Final Project of Political Science

8/4/2019 Final Project of Political Science

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B.A. LL.B.(Hons.) SEMESTER : I SECTION :B

FINAL PROJECT OF

TOPIC : 26/11 MUMBAI TERROR ATTACKS

SPECIAL FOCUS ON LOOPHOLES

SUBJECT : POLITICAL SCIENCE

SUBMITTED TO : SUBMITTED BY :

MONIKA SRIVASTAVA VEDANG MISHRA

(Assistant Professor) Roll no. : 153


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

A major research project like this is never the work of anyone alone. Firstly, I would like to

thank respected Asst. Professor MONIKA SRIVASTAVA, for giving me such a golden

opportunity to show my skills and capability through this project.

This project is the result of the extensive ultrapure study, hard work and labour, put into to

make it worth reading. This project has been completed through the generous co-operation of

various persons, especially my seniors, who, in their different potentials helped me a lot in

giving the finishing touch to the project.

This project couldnt be completed without the help of my universitys library Dr. Madhu

Limaye Library and its internet facility.

I am glad to have made it

Thanking You........


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Table of Contents Page No.

1. Introduction04

2. Lack of Preventive and Retaliatory Capabilities05

3. Rampradhan Report..06

4. Involvement of Pakistan.07

5. Attackers..08

6. Method of Attack.08

7. Kasabs Trial....09

8. David Colemen Headly09

9. Political Fallout.10

10. Global Implication..11

11. Financial Loss and Loss of Human Capital..11

12. Impact on Industry..12

13. Internal Reforms since 26-11..13

14. International Co-Operation ...14

15. Suggestive Measures to Combat Terrorism..14

16. Conclusion.................................................................................15


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INTRODUCTION:

The 2008 Mumbai terrorist attacks (often referred to as November 26th or 26/11) were more

than ten coordinated shooting and bombing attacks across Mumbai, India's largest city, by Islamic

terrorists from Pakistan. The attacks, which drew widespread condemnation across the world,began on 26 November 2008 and lasted until 29 November, killing at least 173 people and

wounding at least 308.

Eight of the attacks occurred in South Mumbai at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminas, the Oberoi

Trident, the Taj Mahal Palace Hotel, Leopold Cafe, Cama Hospital (a women and children's

hospital), the Orthodox Jewish-owned Nariman House, the Metro Cinema, and a lane behind

the Times of India building and St. Xavier's College. There was also an explosion at Mazagaon,

in Mumbai's port area, and in a taxi at Vile Parle. By the early morning of 28 November, all sites

except for the Taj hotel had been secured by Mumbai Police and security forces. An action by

India's National Security Guards (NSG) on 29 November (the action is officially named

Operation Black Tornado) resulted in the death of the last remaining attackers at the Taj Hotel,

ending all fighting in the attacks.

The Mumbai attacks in the November 26, 2008 revealed deep and inherent flaws in Indias

national security. A year on and after several far reaching reforms India still looks vulnerable

but may will be equipped to respond swiftly and decisively.

For Mumbai this is not the first time, the city has seen several before this attack on its soil. There

were the Hindu Muslim riots in December 1992 and January 1993 which were followed by

the March 1993 blasts that ripped the city and its peace apart into shreds killing numerous

innocent civilians. Then there were the July 11 2006 series of explosions in the local trains of

Mumbai which are its lifeline. But on this unforgettable day, the lifeline was used to spread

destruction and havoc of the highest order which left close to 200 people dead and many injured.

If one has a look at the dates of Terrorists attacks one would even find a pattern!

13 MayJAIPUR

JuneNA-

26 JulyAHMEDABAD

AugustNA

13 SeptemberDELHI

October-NA


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26 NovemberMUMBAI

DecemberNA(hopefully)

13 JanuaryWhat Next?

The WhatNext is the big question that the Government faces at present. The execution of theMumbai attacks has revealed loopholes in several aspects of governance which were exploited

and used against the country. Such loopholes such as security issues at prime locations and

suspect areas of targets would have to be beefed up. Also mechanism to share information

between various agencies would have to be undertaken to ensure that all movements on terrorism

front are monitored.

The annual US state department country reports on terrorism 2008 highlighted India as one of

the worlds most terrorism affected countries with attacks on Jaipur, Ahmadabad , New Delhi

and attacks on the Indian embassy in Kabul . As already been told, there are N number ofloopholes present in our defence and surveillance system, and they are hurting us real bad.

