Financial Statements & Analysis

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Annual Report◦ a report issued annually by a corporation to its

stockholders.◦ management’s opinion of the past year’s operations

and the firm’s future prospects. Annual Report

◦ basic financial statements income statement balance sheet statement of retained earnings statement of cash flows

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It is an evaluation of both firm’s past financial performance & its prospects for the future. A financial analyst use the ratios to make two types of comparison:1. Industry Comparison or cross section.2. Trend Analysis or time series.

Three Types of Analysis:1. Horizontal Analysis: To evaluate the trend in the

accounts over the years.2. Vertical Analysis: A significant item on a financial

statement is used as a base value, & all the other items on the financial statement are compared to it.

3. Ratio Analysis: To compare figures from different categories.

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Ratios standardize numbers and facilitate comparisons.◦ Comparisons can be made intercompany, intra-

company or with industry average◦ Or, Cross section or time series.

Ratios are used to highlight weaknesses and strengths.

1. Liquidity Ratios,2. Activity/Turnover/Asset Management Ratios,3. Debt/Leverage/Solvency Ratios,4. Profitability Ratios, &5. Market Ratios.

Liquidity ratios: It measures the company’s ability to meet its maturing short-term

debt obligations. gives us an idea of the firm’s ability to pay off debts that are

maturing within a year.

Asset management ratios: Measures the speed with which various accounts are

converted into sales or cash – inflows or outflows. which gives us an idea of how

efficiently the firm is using it’s assets

Debt management ratios: which gives us an idea of how the firm has financed it’s

assets as well as the firm’s ability to repay it’s long-term debt as they become due.

Profitability ratios: which gives us an idea of how profitably the firm is operating

and utilizing it’s assets. An indication of good financial health & how effectively the

firm is being managed is the company’s ability to earn satisfactory profit & return on

investment.

Market value: Relate a firm’s market value, as measured by its current share price,

to certain accounting values. which brings in the stock price and gives us an idea of

what investors think about the firm and it’s future prospects.

SalesCOGSOther expenses

EBITDADepr. & Amort.

EBITInterest Exp.EBTTaxesNet income

20026,034,000

5,528,000 519,988

(13,988) 116,960(130,948) 136,012(266,960) (106,784)(160,176)

20037,035,600

5,875,992 550,000

609,608 116,960492,648

70,008422,640

169,056 253,584

Will the firm be able to pay off its debts as they come

due and thus maintain a viable organization?

◦ If there are more liquid assets then they can.

◦ A liquid asset is the one that can be converted to cash quickly

without having to reduce the asset’s price very much.

Ratio analysis provides a quick and easy-to-use

measure of liquidity.

Two most commonly used liquidity ratios are: current

ratio, acid-test ratio

Current ratio = Current assets / Current liabilities

= $2,680,112 / $1,144,800= 2.34 times or, 2.34 : 1

2002 = ???

Quick ratio = (Current assets – Inventory-prep.exp)/ Current liabilities= ($2,680,112 - 1,716,480)/

$1,144,800= 0.84 times or, 0.84 : 1

2002 = ???

2003 2002 2001 Ind.

Currentratio

2.34x 1.17x 2.30x 2.70x

Quickratio

0.84x 0.39x 0.30x1.11x

Expected to improve but still below the industry average.

Liquidity position is weak.

To purchase assets, capital is required and obtaining capital is expensive. ◦ Too many assets will lead to high cost of capital and it can lower

the profit◦ Too low asset will lead to losing out on profitable sales

a) Inventory turnover Ratio:a) Inventory turnover Ratio:How many times a particular asset is “turned over” to sales during the period.

Inv. turnover = Sales / Inventories

= $7,035600 / $1,716,480

= 4.10x

Inventory turnover is below industry average.

The company might have old inventory, or its control might be poor.

No improvement is currently forecasted.

2003 2002 2001 Ind.

