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1
WELCOME
Lecture on…
“FIRST AID TO THE INJURED”
By :M.M. GuptaASSTT. COMMISSIONERSJAB.
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What is FIRST AID ?
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FIRST AID IS….
A matter of Common Sense
Application of mind
Swift Response
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DEFINITION
First AID is the help given to a person in case of SUDDEN INJURY or SICKNESS so that the INJURY/SICKNESS does not AGGRAVATE FURTHER and due to swift action further DETERIORATION is checked, same condition is maintained & recovery promoted till the arrival of Medical Help.
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SCOPE OF FIRST AIDFrom the definition four things are apparent :
PREVENT further deterioration
PRESERVE in the same condition
PROMOTE recovery
To arrange for regular Medical AID
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METHOD OF FIRST AID
Diagnosis
Treatment
Disposal
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DIAGNOSIS BASED ON
Circumstantial Evidence
Signs
Symptoms (Patient tells)
(you observe)
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PRIORITIES OF FIRST AID
Check BreathingCheck Blood lossTreat Shock
Treat FractureLook For Simple InjuriesDisposal
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BREATHING PROCESS
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CHECK BREATHING
Can Hear It
Can Feel It
Can Observe It
(Normal Person Breathes 15-18 Times In One Minute)
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ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
Mouth To Mouth
Mouth To Nose@ 10 Breaths Per Minute
& Check Pulse
Give 2 ventilations if there is no breathing
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CHEST COMPRESSION(Give 30 Compression if there is no Circulation)
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RECOVERY POSITION (In case of unconscious casualty)
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BLEEDING (HAMEORRAGE)
Blood Contains
About 5 Litres in a normal body
- Red cells
- White cells
- Plasma
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BLOOD CIRCULATES THROUGH
Arteries Carry Blood from Heart to body
Capillaries Small Blood Vessels
Veins Carry Blood Back to Heart
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CIRCULATORY PROCESS
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CIRCULATORY PROCESS
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CIRCULATORY PROCESS
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CIRCULATORY PROCESS
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CIRCULATORY PROCESS
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CYCLE OF FLOW OF BLOOD
LV Body RA RV
RV
L1
L2
LA LV
(LUNGS)
(HEART)
(HEART)
(72-80 Times in one minute)
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HOW TO CHECK BLEEDING ? (HAEMORRHAGE)Direct Pressure
Indirect Pressure
a) Press Near the woundb) Apply dressing
a) Press The Pressure Point
Temporal Region – 2 Back of Ear – 2 Jaw – 2
Collar Bone – 2 Armpit – 2 Upper Arm – 2
Wrist – 2 Elbow-2 Sides of Abdomen – 2
Groin – 2 Back of Knee – 2 Ankle - 2Pressure bandagea) Use a roller bandage (preferably crepe bandage)b) Give support to the limb
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INTERNAL BLEEDING Bleeding from Nose/Ears.
Bleeding from Lungs with cough
From Stomach with Vomiting
Through Urine (Bladder,Unitary track, Kidney)
Through Rectum with Stool (injury in intestines)
TREATMENT
Handle Carefully and transport for Medical AID
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Impairment of Normal Functioning of Body, is Shock.
SHOCK
Two Types
a) Established Shock
b)Nervous Shock
Asphyxia
Bleeding
Sickness
Bad/Good News
Heat/Cold/Hunger
Injury to Brain/Spine
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SHOCK : SIGNS & SYMPTOMS Discolourisation of Face
Loss of PowerSlow/weak Pulse
Cold SweatingIrregular Breathing/Shallow breathingNausea & Giddiness
Clammy & Sandy SkinFall in Temperature
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SHOCK TREATMENT Remove Cause From Effect
Lay down the Patient & Loose ClothingLet Fresh Air Come
Reassure the PatientTry to Maintain TemperatureResort toArtificial Respiration
Arrange Medical Aid
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SHOCK TREATMENT
DO NOT GIVE ANYTHING ORALLY
GIVE NORMAL HOT OR COLD WHEN PATIENT IS CONSCIOUS OR REGAINS CONSCIOUSNESS
ALWAYS SEEK MEDICAL ADVICE
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SkeletonSystem
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SKELETON
• HEAD CAVITY : BRAIN/EYES/EARS
MOUTH/JAWS.