LACK OF PREVENTIVE AND RETALIATORY CAPABILITIES:

The effectiveness of a small, but highly equipped group of the terrorists underscored deficiencies

in Indias preventive and retaliatory capabilities. The inadequacy of the first responder was seen

at the Mumbai railway terminus and was damming, with the railway protection force (RPF)

using antiquated blot action rifles against the modern armoury of the terrorists.

According to investigation the attackers travelled by sea from Karachi ; Pakistan across the

Arabian sea , hijacked the India fishing trawler kuber ,killing the crew of four ,and then forced

the captain to sail to Mumbai . After the killing the captain, Amar Singh Solanki the terrorist

entered Mumbai on a rubber dinghy. Who will answer some pertinent questions like why the

Navy and the Coast Guard didnt get alert when they got information from RAW that there is a

possibility of terror attack through sea route. This act itself shows that, even the terrorist knew

of the inadequacy, loopholes in the INDIAN COAST GUARD.

Statistics reveal that there are only 2221 weapons for strength of 180000 policemen in

Maharashtra. The alarming fact is that most of the police personnel have not opened fire for

years. Now compare this with the terrorists who arrived here with ammunition fit for an army.

They waged a battle for 60 hours and kept the NSG, the Marine Commandos, RAF and the

police on their toes. How equipped was the police force in comparison? When the terrorists

started the carnage in Mumbai what was needed was prompt action. But instead we had the

police first associating it with a gang war and more serious blunder was when the NSG

Commandos reached the spot after 10 hours. Enough time provided to the terrorists to chalk out

their plan. To top it all live media coverage of the operations gave away vital clues to the


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terrorists. The worst nightmare the country saw didnt finish quickly. Coupled with this there

were lapses on part of the government and the lax security system. The NSG Commandos

arrived at the terror scene not in helicopters but in government buses. Is this how terrorism of

this magnitude needs to be tackled?

RAMPRADHAN REPORT:

Rampradhan report opens up many loopholes in the Indian administrative systemThe report cites

a complete collapse of coordination between city, state and national security agencies while top

officers reacted individually since there was no proper command centre and the Home

Department was ineffective. Even the Quick Response Team of Mumbai Police failed to act as it

had no training to tackle such terror strikes. Pradhan Committee report also cites a shortage of

weapons and ammunition with the Mumbai Police and says police were not adequately trained touse AK-47s because of lack of ammunition.

The report showed the inadequacy in the Mumbai police , how they lacked the equipments such

as bullet proof vests of the automatic weapons etc. to cope up with the problematic situations

when some of the experts on this report based on the 26/11 Mumbai attacks were made available

in the vidhan parishad in Maharashtra .it created furore though , although all the details were not

available however it exposed the bullet proof vest scandal due to such inadequacies on the

fateful day of 26/11 we lost our countries greatest assets Hemant karkare , Vijay salaskar and

Ashok kamte .

Karkare were among the 3 officers who was wearing the bullet proof vest worth but an outdated

one that didnt have a collar and which couldnt resist the hard steel core bullet fixed from

automatic weapons. opposition leader M.S. Kadam raised the issue in the Maharashtra assembly

of the missing files pertaining to the purchase of the vest the government was insisted at the

quality of the vest was no way inferior .but were unable to proof the same .There is any hardly

record of purchases made between 1999 to 2005 .its times these corruptions at the very sensitive

level of purchase should be stopped.

We may not be a Mumbaikar but we could associate ourselves with the pain. It came as a jolt to

us when we saw Mumbai bleeding. At the same time it left us wondering how safe we are in

such situations.

We need to think seriously now and plug the loopholes in the system. Right now we are taking

part in the blame game but what is important at this juncture is to find out how we faced it and

how we plan to prepare for future. Is it by deploying best of forces for the protection of long list

of VIPs and VVIPs or is it by creating Federal Investigating Agency whose investigation in

terror incidents will not be hampered by bureaucratic delay. We need to ask ourselves some


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questions- Why after a week of the terror attacks in Mumbai RDX was found at Chatrapati

Shivaji Terminus. Why no one cared to do a thorough search of the busy railway station after this

gruesome incident. Why dont we fight terrorism on a war front and why we consider it as just

another incident?

