Flow of matters Plants -----> cows -----> lion.
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Transcript of Flow of matters Plants -----> cows -----> lion.
Flow of matters
Plants -----> cows -----> lion
Plants -----> cows -----> lion
Energy loss Energy loss Energy loss
1. Number / biomass of organisms at lower trophic level > higher
trophic levels , because energy is lost ( by respiration and
excretion ) at each trophic level.
Plants
CowsLions
The number and biomass of organisms at the lower trophic level is more than that at higher trophic levels
Energy loss occurs at each trophic level due to respiration, so less and less amount of energy is available to organisms at higher trophic levels
處於食物鍊基層的生物的數目或生物質量一般較處於食物鍊高層生物的為多
因為在每一食物層次中 , 能量會因生物進行呼吸作用而散失 , 只有小部分可以傳給並養活處於食物鍊高層的生物
?
?
Grass ----> grasshopper ----> frogs ----> snakes
Pyramid of number
Trees ----> caterpillar ----> small birds ----> hawk
Pyramid of number ( ! )
Trees ----> small birds ----> parasites of birds
Pyramid of number ( ! )
Trees ----> small birds ----> parasites of birds
Pyramid of biomass
Water
Atmosphere
Living organisms
Fossil fuel
(underground)
Carbon Cycle ( CO2 , C in organic compounds )
Water
Atmosphere
Fossil fuel
(underground)
Carbon Cycle ( CO2 , C in organic compounds )
producers consumers
Water
Atmosphere
Fossil fuel
(underground)
Carbon Cycle ( CO2 , C in organic compounds )
producers consumers
Photosynthesis
Decomposition -decomposers
respiration
Decomposition prevented
combustion
Carbon cycle
Atmosphere
Organisms
Soil
Nitrogen Cycle ( N2, NO3+, N in Proteins )
Atmosphere
Producers
Soil
Nitrogen Cycle ( N2, NO3+, N in Proteins )
Consumers
Atmosphere
Producers
Soil
Nitrogen Cycle ( N2, NO3+, N in Proteins )
Consumers
Death / excretory products
NH4+
Nitrification nitrifying bacteria
NO3-
absorbed
Nitrogen fixation
Nitrogen fixing bacteria in legumes
Denitrification Denitrifying bacteria
Lightning / fertilizers
Decomposition decomposers
Root
Root nodule
Nitrogen cycle
Denitrification
Denitrifying bacteriaNitrogen fixation
Nitrogen fixing bacteria in legumes
Nitrification
Nitrifying bacteria
Predation ( prey and predator )
Competition - competitors
個體數目
時間 ( 年 )
Commensalism
Mutualism
Mutualism
Crustose lichen in
cross section
Fungal part
Algal part
?
Lichen grows on rock
(i) (1) CO2 from respiration of plants and decomposers, O2 from
photosynthesis of green plants
(2) by recycling, transpiration of plant --> condensation
-->soil ----> absorbed by plants
(3) decomposition of dead bodies of plants by decomposers
(ii) animals / consumers
(iii) for - adding nutrients to soil after decomposition of organic
matters
- holding water in soil
(ii) A, it involves more trophic levels , more energy will be lost in A as energy is lost at each trophic level
(ii) bee, help in pollination
(iii) (1) lizard and snake
(2) body is covered with dry horny scales
algae small fish large fish
Toxin : 0.05 ppm 5 ppm 200 ppm
Large fish -> higher concentration of toxin, why ?
1. Eat much toxin-containing food
2. Accumulate toxin for a long period of time
If toxins / compounds are resistant ( cannot be excreted or metabolized by organism tend to accumulate along the food chain
Therefore, top consumer suffer most
Water pollution - Organic wastes
Organic wastes Inorganic compounds decomposition
decomposers
. oxygen
. Turbidity
. Foul smell
Algal bloom
e.g. red tide
fertilizers
(i)
(iv)
(ii)
(iii)
(v)
Cutting down trees
= Deforestation
Landslide
Flooding
Monoculture
legumes
Crop 1 - deep-rooted plant
Crop 2 - shallow-rooted plant
Crop rotation
(i)
(iv)