Mastication Slow down and lose weightUnderstanding the Brain The Neurobiology of everyday life

Final Project

Submitted by Anjali Khambete

Current healthcare issues

bull It is common knowledge that we as a society have been plagued with rampant obesity Obesity is a pre-cursor to lifestyle diseases (non-communicable diseases - NCD) such as diabetes heart disease and cancer Additionally obesity has negative impacts on the quality of life and leads to low self-esteem

bull As a nation high prevalence of obesity and the resulting diseases has led to spiraling healthcare costs

bull Additionally we see Alzheimers disease on the rise as cognitive function declines in aging populations

Weight Loss Technique ndash Slow downbull An important weight loss technique is to slow down and chew

thoroughly before swallowing

bull Keep the fork down between two bites

bull The idea is that if you slow down you wonrsquot have eaten far too much before the fullness is registered by your brain

bull Could the solution be as simple as this

bull What other factors affect the process of chewing

bull Can chewing more also have an effect on other disorders such as Alzheimers

What the class taught us

bull Chewing is a function of the central pattern generator

bull The central pattern generators adapt to different patterns of eating such as chewing gum vs chewing a tough candy

bull In order to understand mastication as a CPG I did further research into the central pattern generator mainly from sources on the web References to this are included in the Citations slide

bull I realized that there is vast information that has been understood as a result of scientific research and there is so much more left to be researched

bull I realized that the more I read the more I questions I had

CPG of mastication

bull CPG of mastication is divided into three processesbull Generation of the masticatory rhythmbull Generation of a pattern of activities of the jaw tongue and facial

musclesbull Coordination of the activities of these muscles

Evidence suggests that there are two neuronal groups involved in these activities 1) One for the generation of masticatory rhythm giving timing signal

for rhythmical alternation of jaw opening and jaw closing 2) The other group for the spatiotemporal pattern for the activities of

the jaw tongue and facial muscles

Mastication results from the intrinsic neural pattern as well as the sensory input from the jaw tongue and facial muscles The pattern is matched with the characteristics of the food but also changes with age The intrinsic pattern is generated by an assembly of neurons (CPG) in the pons and the medulla

Mesencephalic trigeminal sensory nucleus (Me5)bull Elongated nucleus located in the midbrain that receives

proprioceptive (awareness) input from both the extraocular (outside the body) and the masticatory muscles

Ventromedial nucleus (VMN) or Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH)

bull Ventromedial nucleus (VMN) is the nucleus of the hypothalamus It is commonly associated with satiety Earlier studies showed that lesions in the VMN caused hyperphagia (overeating) However that theory was discarded

bull The theory is now gaining ground again and studies have shown that hyperphagia and obesity are a consequence of the VMN lesions Some studies show that rats with VMH lesion produce more leptin but they are unable to respond to leptin leading to overeating

bull Neuroimaging of the brain has shown increase in activity in the VHM during feeding However this does not explain why we as a population are becoming more obese

Histamine (HA) Neurons

Histamine neurons in Me5 have been shown to modulate mastication actions particularly eating speed which reduces volume of food consumed

Mesencephalic Trigeminal Motor Nucleus

TMN is located in the pons and contains motor neurons that innervate the mastication muscles

Mesencephalic Trigeminal Sensory Nucleus

Located in the brainstem the mesencephalic trigeminal sensory nucleus receives proprioceptor input from the jaw and mechanoreceptor input from the teeth

Sensory processes involved in eating

Role of Histamine neurons in the intake volume at mealsbull A study in rats showed that the Histamine neurons in the

mesencephalic trigeminal sensory nucleus modulate masticatory functions particularly eating speed through the mesencephalic trigeminal motor nucleus and activation of the histamine neurons in the VMH suppress intake volume of feeding at meals

Mastication as a prevention of Cognitive Declinebull Mastication (chewing) has been shown to promote preserving

cognitive function according to the research article link on this slide

bull httpparkinsonstmjcomwp-contentuploads201112occlusion-and-brain-functionpdf

Current healthcare issues

bull It is common knowledge that we as a society have been plagued with rampant obesity Obesity is a pre-cursor to lifestyle diseases (non-communicable diseases - NCD) such as diabetes heart disease and cancer Additionally obesity has negative impacts on the quality of life and leads to low self-esteem

bull As a nation high prevalence of obesity and the resulting diseases has led to spiraling healthcare costs

bull Additionally we see Alzheimers disease on the rise as cognitive function declines in aging populations