INVOLVEMENT OF PAKISTAN:

Pakistan initially contested that Pakistanis were responsible for the attacks, blaming plotters in

Bangladesh and Indian criminals a claim rubbished by India, and saying they needed information

on other bombings first .Pakistani authorities finally agreed the attackers were Pakistani on 7

January 2009, and registered a case against three Pakistani nationals

It refused to hand over the guilty to India and rather promised to hold a fair trial in the country

itself. The acknowledgement of involvement of elements based in Pakistan first came from

Interior Minister Rehman Malik, who said, an FIR had been lodged under the Anti-terror Act.

Soon after, Foreign Minister Shah Mehmood Quershi sought to confuse matters by linking 26/11with Samjhauta Expressblasts.

Later, despite India having sent a dossier which has proof about weapons, milk packets, candy

bar wrappers, satellite phones emanating from Pakistan, and the details of the dingy taken by

terrorists from Karachi, phone conversations with handlers in Pakistan and interrogation details,

the Islamic nation continue to harp about lack of evidence. And despite out clarifications on

their queries, Pakistan has been dragging its feet. In addition, Indian government officials said

that the attacks were so sophisticated that they must have had official backing from Pakistani

agencies an accusation denied by Pakistan.

Under US and UN pressure, Pakistan arrested a few members of Jama-ud- dawa and briefly put

its founder under house arrest, but he was found to be free a few days later. A year after the

attacks, Mumbai police continued to complain that Pakistani authorities are not cooperating by

providing information for their investigation. Meanwhile, journalist in Pakistan said security

agencies were preventing them from interviewing people from Kasabs village. Home Minister

P. Chidambaram said the Pakistan authorities had not shared any information about American

suspect Headly and Rana, but that the federal bureau of investigation (FBI) had been more

forthcoming.

There rapid rise and growth of Islamic militant groups in Pakistan which are a threat to not onlyneighbouring countries but also the very society that sustain them Pakistan founded by a secular

and moderate leader Mohammad Ali Jinnah, but a nation now on the verge of Talibanaization.

Pakistan might be a frontline state in the war against terror but jihadi groups continue to thrive

there with the tacit support of sections of the military and intelligence. Until and unless

government of Pakistan doesnt take firm actions against these militant groups they will continue

to attack the government and people of various countries.


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ATTACKERS:

There were ten gunmen, nine of whom were subsequently shot dead and one captured by security

forces. Witnesses reported that they looked to be in their early twenties, wore black t-shirts and

jeans, and that they smiled and looked happy as they shot their victims.It was initially reported that some of the attackers were British citizens, but the Indian

Government later stated that there was no evidence to confirm this. Similarly, early reports of

twelve gunmen were also later shown to be incorrect.

On 9 December, the ten attackers were identified by Mumbai police, along with their home

towns in Pakistan: Ajmal Amir from Faridkot, Abu Ismail Dera Ismail Khan from Dera Ismail

Khan , Hafiz Arshad and Babr Imran from Multan, Javed from Okara, Shoaib from Narowal,

Nazih and Nasr from Faisalabad, Abdul Rahman from Arifwalla, and Fahad Ullah from Dipalpur

Taluka. Dera Ismail Khan is in the North-West Frontier Prince the rest of the towns are inPakistani Punjab

On April 6, 2010; the Home minister of Maharashtra State, which includes Mumbai, informed

the assembly that the bodies of the 9 killed Pakistani gunmen from the 2008 attack on Mumbai

were buried in a secret location in January 2010. The bodies had been in the mortuary of a

Mumbai hospital after Muslim clerics in the city refused to let them be buried on their grounds.

METHOD OFATTACK:

The attackers had planned the attack several months ahead of time and knew some areas well

enough for the attackers to vanish, and reappear after security forces had left. Several sources

have quoted Kasab telling the police that the group received help from Mumbai residents.

Attackers used at least three SIM cards purchased on the Indian side of the border

with Bangladesh, pointing to some local collusion. There were also reports of one SIM card

purchased in New Jersey, USA. Police had also mentioned that Faheem Ansari, an Indian

Lashkar operative who had been arrested in February 2008, had scouted the Mumbai targets for

the November attacks. Later, the police arrested two Indian suspects, Mikhtar Ahmad, who is

from Srinagar in Kashmir, and Tausif Rehman, a resident of Kolkata. They supplied the SIM

cards, one in Calcutta, and the other in New Delhi.

