Flying’sCool!

Learn what Flying’s all about

Flying’sCool!

Overview

• Theory of Lift

• Weight and Balance

• Maneuvers

• Stalls

• The Flight Plan

• Let’s Fly!

Flying’sCool!

Drag

Thrust

Lift

Gravity

Forces

Center of GravityPoint on which plane balances

Flying’sCool!

ForcesConservation of Energy

Flying’sCool!

Forces

1. Every object will remain at rest or in uniform

motion in a straight line unless compelled to

change its state by the action of an external force

2. For an object with a constant mass m, the force F

is the product of an object's mass and its

acceleration a ― F = m * a

3. For every action, there is an equal

and opposite re-action

Newton’s Laws

Flying’sCool!

Forces

• As the speed of a moving fluid

increases, the pressure within the fluid

decreases

Bernoulli’s Principle

Pa + ½ρva2 = Pb + ½ρvb

2

P = Pressure of fluid

v = Velocity of fluid

ρ = Density of fluid

Viscosity of fluid neglectedPa Pb

Flying’sCool!

Lift

• Lift Is Generated By Turning a Moving Fluid

– Changing either the direction or speed of a flow

generates a force

– The flows over BOTH the top and bottom

surfaces are important!

Theory

Flying’sCool!

Lift

• Both Bernoulli’s Principle and Newton’s third law describe the various ways the wing disturbs the flow of the air, forcing the air downward causing lift

– Bernoulli’s principle shows that the changes in pressure of the flows overthe top and bottom put a perpendicular force on the flow directing it down

– Newton’s third law shows that the resultant downward flow of air pushes the wing up

Angle of Attack

Theory

Coanda Effect(1930)

Flying’sCool!

Lift

• At “high” angle of attack, the flow of air will

depart from the top surface of the wing, drag

will increase significantly, and lift will

decrease significantly

Stall

http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/

Flying’sCool!

Weight and Balance

Moment = Force x Distance from Datum

1 3

?90 lbs.

90 x 1 = ? x 3

Center of Gravity

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Weight and Balance

Oil

• As weight of each load changes –

Center of Gravity (CG) movesFront

Passengers

Rear

Passengers

Fuel

Baggage

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Weight and Balance

• If the Plane is too heavy

– Plane cannot lift off, stalls at higher speed

• If the CG is too far forward (Nose Heavy)

– Harder to change attitude of plane

– Has less lift because tail “trimmed” for climb

• If the CG is too far to the rear (Tail Heavy)

– Makes plane less stable

– Has more lift because tail “trimmed” for dive

http://avstop.com/AC/weightbalance/ch1.html

Flying’sCool!

Weight and Balance

Piper Cherokee 180, 1973 N15802

Weight Aft Arm Moment

Empty Weight 1461 86.45 126297 82 1200 82 1200 88.75 2348.92

Oil 15 27.50 412.5 82 2050 82 1950

Pilot 225 80.50 18112.5 85.5 2450 86.5 1950

Passenger 180 80.50 14490.0 93 2450 86.5 1200

L. Rear Passenger 70 118.10 8267.0 93 1200

R. Rear Passenger 65 118.10 7676.5

Baggage 33 142.80 4712.4

Fuel (Gallons) 50 95.00 28500.0 300

Totals 2349 88.75 208467.4

Normal Utility Actual

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

2600

2800

80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94

Moment Arm

Weig

ht

Normal Category

Utility Category

Actual

Moment = Force x Distance from Datum (Nose)

Flying’sCool!

Left Aileron

Right AileronRudde

r

Elevator

Left Flap

Maneuvering

(Climb/Dive)

(Turn)

(Turn)

(Turn)

(Slow Speed

Flight)

Turn

Dive

Climb

Flying’sCool!

Drag

Thrust

Lift

Gravity

Climb

Control Yoke

Elevator

Angle of Attack

Flying’sCool!

Lift

Dive

Control Yoke

Elevator

Angle of Attack

Drag

Thrust

Gravity

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Turn

Rudder Pedals

Control Yoke

Ailerons

& Rudder

Turn Coordinator

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Turn

• During turn, nose will tend to drop

– Pull back slightly to correct

• Use turn coordinator to help determine

how much rudder to use

– Keep ball centered through turn

– “Step on the ball”

• Stall speed will increase in turn

Flying’sCool!

Stalls

• In the “Old” days, planes would snap

suddenly into spins, sometimes

unrecoverably

• Current planes are designed to “mush”

into a stall

Flying’sCool!

Stalls

• Low power stall

• High power stall

• As plane stalls

– As speed slows, add flaps to lower stall speed

– It will tend to turn on its vertical axis due to

precession of engine. Use rudder to correct

– To recover, push stick forward. As speed

increases raise flaps.

Flying’sCool!

How Fast

• Vr: Takeoff – 70 knots

• Vy: Max Climb – 80 knots

• Vs0: Stall – 59 knots

• Va: Landing App. – 75-80 knots/1700

rpm

• Vfe: Max Flaps Extension – 112 knots

• Control your speed with Attitude firstFor reference only – Use your flight manual

for actual figures

PA28 180 Vspeeds

Flying’sCool!

Flight PlanKASH - CLOWW - KASH

Flying’sCool!

Flight Plan

• Runway to land at - 14

• Control tower freq. – 133.2

• ATIS frequency – 125.1

• Navaid frequency – 359 (Chern)

• ILS frequency – 109.7

• Pattern Altitude – 1200 ft

VOR(/ILS) Indicator

with Glideslope

Things to know ahead of time

- Always perform clearing turns before

attempting any maneuvers

Let’s Fly!