Stockholders' Equity

by Professor Hsieh

Intermediate Financial Accounting

Shareholders' Equity- Retained Earnings

Stockholders' Equity (2)- Retained Earnings 2

Objectives of the Chapter

To discuss the content of retained earnings.

To study the accounting treatments for dividends (including cash dividend, property dividend, scrip dividend, and stock dividend).

To learn the procedures for quasi-reorganization.


Content of Retained Earnings

Stockholders’ equity consists of primarily stockholders’ investments (i.e., contributed capital) and retained earnings.

The primary factors that affect retained earnings besides net income (or net loss) include (1) dividends, (2) prior period adjustments, (3) appropriations, and (4) quasi-reorganizations.


Dividends

While the net income increases the retained earnings, the distribution of dividends reduces the retained earnings.

In order to declare dividends, a company must meet legal requirements and have assets available for distribution.


Dividends (contd.)

Most companies regard the unrestricted retained earnings as the limit for dividends distribution.

However, most states allow liquidating dividends (i.e., dividends pay out of contributed capital).*

*Note: as long as the total assets after dividends equal or exceed the sum of total liabilities and the amount needed to satisfy the rights of other classes of shareholders with higher priority in receiving assts at liquidation (Revised Model Business Corporation Act, 1994).

Dividends (contd.)

Restrictions of retained earnings include: 1) Legal restrictions: Many states require

a corporation to restrict the cost of treasury stock from dividends distribution.

2)Contractual restrictions: A long-term bond contract may limit the use of assets for payment of dividends as a loan condition, and therefore, restrict the use of retained earnings for dividends.



Dividends:(contd.)

Restrictions (contd.) 3)Voluntary restrictions: Appropriation of retained earnings for specific purposes.The board of directors is responsible for the establishment of dividend policy and the determination of the amount, timing and types of dividends to be declared.


Dividends:(contd.)

A few types of dividends may be considered: (1) cash, (2) property, (3) scrip, (4) stock, and (5) liquidating dividends.

Cash, property and scrip dividends decrease retained earnings (R/E) and the stockholders’ equity.


Dividends:(contd.)

Stock dividend decreases R/E but increases contributed capital in the same amount. So, there is no change in the total stockholders’ equity.

Liquidating dividend decreases both contributed capital and the stockholders' equity.


Cash Dividends

A cash dividend is the most common type of dividend.

Four days are relevant to the cash dividend: 1) the date of declaration, 2) the ex-dividend date, 3) the date of record, and 4) the date of payment.


Cash Dividends:(contd.)

Example: on Nov. 3, 20x5, the board of directors declares preferred dividends totaled $10,000 and common dividends totaled $20,000.

These dividends are payable on 12/15/x5 to stockholders of record on 11/24/x5. In addition, the ex-dividend date is 11/20/x5. The journal entries for the declaration and other related events are:



11/3/x5 the date of declarationRetained Earnings 30,000

Dividends Payable: CS 20,000Dividends Payable: PS 10,000

Shares are traded with dividends attached after this date.

Companies are legally liable for declared dividends on this date.



11/20/x5 Ex-dividend date. No entry or memo. It is usually 4 business dates prior to the date of record.

Shares purchased on or after this date are purchased ex dividend-without the right to receive the declared dividend.

Therefore, a decline in price equals the dividend declared in general occurs on this date.



11/24/x5 The date of recordMemo: the company will pay dividends

on 12/15/x5 to preferred and common stockholders of record as of today, the date of record.

Stockholders on the record will be paid of dividend even if they sell those shares prior to 12/15/x5, the payment date.



12/15/x5 Dividend payment date

Div. Payable: Com. stk 20,000Div. Payable: Prefer.stk 10,000 Cash 30,000


Preferred Stock Characteristics

Preferred stockholders have a preference to dividends.

A preference to dividends does not guarantee a dividend distribution.

Because a dividend declaration is at the discretion of the board of directors.


Preferred Stock Characteristics (contd.) If a corporation fails to declare a

dividend, or declares a dividend which is less than the stated rate of the preferred stock, the "passed" dividend of non-cumulative preferred stock will never be paid.


