Finland as a knowledge Economy - Carl J Dahlman - Jorma Routti -

8/2/2019 Finland as a knowledge Economy - Carl J Dahlman - Jorma Routti -

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}ngn` com }b`fon`cd penddp no qcx}n`rdcx/ ]fbpb fcddbojbp nowldwbm ol} lod~X'M bvqbomn}rxb hr} cdpl gl`rpnoj lo jb}}noj }fb gxrn}p lg X'M no}l }

Gnodcomp p}xloj bkqfcpnp lo }fb p~p}bkn` cqqxlc`f }l noolwc}nlo bwldw

noj hxnmjnoj }fb bo}xbqxbobrxpfnq com gnoco`noj jcqp }l }rxo nowbo}nlo

kbx`ncd cqqdn`c}nlo/

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Bvb`r}nwb Pr


14/136

Klxblwbx$ cp co hb nogbxxbm gxlk }fb fcddbojbp }fc} Gnodcom np gc`noj cp

lg }fb xcqnm cmwco`bp no eolzdbmjb com }fb `lo}norlrp `fcddbojb lg jdlhc

}fb zlxdm np ol} p}comnoj p}ndd/ Zfc} zlxebm no }fb qcp} kc~ ol} zlxe no }fcom }fb qxbxbsrnpn}bp glx hbnoj pr``bppgrd pbbk }l hb xnpnoj bwbx fnjfbx com

noj bwbx klxb mbkcomnoj/ ]frp mbxnwbp }fb nkqlx}co`b lg dllenoj glxzcx

}l zfc} bv}bo} n} np qlppnhdb }l hb hb}}bx qxbqcxbm glx gr}rxb `fcddbojbp com

}ron}nbp/ Mbwbdlqnoj `lro}xnbp no qcx}n`rdcx obbm }l klon}lx }fnp cpqb`}

hb`crpb }fbxb kc~ hb nkqlx}co} obz cxbcp }fc} `co hb bvqdln}bm$ com n} znd

bppcx~ glx }fbk }l hb xbcm~ }l klwb srn`ed~ }l }ceb cmwco}cjb lg }fbk/

vnn Bvb`r}nwb Prkkcx~


15/136

Glxbzlxm

Eolzdbmjb np grbdnoj b`lolkn` jxlz}f com pl`ncd mbwbdlqkbo} no bwbx~ xb

zlxdm/ ]fb glx`bp lg jdlhcdnyc}nlo pr`f cp knjxc}nlo$ }xcwbd$ }xcmb$ glxbnjo n

com `lkkron`c}nlop cxb pqbbmnoj }fb mnppbknoc}nlo com rpb lg noglxkc

hlromcxnbp/ Obz nmbcp com noolwc}nlo cxb pqxbcmnoj gcp}bx }fco bwbx/ E

hcpbm jxlz}f com mbwbdlqkbo} lggbx lqqlx}ron}nbp glx hl}f mbwbdlqbm co

noj b`lolknbp/ Cmwco`bkbo} no noglxkc}nlo com lkkron`c}nlo }b`foldl

fcp hbbo c ob`bppcx~ lomn}nlo glx }fbpb obz mbwbdlqkbo}p no }fb jdlhcd b

N@]p qxlwnmb }fb kbcop glx mbwbdlqnoj `lro}xnbp }l c``bdbxc}b }fbnx

bwbo dbcqgxlj no}l c klxb cmwco`bm qfcpb lg mbwbdlqkbo} com }l bochdb }f

}nlo no}l }fb jdlhcd b`lolk~/ Glx mbwbdlqbm `lro}xnbp }fb eolzdbmjb+hcpb

cddlzp grx}fbx pqb`ncdnyc}nlo$ nkqxlwbkbo}p no qxlmr`}nwn}~$ com }fb c`fn

prp}cnochdb jxlz}f9 eolzdbmjb `cqn}cd np }fb lod~ cppb} }fc} `co jxlz zn}com obz eolzdbmjb no`xbcpbp }fb bggn`nbo} rpb lg xbplrx`bp }fc} cxb no gnon}

]fb Gnoonpf bvqbxnbo`b no }fb 3>>1p np co bvckqdb lg flz eolz

hb`lkb }fb mxnwnoj glx`b no b`lolkn` }xcopglxkc}nlo com jxlz}f/ C

xb`bo}d~ cp }fb 3>:1p Gnodcom zcp xbd~noj kcnod~ lo xbplrx`b+no}bopnwb

n} np olz }fb klp} N@] pqb`ncdnybm b`lolk~ no }fb zlxdm/ ]fnp c`fnbwbkb

klxb xbkcxechdb lopnmbxnoj }fb mbbq xb`bppnlo n} bvqbxnbo`bm no }fb bcx

zn}f c kcilx hcoenoj `xnpnp }fc} dbm }l xcqnm zlxpbonoj lg qrhdn` gnoco

qdl~kbo}$ com }fb bv}bxocd hcdco`b/Xcqnm p}xr`}rxcd }xcopglxkc}nlo hbjnoonoj no }fb knm onob}nbp `lno

bsrcdd~ xcqnm nkqxlwbkbo}p no kc`xl hcdco`bp/ H~ }fb bom lg }fb mb`cmb }f

kc`xlb`lolkn` qbxglxkco`b zcp lob lg }fb p}xlojbp} no Brxlqb/ ]fb Gnoo

bo`b pflzp }fc} n} np qlppnhdb }l kceb pnjongn`co} p}xr`}rxcd `fcojbp no

pflx} }nkb/ N} cdpl pflzp }fc} dloj+}bxk mb`npnlop }fc} pfcqb xbpbcx`f com

cxb qlppnhdb$ com nombbm ob`bppcx~$ mrxnoj pflx} }bxk b`lolkn` `xnpnp$ pno`

wnmb jrnmbdnobp glx dlojbx+xro jxlz}f com fbdq xbc}b c prp}cnochdb lkqb]fb p}rm~ fcp hbbo c ilno} bgglx} h~ }fb Zlxdm Hcoe Nop}n}r}b$ }fb Gnoonp

lg ]xcmb com Nomrp}x~ com Knonp}x~ lg Glxbnjo Cggcnxp$ GnoqxlGnoonp

Cjbo`~ glx @lxqlxc}b No}bxoc}nlocdnyc}nlo$ com B]DC}fb Xbpbcx`f Nop}

Gnoonpf B`lolk~/

Cd}flrjf Gnodcom fcp kco~ `fcxc`}bxnp}n`p }fc} `cool} bcpnd~ hb xbq


16/136

C`eolzdbmjkbo}p

]fnp hlle np }fb xbprd} lg c `lddchlxc}nlo ckloj pbwbxcd lxjconyc}nlop com

rcdp/ ]fb xbpbcx`f zcp `cxxnbm lr} h~ @cxd Mcfdkco lg }fb Eolzdbmjb glx M

kbo} Qxljxck c} }fb Zlxdm Hcoe Nop}n}r}b &ZHN.5 c pkcdd }bck fbcmbm h

^d+Co}}ndc c} }fb Xbpbcx`f Nop}n}r}b lg }fb Gnoonpf B`lolk~ &B]DC. no`drm

Ecn}ndc$ Fbdn Elpen$ Dnnpc Dbnildc$ Dcrxc Qcnic$ @fxnp}lqfbx Qcdkhbxj$ co

]nnflobo5 com Qxlgbpplx Ilxkc Xlr}}n lg @xbc}nwb Nomrp}xnbp Kcocjbkbo

Fbdpnoen/ N} zcp `lgnoco`bm h~ }fb Zlxdm Hcoe Nop}n}r}b$ Gnoonpf Knonp}x~

bnjo Cggcnxp$ com Knonp}x~ lg ]xcmb com Nomrp}x~/

]fb cr}flxp zlrdm dneb }l }fcoe Qbeec Freec &Knonp}x~ lg Glxbnjo Cggc

Icofrobo com Pbqql Dcnob &Gnoqxl.$ com Kc}}n Qnb}cxnobo &Knonp}x~ lg ]x

Nomrp}x~. glx }fbnx rpbgrd `lkkbo}p lo wcxnlrp mxcg}p/ Zb cxb cdpl jxc}bgrIcofrobo glx klhndnynoj gnoco`ncd xbplrx`bp com kcocjnoj }fb `lop

qxl`bpp$ com }l Ibco+Bxn` Crhbx} &ZHN. glx fnp wcdrchdb gbbmhc`e com cmwn`b

Onerdcnobo &B]DC. penddgrdd~ `lkqndbm }fb mc}c com kcocjbm }fb mc}chc

zbxb pl bppbo}ncd }l lrx cocd~pnp/

]fb hlle zcp mnp`rppbm c} c Zlxdm Hcoe Xbwnbz Pbknocx no Kc~ 8112

h~ Zlxdm Hcoe Wn`b Qxbpnmbo} Mcoo~ Dbnqynjbx/ @lkkbo}p h~ }fb mnp`rppc

xn}y Fldk+Onbdpbo$ Cdgxbm Zc}enop$ com Wcomcoc @fcomxc$ com h~ }fb pbk

}n`nqco}p cdpl fbdqbm nkqxlwb }fb gnocd qxlmr`}/Zb cxb cdpl jxc}bgrd }l Ilfo Mnmnbx &ZHN. glx kcocjnoj }fb qrhdnpfnoj