InventoryTurnover

4.1x ??? 4.8x 6.1x

Measures the efficiency of Fixed Assets.FA turnover = Sales / Net fixed assets

= $7,036 / $817 = 8.61x

When comparing with a newer company problem arises

as the same asset costs differently.

c) Total asset turnover ratio: c) Total asset turnover ratio:

TA turnover = Sales / Total assets

= $7,036 / $3,497 = 2.01x

2003 2002 2001 Ind.

FA TO 8.6x ??? 10.0x 7.0x

TA TO 2.0x ??? 2.3x 2.6x

FA turnover projected to exceed the industry average. TA turnover below the industry average. Caused by excessive

currents assets (A/R and Inv).

ACP or DSO= Receivables / Annual sales/365 = $8,78,000 / 7,035,600/365 = 46 days e) Average payment period:e) Average payment period:

Average payment period= Payables / Annual purchases/365= $ 1,144,800/ $5,875,992/365= 71 days

An indication of good financial health & how effectively the firm is being managed is the company’s ability to earn satisfactory profit & return on investment. The ratios are:a) Gross Profit Margin= Gross profit/ Salesb) Operating Profit Margin= Operating profit or EBIT/ Salesc) Net Profit Margin = Net Income After Tax / Net Sales.d) BEP = EBIT/Total Assetse) Return on Assets (ROA) = Net Income After Tax / Total

Assets.or, ROA = NetProfit Margin X Total Asset

Turnoverf) Return on Equity(ROE)=Net Inc. After Tax/Stockholders

Equity.or, ROE = ROA X Equity Multiplier.

** equity multiplier = total assets / stockholders equityg) EPS= Earnings avl. For common stockholders or N.I/ number

of share of common stock outstanding 19

Net Profit margin= Net income / Sales= $253.6 / $7,036 = 3.6%

Appraising profitability with the profit marginAppraising profitability with the profit margin2003 2002 2001 Ind.

PM 3.6% ??? 2.6% 3.5%

Profit margin was very bad in 2002, but is projected to exceed the industry average in 2003.

d)Basic Earning Power (BEP) Ratiod)Basic Earning Power (BEP) Ratio The ability of the firm’s assets to generate operating income(EBIT) BEP = EBIT/Total Assets

Shows the raw earning power of the firm’s assets before the influence of taxes and debt.

How much of the total assets contribute to the net income?

ROA = Net income / Total assets= $253.6 / $3,497 = 7.3%

f) Return on equity (ROE):f) Return on equity (ROE): Measures the rate of return on common

stockholder’s investment Stockholders expect to earn a return on their

money and this ratio tells how well they are doing.

ROE = Net income / Total common equity= $253.6 / $1,952 = 13.0%

2003 2002 2001 Ind.

ROA 7.3% -5.6% 6.0% 9.1%

ROE 13.0% -32.5% 13.3% 18.2% Both ratios rebounded from the previous year, but are still below the

industry average. More improvement is needed. Lower ROA ratio means either high operating cost or high interest

expense. Wide variations in ROE illustrate the effect that leverage can have

on profitability. Higher debt can lead to higher ROE

ROE and shareholder wealth are correlated, but problems can arise when ROE is the sole measure of performance.◦ROE does not consider risk.◦ROE does not consider the amount of capital

invested.◦Might encourage managers to make

investment decisions that do not benefit shareholders.

ROE focuses only on return. A better measure is one that considers both risk and return.

Use of debt increases a firm’s ROE if the firm earns more on it’s assets than the interest rate it pays on the debt. This is called “leverage”.

However, debt exposes the firm to more risk than if it financed only with equity.

Debt Management Ratios show how efficiently firm manages it’s debts.

4) Debt Management Ratios4) Debt Management Ratios

a) Debt ratio= Total debt / Total assets= ($1,145 + $400) / $3,497 = 44.2%

Creditors are not willing to lend capital when debt ratio is too high.

b) TIE = EBIT / Interest expense

= $492.6 / $70 = 7.0xFirm’s ability to meet its annual interest payments.

c) Fixed-payment Coverage: measures firms ability to meet fixed payment obligations.

