SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS 9

FLIGHT PREPARATION TRAINING SERIESPublished under the Supervision of the Training Division,

Bureau of Aeronautics, U. S. Navy

Mathematics for Pilots157 pages, 44 x 71, illustrated. 75¢

Covers the algebra, geometry, and trigonometry thatevery pilot must know. A feature of the book is thelarge number of problems taken from navigation andprinciples of flying. A review of arithmetic is includedto insure quick and automatic use of fundamental op-erations. The need for speed and accuracy is stressedthroughout.

Physics Manual for Pilots229 pages, 44 x 71, illustrated. 90¢

Gives a condensed treatment of most of the topics in-cluded in a standard high school physics text. Allfundamental principles needed by the pilot are dis-cussed. Units requiring the smallest amount of mathe-matics are given first so that a student taking a mathe-matics refresher course at the same time can use themathematics review in his physics class.

Principles of Flying338 pages, 44 x 71-, illustrated. $1.50

Aims to acquaint the student with the basic principlesinvolved in flying, including the rudiments of airplaneconstruction. The book presupposes knowledge of onlythe most elementary mathematics and physics, and iswritten, as far as possible, in nontechnical language.

The Effects of Flight.Mental and Physical Aspects

120 pages, 41 x 71, illustrated. 60¢Explains the causes of the many physical sensationswhich the aviation cadet encounters for the first time inhis flight training. Psychological reactions, which havebeen responsible for many "washouts," are dealt with,and the fear of the cheek pilot and the cure for this arediscussed in some detail.

Operation of Aircraft Engines206 pages, 41 x 71, illustrated. 90¢

Explains the operation of the internal-combustion en-gine, pointing out the refinements which make it pos-sible to adapt it for use in airplanes, where decreasedweight and increased horsepower are essential. Thebook teaches the student how to recognize the first signsof engine trouble and tells him what to do about it.

Aerology for Pilots107 pages, 84 x 11, illustrated. $1.25

What the pilot should know about aerology. Emphasisis placed upon understanding of weather reports (fore-casts, weather maps, and sequence reports) and the per-sonal weather observations necessary to find favorableflying conditions and avoid or conquer weather hazards.

AIR NAVIGATIONPart I. Introduction to Earth

79 pages, 81 x 11, illustrated. $1.00Designed to orient naval aviation cadets to navigationthat may encircle the earth. The book gives an over-allview of the earth as a sphere, of place relationships ofwar zones, of general and climatic considerations under-lying strategy, and something of the strategic signifi-cance of military objectives.

Part II. Introduction to Navigation81 pages, 8-4 x 11, illustrated. $1.00

Covers the basic fundamentals of navigation technique.There is a detailed explanation of the various types ofmap projections, an understanding of which is essentialfor plotting courses. Emphasis has been placed uponthe importance of thorough knowledge and accuracy.

Part III. Dead Reckoning and Linesof Position

60 pages, 84 x 11, illustrated. $1.00Introduces some basic applications of the fundamentalscovered in the first two volumes. It explains how theaerial navigator records the progress of his plane overthe surface of the earth, and describes certain methodsused to cheek the estimated position of the plane duringflight, and the manner by which the effects of air cur-rents on the movement of a plane can be determined.

In PreparationPart IV. Navigation Instruments

Part V. Relative Movement

Part VI. Contact FlyingPart VII. Nautical Astronomy and Celestial Navi-

gation

Send for copies on approval

McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, INC.330 West 42nd Street, New York, N. Y.

APRIL 9, 1943

Aldwych House, London, W.C.2

SCIENCE-SUPPLEMENT

SCIENCE NEWSScience Service, Washington, D. C.

THOMAS JEFFERSONCONJURE up in your mind's eye five images of Thomas

Jefferson, whose birth on April 13, 1743, two hundredyears ago, is being celebrated this year. Stand them sideby side. In the center is Jefferson the lawyer, statesmanand public servant. To the right is Jefferson the music-lover, violinist and singer, and Jefferson, the horsemanand lover of outdoor sports. To the left stands the scien-tist and inventor, and also the landowner and farmer.

These five Jeffersons together constitute the man whomhistory records as one of the most versatile persons inAmerica's early days. His music and his horsemanshipwere his recreation. His inventions were his hobby. His"tranquil pursuit of science" was, to use his own words,his "supreme delight." He inherited nearly 2,000 acresof land and added another 3,000 by purchase. His father-in-law left him a 5,000-acre plantation to manage as anadditional farming activity.As a scientist Jefferson was interested in many

branches: geography, geology, botany, zoology, medicine,agriculture, chemistry and the natural sciences. The prac-tical side of all these appealed to him. He once wrote, " Ihave wished to see chemistry applied to domestic objects,to malting, brewing, making cider, bread, butter, cheese,soap, and the incubation of eggs."Although the subject had not yet been named, Jefferson

was a great early paleontologist. The fossil remains andthe bones of prehistoric animals delighted him. He se-cured a number of the bones of an animal about the sizeof a bull moose found in a cave in Virginia. Because theyincluded a large claw he called the animal the " big-claw "or Megalonyx. The bones were sent to Philadelphia andthe animal "reconstructed." They are still there withthe Academy of Natural Sciences. The animal was agiant ground sloth, extinct for some 30,000 years.

