First Semester Exam Review Physical Science 2012 Exam Schedule: Monday, January 9: 5 th & 7 th...
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Transcript of First Semester Exam Review Physical Science 2012 Exam Schedule: Monday, January 9: 5 th & 7 th...
First Semester Exam First Semester Exam ReviewReviewPhysical Science
2012 Exam Schedule:Monday, January 9: 5th & 7th Tuesday, January 10: 1st & 3rd
Wednesday, January 11: 6th & 8th
Thursday, January 12: 2nd & 4th
Exams are 25% of the semester grade!
Calculation: Sem. Grade = (0.75)(18-wk.avg.) + (0.25)(Exam)
Exam = Desired Sem. Grade – (0.75)(18-wk. avg.) 0.25
Experimental DesignExperimental DesignYou will be given an experiment in which you must You will be given an experiment in which you must identify the following components.identify the following components.
Independent Variable – “You change it.”
Dependent Variable - “It changed.”
Constants – variables that remain the same
Control – does not receive the treatment
Significant FiguresSignificant Figures
Determining # of Sig. Fig. examples:
Sig. Figs in Calculations:
1) 10000 = 1 sig. fig.
2) 10001 = 5 sig. figs
3) 10000. = 5 sig. figs
4) 10000.0 = 6 sig. figs
5) 0.0001 = 1 sig. fig.
6) 0.00010 = 2 sig. figs
7) 0.000101 = 3 sig. figs
8) 10.00010 = 7 sig. figs
Addition and Subtraction:
5.687 g
-2.31g =
3.377 g = 3.38 g
(rounded to 2 decimal places)
Multiplication and Division:
(12.500 cm)(2.00 cm)
= 25.0cm2
Scientific NotationScientific NotationWrite 59000000 m in scientific
notation. 5.9 x 107 m This shows 2 sig. figs.
If you needed to round to 1 sig. fig. : 6 x 107 m
Write 0.0000256 m in scientific notation.
2.56 x 10-5 m (rounded to 3 sig. figs) If you need to round to 2 sig figs: 2.6 x 10-5 m
If you need to round 1 sig. figs: 3 x 10-5 m
Dimensional Analysis Dimensional Analysis Kilo- Hecto- Deca- Basic unit (m, l, g) deci- centi- milli-Kilo- Hecto- Deca- Basic unit (m, l, g) deci- centi- milli-
Convert 45000 km to m 45.00 km x 1000m = 45,000 m 1 kmConvert 2000 cm to m 2000 cm x 1m = 20 m 100 cmConvert 5000000 mm to km500000 mm x _1 km = 0.5 km 106 mm
DensityDensity D = m v
V = m D
M = D x v
Objects with a density greater than water’s density, which is 1.00 g/mL, will sink in water, while objects with a density less than water’s will float in water.
Temperature affects density. Since matter tends to expand when heated and contract when cooled, the density decreases with increasing temperature, and increases with decreasing temperature.
Kinetic Theory of Matter and Kinetic Theory of Matter and States of MatterStates of Matter
Kinetic Theory: all matter is made up of tiny particles in constant motion. More motion among particles (increase in KE), temperature increases, and the changes in state of matter occur.
Temperature is the measure of the average kinetic energy (KE) of the particles that make up matter.
Boyle’s LawBoyle’s LawWhen temperature is held constant, volume and pressure are inversely proportional.P1V1 = P2V2
Charles’ LawCharles’ LawWhen pressure is held constant, volume and temperature and are
directly proportional. V1 = V2
T1 T2
Chemical or Physical? Chemical or Physical? 1. boiling of water2. bursting of a balloon3. crumpling paper4. burning of gasoline5. rotting of an egg6. exploding fireworks
Chemical or Physical? Chemical or Physical? 1. boiling of water P2. bursting of a balloon P3. crumpling paper P4. burning of gasoline C5. rotting of an egg C6. exploding fireworks C
Chemical or Physical? Chemical or Physical?
7. freezing of water8. evaporation of gasoline9. rusting a nail10.sawing of wood 11.crushing a can 12.toasting a marshmallow
Chemical or Physical? Chemical or Physical? 7. freezing of water P8. evaporation of gasoline P9. rusting a nail C10.sawing of wood P11.crushing a can P12.toasting a marshmallow C
According to the law of According to the law of conservation of mass, how conservation of mass, how does the mass of the does the mass of the products in a chemical products in a chemical reaction compare to the reaction compare to the mass of the reactants?mass of the reactants?a. There is no relationship.b. The mass of the products is greater.c. The mass of the reactants is greater.d. The masses are equal.