Market Value depends on investor’s expectation and demand.

If liquidity, asset management, debt management, and profitability ratios all look good and if investors think these ratios will continue to look good in the future, then the market value will be high.

Market value ratios relate the firm’s stock price (market value) to it’s earnings and book value per share.

Market value ratios are used in three primary ways1. By investors when they are deciding to buy or sell a stock.

2. By investment bankers when they are setting the share price for a new stock issue (IPO).

3. By firms when they are deciding how much to offer for another firm in a potential merger.

P/E ratio shows how much investors are willing to pay per dollar of reported profit from each share.

P/E = Mkt price per share/ Earnings per share= $12.17 / $1.014 = 12.0x

b) Market/Book ratio:b) Market/Book ratio:M/B ratio is another indicator of how investors regard the company.

M/B = Mkt price per share / Book value per share= $12.17 / ($1,952/ 250) = 1.56x

** Book value per share= total st. equity/no of shares

2003 2002 2001 Ind.

P/E 12.0x -1.4x 9.7x 14.2x

M/B 1.56x 0.5x 1.3x 2.4x

P/E: How much investors are willing to pay for $1 of earnings per share.

M/B: How much investors are willing to pay for $1 of book value of share.

For each ratio, the higher the number, the better.

Lower P/E ratio means perceived risk is high but it

also means the market price correctly reflects the

stock’s earning ability.

Higher M/B ratio means share is overvalued and

investors expectations is very high.

Also can be expressed as:ROE = (NI/Sales) x (Sales/TA) x (TA/Equity)Or, ROE= ROA*FLM Focuses on:

◦Expense control: (PM)◦Asset utilization: (TATO)◦Debt utilization: Eq. Mult. or FLM (financial leverage multiplier)

Shows how these factors combine to determine ROE.

DuPont analysis is an expression which breaks ROE (Return On Equity) into three parts. This analysis enables the analyst to understand the source of superior (or inferior) return by comparison with companies in similar industries (or between industries).

Dupont Formula ROA= Profit margin)*(T.Asset turnover) ROE=(Profit margin)*(T.Asset

turnover)*(Equity multiplier)#Profit Margin = Net Income After Tax / Net Sales.

#Total Asset Turnover = Sales / Total Assets.# equity multiplier or FLM= total assets / stockholders

equity Modified Dupont formula: ROE= ROA*FLM

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ROE = (Profit margin) x (TA turnover) x (Equity multiplier)= 3.6% x 2 x 1.8 = 13.0%

PM TA TO EM ROE

2001 2.6% 2.3 2.2 13.3%

2002 -2.7% 2.1 5.8 -32.5%

2003 3.6% 2.0 1.8 13.0%

Ind. 3.5% 2.6 2.0 18.2%

Comparison with industry averages is difficult for a conglomerate firm that operates in many different divisions.

“Average” performance is not necessarily good, perhaps the firm should aim higher.

Seasonal factors can distort ratios. Different operating and accounting practices

can distort comparisons. Example: LIFO, FIFO. Sometimes it is hard to tell if a ratio is “good”

or “bad”. Difficult to tell whether a company is, on

balance, in strong or weak position.

**Also see formula table from book pg-72-73

Current Ratio = Current Asset/Current Liabilities Quick Ratio = (Current Asset – Inventories – Prepaid Expense)/Current Liabilities Inventory Turnover ratio = Sales/Inventories Days sales outstanding = Receivables/Average sales per day Fixed Asset Turnover = Sales/Net Fixed Asset Total Asset Turnover = Sales/Total Assets Debt Ratio = Total debt/Total Assets Time-Interest-Earned = EBIT/Interest Expense Operating Margin = EBIT/Sales Profit Margin = Net Income/Sales Return on Total Assets = Net Income/Total Assets Basic Earning Power (BEP) = EBIT/Total Assets Return on Common Equity = Net Income/Common Equity Price/Earnings Ratio = Price Per Share/Earnings Per Share Market/Book Ratio = Market price per share/Book value per share  

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