This work was done to find the structure analysis and material properties identification of samples that was chosen. The sample that were tested on was two pine wood and one pork rib bone. This work was done with three experiment to gather data. The three experiment were: Compression test, 3-points bending test, and microstructure. Two of the pine wood was used for the compression and 3-points bending to determine the materials properties and one pine wood and the pork rib bone was used for etching to see the microstructure of the sample. The stress and strain was founded after putting all the data into an excel and inputting the equation. The sample was put on a microscope to get the image of magnification x10 to x40. Each has a scale of one micrometer for each magnification for finding the grain size.The purpose of this lab was to determine the microstructure of three samples as well as the amount of force needed to break one of these samples. The samples chosen were bone, bone marrow and a piece of wood(pine). The bone is a cow rib. A bone is made up of collagen(protein), calcium phosphate, and calcium carbonate. The bone marrow tissue is where red marrow produces blood cells. Pine belongs to the family Pinaceae. They usually reach maturity in 10-12 years and can be used for carpentry in homes for floors or roofing. Pine resin is also used for turpentine. The pine was chosen to be used for the three point bending test and compression test. In many brittle materials, tensile tests are not often used due to surface flaws and inconsistencies in the material. The bending test is more resourceful in this case. By applying load in the center of the material between two supports, a tensile force takes place in the material.

The flexural strength can be determined from the following formula (Eq. 1):

= (3FL)/(2wh^2) Eq. 1Where;

Figure 2: Force-Displacement Curve for Compression Test- F is the fracture load- L is the distance between the two supports- w is the width and h is the height

The Modulus of Elasticity can be determined from the following equation (Eq. 2):Ebend = ((L^3)(F))/(4wh^3)() Eq. 2Where,- is the deflection of the beamIn the final lab we looked at the microstructure of two specimens of different materials; one being a bone and the other being a piece of pine wood. The first step in this lab was to cut each specimen into one inch samples so they can fit under the microscope to be analyzed. The specimens were polished using the grinding stone. When smooth edges and faces were obtained all specimens were washed and then taken to the Roll grinder. Next the specimens were taken to the grinder/polisher. Here the specimens were polished until all the marks that were previously put on the specimens from the Roll grinder were removed and a smooth surface was seen. Then the specimens were polished on the final grinding/polishing. After this was complete the specimens were placed in a solution then heat was applied to them to dry in the form of a hair dryer. The specimens were then looked at under a microscope. This was repeated for both specimens at different magnifications for detailed results. In the final lab we took two pieces of pine and used them for the three point bending and compression test. For these tests the samples needed to have smooth outer surfaces so they would sit flush on the testing machines. This was a very key element for these tests because without a flush surface the compression test results would be incorrect. The machine used for the compression test. The three point bending test also needed the sample to have an evenly flat testing surface. The sample was placed in the three point bending machine. The start button on the computer was pressed and the machine calculated the results.In this experiment, the compression test and the three point bending test were used to help determine certain properties of the sample of pine. The three point bending test recorded data of the amount of load being applied in pounds and the displacement was measure in inches. The compression test recorded data of the amount of load being applied in pounds and the displacement in inches. Table I and Table II shows each set of data required from the two tests and can be found in the appendix. From the two tables, graphs of each set of data was constructed. Figure 1 shows the force-displacement curve of the three point bending test and Figure 2 shows the force-displacement curve of the compression test. Figure 1:Force-Displacement Curve for 3 Point Bending TestFrom the two graphs constructed from the data, a stress-strain curve of each test can be constructed. The stress for both tests was measure in psi and strain does not have any units. First Table III and Table IV shows the stress and strain of each test and these two tables can be found in the appendix. A sample calculation of how the stress and strain of each test was found. First for the compression test: Stress=2.723/(7/8*7/8)= 2.32 psiStrain=.00342/(3+6/8)= .000457For the three point bending test:Stress=(3*56.96*5.75)/(2*(7/8)3)=594.60 psiStrain=(6*.00678*7/8)/(5.752)=.0011From these two tables, the stress-strain curves of each test was constructed and shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4.

Figure 3: Stress-Strain Curve Figure 4: Stress-Strain Curve for For 3 Point Bending TestFor Compression Test

From the two graphs constructed, a series of values could be obtained about the piece of wood. The values that were obtained were the flexural strength, the Youngs Modulus of elasticity, and the ultimate tensile strength. The flexural strength was found by taking the slope of the linear portion of the curve for the three point bending test. The slope of that line was found to be roughly 4.597(106) psi which falls within the range of the different kinds of pine. The yield strength was calculated by using the .2% offset method on Figure 4. By drawing a line that is .002 away from the origin and is parallel to the curve, the yield strength was found to be 550 psi. The Youngs Modulus was found by using change in stress over change in strain and came out to be 2.59(104) psi. The ultimate tensile strength (U.T.S) can be found by looking at the maximum value of the stress-strain curve of the compression test. The U.T.S is 700 psi. The overall results for the data is as expected.