizeshis existing nets or organizes new nets to meet his re-quirements for tactical radio communication. Radiosets and operating personnel not required for regularlyestablished nets may be organized into special missionnets for various purposes within their capabilities, ormay be employed in monitoring and intercept work toaid the signal security and signal intelligence efforts,respectively. The radio nets within units of the armytroops are normal and do not differ from those ofsimilar units employed elsewhere.71. Sound

Sound communication is normally used in an armysignal system only to give the alarm of gas, mechan-ized, air, or airborne attack. Prearranged sound sig-nalsmay be used also to alert the defenses of vital armyestablishments within limited areas, particularly againstair and airborne attack.72. Visual

Panels, smoke, including colored smoke, and otherpyrotechnics, are the visual means 'normally used inan army signal system. These visual signals are em-ployed at the army command post, at the commandposts of army artillery units, and by various otherarmy troops for ground-air communication. Pyrotech-nic signals may be used in conjunction with prearrangedsecurity measures to alert and organize the local de-fenses of critical army installations.

55


60/76

73. WireWire is the primary means of signal communication

in an army signal system. In addition to the normalwire system for command and administrative pur-poses, the army may install and operate wire systemsfor its own warning purposes, and it may be required toinstall or to assist in the installation of an extensive wiresystem for the antiaircraft artillery intelligence service.It also may be required to serve, with its wire system,various other special organizations which operate in thearmy area, or which may be attached to the army bytheater headquarters, or by an army group commander.74. Construction Centers

Construction centers used in an army wire systemare similar to those employed in a corps wire system.(See par. 30 and FM 24-20.) Because of the impor-tance.of an army wire system and the nature of theterminal equipment, an army construction center shouldbe located in a building, dugout, van, trailer, truck, orother suitable shelter to provide protection for theequipment and reasonably comfortable working condi-tions for personnel.75. Wire Traffic

Knowledge of the volume of wire traffic handled byan army wire system is even more important thanknowledge of similar traffic in a corps (par. 31).76. Wire System

a., GENERAL. The army wire system comprises allwire lines and telephone, telegraph, and teletypewriter56


61/76

operating equipment maintained and operated by thearmy signal service. It also includes carrier systemequipment and apparatus for facsimile transmission.Factors governing the extent and composition of anarmy wire system are identical with those for a corps(par. 32). All usable wire lines, both military andcommercial, should be incorporated into the army wiresystem to conserve material and minimize new con-struction. Repairable wire lines should be restored toservice as soon as possible if their rehabilitation ispracticable. For detailed information concerning thecharacteristics of equipment emrployed in an army signalsystem, see FM 11-5 and 24-20, and other publicationslisted in FM 21-6.

b. -TELEPHONE SYSTEM. The telephone system, al-though more extensive than the telegraph (teletype-writer) system, must be coordinated with the latter, sothat full use may be made of all previously existing orarmy-installed trunk circuits. The number of tele-phones to be installed and the number of local trunkcircuits to be established depend upon the communica-tion requirements of the tactical situation, the conditionof existing wire facilities, orders of the commander,the time, equipment, and supplies available, and capa-bilities of the personnel in the army signal service.The requirements tabulated in subparagraphs c and-e.following are to be used as a guide only.

c. LOCAL TELEPHONE REQUIREMENTS. In a com-plete army installation, telephones should be providedas shown in the following table. Various staff sectionsand activities require more than one local circuit, de-pending on the volume of traffic, and some circuits re-quire extensions (more than one telephone on the samecircuit).

57


62/76

LOCAL TELEPHONE INSTALLATIONS FORAN ARMY

Command postArmy commanderAidesMessage centerChief of staffG-1 sectionG-2 sectionG-3 sectionG-4 sectionHeadquarters army anti-

aircraft artilleryArtillery sectionRepresentative of support-

ing aviationChemical section*Headquarters company,

armyPigeon loftsEngineer headquarters,

armyHeadquarters command-

antLiaison officersMedical section*Military police battalionOrdnance section*Provost marshal

Rear echelonMessage centerAdjutant general's sectionChaplain sectionChemical section*Engineer headquarters

detachmentFinance sectionInspector general's sectionJudge advocate general'ssectionMedical section*Ordnance section*.Public telephonesQuartermaster sectionRadio stationsSpecial services sectionTransportation poolWire chiefChief telephone operatorChief teletypewriter

operator

*May require local telephone service at both echelons.58


63/76

Public telephones**Radio stationsSignal section, armyTransportation poolWire chiefChief telephone operatorChief teletypewriter

operator**For military use, not commercial public pay stations forpersonal use.d. PRIORITY OF INSTALLATIONS. The considerations

governing the priority of installation of local tele-phones for a corps (par. 32c) are applicable also foran army.

e. TELEPHONE TRUNK CHANNELS. The followingtable lists the more important telephone trunk channels,which normally will be required (in varyingnumbers)to provide communication for an army in the field.The channels shown for any particular unit are notprescribed but are intended as, a guide only. Theactual number of channels established depends on thearmy SOP for signal communication, the channelsrequired for adequate tactical control, the capacity andcondition of existing facilities, and the amount of newconstruction recommended by the signal officer. Thisconstruction depends upon the time, material, andpersonnel available and upon the physical condition andmorale of the signal troops involved. Some units andactivities may actually be connected to the echelonopposite the one shown, as their tactical employmentand accessibility to the wire system indicate. Also,trunk channels may be required for some units fromboth the command post and the rear echelon. In-creased use of carrier systems for military purposes

59


64/76

will reduce the number of physical circuits needed toprovide the desired channels.

Unit to which connectedFront command post

Army group, THQ...........................Corps ........................................Army reserve. . ..............................Adjacent armies (3 channels to each

flank) ........................................Theater reserve troops......................Supporting air force units (pro-

vided by supporting unit)............Antiaircraft artillery brigade........Chemical decontamination compa-

nies (1 to each of 3 companies)Chemical impregnating company...Chemical field laboratory ..................General service engineer regiments

(2 to each of 3 regiments)Engineer group....... .......................Rear echelon . ................................Signal construction battalion ........Signal operation battalion ....Signal pigeon company ....................Signal radio intelligence company.Commercial telephone systems........Landing fields ...................................Miscellaneous (see note following)Commercial system ..........................Tank destroyer groups ....................

Trunk or longlocal channels6.

.42

to each corps.to each div.

3.Variable.2.3.3.1.1.6.2.4.2.2.1.1.Variable.Variable.As required.4.1 to each group.

60


65/76

Unit to which connectedFrom rear echelon

Army group, THQ -..............- ..-Medical group ....................Regulating station..... ......Replacement depot ......Ammunition battalions (1 to each

of 2 battalions) ..........Ordnance maintenance and suppl

battalion ..........................Gasoline depots .. ........................Ordnance heavy maintenance bat-

talion ............................Signal repair and photographic

companies (1 to each).............Communications zone ......Medical supply depot....................Ammunition supply pointsDepots and depot companies:

Chemical depot..................Ordnance depot .................------ :.Quartermaster depot........Signal depot . .

Hospitals (4 surgical, 10 evacua-tion, 1 convalescent) ..Chemical maintenance company....

Railheads ..............

FM11-22 Signal Opns Army and Corps

Documents

Transcript of FM11-22 Signal Opns Army and Corps