Type 86 Grenades made by China's state-owned Norinco were used in the attacks.

Blood tests on the attackers indicate that they had taken cocaine and LSD during the attacks, to

sustain their energy and stay awake for 50 hours. Police say that they found syringes on the

scenes of the attacks. There were also indications that they had been taking steroids. The gunman
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faridkot,_Okarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ismail_Dera_Ismail_Khanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okara,_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narowalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faheem_Ansarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norincohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norincohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faheem_Ansarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narowalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okara,_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ismail_Dera_Ismail_Khanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faridkot,_Okara


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who survived said that the attackers had used Google Earth to familiarize themselves with the

locations of buildings used in the attacks.

KASABS TRIAL:

Kasab's trial was delayed due to legal issues, as many Indian lawyers were unwilling to representhim. A Mumbai Bar Association passed a resolution proclaiming that none of its members would

represent Kasab. However, the Chief Justice of India stated that Kasab needed a lawyer for a fair

trial. A lawyer for Kasab was eventually found, but was replaced due to a conflict of interest. On

25 February 2009, Indian investigators filed an 11,000-page Chargesheet, formally charging

Kasab with murder, conspiracy, and waging war against India among other charges. Kasab's trial

began on 6 May 2009. He initially pleaded not guilty, but later admitted his guilt on 20 July

2009. He initially apologized for the attacks and claimed that he deserved the death penalty for

his crimes, but later retracted these claims, saying that he had been tortured by police to force his

confession, and that he had been arrested while roaming the beach. The court had accepted his

plea, but due to the lack of completeness within his admittance, the judge had deemed that manyof the 86 charges were not addressed and therefore the trial continued. Kasab could, and will

almost certainly, be hanged if given the maximum penalty of death. Kasab was convicted of all

86 charges on 3 May 2010. He was found guilty of murder for directly killing seven people,

conspiracy to commit murder for the deaths of the 166 people killed in the three-day terror siege,

waging war against India, causing terror, and of conspiracy to murder two high-ranking police

officers. On 6 May 2010, he was sentenced to death by hanging. As of the end of September,

2010 Kasab is still alive. He appealed his sentence on Wednesday, September 22 and will

subsequently have several meetings with his attorney in prison. If the courts choose to not accept

his appeal his last option is to appeal the case directly to the Indian governmentan action

which could see Kasab (alive) on death row for yearsor even decadesto come.

DAVID COLEMEN HEADLY:

David Coleman Headly , formerly known as Daood Sayed Gilani , (born June 30, 1960) is a

Chicago based Pakistani American ,who conspired with Lashker-e-Taiba and Pakistani ex

military officers to launch the 2008 Mumbai attacks and other terrorist activity . He changed his

Muslim name to an Anglo name to hide his Muslim identity to make travel to India easier.

National investigation Agency (NIA) registered a case against headly and Rana for allegedly

plotting the 2008 Mumbai attacks in India. After having interrogated headly in Chicago for a

week. The NIA has requested a Delhi court to issue non bail able warrants to arrest headley and

others .since his arrest and guilty plea, headly has been cooperating with the US authority and

has yielding much information about the Mumbai attacks.

Headleys arrest and guilty plea got close media attention in India, with the home minister P.

Chidambaram addressing it in frequent questions from reporters. U.S. assistant secretary of state
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chargesheethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chargesheethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Earth


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GLOBAL IMPLICATIONS:

Political implications are also apparent at the international level. One of the terrorists' targets wasNariman House, a Jewish center, and as a consequence, India and Israel are moving closer. India

has also moved closer to the U.S., which sent Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice to visit thesubcontinent. After visiting both India and Pakistan in an effort to avert armed confrontation --which many in India called for, especially since the media labeled the terrorist attacks as "India's9/11" -- Rice urged Pakistan to cooperate with India in nabbing the terrorists. (The terrorists arealleged to have been recruited in Pakistan.)