}l Mbxbe @fbo &ZHN. glx qxllgnoj com lxxb`}noj }fb gnocd kcorp`xnq}$ com

R}y &ZHN. glx pfbqfbxmnoj }fb hlle }l `lkqdb}nlo/ Cdn`nc Fb}yobxp bmn}no

}fb hlle klxb xbcmchdb/


17/136

3No}xlmr`}nlo@cxd Mcfdkco$ Ilxkc Xlr}}n$ com Qbeec ^d+Co}}ndc

3/3 ]fb eolzdbmjb b`lolk~

Eolzdbmjb fcp hb`lkb }fb kcilx mxnwnoj glx`b lg b`lolkn` com pl`nc

kbo} cdd cxlrom }fb zlxdm/ @lrqdbm zn}f jdlhcdnyc}nlo com c``bdbxc}b

mnp}xnhr}nlo com }xcopgbx lg eolzdbmjb h~ noglxkc}nlo com }bdb`lkk

}b`foldljnbp$ }fnp mbwbdlqkbo} nkqc`}p cdd `lro}xnbp com xbjnlop$ qrh

}nlop$ }fb `lxqlxc}b zlxdm$ com }fb dnwbp com qxlpqb`}p lg nomnwnmrcdp/]fb eolzdbmjb b`lolk~ np hcpbm lo }fb jbobxc}nlo com cmlq}n

eolzdbmjb `xbc}bm h~ p`nbo}ngn` xbpbcx`f com }b`foldljn`cd cmwco`bp5 no

no bmr`c}nlo com xbpbcx`f5 cmlq}nlo lg hbp} qxc`}n`bp5 com lqboobpp }l

olkn`$ com `rd}rxcd noolwc}nlop/ Glx cmwco`bm nomrp}xncdnybm `lro}xnbp

dchlx com nogxcp}xr`}rxb `lp}p$ }fb eolzdbmjb b`lolk~ lggbxp `lkqb}n}

}cjbp no fnjf+}b`foldlj~ qxlmr`} kcorgc`}rxb com bggn`nbo} pbxwn`b pb`}l

rxcd+xbplrx`b+hcpbm b`lolknbp n} lggbxp nkqxlwbm }b`foldljnbp com fn

cmmbm qxlmr`}p zn}f `dlpbx `rp}lkbx dnoecjbp$ cp zbdd cp c qc}f glx pmbwbdlqkbo}/ Glx mbwbdlqnoj `lro}xnbp$ eolzdbmjb lggbxp qlppnhndn}nbp }

mbwbdlqkbo} qfcpbp$ dbcqgxlj }b`foldljnbp$ com klxb srn`ed~ no}bjxc

jdlhcd b`lolk~ h~ hb`lknoj klxb c}}xc`}nwb }l no}bxoc}nlocd nowbp}lxp/

Cp co bvckqdb lg eolzdbmjb b`lolk~ `lkqlobo}p$ zb `co kbo}nlo

mbwbdlqkbo} com cmlq}nlo lg noglxkc}nlo com `lkkron`c}nlo }b`foldl

pr`f cp znxbdbpp klhndb }bdb`lkkron`c}nlo/ N} }lle klxb }fco 311 ~bcxp }

gnvbm+dnob }bdbqflob p~p}bk no nomrp}xncdnybm `lro}xnbp/ No mxckc}n` `l

pflx} mb`cmbp$ }fb orkhbx lg klhndb }bdbqflobp zlxdmznmb xb`bo}d~ x

hnddnlo com olz bv`bbmp }fc} lg gnvbm+dnob `loob`}nlop/ H~qcppnoj }fb b`l

srcdn}~ lg dngb `lp}p lg mnjjnoj rq kb}xlqldn}co p}xbb}p }l nop}cdd }bdbqf

com kcxxnoj }fb `lro}x~pnmb zn}f }bdbqflob qldbp$ znxbdbpp }b`fold

hxlrjf} }l klp} `lro}xnbp mlkbp}n` com jdlhcd `loob`}nwn}~ cp zbdd cp


18/136

`rd}~ no c``bppnoj jdlhcd kcxeb}p srn`ed~/ @lopbsrbo}d~$ }fb fnjf+}b`f no

cxb fcxc`}bxnybm h~ fnjf xbpbcx`f no}bopn}~ com lg}bo cdpl h~ fnjf cqn}cd n

]fbnx `lp} p}xr`}rxbp cxb mlknoc}bm h~ mbwbdlqkbo} bvqbopbp com kbgglx}p xc}fbx }fco h~ kcorgc`}rxnoj com kc}bxncd `lp}p/

]fb `lowbxpnlo lg eolzdbmjb no}l b`lolkn` com pl`ncd hbobgn}p xbsrnx

noolwc}nlo p~p}bkp$ no`drmnoj fnjfd~ srcdngnbm qbxploobd com bggn`nbo} }b`

}xcopgbx &]]. com wbo}rxb `cqn}cd/ Flzbwbx$ bsrcdd~ com qbxfcqp bwbo klx

}co} }fco }fb xbc}nlo lg obz fnjf }b`foldlj~ nomrp}xnbp np }l kcno}cno com

}fb qbxglxkco`b com `lkqb}n}nwbobpp lg }xcmn}nlocd nomrp}xnbp h~ qxlwnmn

c``bpp }l fnjf }b`foldlj~ com eolzdbmjb/

]fb obz eolzdbmjb bownxlokbo} lggbxp kco~ lqqlx}ron}nbp }l c`}nwb

Xcqnm jxlz}f dbcmnoj bwbo }l zlxdm kcxeb} mlknoco`b np qlppnhdb cp nddrp}

kco~ pr``bpp p}lxnbp cxlrom }fb zlxdm/ Lo }fb l}fbx fcom$ }fbpb pckb `fc

}n`p `co dbcm }l jxbc}bx qldcxnyc}nlo hb}zbbo znoobxp com dlpbxp/ No}bxoc}nlo

qb}n}nlo np p}xboj}fbonoj }fb mbkcom glx }fb klp} srcdngnbm qblqdb com glx

}nlocd nowbp}kbo}p/ Fbo`b$ }fb srbp}nlop lg pl`ncd no`drpnlo com cwlnmnoj }f

mnwnmb `cdd glx c}}bo}nlo/

3/8 ]fb @cpb lg Gnodcom

Gnodcom np c `lro}x~ }fc}$ no c xbdc}nwbd~ wbx~ pflx} qbxnlm$ fcp }xcopglxk

no}l c eolzdbmjb b`lolk~/ No xb`bo} ~bcxp$ n} fcp hbbo `lopnp}bo}d~ xcoebm

}fb }lq qbxglxkbxp no no}bxoc}nlocd `lkqb}n}nwbobpp xcoenojp/ Kbcprxbm h

nomn`c}lxp xbdc}bm }l }fb eolzdbmjb b`lolk~$ n} fcp hbbo xcoebm gnxp}/

]fnp c`fnbwbkbo} np srn}b xbkcxechdb bpqb`ncdd~ zfbo `lopnmbxnoj G

b`lolkn` pn}rc}nlo no }fb bcxd~ 3>>1p/ ]fb `lro}x~ zbo} }fxlrjf c pbwbxb bxb`bppnlo `fcxc`}bxnybm h~ c kcilx hcoenoj `xnpnp$ robkqdl~kbo} xc}bp }

gxlk 2 qbx`bo} }l lwbx 32 qbx`bo}$ com }fb c``rkrdc}nlo lg jlwbxokbo} mb

klmbp} dbwbdp }l lwbx 71 qbx`bo} lg JMQ }fc} zbxb cqqxlc`fnoj no}bxoc}nlo

noj dnkn}p &hlv 3/3.

]fbpb mnggn`rd}nbp zbxb `crpbm com bvc`bxhc}bm h~ co ro`lo}xlddbm mbxb

lg gnoco`ncd kcxeb}p com c xcqnm no`xbcpb no glxbnjo hlxxlznoj$ zfn`f db

lwbxfbc}bm mlkbp}n` b`lolk~/ Fnjf nogdc}nlo qrp

no}bxbp} xc}bp com lwbxhrxmbobm }fb qrhdn` pb`}lx

pkcddbx }cv xbwborbp com dcxjbx robkqdl~kbo} com

`lp}p/ Grx}fbxklxb$ }fb `lddcqpb lg }fb Plwnb} Ronlo

lr} 32 qbx`bo} lg Gnodcomp glxbnjo }xcmb zn}f }fc}

com }fb c}}xc`}nwb hcx}bx cxxcojbkbo}p/ ]fnp mxcp}n`

8 No}xlmr`}nlo

B`lolkn` `xnpnp

no }fb bcxd~

3>>1p zcp pbwbxb


19/136

@cxd Mcfdkco$ Ilxkc Xlr}}n$ com Qbeec d

Hlv 3/3 Xb`bppnlo lg }fb bcxd~ 3>>1p

No }fb dcp} }zl mb`cmbp lg }fb }zbo}nb}f `bo}rx~$ Gnodcomp b`lolk~ bvqbxnbo`dbo} `fcojb/ N} rombxzbo} lwbxfbc}noj$ mbqxbppnlo$ xb`lwbx~$ com hllkgldco chxrq} b`lolkn` pdlzmlzo c} }fb lr}pb} lg }fb obz knddboonrk/ ]fnp qbobppbm gromckbo}cd `fcojbp no }fb xbjrdc}lx~ bownxlokbo}$ b`lolkn` qldn`~com nomrp}xncd p}xr`}rxb com lxjconyc}nlo &`fcq}bx =./

Gnodcomp hbjco }fb mbxbjrdc}nlo lg n}p gnoco`ncd kcxeb}p no }fb knm+3>61p$no c dng}noj lg `lop}xcno}p lo qxnwc}b glxbnjo hlxxlznoj com `lo}xldp lo mlkbbp} xc}bp/ Flzbwbx$ }fb gnvbm bv`fcojb xc}b qldn`~ zcp dbg} no}c`}/ ]fb `lopbsrnoj hllk com kcppnwb glxbnjo `cqn}cd nogdlz lwbxfbc}bm }fb b`lolk~/ Kr

bv`bppnwb prqqd~ lg gromp glrom n}p flkb no xbcd bp}c}b com l}fbx cppb}p co}fbnx qxn`bp }l roqxb`bmbo}bm dbwbdp/3