Weight Loss Technique ndash Slow downbull An important weight loss technique is to slow down and chew

thoroughly before swallowing

bull Keep the fork down between two bites

bull The idea is that if you slow down you wonrsquot have eaten far too much before the fullness is registered by your brain

bull Could the solution be as simple as this

bull What other factors affect the process of chewing

bull Can chewing more also have an effect on other disorders such as Alzheimers

What the class taught us

bull Chewing is a function of the central pattern generator

bull The central pattern generators adapt to different patterns of eating such as chewing gum vs chewing a tough candy

bull In order to understand mastication as a CPG I did further research into the central pattern generator mainly from sources on the web References to this are included in the Citations slide

bull I realized that there is vast information that has been understood as a result of scientific research and there is so much more left to be researched

bull I realized that the more I read the more I questions I had

CPG of mastication

bull CPG of mastication is divided into three processesbull Generation of the masticatory rhythmbull Generation of a pattern of activities of the jaw tongue and facial

musclesbull Coordination of the activities of these muscles

Evidence suggests that there are two neuronal groups involved in these activities 1) One for the generation of masticatory rhythm giving timing signal

for rhythmical alternation of jaw opening and jaw closing 2) The other group for the spatiotemporal pattern for the activities of

the jaw tongue and facial muscles

Mastication results from the intrinsic neural pattern as well as the sensory input from the jaw tongue and facial muscles The pattern is matched with the characteristics of the food but also changes with age The intrinsic pattern is generated by an assembly of neurons (CPG) in the pons and the medulla

Mesencephalic trigeminal sensory nucleus (Me5)bull Elongated nucleus located in the midbrain that receives

proprioceptive (awareness) input from both the extraocular (outside the body) and the masticatory muscles

Ventromedial nucleus (VMN) or Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH)

bull Ventromedial nucleus (VMN) is the nucleus of the hypothalamus It is commonly associated with satiety Earlier studies showed that lesions in the VMN caused hyperphagia (overeating) However that theory was discarded

bull The theory is now gaining ground again and studies have shown that hyperphagia and obesity are a consequence of the VMN lesions Some studies show that rats with VMH lesion produce more leptin but they are unable to respond to leptin leading to overeating

bull Neuroimaging of the brain has shown increase in activity in the VHM during feeding However this does not explain why we as a population are becoming more obese

Histamine (HA) Neurons

Histamine neurons in Me5 have been shown to modulate mastication actions particularly eating speed which reduces volume of food consumed

Mesencephalic Trigeminal Motor Nucleus

TMN is located in the pons and contains motor neurons that innervate the mastication muscles

Mesencephalic Trigeminal Sensory Nucleus

Located in the brainstem the mesencephalic trigeminal sensory nucleus receives proprioceptor input from the jaw and mechanoreceptor input from the teeth

Sensory processes involved in eating

Role of Histamine neurons in the intake volume at mealsbull A study in rats showed that the Histamine neurons in the

mesencephalic trigeminal sensory nucleus modulate masticatory functions particularly eating speed through the mesencephalic trigeminal motor nucleus and activation of the histamine neurons in the VMH suppress intake volume of feeding at meals

Mastication as a prevention of Cognitive Declinebull Mastication (chewing) has been shown to promote preserving

cognitive function according to the research article link on this slide

bull httpparkinsonstmjcomwp-contentuploads201112occlusion-and-brain-functionpdf

Weight Loss Technique ndash Slow downbull An important weight loss technique is to slow down and chew

thoroughly before swallowing

bull Keep the fork down between two bites

bull The idea is that if you slow down you wonrsquot have eaten far too much before the fullness is registered by your brain

bull Could the solution be as simple as this

bull What other factors affect the process of chewing

bull Can chewing more also have an effect on other disorders such as Alzheimers

What the class taught us

bull Chewing is a function of the central pattern generator

bull The central pattern generators adapt to different patterns of eating such as chewing gum vs chewing a tough candy

bull In order to understand mastication as a CPG I did further research into the central pattern generator mainly from sources on the web References to this are included in the Citations slide

bull I realized that there is vast information that has been understood as a result of scientific research and there is so much more left to be researched

bull I realized that the more I read the more I questions I had

CPG of mastication

bull CPG of mastication is divided into three processesbull Generation of the masticatory rhythmbull Generation of a pattern of activities of the jaw tongue and facial

musclesbull Coordination of the activities of these muscles

Evidence suggests that there are two neuronal groups involved in these activities 1) One for the generation of masticatory rhythm giving timing signal

for rhythmical alternation of jaw opening and jaw closing 2) The other group for the spatiotemporal pattern for the activities of

the jaw tongue and facial muscles

Mastication results from the intrinsic neural pattern as well as the sensory input from the jaw tongue and facial muscles The pattern is matched with the characteristics of the food but also changes with age The intrinsic pattern is generated by an assembly of neurons (CPG) in the pons and the medulla