"At such times of crisis, the positive aspect is that not only do we see all the political forcesinternally standing up as a single force to face the situation, but internationally as well there issolidarity in the fight against terrorism," says Bundeep Singh Rangar, chairman of the Delhi-based Indus View, a research and advisory firm. Chakrabarti of ISB adds: "I don't see seriousinternational fallout. There will be some diplomatic efforts at trying to pinpoint Pakistan and

some pressure will build up on Pakistan. There has been talk in Washington about reacting to theMumbai event as a multi-country initiative rather than treating it as just an India-Pakistan affair.But the problem, ironically, is that Pakistan now has an elected government and they can't comeout looking like they are giving in to India's demands even if they believe that India's demandsare right. For decades, public opinion in Pakistan towards India has been negative. Theperception of public approval of terrorist activities targeted at India must change beforepoliticians can change. The Mumbai incident by itself will have only a temporary impact. But ifthe talk of a military solution between India and Pakistan aggravates then that can have a worseeffect on capital flows than the terror attack."

When it comes to economic issues, Mumbai -- the country's financial capital -- is likely to feel

the impact of the terrorist attacks, much as New York City did after September 11, 2001."Mumbai brings in 40% of foreign trade, 60% of customs duty collections, 40% of income taxcollections, 20% of central excise collections and $10 billion in corporate taxes," says Rangar ofIndus View. Chakrabarti notes: "The Mumbai terror attack has been the most dramatic in a longseries of terror events in India. It involved foreign hostages and places where business leaders,executives and foreigners frequented. It has therefore been a much more potent media dramathan any of the previous terror events. This grabbed worldwide attention and there is certainly anegative impact on India's risk and security perception. It will dent foreign investors' views ofIndia. This will lead to a drop in investments, but I expect it to be marginal."

FINENCIAL LOSS AND LOSS OF HUMAN CAPITAL:

The human costs have been horrendous. Estimates are in past 5 years 4000+ were killed interrorist attacks. This puts India next to Iraq both in terror deaths and terror incidents. The recent26/11 Mumbai attacks itself left 257-300 dead and 700 injured which includes several highprofile individuals such as Shri Ashok Kapur, chairman of Yes Bank who was killed in attack.

The direct economic damage done by terrorist attacks: buildings and infrastructure destroyed,productive lives ended. The structural damages post 26/11 attacks was amounting to total of INR


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500 crores, which subsequently took its toll on the insurance industry. Another form of longer-term costs security involves the opportunity cost of spending additional money to fight terrorism.Currently India ranks on 9th position in the world for highest military expenditure (2009-10),which amount to sum total of USD 32,700,000,000. Further, a variety of new spending onsecurity occurred after this incident. As all this happens, economic resources will be directed to

shoring up security and diverted away from more productive private sector activity.

IMPACT ON INDUSTERY:

That's the macro picture. A sectoral analysis sheds more light on the possible damage to differentindustries. "Terrorism's economic impact has normally been short lived," says a reporttitled,Economic Impact of Terrorism, by securities firm Anand Rathi Financial Services. "Theimmediate impact of terrorism is the loss of life, destruction of property and loss of man-days.Terrorist acts also cause uncertainty, which impacts economic activity. Tourism is one of the firstareas to be hit, with hospitality and transportation feeling the pain the most. Gross earnings fromforeign tourists are currently around 1% of GDP. A marked slowdown in tourism activity will

have a perceptible impact on not only the hospitality and transportation sectors, but also on theoverall economy.

"The impact on the earnings side (through lower room occupancy, depressed room rental, lowerpassenger traffic or lower air fares) may eventually reverse once the situation normalizes. On theexpenditure side, though, the impact of higher costs from increased preventive arrangements andhigher insurance premiums is likely to be more permanent." An important subset of tourismmedical tourism is also likely to slow in the short term.

"Hospitality and tourism are two sectors that will certainly take a direct hit," says Chakrabarti ofISB. "This will be a gut reaction to the event and, if nothing else happens, then things will soon

get back to normal." According to Rangar, "Estimates suggest that nationally hotels have seenabout 60% booking cancellations." Holiday destinations such as Goa are feeling the pinch evenmore because of intelligence reports that they could be future targets for terrorists. Hoteloccupancy in western India is down some 25% and rates have plunged. Civil aviation is anothersector in the dumps. But it was already troubled before the attacks.

Rangar believes the overall damage to India's economy could be significant. "Analysts havealready started giving initial estimates that suggest the loss in business due to the attacks wouldbe about $100 billion, arising from crucial institutions, such as the stock exchanges, commoditiesand money markets, and business and commercial establishments which remained closed," henotes. "There is also a hit of $20 billion on the foreign exchange front. But though the numbers

are alarming, it is just a matter of time before the city and its people rise to face the situation."