]fb hllk bombm chxrq}d~ no 3>>1/ Xbcd JMQ jxlz}f qdrkkb}bm gxlkplkb 2 qbx`bo} no 3>6> }l 1/0 qbx`bo} no 3>>1/ ]fb b`lolk~ lo}xc`}bm h~ co c7/2 qbx`bo} no 3>>3/ ]fb mlzo}rxo `lo}norbm no 3>>8 com 3>>0$ zfbo JMQ mcoorcd xc}bp lg 0/6 qbx`bo} com 3/8 qbx`bo}$ xbpqb`}nwbd~/ JMQ mb`xbcpbm no 3}l}cd h~ klxb }fco 31 qbx`bo}/ Gnodcomp mbqxbppnlo+}fb mbbqbp} bvqbxnbo`bLB@M `lro}x~ pno`b Zlxdm Zcx NNfcp hbbo mbp`xnhbm cp c p}lx~ lg hcm dr`qldn`nbp/8 ]fb hcm drè p}bkkbm gxlk glrx pflèp no no}bxoc}nlocd }xcmb9

3/ Co b`lolkn` mlzo}rxo no }fb LB@M b`lolknbp8/ ]fb chxrq} mb`dnob no Gnodcomp bvqlx}p glddlznoj }fb `lddcqpb lg lob n

}xcmnoj qcx}obxp$ }fb Plwnb} Ronlo0/ Fnjf no}bxbp} xc}bp no Brxlqb xbprd}noj gxlk Jbxkco rongn`c}nlo=/ Pdlznoj jxlz}f }fxlrjflr} Brxlqb/

]fb xbgbxbo`b }l hcm qldn`nbp xbdc}bp }l }fb knv lg qxl+`~`dn`cd gnp`cd qldn`nbp combv`fcojb xc}b qldn`~/ ]fb jlwbxokbo}p c}}bkq}p$ com bwbo}rcd gcndrxb no 3>>8$ }fb gnvbm `rxxbo`~ dbm }l xb`lxm+fnjf no}bxbp} xc}bp com c pfcxqd~ mbwcdrbm mlk

xbo`~/ C zcwb lg qbxplocd com `lkqco~ hcoexrq}`nbp xbprd}bm no c hcoenoj bwbo}rcdd~ `lp} }cvqc~bxp co bp}nkc}bm :/2 qbx`bo} lg JMQ/0 ]fb robkqdl~xbc`fbm 3: qbx`bo} no 3>>0$ }fc} np$ cdklp} 32 qbx`bo}cjb qlno}p fnjfbx }fco nombqxbppnlo dbwbd/

Gnodcomp b`lolk~ hbjco }l xb`lwbx no 3>>=/ ]fb pflè fcm `lo}xnhr}bm kbo}cd xbp}xr`}rxnoj lg mnggbxbo} bdbkbo}p lg }fb b`lolk~/ ]fb hrpnobpp pbvckqdb$ rombxzbo} c zcwb lg xblxjconyc}nlo cp roqxlmr`}nwb gnxkp dbg} }fcom klxb bggn`nbo} lobp p}bqqbm no}l }fb hxbc`f/=

]fb bkqdl~kbo} p}xr`}rxb cdpl `fcojbm$ cd}flrjf dbcwnoj }fb obz

robkqdl~kbo} xc}b c} c pnjongn`co}d~ fnjfbx dbwbd/2

Nombbm$ robkqdl~kbo}mlzo pdlzd~ no xb`bo} ~bcxp gxlk }fb fnjf lg 3: qbx`bo}$ hr} no 811= p}nddcdklp} > qbx`bo}/

Gnocdd~$ com klp} nkqlx}co}d~$ }fb p}xr`}rxb lg nomrp}xncd lr}qr} com`fcojbm$ cp }fb N@] nomrp}x~ bkbxjbm com ilnobm }fb }xcmn}nlocd glxbp} com kb}nomrp}xnbp }l hb`lkb lob lg Gnodcomp klp} nkqlx}co} pb`}lxp &gnjrxb 0/0.hb`ckb c kbkhbx lg }fb BR no 3>>2 com cmlq}bm }fb `lkklo Brxlqbco `rxxb


20/136

mbwcdrc}nlop lg }fb `rxxbo`~ no xbpqlopb }l }fb `~`dn`cd oc}rxb lg }fb no}bx

qrdq com qcqbx kcxeb}p/ ]lmc~$ no }fb brxl xbjnkb$ }fnp np obn}fbx qlpp

mbpnxchdb$ hb`crpb lg }fb xbprd}noj nogdc}nlo com no`xbcpb no glxbnjo mbh}/]frp$ }fb mnwbxpngn`c}nlo lg bvqlx}p fcp hbbo kcomc}lx~ }l nkqxlwb }fb q

co`b lg }fb Gnoonpf b`lolk~/ ]fnp mnwbxpngn`c}nlo fcp hbbo mrb dcxjbd~ }l }f

jbo`b lg obz eolzdbmjb+hcpbm nomrp}xnbp com }fb cmlq}nlo lg eolzdbmjb b

`lo`bq}p }fxlrjflr} }fb zfldb pl`nb}~/ Xbpbcx`f com

kbo} &X'M. nowbp}kbo}p h~ jlwbxokbo} com qxnk

qxnwc}b pb`}lx fcwb klxb }fco mlrhdbm }l xbc`f dbwbdp

dbo} }l 0/2 qbx`bo} lg JMQ$ zfn`f np chlwb }fb BR cw

dbpp }fco 8 qbx`bo} com }fb LB@M cwbxcjb lg cqqxlv

8/2 qbx`bo}/ ]fnp no`xbcpb no X'M nowbp}kbo}p xbsrnxb

mbcd lg qldn}n`cd znpmlk com `lrxcjb mrxnoj }nkbp lg fnjf robkqdl~kbo}

bcpnbx qc}f zlrdm fcwb hbbo }l jbobxc}b nkkbmnc}b bkqdl~kbo} xc}fbx }f

rq dlojbx+}bxk p}xboj}fp/ ]fnp no`xbcpbm X'M fcp hbbo fbdqbm qcx}d~ h~

p}xc}bjnbp mbpnjobm glx wcxnlrp gnbdmp no pl`nb}~/ Cdpl fbdqgrd zcp `lopbopr

noj$ glx bvckqdb$ h~ lxjconynoj b`lolkn` qldn`~ qxljxckp c}}bombm h~ qx

cdd kbkhbxp lg }fb Gnoonpf Qcxdnckbo} com l}fbx mb`npnlo kcebxp gxlk }fcom qxnwc}b pb`}lxp$ kbmnc$ com dchlx kcxeb} lxjconyc}nlop/

]fb Gnoonpf noolwc}nlo p~p}bk cdpl fcp hbbo pr``bppgrd no `lowbx}noj }

nowbp}kbo}p com bmr`c}nlocd `cqc`n}~ no}l nomrp}xncd com bvqlx} p}xboj}fp

}b`foldlj~ pb`}lxp/ ]fb pfcxb lg fnjf }b`foldlj~ no }l}cd bvqlx}p fcp jxlz

qbx`bo} no }fb dc}b 3>61p }l cqqxlvnkc}bd~ 81 qbx`bo}$ xbprd}noj no c pnjongn`c

prxqdrp/ ]bdb`lkkron`c}nlo bvqlx}p }lmc~ cxb cdklp} cp fnjf cp }flpb lg }f

xbdc}bm nomrp}xnbp$ com }fb Gnoonpf Olenc @lxqlxc}nlo fcp jxlzo no}l

dbcmbx no klhndb `lkkron`c}nlop/ Fromxbmp lg l}fbx pkcddbx fnjf+}b`f`lkqconbp cdpl fcwb hbbo bp}chdnpfbm$ com kco~ fcwb hb`lkb zlxdm db

}fbnx on`fb kcxeb}p/ ]fb jxlz}f qbxglxkco`b cdpl fcp hbbo xbkcxechdb l

dlojbx xro/ Glddlznoj }fb Pb`lom Zlxdm Zcx$ Gnodcomp JMQ jxlz}f f

ckloj }fb gcp}bp} no Brxlqb/

]fb pr``bpp lg Gnodcom np xbkcxechdb ol} lod~ no dnjf} lg n}p bcxdnbx b`lolk

`rd}nbp/ N} np no}bxbp}noj }l pbb }fc} eolzdbmjb b`lolknbp `co hb pr``bppgrdd~ h

pkcdd com xc}fbx qbxnqfbxcd `lro}x~/ Gnodcom np c xbdc}nwbd~ dcxjb `lro}x~ `lw

cxbc pnkndcx }l }fc} lg }fb Ron}bm Enojmlk lx Icqco$ hb}zbbo dc}n}rmbp 71

Olx}f bv}bomnoj hb~lom }fb Cx`}n` @nx`db/ Cd}flrjf klxb }fco fcdg lg }fb q

}fb zlxdm dnwnoj }fnp gcx olx}f cxb Gnoonpf$ }fb }l}cd qlqrdc}nlo lg }fb `lro}x~

gnwb knddnlo/ Grx}fbxklxb$ }fb Gnoonpf dcojrcjb np pqlebo lod~ h~ Gnoop/ Zf

co cppb} glx c p}xloj oc}nlocd rd}rxb$ n} kcebp no}bxoc}nlocd lkkron`c}nlop

= No}xlmr`}nlo

X'M pqbomnoj

zcp no`xbcpbm }l

0/2" lg JMQ


21/136

3/0 P}xr`}rxb lg }fb hlle

]fnp wldrkb np lxjconybm cp glddlzp/ No `fcq}bx 8 zb }ceb c dlle c} Gn

eolzdbmjb b`lolk~ }lmc~/ Zb jnwb plkb hcpn` gc`}p lo }fb b`lolk~ co

}fb klp} xb`bo} eolzdbmjb+hcpbm mbwbdlqkbo}p/

@fcq}bxp 0 com = cxb ocxxc}nwb mnp`rppnlop lg flz Gnodcom fcp hb`lk

bmjb b`lolk~/ Zb gnxp} }ceb co fnp}lxn`cd qbxpqb`}nwb com mbp`xnhb }fb

}xcopglxkc}nlo gxlk c gc`}lx+mxnwbo &nowbp}kbo}+mxnwbo.$ xbplrx`b+h

lk~ }l lob }fc} np qxnkcxnd~ eolzdbmjb hcpbm/ Pqb`ncd bkqfcpnp np jnwb

}rxcd `fcojbp pno`b }fb bcxd~ 3>>1p$ zfn`f fcwb glxkbm }fb hcpnp glx }

noolwc}nlo+mxnwbo p}cjb lg nomrp}xncd mbwbdlqkbo}/ Lob lg }fb hcpn` k`fcq}bx = np }fc} nop}n}r}nlop kc}}bx/ Zb mnp`rpp no qcx}n`rdcx }fb pnjo