Mesencephalic trigeminal sensory nucleus (Me5)bull Elongated nucleus located in the midbrain that receives

proprioceptive (awareness) input from both the extraocular (outside the body) and the masticatory muscles

Ventromedial nucleus (VMN) or Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH)

bull Ventromedial nucleus (VMN) is the nucleus of the hypothalamus It is commonly associated with satiety Earlier studies showed that lesions in the VMN caused hyperphagia (overeating) However that theory was discarded

bull The theory is now gaining ground again and studies have shown that hyperphagia and obesity are a consequence of the VMN lesions Some studies show that rats with VMH lesion produce more leptin but they are unable to respond to leptin leading to overeating

bull Neuroimaging of the brain has shown increase in activity in the VHM during feeding However this does not explain why we as a population are becoming more obese

Histamine (HA) Neurons

Histamine neurons in Me5 have been shown to modulate mastication actions particularly eating speed which reduces volume of food consumed

Mesencephalic Trigeminal Motor Nucleus

TMN is located in the pons and contains motor neurons that innervate the mastication muscles

Mesencephalic Trigeminal Sensory Nucleus

Located in the brainstem the mesencephalic trigeminal sensory nucleus receives proprioceptor input from the jaw and mechanoreceptor input from the teeth

Sensory processes involved in eating

Role of Histamine neurons in the intake volume at mealsbull A study in rats showed that the Histamine neurons in the

mesencephalic trigeminal sensory nucleus modulate masticatory functions particularly eating speed through the mesencephalic trigeminal motor nucleus and activation of the histamine neurons in the VMH suppress intake volume of feeding at meals

Mastication as a prevention of Cognitive Declinebull Mastication (chewing) has been shown to promote preserving

cognitive function according to the research article link on this slide

bull httpparkinsonstmjcomwp-contentuploads201112occlusion-and-brain-functionpdf

What the class taught us

bull Chewing is a function of the central pattern generator

bull The central pattern generators adapt to different patterns of eating such as chewing gum vs chewing a tough candy

bull In order to understand mastication as a CPG I did further research into the central pattern generator mainly from sources on the web References to this are included in the Citations slide

bull I realized that there is vast information that has been understood as a result of scientific research and there is so much more left to be researched

bull I realized that the more I read the more I questions I had

CPG of mastication

bull CPG of mastication is divided into three processesbull Generation of the masticatory rhythmbull Generation of a pattern of activities of the jaw tongue and facial

musclesbull Coordination of the activities of these muscles

Evidence suggests that there are two neuronal groups involved in these activities 1) One for the generation of masticatory rhythm giving timing signal

for rhythmical alternation of jaw opening and jaw closing 2) The other group for the spatiotemporal pattern for the activities of

the jaw tongue and facial muscles

Mastication results from the intrinsic neural pattern as well as the sensory input from the jaw tongue and facial muscles The pattern is matched with the characteristics of the food but also changes with age The intrinsic pattern is generated by an assembly of neurons (CPG) in the pons and the medulla

Mesencephalic trigeminal sensory nucleus (Me5)bull Elongated nucleus located in the midbrain that receives

proprioceptive (awareness) input from both the extraocular (outside the body) and the masticatory muscles

Ventromedial nucleus (VMN) or Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH)

bull Ventromedial nucleus (VMN) is the nucleus of the hypothalamus It is commonly associated with satiety Earlier studies showed that lesions in the VMN caused hyperphagia (overeating) However that theory was discarded

bull The theory is now gaining ground again and studies have shown that hyperphagia and obesity are a consequence of the VMN lesions Some studies show that rats with VMH lesion produce more leptin but they are unable to respond to leptin leading to overeating

bull Neuroimaging of the brain has shown increase in activity in the VHM during feeding However this does not explain why we as a population are becoming more obese

Histamine (HA) Neurons

Histamine neurons in Me5 have been shown to modulate mastication actions particularly eating speed which reduces volume of food consumed

Mesencephalic Trigeminal Motor Nucleus

TMN is located in the pons and contains motor neurons that innervate the mastication muscles

Mesencephalic Trigeminal Sensory Nucleus

Located in the brainstem the mesencephalic trigeminal sensory nucleus receives proprioceptor input from the jaw and mechanoreceptor input from the teeth