• CHEST ACAVITY : LUNGS/HEART/ SPLEEN/LEVER/
KIDNEYS• STOMACH : DIGESTIVE SYSTEM/
EXCRETARY SYSTEM• SMALL LIMBS : HANDS/ARMS/
FEET/LEGS ETC.
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BONES IN BODY 206 – Bones in Human Body
Skull (8 + 14) = 22Collar Bones (CLAVICLE) = 2
Chest (7 + 3 + 2) x 2 = 24Spine ( 7 + 12 + 5 + 5 + 4) = 33
Shoulder Blade (SCAPULA) = 2Upper Arm (HUME RUS) = 2Lower Arm (RADIUS - ULNA) = 4 Wrist (CARPALS) = 16Palm (META CARPALS) = 10Fingers (PHALANGES) = 28Pelvis ------- = 2Thigh (FEMUR) = 2Knee Cap (PATELLA) = 2Lower Leg (TIBBIA FABULA) = 4Ankle (TARSUS) = 14Foot (META TARSUS) = 10Fingers (PHALANGES) = 28
(NECK - BACK - WAIST - HIP - TAIL)(CERVICAL / DORSAL / LUMBAR / SACRAL / TAIL / COCCYGIAL)
Breast bone(sternum) = 1
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JOINTS
MOVEABLE
PARTIALLY MOVEABLE
IMMOVEABLE
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TYPES OF JOINTS
HINGE JOINTS
PIVOTAL JOINTS
BALL & SOCKET JOINTS
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FRACTURE
Any Breaking, Bending, Dislocation or Cracking of Bone is called Fracture.
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TYPES OF FRACTURE
SIMPLE OR CLOSED
COMPOUND
COMPLICATED
COMMINUTED
DEPRESSED
IMPACTED
GREENSTICK
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CAUSES OF FRACTURE
DIRECT INJURY
INDIRECT INJURY
MUSCULAR CONTRACTION OR EXPANSION
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FRACTURE : SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
Pain
SwellingTenderness
Loss of PowerDeformityUnnatural Movement
Irregularity
Crapitus
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FRACTURE TREATMENT Make The Patient ComfortablePrevent Any MovementCheck BleedingTreat for ShockImmobilize the LimbGive SupportTransportation.
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MuscularSystem
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MuscularSystem
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WOUNDS Any cut in the outer surface of the body is a wound or impairment in the blood vessels.
Wounds are of two types:
OPEN
CLOSED (mostly head injuries)
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WOUNDS TYPES / CLASSIFICATIONS
INCISED
PUNCTURED
LACERATED
CONTUSED
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WOUNDS TREATMENT
LAYDOWN THE PATIENT OR ASK HIM TO SIT DOWN
LIFT THE LIMB IF POSSIBLE
APPLY PRESSURE – ON THE WOUND - ON PRESSURE POINT
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WOUNDS TREATMENT
In the case of INTERNAL BLEEDING:
APPLY COLD FORMULATIONS
APPLY TOURNIQUET (All precautions)
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BURNS & SCALDSBurn is an injury to the body by excessive heat or excessive cold.
Burns : Dry Heat (fire, flame, metal, sun, electricity etc and friction
Scalds : Moist Heat (steam, boiling water, milk, tea, oil etc)
ChemicalBurns : Acids : H2SO4 , Nitric Acid, Hcl
Alkalis : Caustic Soda, Potash, Ammonia or quick lime
Gases : Liquid O2 or Nitrogen
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BURNS & SCALDSArea and not the degree of burn is important
(Rule of – 9)
BURN CAUSES
Intense Pain
Shock
Infection
Scars after Healing
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BURNS & SCALDSMANAGEMENT
Reassure the patientClean wrap the woundCover the woundWash with fresh waterKeep the patient warmKeep hands above the heart & feet elevatedKeep the face prop & observe continuouslyCold pack may also be applied (not excessive cold)Do not remove clothingDo not break blistersTreat for shockMove quickly to hospitalRemove ring, watch, bangles, belt & bootsCan give weak soda & salt solution if patient is conscious and not vomiting.