pl`ncd nop}n}r}nlop/

No `fcq}bx 2 zb bvcknob qldn`nbp }lzcxm bofco`noj nowbp}kbo} no e

`xbc}nlo com mnggrpnlo$ }fc} np$ bmr`c}nlo com p`nbo`b com }b`foldlj~ q

`fcq}bx jnwbp qbxpqb`}nwb lo }fb kb`fconpkp lg nomrp}xncd }xcopglxkc}n

xldb com gro`}nlonoj lg qldn`~ lxjconyc}nlop com nop}xrkbo}p np mbp`xnhb

lg }fb `fcq}bx np }l bvqdcno flz Gnodcom fcp hb`lkb lob lg }fb zlxdm

eolzdbmjb+hcpbm b`lolknbp/@fcq}bx 7 dllep c} }fb eolzdbmjb b`lolk~ gxlk c pb`}lxcd qbxpq

xbwnbz }fb }zl klp} nkqlx}co} Gnoonpf nomrp}xncd pb`}lxp}fb glx

nomrp}x~ com noglxkc}nlo com `lkkron`c}nlo }b`foldljnbp pb`}lxno k

Hl}f cxb lg wn}cd nkqlx}co`b }l }fb b`lolk~$ com }fbxb cxb nkqlx}co

hb}zbbo }fb }zl$ bwbo }flrjf lob xbqxbpbo}p c }xcmn}nlocd oc}rxc

mbqbombo} nomrp}x~ com }fb l}fbx mbqbomp lo cdklp} qrxbd~ no}cojn

bmjb/ Grx}fbxklxb$ jdlhcdnyc}nlo com no}bxoc}nlocd `lopldnmc}nlo noqcqbx+kcenoj$ cp zbdd cp l}fbx }xcmn}nlocd nomrp}xnbp$ np dnebd~ }l p}xb

dnoecjbp cjcno no }fb gr}rxb/ Mrb }l }fb obbm }l no}bjxc}b }fb jbljxcqf

qbxpbm c`}nwn}nbp lg jdlhcd `lxqlxc}nlop$ }fbxb np c jxlznoj mbkcom glx

qxlmr`}p com pbxwn`bp/

Gnodcom `bx}cnod~ np co N@]+mxnwbo eolzdbmjb b`lolk~ }fc} fcp hbo

hbnoj co bcxd~ qxlmr`bx lg }fbpb }b`foldljnbp/ ]zl lg }fb jxbc}bp} `fcddb

n}p b`lolk~ }lmc~ cxb }fb obbm glx klxb bggn`nbo} com bv}bopnwb rpb lg

oldljnbp com }fb nkqc`} lg fbnjf}bobm lkqb}n}nlo gxlk obzd~ nomrp}xnc}xnbp/ @fcq}bx : cmmxbppbp }fbpb com l}fbx }lqn`cd `fcddbojbp no }fb `lo}bv

bmjb b`lolk~ mbwbdlqkbo}p no Gnodcom/ N} }cebp c dlle c} }fb `fcojbp no

N@] kcxeb} com mnp`rppbp no}bxocd gc`}lxp pr`f cp cjnoj lg }fb qlqrdc}n

obbm }l no`xbcpb qxlmr`}nwn}~ no pbxwn`bp qxlwnpnlo }l kcno}cno }fb zbdgcx

Gnocdd~ `fcq}bx 6 mnp`rppbp }fb dbpplop dbcxobm gxlk }fb Gnoonpf `cpb



22/136

gxckbzlxe np cmcq}bm gxlk Qlx}bx &3>>1. com Fbxobponbkn com l}fbxp &3>

Knonp}x~ lg ]xcmb com Nomrp}x~ &3>>0./7

Zfndb mbp`xnhnoj }fb `fcxc`}bxnp}n` gbc}rxbp }~qn`cd lg mnggbxbo} mbwbd

p}cjbp lg }fb b`lolk~$ }fb gxckbzlxe cdpl jnwbp nopnjf}p no}l }fb mnggbxbo}qldn`nbp no }fb mnggbxbo} p}cjbp/ Lhwnlrpd~$ mnggbxbo} qldn`nbp cxb cqqxlqxnc}

gbxbo} qfcpbp/ ]fb }fxbb p}cjbp `cool} hb p}xn`}d~ pbqcxc}bm gxlk lob

Xc}fbx$ }fb~ lwbxdcq com bx}cno gbc}rxbp lg bc`f co hb nmbo}ngnbm }fxlrjfl

noj gxlk }fb non}ncd p}cjb lg bcxd~ nomrp}xncdnyc}nlo/

No }fbgc`}lx+ lx xbplrx`b+mxnwbo p}cjb lg co b`lolk~$ }fb `lkqb}n}nwb cmw

lg jxlznoj com no}bxoc}nlocdd~ pr``bppgrd nomrp}xnbp cxb hcpbm cdklp} pldbd

hcpn` gc`}lxp lg qxlmr`}nlo/ No Gnodcom$ }fnp gc`}lx+mxnwbo p}cjb p}cx}bm no

3611p com dcp}bm ro}nd }fb 3>01p/ ]fb gc`}lxp lg qxlmr`}nlo no`drmbm chromhbx xbplrx`bp$ plkb knobxcdp$ f~mxlqlzbx$ com zc}bxzc~p glx }xcopql

]fbxb zcp wbx~ dn}}db oc}nlocd qxlmr`}nlo lg nowbp}kbo} jllmp/ Gnxkp xbdnbm

oldljnbp mbwbdlqbm bdpbzfbxb5 qxnkcxnd~ nobvqbopnwb com znmbd~ cwcndch

oldljnbp zbxb rpbm/ ]fb }xcopgbx lg }b`foldlj~ gxlk l}fbx lro}xnbp zcp nk

h } d g gn f m mn } } } n}f m m n } }n

7 No}xlmr`}nlo

Gnjrxb 3/3 P}cjbp lg nomrp}xncd com b`lolkn` mbwbdlqkbo} no Gnodcom

Plrx`bp9 Cmcq}bm gxlk Qlx}bx 3>>1 com Fbxobponbkn com l}fbxp 3>>7/

Eo

lzdbmjb

Gnodcom gxlk knm 3611p}l bcxd~ 3>11p

Chromco} com `fbcqzllm xcz kc}bxncd

Xbplrx`b+mxnwbob`lolk~

Nkqlx}bm }b`foldlj~

P}comcxm qxlmr`}p

Gnodcom gxlk }fb bomlg ZZNN }l 3>61p

Chndn}~ com znddnojobpp

}l nowbp}

Nowbp}kbo}+mxnwbob`lolk~

Nkqlx}bm hr} rqjxcmbm}b`foldljnbp

Mnggbxbo}nc}bm qxlmr`}p

Gnodcom pno`b dc}b

Mlkbp}n` eolzdbjbobxc}nlo

Eolzdbmjb+mxnwb`lolk~

Nomnjbolrp noolwclzo X'M com}b`foldljnbp

Qxlmr`}p pqcoo`lkqdb}bd~ obz

kcxeb}p


23/136

`lno`nmbm zn}f c p}xloj `lkkn}kbo} }l hrndm co b`lolkn` nogxcp}xr`}rx

}r}nlop$ pr`f cp bmr`c}nlocd com gnoco`ncd p~p}bkp/

No }fb nowbp}kbo}+mxnwbop}cjb$ oc}nlocd lkqb}n}nwb cmwco}cjb np fcxc}fb znddnojobpp com chndn}~ lg gnxkp }l bvqcom }fbnx lqbxc}nlop h~ nowbp}

pnwbd~ no klmbxo com bggn`nbo} qxlmr`}nlo }b`foldljnbp com gc`ndn}nbp/ ]fb

}l c`srnxb }fb hbp} }b`foldljnbp cwcndchdb/ Glxbnjo }b`foldljnbp cxb ol} lo

hr} cdpl nkqxlwbm glx }fb gnxkp lzo qrxqlpbp/ Fbo`b$ gnxkp cxb chdb }l

grx}fbx mbwbdlq noolwc}nlop kcmb bdpbzfbxb/ Flzbwbx$ gnxkp p}ndd `lkqb

c}nwbd~ p}comcxmnybm qxlmr`}p rpnoj bggn`nbo} kb}flmp lg qxlmr`}nlo/

No Gnodcom$ }fnp p}cjb }lle qdc`b gxlk }fb 3>21p }l }fb dc}b 3>61p/ N

chlwb cdd$ nowbp}noj no qcqbx+kcenoj kc`fnobx~$ bobxj~ }b`foldlj~$ comnoj nomrp}xnbp }l xbcq hbobgn}p gxlk b`lolknbp lg p`cdb com bobxj~ bg

p}xloj oc}nlocd `lopboprp zcp obbmbm }l gcwlx nowbp}kbo} lwbx `rxxbo}

}nlo com bv`bppnwbd~ jbobxlrp mnp}xnhr}nwb qldn`nbp/ Nomrp}x~ com b`lolk

zbxb jbcxbm }lzcxm bofco`noj nowbp}kbo} h~ `fcoobdnoj `cqn}cd }lzcxm

nomrp}xnbp$ qxlwnmnoj }cv no`bo}nwbp$ com rpnoj cjjxbppnwb bv`fcojb+xc}b

hllp} bvqlx}p/

No }fb eolzdbmjb+mxnwbo p}cjb$ }fbxb np rprcdd~ c znmbx xcojb lg no}b`lkqb}n}nwb nomrp}xnbp com gnxkp$ bwbo no pkcddbx b`lolknbp/ Flzbwbx$ c

qlx}nlo lg }fbpb nomrp}xnbp com nomrp}xncd drp}bxp mxcz }fbnx lkqb}n}nwb

}xcmn}nlocdd~ p}xloj pb`}lxp/ Kco~ noolwc}nwb gnxkp com nomrp}xnbp bkbx

}fc} fcwb p}xloj dnoecjbp }l }xcmn}nlocd lobp/ Gnxk bo}xnbp com bo}xbq

no`xbcpb mlkbp}n` xnwcdx~/ Noolwc}nlo np pqrxxbm h~ no`xbcpbm `lkqb}n

qxlmr`} kcxeb}/ Pbdg+`xbc}bm com plqfnp}n`c}bm gc`}lxp lg qxlmr`}nlo cxb

`lkqb}n}nwb cmwco}cjb/ Gnxkp lkqb}b no jdlhcd kcxeb}p zn}f mnggbxbo}nc

Gnodcomp klwb }l eolzdbmjb+mxnwbo jxlz}f zcp `dlpbd~ dnoebm }ljbo`b lg N@] no }fb dc}b 3>61p/ Flzbwbx$ no Gnodcom$ N@] fcm p}xloj dnoe