Sensory processes involved in eating

Role of Histamine neurons in the intake volume at mealsbull A study in rats showed that the Histamine neurons in the

mesencephalic trigeminal sensory nucleus modulate masticatory functions particularly eating speed through the mesencephalic trigeminal motor nucleus and activation of the histamine neurons in the VMH suppress intake volume of feeding at meals

Mastication as a prevention of Cognitive Declinebull Mastication (chewing) has been shown to promote preserving

cognitive function according to the research article link on this slide

bull httpparkinsonstmjcomwp-contentuploads201112occlusion-and-brain-functionpdf

CPG of mastication

bull CPG of mastication is divided into three processesbull Generation of the masticatory rhythmbull Generation of a pattern of activities of the jaw tongue and facial

musclesbull Coordination of the activities of these muscles

Evidence suggests that there are two neuronal groups involved in these activities 1) One for the generation of masticatory rhythm giving timing signal

for rhythmical alternation of jaw opening and jaw closing 2) The other group for the spatiotemporal pattern for the activities of

the jaw tongue and facial muscles

Mastication results from the intrinsic neural pattern as well as the sensory input from the jaw tongue and facial muscles The pattern is matched with the characteristics of the food but also changes with age The intrinsic pattern is generated by an assembly of neurons (CPG) in the pons and the medulla

Mesencephalic trigeminal sensory nucleus (Me5)bull Elongated nucleus located in the midbrain that receives

proprioceptive (awareness) input from both the extraocular (outside the body) and the masticatory muscles

Ventromedial nucleus (VMN) or Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH)

bull Ventromedial nucleus (VMN) is the nucleus of the hypothalamus It is commonly associated with satiety Earlier studies showed that lesions in the VMN caused hyperphagia (overeating) However that theory was discarded

bull The theory is now gaining ground again and studies have shown that hyperphagia and obesity are a consequence of the VMN lesions Some studies show that rats with VMH lesion produce more leptin but they are unable to respond to leptin leading to overeating

bull Neuroimaging of the brain has shown increase in activity in the VHM during feeding However this does not explain why we as a population are becoming more obese

Histamine (HA) Neurons

Histamine neurons in Me5 have been shown to modulate mastication actions particularly eating speed which reduces volume of food consumed

Mesencephalic Trigeminal Motor Nucleus

TMN is located in the pons and contains motor neurons that innervate the mastication muscles

Mesencephalic Trigeminal Sensory Nucleus

Located in the brainstem the mesencephalic trigeminal sensory nucleus receives proprioceptor input from the jaw and mechanoreceptor input from the teeth

Sensory processes involved in eating

Role of Histamine neurons in the intake volume at mealsbull A study in rats showed that the Histamine neurons in the

mesencephalic trigeminal sensory nucleus modulate masticatory functions particularly eating speed through the mesencephalic trigeminal motor nucleus and activation of the histamine neurons in the VMH suppress intake volume of feeding at meals

Mastication as a prevention of Cognitive Declinebull Mastication (chewing) has been shown to promote preserving

cognitive function according to the research article link on this slide

bull httpparkinsonstmjcomwp-contentuploads201112occlusion-and-brain-functionpdf

Mesencephalic trigeminal sensory nucleus (Me5)bull Elongated nucleus located in the midbrain that receives

proprioceptive (awareness) input from both the extraocular (outside the body) and the masticatory muscles

Ventromedial nucleus (VMN) or Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH)

bull Ventromedial nucleus (VMN) is the nucleus of the hypothalamus It is commonly associated with satiety Earlier studies showed that lesions in the VMN caused hyperphagia (overeating) However that theory was discarded

bull The theory is now gaining ground again and studies have shown that hyperphagia and obesity are a consequence of the VMN lesions Some studies show that rats with VMH lesion produce more leptin but they are unable to respond to leptin leading to overeating

bull Neuroimaging of the brain has shown increase in activity in the VHM during feeding However this does not explain why we as a population are becoming more obese

Histamine (HA) Neurons

Histamine neurons in Me5 have been shown to modulate mastication actions particularly eating speed which reduces volume of food consumed

Mesencephalic Trigeminal Motor Nucleus

TMN is located in the pons and contains motor neurons that innervate the mastication muscles

Mesencephalic Trigeminal Sensory Nucleus

Located in the brainstem the mesencephalic trigeminal sensory nucleus receives proprioceptor input from the jaw and mechanoreceptor input from the teeth

Sensory processes involved in eating

Role of Histamine neurons in the intake volume at mealsbull A study in rats showed that the Histamine neurons in the

mesencephalic trigeminal sensory nucleus modulate masticatory functions particularly eating speed through the mesencephalic trigeminal motor nucleus and activation of the histamine neurons in the VMH suppress intake volume of feeding at meals