Cumulative Preferred Stock

For cumulative preferred stock, the amount of passed dividend becomes "dividend in arrears”.

The “dividend in arrears” has the highest priority to be paid in the following periods.

Common stockholders cannot be paid any dividend until the preferred dividend in arrears has been paid.



Dividend in arrears accumulate from period to period.

The “dividend in arrears” is not a liability because no liability exists until the dividend declaration.



Examples

Year 1: Case I:

Dividends declared = $10,000

Com. STK shares outstanding: 10,000, @$5

Preferred STK outstanding : 5,000, @$10, dividend is 6% of the par value

Dividends for P.S. = 6% *10*5,000= $3,000.

Dividends for C.S. = ($10,000-3,000)=$7,000.

Or $0.7 per share ($7,000/10,000 shares)



Examples (contd.)

Case II: Same information as in Case I except that dividends declared = $1,000.Dividends for P.S. = $1,000. Div. Passed=$2,000Dividends for C.S. = $0

If this is a cumulative P.S. the dividends in arrears equal $2,000 ($3,000-1,000).

If this is a non-cumulative P.S., the $2,000 will never been paid.



Examples (contd.)

Year 2: Continued from Case II of year 1, assuming a cumulative preferred stock and the dividends declared = $8,000.

Dividends for P.S. => $2,000 (div. In arrears)

$3,000 (div. Of year 2) $ 5,000

Dividends for C.S. => $8,000- $2,000-3,000 = $3,000


Participating Preferred Stock When preferred stock is participating,

preferred stockholders share with the common stockholders in any "extra" dividends.

"Extra" dividends = the declared dividends - the stated dividends of preferred stock - Equal % of dividends as the preferred stock's stated dividends for common stock.


Participating Preferred Stock (contd.) Fully participating preferred stock:

preferred stockholders share equally with the common stockholders in any "extra" dividends.

These extra dividends are distributed proportionally, based on the respective par value of each class of stock.


Participating Preferred Stock (contd.) Partially participating preferred stock:

preferred stockholders share in "extra" dividends with common stockholders, but its participation is limited to a fixed rate or amount per share.


Allocation of Declared Dividends If the preferred stock is Not participating,

the amount of dividends received by the common stockholders equals:

the declared dividends - any "dividend in arrears" - the stated dividend of the preferred stock

If the preferred stock is participating in extra dividends, calculation needs to be made for the allocation of dividends.


Participating Preferred Stock :(contd.)

Example: Assume a company issued 10% participating cumulative preferred stock with a total par value of $20,000 and common stock with a total par value of $30,000. Thus, preferred stock constitutes 40% and common stock 60% of the total par value. The company intends to distribute cash dividends of $9,000, and there are no dividends in arrears. The dividend distribution is as follows:



(A) Preferred stock is fully participating:Preferred

Common1. 10% dividend to preferred (on $20,000 par) $2,0002. Common dividends (equal to 10% of par) $3,000

Extra dividend proportionate to par values:Total to allocate $9,000Allocated (2,000 + 3,000) (5,000)Extra Dividend (40% to preferred and 60% to common) $4,000 $1,600 2,400Dividends to each class of stock $3,600 $5,400



(B) Preferred Stock Participates up to 12%: Preferred

Common1. 10% dividend to preferred $2,0002. Common div. (equal to 10%)

3,0003. 2% div. On par of preferred (2% * 20,000) 4004. 2% div. On par of common (2% * 30,000) 6005. Remainder to common (9,000-2,000-3,000-400-600) _____ 3,000Dividends to each class of stock 2,400

6,600 If any preferred stock dividends had been in

arrears, the dividends in arrears would have been distributed before any participation calculations.


Property Dividends

A property dividend is that dividend is payable in assets other than cash.

Marketable securities are typically used for a property dividend.

Because they are more easily distributable to the stockholders.


Property Dividends

A property dividend is recorded at the fair market value of the asset transferred on the date of declaration.

A gain or a loss is recognized (APB opinion no. 29, par. 18).