Exports, already down, could be further hit as foreign buyers put off visits. "International clientsprefer to stay at five star hotels such as the Taj and the Oberoi," says Ganesh Kumar Singh,president of the Federation of Indian Export Organizations. They now see a risk staying at anyfive star hotel. The U.S. commercial nuclear mission has put off its India trip as have delegationsfrom several other countries.


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The perception of increased risk in India could also impact the IT industry, which depends onclient visits to seal deals. But the larger firms in the IT industry have already spread their risk;they have back-up operations in other countries such as China. The effect there will be onlytemporary. Some analysts, however, believe that the business process outsourcing (BPO)industry may not be so lucky. "Oil & gas and other large operations are vulnerable to attack,"

says the Anand Rathi report. Beefing up security will add to their costs. But these are strategicindustrial assets for the country as a whole, and part of the expenditure is likely to be borne bythe government.

Does anybody gain? Certain lines of IT, particularly those related to security, will get somebenefit. "Companies catering to defense, security and surveillance needs are likely to see a boostin demand," says the Anand Rathi report.

Rangar ends on a note of confidence. "Despite the slowdown -- and the recent incidents -- globalcompanies are expected to continue to exhibit their confidence in India," he says. AddsChakrabarti: "The confidence crisis is far worse in other parts of the world compared to India.

Foreign investors need to put their money somewhere and India still looks very attractive. Atworst we will grow at 6%. Most countries would die to grow at this rate at this point in time."

INTERNAL REFORMS SINCE 26/11:

Following the attacks, the perception of a continuing terrorist threat war lingered. the

international cricket cash termed as IPL was move to south Africa as Indian government

couldnt guarantee adequate security concerns over the Commonwealth games 2010 New Delhi

will also have to be allayed and the Delhi police have already announced robust measures

including enhanced security checks at Venus strategies against chemical and biological weapons

and helicopters surveillance.

Following 26/11, visible improvement on the effectiveness of the security apparatus have been

implemented a number of regional hubs have been established for the rapid response NSG units

as well as the creation of counter terrorism schools. There has been an enhanced integrated

approach between the Indian navy and coast guards, with a key achievement being the

development of joint operations centers (including Mumbai) under the control of naval

commander in- chief. To fulfill its expanding responsibilities, the coast guard has been

strengthened, with an additional 3000 personnel coming in at various levels.

The establishment of the NIA at the beginning of 2009 was the fruition of a long standing

proposal that was finally given impetus after 26/11. It is Indias first statutory agency handling

terrorism cases, dealing with aspects of investigation and prosecution. Political momentum will

be required to fledging body and to ensure steady recruitment and training of personal.

The role and utilization of the NIA raises the question of whether it will exacerbate the long

standing institution malaise and add to the dot of disseminating intelligence between central

agencies such as the external intelligence bureau and state agencies. India is not alone in wanting


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too rapidly disseminate intelligence for actionable purposes but is held back by a lack of co-

ordination and reluctance to share information amongst intelligence and security agencies to

alleviate bureaucratic tension and to inject transparency and accountability that there needs to be

meaning government or political oversight into functioning of intelligence and the security

apparatus. India is still on the back foot, combating several active insurgencies as well as tending

of Islamic extremism originating outside of India.

The Maharashtra state govt. has planned to buy 36 speed boats to patrol the coastal areas and

several helicopters for the same purpose. It will also create an anti-terror force called force one

and upgrade all the weapons that Mumbai police had. Prime minister Dr. Manmohan Singh on an

all party conference declared that legal framework will be strengthened in battle against

terrorism. Govt. strengthened anti -terror laws by UAPA 2008.

The attacks have damaged Indias already strained relationships with Pakistan. That time

external affair minister Mr. Pranab Mukherjee declared that India may indulge in military strikes

against terror camps in Pakistan to protect its territorial integrity.

INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION:

To further bolster capabilities , the Indian govt. is establishing new ties and building on extensive

co-operation and intelligence sharing with international partners India and the EU are looking

into counter terrorism, cooperation with an emphasis on intelligence sharing , research and

development of skills of counterterrorism security forces

The burgeoning India- US relationship has also brought tangible benefits, with the longestablished counterterrorism joint working group (CTJWG) helping to institutionalize co-

operation in intelligence sharing, legal issues and surveillance amongst other areas. Aiding these

developments has been the US-Pak relationship, with the US acting as an inter-counter and

classified information on LeT being forwarded to the Indians two of Headelys and Ranas

handlers in Pakistan were also arrested in October by Pakistani authorities at the behest of the

US, but India due to Pakistani obfuscation has not been privy to the details.