}xcmn}nlocd glxbp} com kb}cd nomrp}xnbp/ ]fb bdb`}xlon`p nomrp}x~ fcm

mbwbdlq no }fb 3>71p h~ prqqd~noj qxl`bpp `lo}xld$ gc`}lx~ cr}lkc}nlo$

kc}nlo }b`foldljnbp }l }fb eb~ bvqlx} nomrp}xnbp/ Co nkqlx}co} cpqb`} l

lg nomrp}xncdnyc}nlo cdpl zcp }fb lqbonoj rq lg }fb b`lolk~$ zfbo }fb n

cdnyc}nlo lg qxlmr`}nlo xbcdd~ }lle lgg/: ]fb xldb lg qldn`nbp `fcojbm mx

mrxnoj }fnp }nkb/ Noolwc}nlo com }b`foldlj~ qldn`nbp hb`ckb }fb gl`rp

nomrp}x~ com b`lolkn` qldn`nbp/ ]fb hcpn` qldn`~ lxnbo}c}nlo pfng}bm g

}nlocd kcxeb} no}bxwbo}nlop }lzcxm rqjxcmnoj com `xbc}noj plqfnp}n`c}

}nlo gc`}lxp com nkqxlwnoj }fb lwbxcdd hrpnobpp bownxlokbo}/

]fb ocxxc}nwb lg }fnp wldrkb glddlzp }fb p}cjbp gxckbzlxe irp

Flzbwbx$ zb p}cx} gxlk }fb eolzdbmjb+mxnwbo p}cjb h~ jnwnoj c pflx}



24/136


25/136

8Gnodcomp Eolzdbmjb B`lolk~ ]lmc~Qbeec d+Co}}ndc

8/3 Glromc}nlop glx c eolzdbmjb+mxnwbo b`lolk~

Mrxnoj }fb gnxp} gbz ~bcxp lg }fb }zbo}~+gnxp} `bo}rx~$ Gnodcom fcp hb

orkhbx lob h~ pbwbxcd no}bxoc}nlocd lkqb}n}nwbobpp lkqcxnplop/3 Pno`

Zlxdm B`lolkn` Glxrk &ZBG. Jdlhcd @lkqb}n}nwbobpp Xbqlx} fcp qr} }

no gnxp} qdc`b }fxbb }nkbp/ ]fb b`lolk~p lkqb}n}nwbobpp np ol} hcpbm lo

no oc}rxcd xbplrx`bp$ dcxjb pnyb$ gcwlxchdb `dnkc}b$ lx chromco} prqqd~ l

}fb `lo}xcx~$ Gnodcom np c pkcdd b`lolk~$ dl`c}bm no }fb olx}fbxo Brxlqbbx~$ com np xn`f lod~ no glxbp} xbplrx`bp/ Jbljxcqfn`cdd~$ Gnodcom np cqq

}fb pnyb lg Jbxkco~ lx }fb Ron}bm P}c}bp p}c}b lg Obz Kbvn`l/ ^b}$ zn

knddnlo nofchn}co}p$ n} np pqcxpbd~ qlqrdc}bm/ ]fb `dnkc}b np `ldm$ hr} o

fcxpf cp knjf} hb bvqb`}bm no }fb pb`lom klp} olx}fbxd~ `lro}x~ no }fb z

@lkqb}n}nwbobpp nomn`bp qxbmn`} xbdc}nwbd~ qllxd~ }fb gr}rxb jxlz}

co`b lg b`lolknbp$ hr} }fb~ kc~ jnwb rpbgrd fnompnjf} lo }fb wcxnlrp g

fcwb `lo}xnhr}bm }l }fb `lkqb}n}nwb bmjb com zbdd+hbnoj lg oc}nlop/ Ro}fb klp} nkqlx}co} gc`}lxp no`drmb bmr`c}nlo$ }b`foldlj~$ zbdd+gro`}nlo

nop}n}r}nlop$ lqboobpp lg }fb b`lolk~$ com n}p no}bjxc}nlo zn}fno no}bxoc}

hdl`p/ Flzbwbx$ }lmc~$ cmmn}nlocd gc`}lxp lg jxlz}f qbxglxkco`b$ pr`f

xbcmnobpp$ xbpbcx`f com `xbc}nwn}~$ bsrcd lqqlx}ron}nbp glx cdd nomnwnmrcdp

xlokbo}cd prp}cnochndn}~$ cxb hb`lknoj bppbo}ncd cp zbdd$ cp np mnp`rppbm h

Co nkqlx}co} npprb np cdpl cmcq}chndn}~ }l$ com `lkklo c``bq}co`b

cp np }~qn`cd no pkcdd `lro}xnbp/0 No }fb 3>:1p$ }fb Gnoonpf b`lolk~ zcp

nybm h~ gc`}lx+mxnwbo com xbplrx`b+hcpbm gbc}rxbp/ No }zl pflx} mb`cmfcm jlob }fxlrjf c kcilx p}xr`}rxcd `fcojb com klwbm no}l c eolzdb

noglxkc}nlo pl`nb}~/ ]fb lro}x~ qxlmr`bm pr`f pr``bpp p}lxnbp cp Dnorv

zfn`f jxbz no}l jdlhcd jnco}p no dbpp }fco c mb`cmb/ No }fb 3>>1p$ Gnodcom

}fb ilrxob~ gxlk hbnoj lob lg }fb dbcp} N@]+pqb`ncdnybm `lro}xnbp }l hb`

n d } n dn m


26/136

Flzbwbx$ }fb klxb }xcmn}nlocd nomrp}xnbpno`drmnoj qrdq com qcqbx c

obbxnojcdpl zbxb xbobzbm/ ]fbxb zcp c kcilx p}xr`}rxcd `fcojb c`xlpp co

nomrp}xnbp com$ cd}flrjf c jllm mbcd lg xb+bkqdl~kbo} }lle qdc`b$ }fb ro

kbo} xc}b xbkcnobm fnjf `lkqcxbm }l qxbwnlrp `xnpnp dbwbdp/ ]fb pl`ncd pcgbc Olxmn` zbdgcxb p}c}b }fc} fcm hbbo hrnd} lwbx }fb qlp}+Zlxdm+Zcx+NN mb`c

wbx~ fbdqgrd no mbcdnoj zn}f }fnp fnjfbx xc}b lg p}xr`}rxcd robkqdl~kbo}/

Bmr`c}nlocd c}}cnokbo} cdpl no`xbcpbm mrxnoj }fb 3>>1p/ Boxlddkbo}p no

pn}nbp com l}fbx fnjfbx bmr`c}nlo nop}n}r}nlop xlpb pnjongn`co}d~$ com }lmc~ G

~lrojbx jbobxc}nlop cxb ckloj }fb klp} fnjfd~ bmr`c}bm h~ co~ p}comcxm

pckb }nkb$ }fb `lro}x~ bvfnhn}bm bv}xclxmnocx~ m~ocknpk com fnjf pl`n

pnlo/ N} zcp ckloj }fb fnjf qbxglxkbxp no Zbp}bxo Brxlqb h~ cdklp} co~ b

com eolzdbmjb nomn`c}lx/]fb p}xr`}rxcd }xcopglxkc}nlop lg }fb 3>>1p no`dr

lod~ pb`}lxcd pfng}p no qxlmr`}nlo hr} cdpl `fcojbp n

}fnoenoj/ ]lmc~$ no c`eolzdbmjkbo} lg }fb rombxd~no

lg }fb xb`bppnlo$ Gnodcom qr}p jxbc}bx bkqfcpnp lo

31 Gnodcomp Eolzdbmjb B`lolk~ ]lmc~

Gl`rp np lo dlojbx+

}bxk qldn`nbp

]chdb 8/3 Hcpn` gc`}p lg Gnodcom

Gnodcom

Qlqrdc}nlo9 2$807$733 &811=.

Jlwbxokbo}cd }~qb9 Xbqrhdn`

@cqn}cd9 Fbdpnoen

JMQ qbx cqn}c9 -8>$111 &811=.

JMQ `lkqlpn}nlo h~ pb`}lx9 Cjxn`rd}rxb com glxbp}x~ =/0"$ nomrp}x~ 08/:"$

78/>" &811=.

Bkqdl~kbo} p}xr`}rxb h~ l``rqc}nlo9 Cjxn`rd}rxb com glxbp}x~ 6"$ nomrp}x~ 88"$ `lop

7"$ `lkkbx`b 3="$gnoco`b$ noprxco`b$ com hrp

pbxwn`bp 31"$ }xcopqlx} com `lkkron`c}nlop 6"

qrhdn` pbxwn`bp 08"

Robkqdl~kbo} xc}b9 >" &811=.

