4 rudiments of music.ppt1

Rudiments of Music

• Foundation • Beginning• Basic• Basis

• Music is made of sounds

• The single musical sound is called tone

• Tone is produced by the regular vibration of body (human voice or musical instruments)

• When vibrations are irregular, noise is produced

How a tone is produced?

• The vibration of the strings produces the tone

–The thinner and the shorter the string, the higher the tone

–The thicker and the longer the string, the lower the tone

How a tone is produced?

• The highness or lowness (pitch) of a tone can be determined by adjusting the screw

–The tighter the strings, the higher the pitch and vice versa

Properties of a Musical Sound or Tone

1. Pitch

2. Duration

3. Intensity

4. Tone color or timbre

Properties of a Tone

Pitch

– the location of a tone in the musical scale in relation to high or low

– the highness and lowness of tone

– Tones may the same or different pitches

Activity: Listening and singing different pitches

• Pitch is indicated/represented by a symbol called NOTE

• NOTES are written on the STAFF

• The location of a note on the staff tells its pitch

• The system of writing of tones is called NOTATION

Pitch

• STAFF – has five parallel lines making four equal spaces– Each line and space indicates a tone

• CLEFS are written at the beginning of the staff.

Two kinds of clefs– G clef and F clef

• When these two clefs combined together these make a GRAND STAFF

Pitch

Pitch names:

• G clef - E G B D F - Lines

F A C E - spaces

• F clef - G B D F A - lines

A C E G - spaces

Activity: Write the pitch names on the lines

Pitch


2. Duration

– Tones are not only high or low but also short or long.

– Is the length of time that a note is sung or played

– Duration of a NOTE is indicated by the use of different kinds of notes.

– Periods of silence called REST

• Parts of a Note• head• stem• flag/s or hook/s

• Single dotted Notes – receives ½ the value of the note/rest

• Double dotted Notes – increase ¾ the value of the note/rest

Duration

Activity: Identify the value of notes and rests

• Relationship of the notes and rest

• Activity: Show the relationships

• TIME SIGNATURE consists of two numbers written at the beginning of every composition

Upper number – tells how many beats in every measure

Lower number – tells what kind of note to get one beat

Activity: Give the value or duration of each kind of note in each of the different time signatures

Duration

• Single bar or bar line – a vertical line dividing the staff into measures

• Double bar lines – two vertical lines placed at the end of the staff which signify the end of the music

Duration

• Rhythmic Pattern – is a combination of notes found in one measure of a given time signature– Some typical rhythmic patterns in different

time signature

Activity: Reading the rhythmic patters using the Kodaly Method

Duration

3. Volume/intensity

– refers to the force or percussive effects as a result of which the tone strikes as being loud or soft.

• Piano ( p ) = soft

• Forte ( f ) = loud

• Moderato (mp / mf) = moderately

Properties of a ToneProperties of a Tone

4. Timbre or tone color individual quality of the sound produced

by other instruments depends on how the instrument

accentuates the overtones within the sound wave

influenced by size, shape and proportions of the instrument, material of which it is made, and the manner in which the vibration is set up


• Tones are arranged in regular series of ascending and descending pitches from a scale

Example: Joy to the World Bahay Kubo

• Tones could also be arranged in…– Contrary – repeated


Scale •a succession of consecutive

tones in certain arrangements of whole and half steps generally embracing eight degrees


Kinds of scale1.Diatonic scale2.Pentatonic scale3.Whole tone scale4.Chromatic scale


Kinds of scale1. Diatonic scale – consists of eight (8)

steps and is composed of whole step and half step

2 kinds of diatonic scale• Major scale • Minor scale


• Major Scale has half steps between the 3rd and 4th, 7th and 8th steps

• The keynote is DO

Pattern: W W H W W W H

Sharp – the pitch of the tone is to be raised ½ step

Flat – to be lowered ½ step

Activity: Make the major scale in all pitch names

• In order to indicate the key, we write the group of sharps or flats necessary in that key at the beginning of the staff. This is called the KEY SIGNATURE.

• There are 15 major key signatures where do is located in different degrees.

Activity: Make the 15 MAJOR KEY SIGNATURES

• Minor scale has half steps between the 2nd and 3rd, 5th and 6th steps

• The keynote is LA

• Pattern: W H W W H W W

Activity: Make the 15 minor KEY SIGNATURES

Kinds of Minor Scales1. Relative minor

– from DO go down to LA

2. Harmonic minor scale

– raises 7th notes in ascending and descending orders

3. Melodic minor scale

– raises 6th & 7th notes in ascending order only

4. Natural or Parallel

Kinds of scale

2. Pentatonic scale• A scale that consists of 5 tones,

DO RE MI SOL LA

Kinds of scale

3. Whole tone scale• A scale that consists of 6 whole

tones• DO RE MI FI (FA#) SI (SOL#) LI

(LA#)

Kinds of scale

4. Chromatic scale– A series of 12 semitones– In ascending, each note

becomes a half tone by putting a sharp

– In descending, by putting a flat

Kinds of scale

Interval

• It is the distance between two given notes

• It is the difference in pitch between any two (2) tones, whether they are sounded together or when sounded in succession

• Intervals may be small or big/ narrow or wide

• Intervals may be melodic or harmonic

• Melodic intervals are arranged horizontally

• Harmonic intervals are arranged vertically

• Intervals are: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th 7th, 8th

Interval

• Melodic intervals are arranged horizontally

• Intervals are:

–1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th 7th, 8th

Interval

1st – Unison2nd – Major 2nd (1 whole step) 3rd – Major 3rd (2 whole steps)4th – Perfect 4th (2 ½ steps)5th – Perfect 5th (3 ½ steps)6th – Major 6th (4 ½ steps)7th – Major 7th (5 ½ steps)8th - Octave (6 whole steps)

Harmonic interval

Interval

Assignment 1

• Make the following scales of the following key signatures:– Relative, Harmonic, Melodic and Parallel

– Key of D and B flat

Assignment 2

• Make the interval of the following notes:

ChordsChords

• Chord is a group of tones (3 or more) of different pitches vertically arranged simultaneously played or sang

• Triad chord - with only 3 tones consisting of the root, a 3rd and a 5th

• Three primary chords (identified by Roman numerals)

1. Tonic (I)

2. Subdominant (IV)

3. Dominant (V)

ChordsChords

Name of each note

I – tonic

ii – supertonic

iii – mediant

IV – subdominant

V – dominant

vi – submediant

vii – leading tone

I - tonic/octave

ChordsChords

A. Root position – the key note is the lowest note of the chord

B. First inversion – the key note is the highest note of the chord

C. Second inversion – the key note is in the middle of the chord

The 1st and 2nd inversions are also called inverted chords because the triads are not the roots.

Triad chords can be changed in positions.

• Chord can be sang or played one after the other

Broken chords – also called “arpeggios”

Assignment 2

• Make the interval of the following notes:

How to Use the C – Pitch Pipe

4 rudiments of music.ppt1

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