Property Dividends :(contd.) Examples:(A)Property dividend is an investment in debt held

to maturity:

Corp. Aron declares a property dividend, payable in bonds of Rock company being held to maturity. The bonds are carried on Aron’s book at a book value of $40,000 but the current market value on the declaration date is $48,000. The journal entries to record the property dividend are as follows:


Property Dividends :(contd.)

Date of Declaration

1. Investments in Rock Company Bond 8,000 Gain on Disposal of Investment

8,0002. Retained Earnings 48,000

Property Dividends Payable 48,000Date of PaymentProperty Dividends Payable 48,000

Investment in Rock Company Bonds 48,000



(B) Property dividend is an investment in equity securities “available for sale”:

The Remley company declares a property dividend on 3/15/x5, Payable in Welch company stock. The Welch stock had been purchased early in 20x4 for $24,000 and was reported as an asset at a fair value of $29,000 on 12/31/x4 balance sheet.



The market value of Welch stock is $31,000 on 3/15/x5. The following entries are made on 3/15/x5 (the declaration date):

Adj. prior to the recog. Of dividends payable:

Fair Value Adjustment 2,000 Unrealized holding gain 2,000

Unrealized holding gain 7,000 Gain on Disposal of Investment

7,000



J.E. on the declaration date:

Retained Earnings 31,000Property Dividends Payable 31,000

J.E. on the payment date:Property Dividends Payable 31,000

Investment in SAS 24,000 Fair value adjustment 7,000


Scrip Dividends

A corporation with adequate retained earnings to meet legal dividend requirements but with insufficient funds to pay a current cash dividend may declare a scrip dividend.

That is the corporation issues promissory notes (called “scrip”) requiring the Corp. to pay dividends at some future date.


Scrip Dividends :(contd.) On the declaration date, the following entry will be

made:

Retained Earnings xxxDividends Payable (or Notes Pay.)

xxx On the date of Payment:

Dividends Payable xxxInterest Expense xxx

Cashxxx

* If the promissory notes are interest bearing


Stock Dividends

A stock dividend is a pro rata (proportional) distribution of additional shares of a corporations own stock to its shareholders.

When a stock dividend is distributed, no corporate assets are distributed.

Each stockholder maintain the same percentage of ownership as before.

Stock dividend is similar to a stock split.


Stock Dividends (contd.)

Accounting treatment:a. Small stock dividend ( less than 25% of

outstanding shares): the stock dividends are accounted for

by transferring from retained earnings to contributed capital an amount equals to the fair market value of the additional shares issued.


Stock Dividends :(contd.)

b. A large stock dividend (no change in par value per share and is referred to as a stock split effected in the form of stock dividends): the accounting treatment is only to capitalize the par value of the stock, not the market value of the stock.

For example, a 100% stock dividend is equivalent to a two-for-one stock split regards to its impact on stock price and share outstanding.



Example 1: Small Stock Dividend

A Corporation with 20,000 shares outstanding declares and issues a 10% stock dividend. On the date of declaration, the stock is selling for $23 per share with a par value of $10 per share. The journal entry to recorded the stock dividend is :


Stock Dividends :(contd.) Date of Declaration:

Retained Earnings 46,000C.S. To be Distributed **

20,000Additional Paid-in Capital from Stock Dividend 26,000

Date of Issuance:

C.S. To be Distributed 20,000C.S. $10 par

20,000** reported as a component of contributed capital.


Stock Dividends :(contd.)Example 2: Large Stock DividendSimilar to example 1 except that the stock dividend increases from 10 % to 40% of the shares outstanding: Date Declaration:Additional paid in Capital* 80,000**

C.S to be Distributed 80,000* An alternative account is retained earnings.

If R/E is debited, the accounting standard does not prevent the capitalization of a larger amount per share.



** $10*(40% *20,000 shares) Date of Issuance:

C.S to be Distributed 80,000 C.S, $10 par

80,000

Reason of debiting paid-in capital rather than R/E for large stock dividends:

to prevent transferring earned capital to invested capital.