Nomrp}xnbp9 Bdb`}xlon`p &N@].$ bojnobbxnoj com kb}cd qxl

qrdq com qcqbx$ pfnqhrndmnoj

Fnjf+}b`f bvqlx}p cp c pfcxb lg

kcorgc`}rxnoj bvqlx}p9 8=" &811=.

]l}cd bvqbomn}rxb lo X'M

cp c pfcxb lg JMQ9 0/=" &811=.P`nbo`b com bojnobbxnoj boxldkbo}

xc}nl &}bx}ncx~+dbwbd p}rmbo}p.9 0>"


27/136

Qbeec d+

Gnjrxb 8/3 Hbo`fkcxenoj }fb Gnoonpf eolzdbmjb b`lolk~

Plrx`b9 Zlxdm Hcoe/ Eolzdbmjb Cppbppkbo} Kb}flmldlj~$ zzz/zlxdmhcoe/lxj,eOl}bp9 Eolzdbmjb b`lolk~ wcxnchdbp hbo`fkcxe qbxglxkco`b lg 386 `lro}xnbp/ Wcx

olxkcdnybm gxlk 1 &zlxp}. }l 31 &hbp}./

Klp} xb`bo}

Frkco mbwbdlqkbo} nom

]cxngg com olo}cxng

Xbpbcx`fbxp no X'

P`nbo}ngn` com }b`fon`cdilrxocd cx}n`dbpQc}bo}

cqqdn`c}nlopjxco}bm h~

}fb RPQ]L

JMQ jxlz}f&qbx`bo}.

Xbjrdc}lx~ src

Xrdb lg dcz

No}bxob} rpbxp qbx 31$111 qblqdb

@lkqr}bxp qbx 3$111 qblqdb

Pb`lomcx~ boxlddkbo}

Cmrd} dn}bxc`~ xc}b&qbx`bo} lg qbxplop

cjb 32 com chlwb.

]bdbqflobp qbx3$111 qblqdb

]bx}ncx~ boxlddkbo}

3>>2

Gnjrxb 8/8 Jdlhcd wnbz9 Eolzdbmjb b`lolk~ nombv &EBN. h~ `lro}xnbpxbjnlop &3>>2 com }fb klp} xb`bo} ~bcx.

Mbwbdlqbm

J:

Klp}xb`bo}

31

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6:

7

2

=

Cxjbo}noc

R

J

Plr}f Cgxn`c

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Zlxdm

Knmmdb Bcp} ' Olx}f Cgxn`c

Bcp} Cpnc

Zbp}bxo Brxl

Brxlqb ' @bo}xcd Cpnc ]rxeb~ Qldcom

Nxbdcom

Kbvn`l

Hxcynd Xrppnc

Elxbc IcqcoGnodcom Pzbmbo

38 Gn d m E d m B ] m


28/136

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29/136

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30/136

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31/136

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32/136

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33/136

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34/136

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35/136



36/136

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37/136

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38/136

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39/136

Olenc/ N} np nkqlx}co} }l xbcdnyb }fc} }fb prhp}co`b lg }fb N@] pb`}lx x

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gnxkp jxbz xcqnmd~ no }fb zceb lg }fb }bdb`lkkron`c}nlop hllk$ xbkcnobm$ h~ cdd p}comcxmp$ no n}p lzo `dcpp &pbb gnjrxb 0/:./ No 8110 }fb

c``lro}bm glx hcpn`cdd~ }zl+}fnxmp lg }fb }l}cd }rxolwbx lg N@] kcorgc`

pbxwn`bp dl`c}bm no Gnodcom/

lg}l}cdHBXM

61

Hrpnobpp X'M no N@] &8113 lx dc}bp} cwcndchdb mc}c.

71

=1

1

Qbx`

bo}

81

GnodcomNxbdcomPz

bmbo

Ob}fb

xdcomp

Olxzc~

MbokcxeIcqcoGxco`

b

Ron}b

mEnoj

mlkFr

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Ron}b

mP}c}b

pBR3

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LB@M8

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c

Crp}xcdn

c

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32

31

2

N@] bkqdl~kbo}N@] wcdrb cmmbm

Gnjrxb 0/6 N@] pqb`ncdnyc}nlo h~ `lro}x~$ 81139 N@] wcdrb cmmbm cp c pfhrpnobpp pb`}lx wcdrb cmmbm com N@] bkqdl~kbo} cp c pfcxb lg hrpnobbkqdl~kbo}

8= P}xr`}rxcd @fcojbp no }fb Gnoonpf B`lolk~9 Gxlk Cjxn`rd}rxb }l Fnjf+]b`f


40/136

Olenc np h~ gcx }fb dcxjbp} `lkqco~ no Gnodcom$ com n} fcp c `lopnmbxchdb

lo }fb pkcdd b`lolk~/ No 8111$ }fc} np$ }fb fb~mc~ lg }fb N@] hllk$ n}p `lo}

}l }fb 7 qbx`bo} JMQ jxlz}f zcp lo }fb lxmbx lg 8 qbx`bo}cjb qlno}p/= C``l

B]DCp bp}nkc}bp$ no 8110 Olenc c``lro}bm glx 0/: qbx`bo} lg JMQ$ lob

bvqlx}p$ 3 qbx`bo} lg }l}cd bkqdl~kbo}$ com 02 qbx`bo} lg }l}cd oc}nlo

bvqbomn}rxb/

]l prk rq$ Gnodcom fcp }xcopglxkbm n}pbdg gxlk c `lro}x~ }fc} no }fb bcx

zcp p}ndd hcpbm dcxjbd~ lo cjxn`rd}rxb }l }fb dbcmnoj fnjf+}b`foldlj~ qxl

}fb }zbo}~+gnxp} `bo}rx~/ ]fb p}xr`}rxcd `fcojbp }fc} }lle qdc`b no Gnoonp

}xnbp com }fb b`lolk~ cp c zfldb$ qcx}n`rdcxd~ mrxnoj }fb 3>>1p$ fcwb hbb

}nlocdd~ xcqnm no no}bxoc}nlocd `lkqcxnplo &pbb gnjrxb 0/6./ ]fb obv} `fcq}bxhn} klxb dnjf} lo }fnp pqb`ncd qfcpb lg }fb `lro}x~p b`lolkn` mbwbdlqkbo}


41/136

=@fcojbp no }fb B`lolkn` comNop}n}r}nlocd Xbjnkbp

Wnddb Ecn}ndc$ Fbdn Elpen$ Ilxkc Xlr}}n$ Qcrdc ]nnflobo$

com Qbeec ^d+Co}}ndc

=/3 Mbxbjrdc}nlo com dnhbxcdnyc}nlo

]fb }xcopglxkc}nlo lg }fb Gnoonpf b`lolk~ }fxlrjf }fb wcxnlrp p}cjbp l

cdnyc}nlo cdpl fcp hbbo gc`ndn}c}bm h~ wcxnlrp gcwlxchdb `fcojbp no }fb

gxckbzlxe com no kcxeb} p}xr`}rxbp/ ]fb kcilx `fcojbp cxb no}bxdnoebmcdd~ prqqlx}nwb$ com xbdc}b }l kcxeb} dnhbxcdnyc}nlo com no}bxoc}nlocdnyc}

obpp/ Dnhbxcdnyc}nlo lg }xcmb com gnoco`ncd kcxeb}p fcp fcm c }xbkbomlrp

nomrp}xncd com kcxeb} mbwbdlqkbo}p$ com dlzbx `cqn}cd `lop}xcno}p

qdc~bm co nkqlx}co} xldb no }fb bkbxjbo`b lg obz kcxeb}p/ Mbxbjrdc

}bdb`lkkron`c}nlop kcxeb}$ zfn`f fcp hbobgn}bm }fb Gnoonpf b`lolk

zc~p$ zcp nkqdbkbo}bm bcxdnbx }fco no klp} l}fbx `lro}xnbp/

]xcmb dnhbxcdnyc}nlo com xnpb lg }fb eolzdbmjb b`lolk~ no }fb qlp}zcx b

Gnodcom xb}cnobm n}p p~p}bk lg kcxeb} b`lolk~ mrxnoj com cg}bx }fb Pb`

Zcx/ No cmmn}nlo }l xb`lwbxnoj gxlk }fb zcx$ }fb `lro}x~ zcp hrxmbobm h

jc}nlo }l qc~ pnybchdb zcx xbqcxc}nlop }l }fb Plwnb} Ronlo/ Zfndb }fnp z

`bbmnoj$ Gnodcom ilnobm }fb Zlxdm Hcoe$ zfn`f jxco}bm dlcop }fc} z

rpbm }l xbhrndm qxlmr`}nlo com nogxcp}xr`}rxb cg}bx }fb zcx$ com }fb NK

3>=6/ Gnodcom cdpl ilnobm JC]]$ }fb qxbmb`bpplx }l }fb Zlxdm ]xcmb Lxno 3>21/

Cp bdpbzfbxb no Brxlqb$ }fbxb zcp c pflx}cjb lg fcxm rxxbo`~ cg}bx }f

glxbnjo }xcmb xbkcnobm xbjrdc}bm ro}nd }fb bom lg }fb 3>21p no Gnodcom/ ]

nyc}nlo lg }xcmb }fc} }fbo }lle qdc`b mlbp ol} pbbk }l fcwb `lno`nmbm

f n }f } } g } Cd } :1 } g } } }fn

87 @fcojbp no }fb B`lolkn com Nop}n}r}nlocd Xbjnkbp


42/136

]fb bvqlx}p+}l+JMQ xc}nl xlpb hc`e chlwb 81 qbx`bo} lod~ cg}bx 3>7:$ z

Gnoonpf `rxxbo`~ zcp mbwcdrbm/ Gnodcom ilnobm }fb LB@M no 3>7>/

Gxlk c }xcmb+qldn`~ qlno} lg wnbz$ Gnodcomp cppl`nc}b kbkhbxpfnq no BG

cdklp} bsrnwcdbo} }l grdd kbkhbxpfnq/ Rd}nkc}bd~$ Gnodcom mnm ol} ilno BG

grdd kbkhbx ro}nd 3>67 mrb }l glxbnjo+qldn`~ com glxbnjo+}xcmb `lop}xcno

}xcmb xbdc}nlop zn}f }fb Plwnb} Ronlo$ }l zfn`f Gnodcom jxco}bm }fb pckb q

}ncd }xcmb }xbc}kbo} }fc} n} qxlwnmbm }l n}p BG]C }xcmnoj qcx}obxp/ ]xcmb

Plwnb} Ronlo zcp hcpbm lo hndc}bxcd dbcxnoj com cwbxcjbm cqqxlvnkc}bd~ l

lg Gnoonpf glxbnjo }xcmb gxlk 3>21>1/ Gnoonpf+Plwnb} }xcmb cjxbbkbo}p zbx

gnwb+~bcx qbxnlmp zn}f }fb qxno`nqdb }fc} bvqlx}p com nkqlx}p pflrdm klx

hcdco`b bc`f l}fbx/No 3>:0 Gnodcom `lo`drmbm c gxbb+}xcmb cjxbbkbo} lo nomrp}xncd qxlmr

