Fkumj Physiology of Hormone 2012
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Transcript of Fkumj Physiology of Hormone 2012
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Dr. dr. H. Busjra M. Nur, MSc
FKK UMJ
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Hormones
Hormones are chemical signals that are used for communication between cells.Chemically, hormones are rather diverse group of substances. They are derived from metabolism of amino acids, polypeptide or cholesterol (steroid). -
Hormones
Binding of a hormone to its receptor and activation of that receptor is the initial in producing a hormone effect.Some hormones act via second mesengers to alter activity of reexisting proteins in target cells.Other hormones act by altering gene expression in target cells to change the amount of a few key proteins. -
The general mechanism of action of hormones with membrane receptor
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Illustration of coupling of membrane receptors to adenylate cyclase by the Gs and Gi proteins.
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Mechanism of action of hormones with intracellular receptors, effects on gene expression, cell function might be altered.
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Mechanism of action of aldosterone to increase sodium transport across kidney tubule cells
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Hormone :Amino acid
ThyroxineEpinephrineMelatonin -
Hormone: Polypeptides
TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone)ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)PTH (parathyroid hormone)GH (growth hormone)FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) -
Hormone: Steroids
GlucocorticoidsMineralocorticoidsAndrogensEstrogensProgestins -
Basic mechanisms of neural (a), endocrine (b) and neuroendocrine (c)
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Neural and vascular connections between the hypothalamus and the anterior and posterior lobes of pituitary.
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The Pituitary Hormones
The pituitary consist of two main lobes (anterior and posterior)The hypothalamus serves to regulate secretion from both lobesThe anterior pituitary secretes six different hormone into the general circulation -
The Pituitary Hormones
The posterior pituitary is a neuroendocrine gland; it secretes two hormones and contains the terminals of neuroendocrine cells, in the hypothalamusGH, affects skeletal growth, protein and carbohydrates metabolismTSH, regulates thyroid hormone production. Thyroid hormone regulate metabolism in most tissues in the body -
Normal hand and acromegaly
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The Thyroid Gland
Secretes /day- T4 (thyroxine): 80 g
- T3 (triiodothyronine) 4 g
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The Adrenal Glands
Consist of two distinct endocrine glands, different hormone products.Cells of adrenal cortex produce steroid hormones, predominantly cortisol and aldosterone. Cortisol affects metabolism and generally results in the release of stored fuels. Aldosterone acts on the kidneys and influences sodium and potassium balance in the body. -
The Adrenal Glands
The adrenal medulla functions as part of the sympathetic nervous system and secretes primarily epinephrine. Epinephrine affects the cardiovascular and pulmonary systems and a variety of metabolic processes in the body.The net effect of the adrenal hormones cortisol and epinephrine is to increase the bodys ability to effectively respond to stress. -
The Endocrine Pancreas
Produces insulin and glucagon, major roles in regulating fuel homeostasis in both the fed and fasted statesInsulin is secreted primarily in response to an increased blood glucose level. Glucagon is secreted in response to a decreased v\blood glucose level.Insulin directs the storage of excess nutrients in the form of glycogen, triacylglycerols, and protein. The major tissue targets of insulin are liver, muscle and adipose tissue. -
The Endocrine Pancreas
Glucagon directs the movement of stored nutrients into the blood stream. Liver is the primary physiological target of glucagon.In the fed stated, the actions of insulin predominate in tissues, and nutrients are stored. In the fasted state, the actions of glucagon predominate, and stored nutrients are mobilized.Diabetes mellitus occurs when there is a deficiency in insulin action as a result of either an impairment in insulin secretion or an impairment in its target tissues. -
Pineal gland and Circadian rhythms
Secretes hormone melatoninMelatonin keep the bodys inherent circadian rhythms in synchrony with the light-dark cycle. -
Melatonin
Circadian timekeepingInduce natural sleepAntioxidant Slow aging processEnhance immunity -
References
Rhoades R, Pflanzer R. Human Physiology. 4th ed. Ganong WF. Review of medical physiology. 22th ed.Sherwood L. Human Physiology, from cells to system. 5 th ed.