Fractional Shares

A stock dividend or a stock split often results in some shareholders being entitled to fractions of whole shares (fractional shares).

Cash payments (based on the fair value at declaration) are made to shareholders with fractional shares.


Liquidating Dividends

Liquidating dividends are a return of contributed capital to stockholders rather than a distribution of earned capital (i.e., R/E). This may occur in the case of insolvency and assetsa are distributed to stockholders.

The liquidating portion of the dividend is debited to Additional Paid-in Capital.

a. assets which are not subject to a superior claim by creditors.


Prior Period Adjustments (Restatements)

Items reported as prior period adjustments of retained earnings include:

a. certain change in accounting treatment (when a retroactive approach is used),

b. a change in accounting entry, and c. corrections of errors of prior periods.


Prior Period Adjustments (Restatements)

Example: In 20x5, Fox Company discovered that it did not accrue $10,000 of interest expense for 20x4. The income tax effect is $3,000, the correct entries are:

1. Retained Earnings 10,000Interest Payable

10,0002. Income Tax Refund Rece. 3,000

Retained Earnings 3,000


Prior Period Adjustments (Restatements) :(contd.)

Presentation on the Retained Earnings Statement:

R/E, as previous reported Jan 1, 20x5 $102,400 Less: Correction of overstatement in 20x4 N/I due to interest expense understatement (Net of $3,000 I/T) (7,000) Adjusted Retained Earnings, Jan 1, 20x5 $95,400


Appropriation of Retained Earnings

An appropriation (or restriction) of retained earnings is that the board of directors has "earmarked" a portion for the retained earnings (the appropriated amount) for a designated purpose.

This appropriated amount is not available for dividends.


Appropiraion of Retained Earnings (contd.) Reasons of appropriations: (1) to meet

legal requirements, (2) to meet contractual restrictions,(3) a discretionary action of the board of directors.

(1) Legal requirements: certain states require restrictions of R/E when treasury stock is acquired.


Appropiraion of Retained Earnings (contd.)

(2) Contractual agreement: due to issue of long-term bonds.

(3) A discretionary action: based on the needs of the corporation.

Example: Assume $2,000 of retained earnings is appropriated for treasury stock:


Appropiraion of Retained Earnings

Example

Retained Earnings 2,000 Retained Earnings:

Appropriated for Treasury Stock 2,000

After the treasury stock is reissued, the board of directors would cancel the appropriation:

R/E Appropriated for Treasury stock 2,000Retained earnings 2,000


Other Component of Stockholder's Equity

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Incomea:

Other Comprehensive income accumulated over the current (reported in the combined income statement) and prior periods.

a. Comprehensive income: changes in equity other than from owner related transactions (i.e., additional investment and dividends distribution).


Other Component of Stockholder's Equity (contd.) Comprehensive income includes:Net incomeOther Comprehensive Income (all net of

tax): Unrealized gain (loss) from SAS Foreign currency translation adjustments Minimum Pension liability adjustment Deferred gain (loss) from derivatives


Example of Stockholders’ Equity and Statement of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity

KARDWELL CORPORATIONStockholders’ Equity December 31, 20x5

Contributed capital: Common stock , $5 par (30,000 shares authorized, 11,400 shares issued, of which 100 shares are being held treasury stock) 57,000 Additional paid-in capital on common stock 197,400 Additional paid-in capital from treasury stock 5,000 Common stock option warrants 14,600 Less: Deferred compensation (11,000) 3,600

Total Contributed capital 263,000Accumulated Other Comprehensive IncomeUnrealized gain from valuation of SAS 40,000Retained earnings (see note) 386,200

Total contributed capital, unrealized capital, and retained earnings 689,200Less: Treasury stock (at cost) (3,000)

Total stockholders' equity 686,200

Note: R/E are restricted regarding dividends in the amountof $3,000, the cost of the treasury stock.


Example of Stockholders’ Equity and Statement of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity: (Contd.)