}fb BB@$ zfn`f h~ }fbo cdxbcm~ fcm onob kbkhbx `lro}xnbp/ ]fnp }nkb$ }fb

}xcopn}nlo qbxnlmp dcp}bm ro}nd 3>6= glx plkb Gnoonpf bvqlx}p com 3>62 gl

Mrxnoj }fnp qbxnlm$ }fb pfcxb lg kc`fnobx~ com bsrnqkbo} cp zbdd cp lg `

qxlmr`}p no Gnoonpf bvqlx}p no`xbcpbm$ zfndb }fb pfcxb lg qcqbx com zllm

rbm }l mb`dnob/

]fbpb mbwbdlqkbo}p xbgdb`}bm c klwb }lzcxm qxlmr`noj jllmp zn}f

wcdrb+cmmbm com jllmp }fc} mnm ol} mnxb`}d~ lxxbpqlom }l }fb lro}x~p }xcxbplrx`b+hcpbm `lkqcxc}nwb cmwco}cjb/ Hb}zbbo 3>:1 com 3>>1$ bvqlx}

BB@+BG]C xbjnlo xbkcnobm xbdc}nwbd~ p}chdb c} 38 qbx`bo}30 qbx`bo} xb

JMQ mbpqn}b gxbbx }xcmb/ Lob bvqdcoc}nlo np }fc} }fb klp} nkqlx}co} }xcmn

obxp$ }fc} np$ Pzbmbo com }fb Ron}bm Enojmlk$ zbxb ldm BG]C `lro}xnbp zn}

}xcmb cdxbcm~ fcm hbbo dnhbxcdnybm bcxdnbx/

Zfbo Gnodcom cqqdnbm glx kbkhbxpfnq no }fb Brxlqbco Ronlo no Kcx

}fb `lro}x~ zcp no }fb knmp} lg n}p zlxp} qbc`b}nkb xb`bppnlo lg }fb }zbo}n}rx~/ @bo}xcd jlwbxokbo} mbh} com robkqdl~kbo} plcxbm$ com }fbxb z

`bo}

21

=2=1

02

01

82

Gnjrxb =/3 Bvqlx}p cp c pfcxb lg JMQ

Wnddb Ecn}ndc$ Fbdn Elpen$ Ilxkc Xlr}}n$ Qcrdc ]nnflobo$ com Qbeec d+


43/136

qxbpprxb }l mbwcdrb }fb Gnoonpf `rxxbo`~/ Bwbo}rcdd~$ mbwcdrc}nlo mnm q

pcx~$ com }fb bv}bxocd wcdrb lg }fb `rxxbo`~ qdrkkb}bm/

No 3>>= Gnodcom ilnobm }fb Brxlqbco B`lolkn` Cxbc com }fbxbh~ }f

ocd kcxeb} }ljb}fbx zn}f Crp}xnc$ Olxzc~$ com Pzbmbo/ Zfbo BR k

bo}bxbm no}l glx`b }fb obv} ~bcx$ }fb b`lolk~ zcp cdxbcm~ xb`lwbxno

mbqxbppnlo$ }fcoep qxnkcxnd~ }l xnpnoj bvqlx}p com gcp} jxlz}f no }fb

nomrp}x~$ kcnod~ }bdb`lkkron`c}nlo bsrnqkbo}/ C} }fnp }nkb$ bvqlx}p &c

JMQ.}l }fb BR32 `lro}xnbp irkqbm com bv`bbmbm }fb dbwbd lg }fb 3>:1p

h~ 2 qbx`bo}cjb qlno}p/

Pno`b }xcmb cdxbcm~ fcm hbbo dnhbxcdnybm no }fb BR+BG]Cxbjnlo h~ }fb 3

BR kbkhbxpfnq mnm ol} hxnoj co~ dcxjb `fcojbp no }fnp xbpqb`}/ Flzbwb}fb no}bxocd kcxeb} com kbkhbxpfnq no }fb `rp}lkp ronlo prqqlx}bm `lk

nowbp}kbo}/ Pno`b Gnodcom np jbljxcqfn`cdd~ xbkl}b gxlk }fb kcilx Brxlqb

kbkhbxpfnq fcp no`xbcpbm czcxbobpp lg }fb Gnoonpf b`lolk~ com Gnoonpf

Pr``bpp no kco~ pb`}lxp$ qcx}n`rdcxd~ bdb`}xlon`p$ cdpl fcp fcm c qlpn}nwb n

B`lolkn` com Klob}cx~ Ronlo fcp kcmb no}bxbp} xc}bp com bv`fcojb xc}b

hdb zn}fno Brxlqb/ No }fb dloj xro$ Gnodcom zndd boil~ dlzbx no}bxbp} xc}bp

kbkhbx }fco n} l}fbxznpb zlrdm$ qxlwnmnoj b`lolkn` qldn`nbp no }fb BK

prp}cnochdb com klob}cx~ qldn`~ np `xbmnhdb$ ckloj l}fbx }fnojp/No cmmn}nlo$ }fb no}bxoc}nlocdnyc}nlo lg Gnoonpf gnxkp jc}fbxbm klkb

noj }fb 3>>1p cp cdd xbp}xn`}nlop lo glxbnjo lzobxpfnq lg Gnoonpf gnxkp

cg}bx 3>>8/ Dng}noj }fb xbp}xn`}nlop xbprd}bm no co nogdrv lg glxbnjo `cqn

Fbdpnoen P}l`e Bv`fcojb com }fbxbglxb cdpl }l jxbc}bx glxbnjo lzobxpf

`lkqconbp$ zn}f Olenc }fb klp} pnjongn`co} p~khld lg }fb `fcojb/

Glx lwbx 311 ~bcxp$ Gnoonpf bvqlx}p zbxb hcpbm lo zllm$ qcqbx$ com

}nlo 0/3./ ]fb xnpb no bvqlx}p lg bdb`}xlon` bsrnqkbo}$ bpqb`ncdd~ lg }bdb`l}nlo bsrnqkbo}$ `ckb c} c }nkb zfbo gxbb }xcmb cdxbcm~ xrdbm no }fb

xbjnlo/3 N} pbbkp }fc} }fnp xnpb no bvqlx}p knjf} fcwb fcqqbobm mrb klxb

pr``bpp no kbb}noj }fb gcp} jxlz}f no mbkcom glx klhndb qflobp zn}f

qxlmr`}p }fc} fcwb pldm zbdd }fco zn}f }xcmb dnhbxcdnyc}nlo qbx pb/

Lo }fb l}fbx fcom$ }fb dnhbxcdnyc}nlo lg }fb Olxmn` }bdb`lk kcxeb

nop}xrkbo}cd no }fb bcxd~ mbwbdlqkbo} lg Gnoonpf bvqbx}npb no klhndb q

Olxmn` OK] =21 klhndb qflob ob}zlxe zcp qr} no}l lqbxc}nlo no Gnodc

l}fbx Olxmn` `lro}xnbp no 3>6368/ No }fnp pbopb$ dnhbxcdnyc}nlo cdpl zcp no p}xboj}fbonoj }fb xldb lg klhndb qflobp no Gnoonpf bvqlx}p/

Dnhbxcdnynoj com mbbqbonoj }fb Gnoonpf gnoco`ncd p~p}bk

] mn}n dd }f Gn n f gn n d } f h d }n fn g m m h



44/136

]fb `fcojb zcp qcx}n`rdcxd~ xcqnm c} }fb bom lg }fb 3>>1p/ Mrxnoj }flp

}fb Gnoonpf gnoco`ncd p~p}bk pfng}bm gxlk xbdc}nlopfnq+hcpbm mbh} gnoco`b }

p~p}bk no zfn`f }fb p}lè kcxeb} jcnobm no nkqlx}co`b/ ]fb pfng} zcp mr

jxlz}f lg }fb p}lè kcxeb} com wbo}rxb `cqn}cd com }fb mb`dnob no gnoco`nc

}nlop `lxqlxc}b dbomnoj &xbdc}nwb }l }fb pnyb lg b`l

F~~}nobo$ Erlpc$ com ]cecdl &8110. pnojdb lr} plkb

lg }fnp `fcojb$ no`drmnoj }fb hcoenoj `xnpnp lg }fb bcx

com }fb `fcojbp no }fb dbjcd qxl}b`}nlo lg `xbmn}lxp co

fldmbxp &F~~}nobo com Qcicxnobo 8110./

Zfc} fcwb hbbo }fb lopbsrbo`bp lg }fb p}xr`}rxcd }xcopglxkc}nlo lg }fb

gnoco`ncd p~p}bk61p$ }fb lwbxcdd klh

lg Gnoonpf flrpbfldmp pcwnojp fcp nkqxlwbm/ Klhndnyc}nlo fcp nkqxlwbm

hb`crpb }fb xcojb lg pcwnojp pbxwn`bp }fc} }fb Gnoonpf gnoco`ncd p~p}b

wnmbp }l flrpbfldmp fcp hxlcmbobm jxbc}d~/ Cp co bvckqdb$ }fb xcoj

cwcndchdb pcwnojp nop}xrkbo}p fcp no`xbcpbm$ nkqd~noj }fc} flrpbfld

fldm hb}}bx+mnwbxpngnbm qlx}gldnlp lg }fbnx gnoco`ncd zbcd}f }fco hbglx

}fbxklxb$ }fcoep }l }fb nkqxlwbm bggn`nbo`~ lg hcoep mrxnoj }fb dc}bcp zbdd cp co no`xbcpb no }fb orkhbx lg cwcndchdb `xbmn} nop}xrkbo}p c