At room temperature, most At room temperature, most metals are ____.metals are ____.
a. radioactiveb. gasesc. liquidsd. solids
20. Which of the statements 20. Which of the statements below is true of the elements below is true of the elements sodium and potassium?sodium and potassium?
a. they form the compound NaK
b. they have very different chemical properties
c. belong to the same period
d. belong to the same group (family)
Which statement is true of Which statement is true of the elements sodium and the elements sodium and potassium?potassium?
a. They are polyatomic ions.b. They are compounds.c. They are nonmetals.d. They are metals.
The properties of sodium and The properties of sodium and potassium are:potassium are:
a.quite different because they have different electron arrangements
b.quite different because they have similar electron arrangements
c.quite similar because they have different electron arrangements
d.quite similar because they have similar electron arrangements
IsotopesIsotopesAtoms of the same element that have
different numbers of neutrons, and thus, different masses.
All Isotopes of carbon all have 6 protons.
Carbon -12 = 6 protons + 6 neutronsCarbon -13 = 6 protons + 7 neutronsCarbon -14 = 6 protons + 8 neutrons
Bohr ModelBohr Model
K = 2 e-
L = 8 e-
M = 18 e-
N = 32 e-
Identify this element.A: BoronKnow the Bohr models of elements 1-20.
Lewis Dot Diagrams Lewis Dot Diagrams – show only valence electrons– show only valence electrons
Be able to determine the correct Lewis dot diagram for a given element. (Look @ group # for a hint).
Properties of MetalsProperties of Metals Luster—shiny, reflect light Conduct (carry) Heat Conduct electricity (silver is a better
conductor than copper, but silver is more expensive, so copper is used)
Ductile—the ability to be drawn into thin wires
Malleable—can be flattened into thin sheets without shattering or crumbling
All are solids at room temperature except Mercury-(liquid)
Location on the periodic table: left side of the stair-step line (see previous slide)
Properties of NonmetalsProperties of Nonmetals Lack luster (not shiny) Poor conductors of heat and
electricity Not ductile Not malleable, most nonmetal solids
will crumble if hammered Exist as solids, liquids, and gases Many of the nonmetals exist as
diatomic gases (Br2, I2, N2, Cl2, H2, O2, F2)
Location on the periodic table: to the right of the stair-step line.
MetalloidsMetalloidsAlso known as semi-metals or
semi-conductorsLie along the stair-step LineExhibit properties of both metals
and nonmetals
Ionic vs. Covalent BondsIonic vs. Covalent Bonds
Ionic BondsGain or lose
electrons (an equal exchange of electrons)
Metal + Nonmetal (usually)
Usually solidsStronger bond
(high melting point)
Covalent BondsShare valence
electronsNonmetal + NonmetalUsually gases or
liquidsWeaker bond
(lower melting point)
What kind of chemical What kind of chemical bond is formed when an bond is formed when an equal exchange of equal exchange of electrons occurs?electrons occurs?
a. hydrogenb. magneticc. covalentd. ionic
How an ionic bond formsHow an ionic bond forms
Sodium loses it’s one valence electron, becoming the sodium ion, Na1+
The chlorine atom gains the electron from sodium to form the chloride ion, Cl1-.
Ionic bond is an electrostatic attraction between ions.
The sum of the oxidation The sum of the oxidation numbers in a neutral numbers in a neutral compound is alwayscompound is always
a.negative b.positive c. oned.zero
What is the correct formula What is the correct formula for magnesium oxide?for magnesium oxide?
a. Mg2O
b. Mg2O2
c. MgO2
d. MgO
In a chemical formula, the In a chemical formula, the number of each type of atom in number of each type of atom in the compound is shown by the compound is shown by numbers called ____.numbers called ____.
a. superscriptsb. oxidation numbersc. chemical symbolsd. subscripts
The oxidation number of an The oxidation number of an atom is shown with a ___.atom is shown with a ___.
a. negative number b. subscript c. positive numberd. superscript
How many electrons are How many electrons are needed in the outer energy needed in the outer energy levels of most atoms for the levels of most atoms for the atom to be chemically stable?atom to be chemically stable?
a. 2b. 4c. 6d. 8
Why do the noble gases NOT Why do the noble gases NOT form compounds readily?form compounds readily?
a.They have empty outer energy levels.b.They have no electrons.c.They have seven electrons in the outer
energy levels.d.Their outer energy levels are
completely filled with electrons.