SUGGESTED MEASURES TO COMBAT TERRORISM:

Public memory is short and we usually forget events as time passes. But are we going to forgetthe Mumbai terror attacks? What was there in 26/11 attack which has left an imprint in ourminds? It is the method which the terrorists adopted which succeeded in creating an impact. Andthat was exactly what the terrorists wanted, shake us from within, make the event unique and getinternational coverage. They targeted the places where cream of the society, the diplomats andforeign nationals were staying. Their modus operandi was totally different.


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Who will answer some pertinent questions like why the Navy and the Coast Guard didnt getalert when they got information from RAW that there is a possibility of terror attack through searoute. When the terrorists started the carnage in Mumbai what was needed was prompt action.But instead we had the police first associating it with a gang war and more serious blunder waswhen the NSG Commandos reached the spot after 10 hours. Enough time provided to the

terrorists to chalk out their plan. To top it all live media coverage of the operations gave awayvital clues to the terrorists. The worst nightmare the country saw didnt finish quickly. Coupledwith this there were lapses on part of the government and the lax security system. The NSGCommandos arrived at the terror scene not in helicopters but in government buses. Is this howterrorism of this magnitude needs to be tackled?A few of the strategies, apart from the legal recourse, which may be adapted to combatinsurgency, are:1. A clearly defined policy and no compromise with terrorism2. Dialogue with insurgents only within the ambit of the Constitution3. Pro-active measures, including (if necessary) pre-emptive strikes on anti-terrorist camps andbases

4. Strengthening of existing anti-terror laws5. Punitive action against sympathizers, beneficiaries of terrorism and funding sources6. Strengthening of mechanisms such as psychological warfare in order to combat terror. SuchMechanisms must be decidedly pro-active7. Creation of and the joining in anti-terror cooperative groups in the region such as ShanghaiCooperation Organisation8. Spearhead a global denouncement and alienation of states sponsoring or not acting againstterror.Lesson we can draw from London:Central London experienced a terror attack in 2005 where four bombs were detonated withinminutes of each other. The Russell Square bomb, which was the third one to go off in that July2005 attack, happened while the train was travelling between Kings Cross and Russell Square

stations.In the aftermath of that attack, the authorities, as a precautionary measure, reduced the number oftrash bins around the area. This is to prevent terrorist from depositing their bombs in them.

Conclusion:

Over and above everything, the recent attack on Mumbai has led to an awakening, both for the

system and for the people of the country. After every blast the resilience of Mumbaikaars was

praised and in turn was taken for granted. Following the aftermath of this attack, there was anger

and resentment among people who felt that their resilience or rather their helplessness was beingmocked at time and again.

It was felt that the time has come for some action, both from the people and system. People

observed a protest march in different parts of the city to remind and send a message across that

no one can take them for granted and that the system needs to gear up for such attacks in the


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future. In plain words, the lives of the civilians come at a cost and the system needs to realize

this aspect.

Killing innocent people cannot be a solution to a problem or an issue. Issues need to be solved

peacefully. By perpetrating terror through violent acts, it only gets worse. Like the law of

Physics which says that every action has a equal and opposite reaction, the same could be

extended to this recent attack and hope that the system gears up to avert such attacks in the

future.

At the end, what is required is a will to win the war over terrorism backed up by strict

enforcement of existing laws at the National and International level. Any system as it marches

ahead reveals certain lacunae and loopholes, which in the instant case affords the terrorists an

advantage and ultimately in getting away rather mildly. There should be parity in the norms to be

adopted by different countries at the international level when it comes to protecting the national

interest.


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BIBLIOGRAPHY:

1. BOOKS

Investigating Mumbai conspiracy by Wilson Jones .

2. WEBSITE

www.zorebol.com

www.india.foriegnpolicyblogs.com

www.rusi.org

www.wikipedia.org

www.ibnlive.in.com

www.zeenews.com
http://www.zorebol.com/http://www.india.foriegnpolicyblogs.com/http://www.rusi.org/http://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.rusi.org/http://www.india.foriegnpolicyblogs.com/http://www.zorebol.com/

Final Project of Political Science

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