Jefferson collected many prehistoric bones throughfriends in Ohio, Kentucky and elsewhere. His great inter-est in paleontology was awakened by his contacts in Pariswith leading scientists; in the days when Jefferson repre-sented the United States Government there, Paris was thecenter of the science, particularly botany and zoology.Thomas Jefferson, while president and at other times,

seems to have had a keen sense of the important part sci-ence would play in the future of the American nation.His foresight is responsible for much of the scientificwork done by the Government then and later. He iscredited with being the originator of the patent system.The idea of a National Bureau of Standards is in a reportby him to Congress in 1790. The report suggests plansfor establishing uniformity in the coinage and weightsand measures of the United States.In 1806 President Jefferson recommended a coast sur-

vey, on which the Congress took favorable action inFebruary 1807. The continuation of this survey work iscarried on by the Coast and Geodetic Survey. Otherrecommendations had much to do with the establishmentlater of the Naval Observatory, the Hydrographie Officeand the Weather Bureau.

Further evidence of Jefferson 's great interest in thesciences is shown by two exploratory trips which he madepossible. He sent Colonel Zebulon Pike to explore thepeak that now bears Pike 's name. He asked the Congressto authorize the expedition of Lewis and Clark. He paidfrom personal funds $2,500 to help finance the trip. Thereport of these two men, made from their notes writtendaily while traveling up the Missouri River and crossingto the Pacific, is filled with scientific observations result-ing from instructions received by them from the Presi-dent.

Jefferson as an inventor never took out a patent. In alarge measure he is responsible for the creation of theU. S. Patent law and he was the first administrator of thelaw. Under it patents were issued by a board composedof the Secretary of State, the Secretary of War and theAttorney General. He was Secretary of State and chair-man of the board. The work in connection with patentingwas carried out in the State Department and the booksand records kept there. Jefferson and his contemporaryinventor, Benjamin Franklin, both decided to contributetheir inventive genius to their country and to their fellow-men as they contributed their abilities in affairs of state.

Scientific principles were the basis of many of Jeffer-son's inventions. The moulding board of a common plowmay not seem to be scientific, but it is. Jefferson soughta proper shape to turn the soil with the least effort, tobreak the soil properly, aerate it, and to cover the turned-in vegetation to udd humus to the land. It was certainlyregarded as a scientific achievement by several Frenchscientific societies which awarded him honors for hisinvention.

His pedometer sounds more scientific. With it a dis-tance could be measured roughly by walking it. A re-cording instrument was carried in the watch pocket. Atape led from the instrument through a hole in the bottomof the pocket, down "between the breeches and drawers"to a knee band. This recorded every step taken, by oneleg at least.

Jefferson 's "whirligig" chair may not be a scientificdevice, but it was an important invention. It is the great-great-grandfather of all the swivel chairs for which Wash-ington is famous and without which perhaps modern gov-ernments could not exist. A combination walking-stickand outdoor seat did not prove as prolific. His hempmachine for breaking and beating hemp into fiber is oneof his greatest inventions.

Architecture is a science. Jefferson 's great work as an

architect was the designing of the original buildings ofthe University of Virginia, still standing and in use. Itis his greatest memorial. Monticello, his home, is also hiswork. American people are familiar with its outline, as

it is now on one face of the new Jefferson five-cent piece.

SEARCH FOR AN ANTIMALARIA CHEMICALA GREAT push to find a chemical remedy for malaria

"which will not have the deficiencies of quinine, plas-mochin and atabrine" is going forward, was reported byColonel Paul F. Russell, of the Medical Department of

10 VOL,. 97, No. 2519

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SCIENCE-SUPPLEMENT

the U. S. Army in the Herman M. Biggs Memorial Lectureat the New York Academy of Medicine." The need is apparent, " he said, "when it is recalled

that not one of this trio will cure with certainty, not oneis a true prophylactic drug, and not one is of much valuein the control of community malaria. It seems reasonableto hope that a more effective antimalarial will be devel-oped in the not too distant future. "He pointed out that notable progress in controlling

malaria even in tropical villages has been achieved withpyrethrum spraying. Experiments in rural South Indiain 1942 proved that the chain of malaria infection can bebroken by this method in typical small villages at a percapita cost of about five cents a year, which is economic-ally feasible even in India. The method consists in weeklyspraying of huts, cowsheds and outbuildings where themalaria-carrying mosquitoes tend to remain.