What is the name of a What is the name of a binary compound made up binary compound made up of lithium and chlorine?of lithium and chlorine?
a. chlorine lithiateb. lithium chloratec. chlorine lithiumd. lithium chloride
Hydrogen is grouped with the Hydrogen is grouped with the alkali metals because it alkali metals because it
a. is a metal b. is a gasc. does not readily form
compoundsd. has one electron in its
outer energy level
How many hydrogen atoms are How many hydrogen atoms are present in one molecule of present in one molecule of ammonium acetate, NHammonium acetate, NH44CC22HH33OO22??
a. 4b. 3c. 12d. 7
The ____ tells you how many The ____ tells you how many electrons an atom must gain, electrons an atom must gain, lose, or share to become lose, or share to become stable.stable.
a. atomic massb. ionic numberc. atomic numberd. oxidation number
What is the charge of phosphate What is the charge of phosphate in Kin K33POPO44??
a. 7-
b. 1+
c. 4+
d. 3-
What is the name of What is the name of CaBrCaBr22??
a. calcium (II) bromideb. calcium bromatec. calcium (II) bromated. calcium bromide
What is the formula for What is the formula for copper(II) chloride?copper(II) chloride?
a. CClb. Cu2Cl
c. CuCld. CuCl2
What is the name of PbOWhat is the name of PbO22??
a. lead oxalateb. lead dioxidec. lead (II) oxided. lead (IV) oxide
What is the formula for What is the formula for magnesium chloride?magnesium chloride?
a. MgClb. MnClc. MnCl2d. MgCl2
The formula for iron (III) The formula for iron (III) chloride ischloride is
a. FeClb. FeClO3
c. Fe3Cl
d. FeCl3
The formula for calcium The formula for calcium phosphate is:phosphate is:
a. CaPO4
b. Ca3PO4
c. Ca3P2
d. Ca3 (PO4)2
Know the polyatomic ions:Know the polyatomic ions:Here are a few basic ones to knowHere are a few basic ones to know
1. phosphate ion
2. carbonate ion
3. nitrate ion
4. sulfate ion
5. ammonium ion
A. NO3-
B. SO42-
C. NH4+
D. PO43-
E. CO32-
Know the polyatomic ions:Know the polyatomic ions:
D 1. phosphate ion
E 2. carbonate ion
A 3. nitrate ion
B 4. sulfate ion
C 5. ammonium ion
A. NO3-
B. SO42-
C. NH4+
D. PO43-
E. CO32-
Greek Prefixes used in binary Greek Prefixes used in binary covalent (molecular) bonds covalent (molecular) bonds only. only. Remember, this is when you only have Remember, this is when you only have 2 NONMETALS2 NONMETALS in one in one unit of the compound.unit of the compound.
mono- 1di- 2tri- 3tetra- 4penta- 5hexa- 6hepta- 7octa- 8nona- 9deca- 10
Covalent BondsCovalent BondsUse prefixes to write formulas for the following Use prefixes to write formulas for the following compounds.compounds.
