Anatomi Dan Fisiologi Manusia - Digestive Sistem Sistem Pencernaan
Fisiologi sistem kardiovaskular
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Transcript of Fisiologi sistem kardiovaskular
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Oleh: dr. M Faiq SulaifiKuliah Ilmu Dasar KeperawatanProgram S1 Ilmu Keperawatan
STIKES MUHAMMADIYAH LAMONGAN
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Aliran Darah dalam JantungArah aliran darah dalam
jantung:Inferior and superior venae
cavae → right atrium → right AV valve → right ventricle → pulmonary valve → pulmonary trunk → pulmonary arteries to lungs → pulmonary veins returning from lungs → left atrium → left AV valve → left ventricle → aortic valve → aorta → other systemic vessels
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Suara Jantung
1. Metode Auskultasi digunakan untuk menentukan suara jantung.
2. Metode ini biasanya menggunakan stetoskop
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Suara Jantung
Ada 2 suara jantung yang secara normal terdengar melalui stetoskop:a.Suara 1 (S1)= “lub”, karena penutupan katup mitral dan trikuspidb.Suara 2 (S2)= “dup”, karena penutupan katup aorta dan pulmonal
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Suara Jantung
Suara murmur (bising jantung) disebabkan oleh perubahan dari aliran laminer menjadi aliran turbulen.Murmur dijumpai pada penyakit katup dan kelainan septum
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Siklus JantungSiklus jantung dibagi menjadi 4 periode:1. Phase I: Period of filling.2. Phase II: Period of isovolumic contraction.3. Phase III: Period of ejection.4. Phase IV: Period of isovolumic relaxation.
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Siklus Jantung
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Cardiac Output Jumlah volume darah (ml) yang dipompa oleh
ventrikel jantung selama semenit disebut CARDIAC OUTPUT (CO)
CO = HR × SVa.HR: Heart Rate (jumlah denyut jantung
permenit)b.SV: Stroke Volume (volume darah yang
dikeluarkan oleh ventrikel setiap denyut = ± 70 ml/denyut)
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Cardiac OutputHeart rate (HR) normal 60×/menit s/d
100×menitJika HR < 60×/menit → bradikardiaJika HR > 100×/menit → takikardiaFaktor yang meningkatkan HR disebut
kronotropik positifPada bayi HR ≤ 120×/menitPada fetus preterm HR ≤ 140×/menit
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Cardiac Output
Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi Cardiac Output:
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Faktor Penentu Cardiac Output
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Cardiac Outputa. Hukum Frank-Starling
menerangkan kemampuan pumpa jantung secara intrinsik untuk menyesuaikan terhadap penambahan volume yang masuk ventrikel
b. Bunyi hukum Frank-Starling: “Dalam batas fisiologis, jantung akan memompakan semua darah dari vena menuju aorta tanpa ada bendungan”
c. Dengan kata lain: PRELOAD ~ AFTERLOAD
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Cardiac Output
Gambar kurva Frank-Starling: sumbu y adalah gaya kontraksi sedangkan sumbu x adalah preload. Curva menunjukkan bahwa semakin bertambah preload maka gaya kontraksi akan meningkat sesuai gambar. (1)keadaan hipovolemia, (2)berfungsi optimal, (3)keadaan hipervolemia dan (4)keadaan gagal jantung.
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Cardiac Output
Faktor yang mempengaruhi Venous Return:1.Suction by cardiac valve2.Venous valve3.Negative pressure in thorax4.Positive pressure in abdoment5.Muscle pump6.Blood pressure
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Cardiac Output
Pengaruh Epinefrin dan Nor-Epinefrin pada Cardiac Output
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Cardiac Output
Simpatik dan Parasimpatik:
a. Sistem simpatik (adrenergik) dijalankan oleh ganglion thoracalis
b. Sistem parasimpatis (kolinergik) dijalankan oleh N vagus (X)
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Cardiac Output Sistem simpatik: a. Mempercepat frekuensi
denyut jantung (kronotropik +)
b. Memperkuat kerja otot jantung (inotropik +)
Sistem parasimpatik:a. Memperlambat frekuensi
denyut jantung (kronotropik -)b. Memperlemah kerja otot
jantung (inotropik -)
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Konduksi Listrik JantungAda 3 saluran ion pada otot jantung:1.fast sodium channels2.slow sodium-calcium channels 3.potassium channels.