Colonel Russell stated later that malaria kills at least3,000,000 persons throughout the world each year andthere are at least 300,000,000 cases of malarial fever. Insuch areas as Burma, New Guinea and the Solomons,malaria is by all odds the greatest disease hazard to ourtroops and is in some places a greater menace than theenemy. He continued, "it seems incredible that malariastill can be so great a scourge, for it is a preventable dis-ease regarding which we possess as complete knowledge asfor any human malady. There have been devised potentweapons for treatment and control. But malaria persists,of all diseases to-day probably the most effective barrierto prosperity, contentment and health. What a paradox!Man, with his incredible machines and his streamlined sci-ence, stricken each year in millions because he fails tooutwit a mosquito carrying Death in its spittle! "

RADIO-QUALITY QUARTZ CRYSTALSNUMBER ONE strategical mineral problem at present is

a domestic source of supply of quartz crystals suitable forradio equipment and other electrical uses in the war effort.Radio is the life line of the armed forces. Battle move-ments of soldiers, sailors and airforees depend upon it.Dependable instruments in which crystals are used musthave crystals of the finest quality.

Brazil and other South American countries are thesources of the present supply. 'In the United States thereare plenty of quartz crystal deposits, but satisfactorycrystals for electrical uses had not been developed fromthem in pre-war days. An intensive search is now beingmade by the U. S. Geological Survey, the Bureau of Minesand other agencies, to locate quartz crystals with thenecessary properties. Results of the search are promising,although specific information will not be released untilafter the war. The best prospects appear to be in thecrystals found in North Carolina, Virginia, Arkansas andCalifornia. The western mountain states are beingsearched as well.Not all quartz crystals, regardless of their general re-

semblance, are usable in electrical work. They must befirst cut, and then carefully tested in well-equipped labora-tories for their electrical properties. Size and appearanceare, however, important factors. To be usable they shouldbe at least an inch in diameter and over two inches long.They should be clear, and free from fractures and dis-colorizations.

Quartz crystals are used in microphones, and as electricfilters and oscillators. The so-called piezo-electric quartzcrystal vibrates as an electric charge on its surface oscil-lates. The constancy of the rate of vibration is remark-able. It is more constant than the pendulum on a high-grade astronomical clock. A crystal of good quality keptat a constant temperature will not vary two seconds inten days. It is this reliability that makes it essential asan electric oscillator.

ITEMSFOOD crops for production in 1943 are more important

at the present moment than guayule plantings for rubberin 1945. Since the recommendations of the Baruch com-mittee were issued urging a greatly increased guayule rais-ing program, the situation has changed. "The need forthe maximum food production has become more pressing,and the outlook for synthetic rubber has become some-what clearer," is emphasized by Secretary of AgricultureWickard and Rubber Director Jeffers. Both feel that itis not desirable to use any large quantity of land forplanting the rubber plant this year as the first rubberyield would not be until two years from now. Not only isthe land needed for food crops but the manpower isneeded also. The Department of Agriculture is planningto have plenty of guayule planting stock available in thenurseries in case a further survey shows by mid-summerthat emphasis should shift again to rubber production.

" TEERMOPLASTICS, like their thermosetting cousins,perform many necessary functions in electrical equipment,and the technical apparatus of the electronic world of thefuture will be served both by the material with which weare familiar, and by newer and better ones, " according toH. K. Nason of the Monsanto Chemical Company whospoke at the Pittsfield, Mass., meeting of the American In-stitute of Electrical Engineers. These plastics are nowserving many useful purposes in electronics, he continued,but much work is being done in industrial and other lab-oratories to develop a thermoplastic that will meet the fullneeds in the electronics field. This requires materialwhich can be used in situations where high temperaturesare encountered, and plastics that will not "c reep, "better known as cold-flow. The progress being made willnot be reported upon until after the war.

VICTORY gardeners who have heavy clay soil to contendwith may be able to improve its texture by the additionof sifted anthracite coal ashes and at the same time dis-pose of the ashes. Coal ash, it is pointed out, improvesonly the physical state of the soil; it is not a fertilizer.And only anthracite ashes are safe to use. Clay soils aresticky when wet, and hard when dry. Coal ashes will de-crease the stickiness and help prevent the hardness. Theamount to use depends upon the soil, but ordinarily twoinches of ashes plowed or spaded into six inches of thetopsoil is sufficient. The ashes and soil should be wellmixed. Vegetables, flowers and grasses will grow betterin soil so treated and the labor of taking care of thegarden is lessened. Sandy soils are also improved byanthracite ashes. Their moisture retention properties areincreased. In this the ashes have an effect similar to thatof human.