Statement of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for Year Ended December 31, 20x5

Common Accum.Stock Other Treasury

Shares Par Common Treasury Option Deferred Compre. Retained StockExplanation Issued Value Stock Stock Warrants CompensationIncome Earnings (Cost)

Balances, 1/1/95 10,000 50,000 170,000 2,300 12,200 (8,400) 10,000 322,000 (7,500)Issued for cash 1,100 5,500 22,000Reissued treaury stock 2700 4,500Issued for exercise of stock options 300 1,500 5,400 (900)Compensation expense for stock options 700Compensation cost for new stock options 3,300 (3,300)

Unrealized gain from valuation of SAS 30,000Net income 97,000Cash dividends (32,800)

Balances, 12/31/95 11,400 57,000 197,400 5,000 14,600 (11,000) 40,000 386,200 (3,000)

Common StockAdditional

Paid-in Capital


Quasi-Reorganization

A quasi-reorganization is primarily an accounting procedure, that involves a revaluation of corporate assets and liabilities, and a realignment of the corporate capital structure to enable the corporation to have a “fresh start” toward financial solvency and profitability.


Quasi-Reorganization :(contd.) The adjustment procedures are:1. The Corp. reports to the stockholders

with the restatements proposed and obtains the stockholders’ formal consent.

2. The Corp. presents a B/S as of the date of readjustment in which the assets and liabilities are reported at their market values.


Quasi-Reorganization :(contd.) The adjustment procedures

(contd.):3. Any amount written off is first charged

against retained earnings and then against additional paid-in capital.

4. The Corp. begins its “fresh start” with a zero retained earnings balance.


Quasi-Reorganization :(contd.) Specific Accounting procedures are:

1. A write-down of the assets to their market value, with the loss debited to R/E;

2. An increase of additional paid-in capital accomplished by a decrease in the par-value of the capital stock;

3. The elimination of the R/E deficit by a reduction of the additional paid-in capital.


Quasi-Reorganization :(contd.) Example:CMG Corp.'s property and equip. are determined to have a combined market value of $92,000 rather than the book value of $140,000. Its Inventories and A/R are overvalued by $8,000 and $4,000, respectively. The board of directors, with stockholders and the state's approval, has authorized a reduction in par value of $6 per share. CMG has a deficit of $50,000 prior to the quasi-reorganization.


Quasi-Reorganization :(contd.) Example:(Contd.)

1. To write down the fixed assets to market value: Retained Earnings 48,000

Accu. depreciation48,000

2. To write down the current assets: Retained earnings 12,000

Inventory 8,000 Accounts Receivable 4,000


Quasi-Reorganization :(contd.) Example:(Contd.)3. To reduce the par value of stock

Common Stock, $10 par 150,000Common Stock, $4 Par 60,000Additional Paid-in Capital 90,000

4. To eliminate the R/E Deficit:

Additional Paid-in Capital 110,000Retained Earnings* 110,000

* 50,000 (the deficit) +48,000+12,000


Condensed B/S of CMG Corp. before the quasi-reorganization:

CMG Corporation Balance Sheet December 31, 20x5

Current assets 30,000$ Liabilities 40,000$

Property and equipment200,000Common stock, $10 par 150,000

Less: Accumulated depreciation (60,000)

Additional paid -in capital 30,000Retained earnings Deficit) (50,000)

Total assets 170,000$

Total liabilities and stockholders' equity 170,000$


Condensed B/S of CMG Corp. immediately after the quasi-reorganization:

CMG Corporation Balance Sheet December 31, 20x5

Current assets 18,000$ Liabilities 40,000$ Property and equipment 200,000

Common stock, $4 par 60,000

Less: Accumulated depreciation (108,000)

Additional paid -in capital 10,000Retained earnings (see note) 0

Total assets 110,000$

Total liabilities and stockholders' equity 110,000$


Condensed B/S of CMG Corp. immediately after the quasi-reorganization:(Contd.)

Note: Retained earnings as of December 31, 20x5 has a zero balance due to a quasi-reorganization on that date in which net assets were revalued, a deficit of $110,000 was charged against additional paid-in capital, and the par value of common stock was reduced from $10 to $4 per share.

Stockholders' Equity

Documents

Transcript of Stockholders' Equity