Floral diversity and species composition of Teluk …...Floral diversity and species composition of...
Transcript of Floral diversity and species composition of Teluk …...Floral diversity and species composition of...
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Floral diversity and species composition of Teluk Bahang Forest Reserve, Penang
Rahmad ZAKARIA & Asyraf MANSORSchool of Biological Sciences (SBS)
Universiti Sains Malaysia11800 Penang, MALAYSIA
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Biodiversity Conservation
• Needs to address four critical aspects; – i) supporting a number of species within the area,
– ii) regulating the movement of organisms,
– iii) creating ample buffering zones of sensitive areas and reserves, and
– iv) maintaining the reliability of the aquatic systems.
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What are we doing
• Location: Teluk Bahang Forest Reserve, Penang, Malaysia
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Teluk Bahang Forest Reserve
• Coverage: 473 ha
• Logging operation ceased by 1930s
• Bordered mainly by: – Bukit Kerajaan Forest Reserve (east)
– Penang National Park (west)
• Affected by sea breeze and rocky hill soil condition
• Under constant pressure by development (e.g. hotels residences)
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Study was initially started in March 2002 as a forest ecological study conducted by SBS, USM for the Penang State Forestry Department.This project was to create a permanent ecological plot in four forest reserves of Penang,
• Teluk Bahang FR• Bukit Kerajaan FR• Bukit Panchor FR• Bukit Mertajam FR
In Jan 2007, a more detail study has been carried out in Teluk Bahang FR
Flora Diversity Assessment
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• We established one ha plot which was randomly choose from a collection of reference number already established from a topographic map.
• The plot was further divided into 100 subplots• All standing trees of ≥ 10 cm DBH were measured (including height) and numbered with aluminum tag for future reference.
• Number of Arecaceae and Pandanaceae were recorded in each subplot.
• Other parameters were recorded as well (e.g. light intensity and soil pH)
Flora Diversity Assessment
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Standard practice of assessing and discussing the study plot construction plan
Flora Diversity Assessment
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Constructing the study plot – depends on site location and forest condition, this process may take sometime
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Dryobalanops aromatica(Dipterocarpaceae) Local name: Kapur - with 5 wings
Gluta curtisii (Anacardiaceae) Local Name: Rengas - with 5 wings as well
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From left:,
1=Calophyllum canum (Clusiaceae),
2=Lithocarpus sundaicus (Fagaceae),
3=Brackenridgea hookeri (Ochnaceae),
4=Calophyllum kunstleri (Clusiaceae) and
5=Calophyllum lanceolate (Clusiaceae).
Shorea leprosula – fissured bark
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Pandanus ovatus (Pandan tikus)
Pinanga malaiana
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Palm and Rattan
Eugeissona triste
Calamus exilis
Oncosperma tigillariumhttp picasaweb google com lh photo S GKYH N TNdxAHl:// . . / / / 7 2 3ud Abw4
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• The plant segregation within the study plot is the coastal dipterocarp forest of the ‐Shorea maxwelliana‐Eugeissona triste type
• Eugeissona triste (Arecaceae) and Pandanus ovatus(Pandanaceae) are the two most common species recorded as these species prefer low light irradiance (Montgomery and Chazdon, 2001; LaFrankie and Saw, 2005).
• Higher occurrence small size trees (dbh<10cm), Pandanaceae and Arecaceae may have suggested that this coastal forest is yet to reach it maturity stage.
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Aquatic habitat assessment
We have done a preliminary survey on aquatic habitat of Teluk Bahang Forest Reserves…
…and site survey of headwater system in Royal
Belum Forest Reserve
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We are also working alongside the SBS fauna research group
Setting on traps for bats and avian
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Future research activities
• We are looking into more details on– Forest resource utilization by fauna, e.g.:
• frugivorous mammals (including bats)
• Avifauna
• Small mammals (e.g. tree shrew)
– Aquatic habitats• Aquatic flora and fauna
• Water quality
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Future research activities
• Additional plots in Teluk Bahang FR are to be established
• In addition, we are establishing a number of permanent study sites from recently logged forest in the state of Perak and Kelantan.
• Data collected from these sites will be compared to existing study site in Penang.
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Future research activities
• Using the GIS mapping program, we are also planning to tagged, marked and mapped the individual location of plant species within each study plots
• Include also data layer of– Forest resource utilization
– Roaming – organisms movement
– Aquatic habitat
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Main concern
• Forest reserves in Penang are becoming more isolated and very well turning into islands surrounded by concrete ocean.
• Although logging activities have ceased since 1980s, development and illegal encroachment of forest buffer zone (e.g. plantation) are still a problem.
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Recent proposal by the Penang State Forestry, working alongside Kedah and Perak State FD to create a “Green Corridor” linking Bukit Panchor State Park to Bintang Range.
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Penang National Park
Jerejak Forest Reserve has been proposed as another Penang State Park
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THANK YOUJapan Society for The Promotion of Science (JSPS)
Nagoya University, Japan
Vice-Chancellors‘ Council of National Universities, Malaysia
Dean, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia
Research & Innovation Division, Universiti Sains Malaysia