12 VOL. 97, No. 2519

AmUL 9, 1943 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS 13

TECHNICON AUTOMATIC PIPETTE WASHER

PATENT PENDING

Prevents breakage of pipettesAutomatically washes pipettes without removing

from carrierCarrier made of stainless steel to resist corrosionUsed in most Board of Health laboratories

THE TECHNICON CO. =NEW YORK - - - N. Y.

^R NO~

APRIL 9, 1943 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEYMENTS 13

14~

CR~-D RIEET VO 97 No 251

uocoeu Phdo ogrveaP A ~s

He's Making a Photoincrographic History of the War.. 1. 4..g

The moga in hislalboasoiy, whet in an in.dustria$ano some distantUnited* als bse of opera-

research

insttution ... whether his icated to warproduction or to the fight againt di . .. is today

j: documenting each forward step that science takes.

Vital in war production an es l heitage

to those who will live inad dasCd(Pcace to come,

ph~otom kfrojzphy preens 4o!hsdor dthacould otherwise so easily be los Ph icroghy

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for peme applicaiops.

Here is another field in which Bausch & Lombinserments, developed in the- interests of peaescientific- and i i reseh, to war. Here

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ArniL.' 9, 1943SCIENCE-AD VERTI~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~EMENTS 15~~~~~~~

~~~~~~iological11 a~~~~tajus

In the manufacture and developmentof Biological Stains COLEMAN & BELLare American pioneers.

For 22 years C&B Stains have beenacclaimed for their high standard ofquality, unvarying purity and depend-ability.The Commission on Standardization

of Biological Stains have tested- andpassed most of the commonly used Stains.

Our new 1943 catalog is now available.

on2,OOOOOO cyclennn ^A copy can be had for the asking.THE COLEMAN & BELL CO.

Manufacturing Chemists Norwood, Ohio, U.S.A.

Uniform Response! >1tlXf;sl1Out of the flaming crucible of war which tries equip-

ment as well as men's souls, comes this new DuMont

Type 224 Oscillograph. And this Is what it means LaMotteto you:.....

First and foremost, wide band Y-axis amplifier Chlorine Test Paperspermits study of signals of frequencies far be-Fond range of standard osellographs. AIth- s an aid in the rapid estimation of the concentra-

ful sinusoidal wave response from 20 to 2,000,000 #on of chlorine sterilizing solutions, in water, ete.,cycles, and comparable square wave response we have prepared test papers -howing definite colorto 100low-,000.43l~. ecianges for chlorine values 50, 100, and 200 p.pzm.A more versatile oscillograph, providing ex- They are supplied in vials containing 100 strips oftreme variety in application of signal to cath- the paper and color chart for the concentrationsode-ray tube. Handy connections on front mnindaoe rc 10 e il ~~.Twpanel. Also test probe with shielded cable,reducing input capacitance and eliminating son, Baltimore, Md.usual stray pickup.

Housed for severe service out in the field or in LaMotte Chemical Products Co.plant or laboratory. Removable cover safe- Dept. "r" Towson, Baltimore, Md.guards panel and controls. 14%w" h.; 8%"/ w.;15w" d. 49 lbs.

* Write for Literature . . . Professor of Mathematics desired byNew England college, to assume dutiesJuly 1st, 1943. Address Box OBR,SCIENCE, Lancaster, Pennsylvania.

THE SCIENCE PRESS PRINTING CO.PRINTERS OF

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Correspondence InvitedLANCASTER. PENNSYLVANIAI

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SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTSAP-R.'92- 1943. 15

A

16 SCIENCE-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A4DYERTISEMENTS Vol.. 97, No. 2519~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

*HEALTH - to defeat the AxisThe Army and Navy medical stifs

are setting new standards of pubichealth in their drive to improve the-physical condition of America's fight-ing men. The men who will swing thebalance of power to victory for theUnited Nations must be physically fit.American medical colleges have taught

and inspired the doctors who supervisethe medical work. American in usrieshave produced excellent laboratoryequipment. Thousands ofSpencer Mictio-scopes and "Bright-line" Haemacyto-,meters have been supplied to the Serv-ices. Microtomes an other instruments,in proportion, have been delivered.

Our men in the Armed Forces willreceive the most advanced medical at-tention possible while in training hereor while operating from bases through-out the world.

Spencer LENS COMPANYBUFFALO, NEW YORK

SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT DIVISION OFAMERICAN OPTICAL COMPANY

16 .SCIENCE--..i4DVERTISEMENTS VOL. 97, No. 2519