olohcoe `xbmn} nop}n}r}nlop$ flrpbfldmp }lmc~ cxb hb}}bx chdb }l pkl

}fbnx `loprkq}nlo no}bx}bkqlxcdd~ }fco }fb~ zbxb no }fb bcxd~ 3>61p

dnebd~ }fc} }fbpb enomp lg nkqxlwbkbo}p fcwb bofco`bm }fb glxkc}nl

dloj+}bxk `cqn}cd cwcndchdb }l Gnoonpf gnxkp/

8/ ]fb p}xr`}rxcd }xcopglxkc}nlo bofco`bm }fb bggn`nbo`~ lg xbplrx`b cddl`c}nlo

lqbxc}nlo lg Gnoonpf hcoep np `rxxbo}d~ dbpp `loob`}bm }l }fb kcno}bo

qlzbx p}xr`}rxbp no }fb Gnoonpf b`lolk~$ hb`crpb }fb ldm qlzbx pqfcwb mnpcqqbcxbm &F~~}nobo$ Erlpc$ com ]cecdl 8110./ Nomn`c}nlop l

`fcojbp cxb }fc} }fb mbqlpn} hcoep xldb cp }fb mnxb`} lzobxp lg Gnoon

gnxkp fcp mb`xbcpbm com }fc} }fb orkhbx lg wcxnlrp enomp lg olohco

`ncd nop}n}r}nlop fcp no`xbcpbm/ ]fb xldb lg xbdc}nlopfnq+hcpbm mbh} fc

mb`xbcpbm$ com }fb nkqlx}co`b lg }fb Gnoonpf p}lè kcxeb} cp no`xbcp

cmmn}nlo com no}bjxcd }l }fb xb`bo} gnoco`ncd mbwbdlqkbo} no Gnodcom

bdpbzfbxb no Brxlqb fcp hbbo }fb jxlz}f lg }fb kcxeb} glx xnpe `cqn}

gnxkp &}fb wbo}rxb `cqn}cd kcxeb}./ Glx }fbpb }fxbb xbcplop$ }fb Gnoon

gnoco`ncd p~p}bk np olz hb}}bx qlpn}nlobm }l cddl`c}b xbplrx`bp }l noo

nmbcp com qxlib`}p/

0/ ]fb chndn}~ lg }fb Gnoonpf gnoco`ncd kcxeb}p }l bvbx} `lxqlxc}b `lo}xld fcp nkq

mrxnoj }fb qcp} 81 ~bcxp pqb`ngn`cdd~ mrxnoj }fb 3>>1p Hl}f }fb no}bjx

]fb gnoco`ncd

p~p}bk kc}}bxp



45/136

Nozcxm com lr}zcxm `cqn}cd gdlzp

Xbkcnonoj xbp}xn`}nlop lo `cqn}cd klwbkbo}p com glxbnjo lzobxpfnq

gxlk }fb hbjnoonoj lg 3>>0/ ]fb xbklwcd lg }fbpb xbp}xn`}nlop fcp no`xqlx}gldnl com glxbnjo mnxb`} nowbp}kbo} &GMN./ Glxbnjo lzobxpfnq lg Gno

cdpl fcp jxlzo/ ]lmc~$ lwbx lob+}fnxm lg }fb }lq 211 `lkqconbp no Gnodc

pnmncxnbp lg glxbnjo `lxqlxc}nlop/ ]fb orkhbx lg glxbnjo gnoco`ncd nop}n}r

c}noj no Gnodcom cdpl fcp no`xbcpbm/ Cdd lg }fbpb `fcojbp$ cp zbdd cp }fb

c``bpp lg Gnoonpf gnxkp }l no}bxoc}nlocd cqn}cd kcxeb}p$ lo}xnhr}bm }l }f

gnoco`ncd mbwbdlqkbo} }fc} `lno`nmbm zn}f Gnodcomp }xcopglxkc}nlo }

bmjb b`lolk~/ ]fb nkqlx}co`b lg }fnp xb`bo} gnoco`ncd mbbqbonoj `coo

bkqfcpnybm$ glx n} fcp bofco`bm hl}f }fb c``rkrdc}nlo lg `cqn}cd com}b`foldljn`cd noolwc}nlo/

@fxloldljn`cdd~$ }fb dnhbxcdnyc}nlo qxl`bpp l``rxxnoj no }fb Gnoonp

kcxeb} zcp hllp}bm h~ }fb xbklwcd lg }fb xbkcnonoj xbp}xn`}nlop lo `x

`cqn}cd gdlzp hbjnoonoj no }fb dc}b 3>61p$ com lo glxbnjo lzobxpfnq gno

bcxd~ 3>>1p/ Dnhbxcdnyc}nlo bpqb`ncdd~ nogdrbo`bm qxnwc}b+pb`}lx glxbnjo h

Flzbwbx$ cp }fb Gnoonpf `rxxbo`~ mbqxb`nc}bm no }fb bcxd~ 3>>1p$ }fb `lp

hlxxlznoj no xbcpbm `lopnmbxchd~$ com }fb wldrkb mb`xbcpbm/ C} }fb pckqrhdn` pb`}lx p}cx}bm }l gnoco`b qrhdn` mbgn`n}p qcx}d~ h~ npprnoj glxb

Dc}bx$ cp }fb `rxxbo`~ xb`lwbxbm com Gnodcom ilnobm }fb Brxlqbco Klob}

&BKP.$ }fb qrhdn` pb`}lxp hlxxlznoj p}xc}bj~ qxlwbm srn}b pr``bppgrd/

Zfbo }fb nogdlz lg glxbnjo `cqn}cd p}cx}bm }l no`xbcpb no }fb bcxd~ 3>>

qcx} lg glxbnjo nowbp}kbo} no Gnoonpf pb`rxn}nbp zcp no hlomp/ Glxbnjo

no Gnoonpf pfcxbp hbjco }l no`xbcpb no 3>>0cg}bx cdd }fb xbp}xn`}nlop lo gl

bxpfnq fcm hbbo chldnpfbm/ ]fb no`xbcpb no prhpbsrbo} ~bcxp zcp srn}b

`lno`nmbm zn}f }fb p}cx} lg }fb }b`foldlj~ hllk/ Ol mlrh}$ glxbnjo nowhl}f hlomp com pfcxbp fcm c kcilx xldb no gnoco`noj }fb jxlz}f lg obz

no}bopnwb hrpnobpp$ no`drmnoj Olenc/ Glxbnjo `cqn}cd gdlzbm no}l }fb Fbd

Bv`fcojb &FPB. cp }fb b`lolk~ xcqnmd~ xb`lwbxbm gxlk }fb xb`bppnlo c

}lzcxm }b`foldlj~+mxnwbo jxlz}f/ ]fb orkhbx lg non}ncd qrhdn` lggbxn

no`xbcpbm no }fb dc}b 3>>1p$ com c orkhbx lg obz N@] `lkqconbp zbxb dn

FPB/ ]fnp mbwbdlqkbo} fcd}bm zfbo }fb jdlhcd p}l`e kcxeb} hrhhdb hr

hr} }fb pfcxb lg glxbnjo lzobxpfnq xbkcnobm xbdc}nwbd~ fnjf/ No 811= n} z

nkc}bd~ 21 qbx`bo} cp kbcprxbm h~ kcxeb} wcdrb$ kcenoj }fb Fbdp

Bv`fcojb p}ndd lob lg }fb klp} no}bxoc}nlocdnybm kcxeb}p h~ }fnp kbcpr

nowbp}lxp cxb kcnod~ nop}n}r}nlocd$ pr`f cp kr}rcd com qbopnlo gromp/ Gl

bxpfnq np fnjf no klp} lg }fb dcxjbx com no}bxoc}nlocdd~ lqbxc}noj `lk

Olenc n} np bwbo klxb }fco >1 qbx`bo}



46/136

]fbxb np$ flzbwbx$ dn}}db$ ng co~$ xbdnchdb noglxkc}nlo lo }fb `lopbsrbo`bp

mlkbp}n` b`lolk~ lg }fbpb }~qbp lg kbxjbxp com c`srnpn}nlop/ Plkb lg }f

`lo}norb }fbnx xcqnm bvqcopnlo c} flkb com lh}cno obz kcxeb}noj `fco

plkb `cpbp$ }fb eolzdbmjb np rpbm no glxbnjo dl`c}nlop/

Gnjrxb =/8 nddrp}xc}bp }fb mbwbdlqkbo} lg lr}zcxm com nozcxm GMN/ Hl}f

com lr}zcxm p}lèp fcwb jxlzo gcp} pno`b }fb dc}b3>61p/ Jxlz}f c``bdbxc}b

dc}b 3>>1p$ zfbo }b`foldlj~ hllkbm com }fb qc`b lg jdlhcdnyc}nlo no}bopng

mbwbdlqkbo} xbpbkhdbp }fc} lg kco~ l}fbx pkcddbx `lro}xnbp$ bv`bq} }fc}

gdlzp p}cx}bm }l bvqcom no Gnodcom xbdc}nwbd~ dc}b/ ]fbxb np cdpl c `dbcx nk

hb}zbbo lr}zcxm com nozcxm p}lèp$ zn}f }fb glxkbx cdklp} }zl }nkbp dcx

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Finland as a knowledge Economy - Carl J Dahlman - Jorma Routti -

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Transcript of Finland as a knowledge Economy - Carl J Dahlman - Jorma Routti -