1. Carbon dioxide2. Carbon monoxide3. Sulfur trioxide4. Carbon tetrachloride5. Diphosphorus pentachloride
Check your answers:Check your answers:1. CO2
2. CO3. SO3
4. CCl45. P2Cl5
MORE PRACTICE WITH MORE PRACTICE WITH WRITING CHEMICAL WRITING CHEMICAL FORMULAS & NAMING FORMULAS & NAMING COMPOUNDSCOMPOUNDS
Write the formula from the Write the formula from the following names:following names:
a) copper(II) chlorideb) lithium bromidec) zinc oxide d) zinc nitridee) zinc chloride
AnswersAnswersa) copper(II) chloride = CuCl2b) lithium bromide = LiBrc) zinc oxide = ZnOd) zinc nitride = Zn3N2
e) zinc chloride = ZnCl2
Write the formula from the Write the formula from the following names:following names:
f) barium chlorideg) iron (II) sulfideh) magnesium sulfatei) sodium phosphatej) iron (II) oxide
AnswersAnswersf) barium chloride = BaCl2g) iron (II) sulfide = FeSh) magnesium sulfate = MgSO4
i) sodium phosphate = Na3PO4
j) iron (II) oxide = FeO
Write the formula from the Write the formula from the following names:following names:
k) iron (III) oxidel) magnesium phosphidem) calcium phosphate n) lead (II) chlorideo) nickel III) chloride
AnswersAnswersk) iron (III) oxide = Fe2O3
l) magnesium phosphide = Mg3P2
m) calcium phosphate = Ca3(PO4)
2
n) lead (II) chloride = PbCl2o) nickel III) chloride = NiCl3
Write names from the Write names from the formulas given:formulas given: a) PbO b) PbO2
c) Zn3(PO4)2
d) Cu(HCO3)2
e) FeSO4
Answers:Answers:a) PbO = lead (II) oxide b) PbO2 = lead (IV) oxide
c) Zn3(PO4)2 = zinc phosphate
d) Cu(HCO3)2 = copper (II) bicarbonate
e) FeSO4 = iron (II) sulfate
Write names from the Write names from the formulas given:formulas given: f) NaHCO3
g) CuCl
h) CuCl2
i) K2SO4
j) Al2O3
Answers:Answers: f) NaHCO3 = sodium bicarbonate
g) CuCl = copper (I) chloride
h) CuCl2 = copper (II) chloride
i) K2SO4 = potassium sulfate
j) Al2O3 = aluminum oxide
Write names from the Write names from the formulas given:formulas given:
k) Fe2O3
l) NiO
m) Ni2O3
n) MnO2
o) Cr2O3
k) Fe2O3 = iron (III) oxide
l) NiO = nickel (II) oxide
m) Ni2O3 = nickel (III) oxide
n) MnO2 = manganese (IV) oxide
o) Cr2O3 = chromium (III) oxide
Write the formula from the Write the formula from the following names:following names:
a) carbon tetrachloride
b) diphosphorus pentoxide
c) carbon monoxide
d) carbon dioxide
e) antimony tribromide
AnswersAnswersa) carbon tetrachloride = CCl4
b) diphosphorus pentoxide = P2O5
c) carbon monoxide = CO
d) carbon dioxide = CO2
e) antimony tribromide = SBBr3
Write the formula from the Write the formula from the following names:following names:
f) hexaboron silicideg) silicon disulfideh) chlorine dioxide
i) dinitrogen trioxidej) phosphorus triiodide
Answers:Answers:
f) hexaboron silicide = B6Sg) silicon disulfide = SiS2
h) chlorine dioxide = ClO2
i) dinitrogen trioxide = N2O3
j) phosphorus triiodide = PI3
Write the formula from the Write the formula from the following names:following names:
k) hydrogen iodidel) iodine pentafluoridem) sulfur dioxiden) ammoniao) sulfur tetrachloride
Answers:Answers:
k) hydrogen iodide = HIl) iodine pentafluoride = IF5
m) sulfur dioxide = SO2
n) ammonia = NH3
o) sulfur tetrachloride = SCl4
Write formulas for the Write formulas for the following compoundsfollowing compoundsa) P4S5
b) P2O5
c) B2Si
d) COe) SCl4
Answers:Answers:
a) P4S5 = tetraphosphorus pentasulfide
b) P2O5 = diphosphorus pentoxide
c) B2Si = diboron silicide
d) CO = carbon monoxidee) SCl4 = sulfur tetrachloride
Write formulas for the Write formulas for the following compoundsfollowing compounds
f) SO2
g) BBr3
h) CO2
i) NH3
Answers:Answers:
f) SO2 = sulfur dioxide
g) BBr3 = boron tribromide
h) CO2 = carbon dioxide
i) NH3= ammonia
BEFORE EXAMS:BEFORE EXAMS:Don’t wait until the last minute to study!Study a little for each exam each day!Use the online resources available to you
on my TeacherWeb site. There are PowerPoints under “Handouts” and online quizzes you may take.
Use your smartphone to review the PowerPoints.
Get a good night’s rest each night! (8+ hours)
Eat right! Junk will make you feel tired. Nothing too heavy for breakfast!
Research shows that water increases your brain power, so drink plenty of it!
For multiple choice items, eliminate impossible answers!
As always, I am available for help.My email: [email protected]