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Konduksi Listrik Jantung
oSistem konduksi listrik jantung bersifat self-excitationoSA Node adalah pacemakeroBerikut ini perjalanan listrik jantung:1.SA Node2.Jalur internodus: anterior, medius dan posterior3.AV Node4.Cabang bundle His5.Serabut Purkinje
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Konduksi Listrik Jantung
Perjalanan listrik dari atrium menuju ventikel akan mengalami perlambatan pada:a.Transitional fibers: 0,03 detik b.Atrioventricular fibrous tissue: 0,09 detikc.Berkas Hiss: 0,04 detikTotal perlambatan: 0,16 detikPenundaan ini berguna untuk memberikan kesempatan pada atrium untuk mengosongkan isinya ke ventrikel sebelum mulainya kontraksi ventrikel
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Elektrokardiografi
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Elektrokardiografi
The standard chest leads V1−V6 are unipolar leads. V1 and V2 are placed in the 4th intercostal space immediately to the left and right of the sternum. V3 to V6 are placed lower and more to the side
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Elektrokardiografi
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Elektrokardiografi
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Elektrokardiografi (ECG)
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ElektrokardiografiNormal and abnormal ECG tracings. (a) Normal sinus rhythm.(b) Junctional rhythm. The SA node is nonfunctional, P waves are absent, and heart rate is paced by the AV node at 40–60 beats/min. (c) Second-degree heart block. Some P waves are not conducted through the AV node; hence more P than QRS waves are seen. (d) Ventricular fibrillation. These chaotic, grossly irregular ECG deflections are seen in acute heart attack and electrical shock.
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Elektrokardiografi
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Aliran Darah (Blood Flow)Faktor yang menentukan aliran darah (F)
(ml/menit):a.Perbedaan tekanan antara 2 tempat (∆P)b.Resistensi pembuluh darah (R) F= ∆P/RBlood flow total sirkulasi pada orang dewasa=
Cardiac Output (CO)=5000ml/menit
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Aliran DarahAliran darah adalah aliran laminer, yaitu semakin
jauh dari dinding vaskuler maka aliran semakin cepat
Semakin kecil pembuluh darah maka aliran darah semakin lambat
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Aliran Darah di Arteriol
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Kecepatan Aliran Darah
•Aliran darah tercepat: Aorta•Aliran darah terlambat: kapiler
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Tekanan DarahTekanan darah: tenaga yang digunakan oleh
darah untuk mendesak dinding pembuluh darah
Tekanan sistol adalah tekanan puncak yang diukur (pada orang sehat= 120 mmHg)
Tekanan diastol adalah tekanan terendah yang diukur (pada orang sehat= 80 mmHg)
Tekanan nadi (pulse pressure) adalah selisih antara tekanan sistol dan diastol= 40 mmHg
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Tekanan Darah pada Vaskular
Semakin jauh suatu vaskuler dari ventrikel kiri maka tekanan darah akan semakin kecil
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Baroreceptor
Baroreceptor= pressoreceptor bertugas untuk memelihara tekanan darah secara neural
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Refleks Baroreceptor
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Kontrol Pembuluh Darah
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Sistem Renin Angiotensin
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Efek ADH (Vasopressin)
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Cara Mengukur Tekanan Darah
Tekanan sistol dan diastol dapat ditentukan dengan metode Auskultasi dengan menggunakan suara Korotkoff I-IV/V
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Hubungan Tekanan Darah dengan Usia
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MAP dan Tekanan Nadi
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Determinan MAP
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Denyut Nadi
Kita dapat menghitung nadi pada beberapa titik di tubuh
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Aliran Darah Vena (Venous Return)
Selain digerakkan oleh pompa respirasi dan pompa abdomen, aliran vena juga digerakkan oleh pompa otot
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Aliran Darah dalam Kapiler
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Penyebab Edema
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Syok Sirkulasi
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Syok Sirkulasi
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Jazakumullah Khairan