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BURNS & SCALDSFOR MINOR BURNS
Clean the AreaSubmerge in waterGive soda & salt solutionCover DryWarm drinksWash well for chemical corrosive burnsCan also neutralize and diluteRemove contaminated clothingWash the face/eye sidewaysNo rubbing of eyes
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POISONPoison is any such thing which after coming into contact or entering the body is capable of causing harm or leads to death
It can be:
Accidental orIntentional
Can enter the Body:
Through mouth (solid or liquid)Through skin (injection or sting etc)Through nose (gases or toxic fumes)
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POISONPoison may be:
Corrosive or burning (acids, alkalis, insecticides)Non-Corrosive (decomposed food, fungus etc)Depressants (opium, dhatura, sankhiya etc)
Signs and Symptoms
If through mouth (nausia, vomiting, lose motions, and stomach-ache)Burning of lips, tongue, mouth and throatAffect the brain (can cause asphyxia, deep sleep, fits, unconsciousness and giddiness
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POISONTREATMENT
Call the doctor immediatelyKeep samples, if possible, of poison, bottle, box or vomitIf Unconscious
-Do not induce vomiting-Keep the patient in recovery position-Artificial respiration, if needed
If Conscious-Give enough water to drink-Do not induce vomiting if acid, alkali or any other chemical is taken-Induce vomiting in other cases
(a) By luke warm salty water(b) By irritating tongue/throat
Give antidote if availableKeep the patient warm
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SIMPLE INJURY Disinfect the wound
Wash with water
Cover with any clean thing
Don’t apply any lotion except diluted mercurochrome Tincture Iodine etc.
Use disinfectant sprays if available
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Transportation Seek for Ambulance
(local Hospital or Nursing home)
Use Stretcher
Handle the spine fracture victim with utmost care and Caution
OR
Place the patient under proper care
102 : Ambulance1099 : Cats
(Improvise if not available)
(Bicycle, coil, shirt or Blanket etc,)
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MODES OF CARRYING
Single Person
(One First Aiders)
Cradle Human Crutch
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MODES OF CARRYING Pick a Back Fire man’s lift
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MODES OF CARRYING Hand Seat
(Two First Aiders)
Four Handed Seat Two Arm Seat
(When The Casualty is Co-operating)
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MODES OF CARRYING
when not conscious or can’t assist Use Hand lock
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MODES OF CARRYING When space does not permittwo hand seat
Improvised (chair)
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MODES OF CARRYING Carrying Stretcher
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TRIANGULAR BANDAGE
38”
38”
(Preferably Marcin cloth)
We get Two Triangular Bandages
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TRIANGULAR BANDAGE
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FIRST AID BOX
Large : 17 ½” x 10” x 6 ½”
Medium : 16” x 7 ¾” x 4”
Small : 5” x 3 ½” x 2 ½”
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FIRST AID BOX
Equipment
CONTENTS
DressingsMedicine for Local Application
Medicine for OralApplication
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FIRST AID BOX
Safety Pins
Equipment
ScissorsPad & Pen
Measuring Cup
TorchSplints
Bamboo Sticks
Cotton Wool
Dressings
Sterilised DressingsEye PadAdhesive PlasterRoller BandagesTriangular BandagesGauzeBand-aidsStretch Bandage
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FIRST AID BOX
Savlon/Dettol
For Local Application
Eye drops/OintmentTincture Iodine
Tincture Benzoin
Iodex etc.
Salt
For Oral Application
Sugar
Sodamint
Aspirin(250-350 mg.)
Medicines
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EYEFOREIGN OBJECTSLOCAL INJURYBLEEDINGS
– Internal – External
Over exposureAny inflammation or infection
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DONT’S
DO NOT RUB THE EYES
DO NOT PANIC
DO NOT USE ANY MEDICINE
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DO’S
KEEP CALM
REMOVE FOREIGN OBJECTS IF POSSIBLE
GIVE COLD COMPRESS IN CASE OF INTERNAL BLEEDING
WASH THE EYE WITH FRESH WATER FOR
– ANY CHEMICAL BURN– SMALL FOREIGN OBJECT
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FOREIGN OBJECT IN EYE
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FOREIGN OBJECT IN EYE
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The End