Mastication as a prevention of Cognitive Declinebull Mastication (chewing) has been shown to promote preserving

cognitive function according to the research article link on this slide

bull httpparkinsonstmjcomwp-contentuploads201112occlusion-and-brain-functionpdf

Ventromedial nucleus (VMN) or Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH)

bull Ventromedial nucleus (VMN) is the nucleus of the hypothalamus It is commonly associated with satiety Earlier studies showed that lesions in the VMN caused hyperphagia (overeating) However that theory was discarded

bull The theory is now gaining ground again and studies have shown that hyperphagia and obesity are a consequence of the VMN lesions Some studies show that rats with VMH lesion produce more leptin but they are unable to respond to leptin leading to overeating

bull Neuroimaging of the brain has shown increase in activity in the VHM during feeding However this does not explain why we as a population are becoming more obese

Histamine (HA) Neurons

Histamine neurons in Me5 have been shown to modulate mastication actions particularly eating speed which reduces volume of food consumed

Mesencephalic Trigeminal Motor Nucleus

TMN is located in the pons and contains motor neurons that innervate the mastication muscles

Mesencephalic Trigeminal Sensory Nucleus

Located in the brainstem the mesencephalic trigeminal sensory nucleus receives proprioceptor input from the jaw and mechanoreceptor input from the teeth

Sensory processes involved in eating

Role of Histamine neurons in the intake volume at mealsbull A study in rats showed that the Histamine neurons in the

mesencephalic trigeminal sensory nucleus modulate masticatory functions particularly eating speed through the mesencephalic trigeminal motor nucleus and activation of the histamine neurons in the VMH suppress intake volume of feeding at meals

Mastication as a prevention of Cognitive Declinebull Mastication (chewing) has been shown to promote preserving

cognitive function according to the research article link on this slide

bull httpparkinsonstmjcomwp-contentuploads201112occlusion-and-brain-functionpdf

Histamine (HA) Neurons

Histamine neurons in Me5 have been shown to modulate mastication actions particularly eating speed which reduces volume of food consumed

Mesencephalic Trigeminal Motor Nucleus

TMN is located in the pons and contains motor neurons that innervate the mastication muscles

Mesencephalic Trigeminal Sensory Nucleus

Located in the brainstem the mesencephalic trigeminal sensory nucleus receives proprioceptor input from the jaw and mechanoreceptor input from the teeth

Sensory processes involved in eating

Role of Histamine neurons in the intake volume at mealsbull A study in rats showed that the Histamine neurons in the

mesencephalic trigeminal sensory nucleus modulate masticatory functions particularly eating speed through the mesencephalic trigeminal motor nucleus and activation of the histamine neurons in the VMH suppress intake volume of feeding at meals

Mastication as a prevention of Cognitive Declinebull Mastication (chewing) has been shown to promote preserving

cognitive function according to the research article link on this slide

bull httpparkinsonstmjcomwp-contentuploads201112occlusion-and-brain-functionpdf

Sensory processes involved in eating

Role of Histamine neurons in the intake volume at mealsbull A study in rats showed that the Histamine neurons in the

mesencephalic trigeminal sensory nucleus modulate masticatory functions particularly eating speed through the mesencephalic trigeminal motor nucleus and activation of the histamine neurons in the VMH suppress intake volume of feeding at meals

Mastication as a prevention of Cognitive Declinebull Mastication (chewing) has been shown to promote preserving

cognitive function according to the research article link on this slide

bull httpparkinsonstmjcomwp-contentuploads201112occlusion-and-brain-functionpdf

Role of Histamine neurons in the intake volume at mealsbull A study in rats showed that the Histamine neurons in the

mesencephalic trigeminal sensory nucleus modulate masticatory functions particularly eating speed through the mesencephalic trigeminal motor nucleus and activation of the histamine neurons in the VMH suppress intake volume of feeding at meals

Mastication as a prevention of Cognitive Declinebull Mastication (chewing) has been shown to promote preserving

cognitive function according to the research article link on this slide

bull httpparkinsonstmjcomwp-contentuploads201112occlusion-and-brain-functionpdf

Mastication as a prevention of Cognitive Declinebull Mastication (chewing) has been shown to promote preserving

cognitive function according to the research article link on this slide

bull httpparkinsonstmjcomwp-contentuploads201112occlusion-and-brain-functionpdf

Role of diet Low-calorie Japanese diet vs liquid formula diet

bull Studies have shown that a low-calorie Japanese diet containing protein from chicken egg-white fish and a non-calorie fiber-rich vegetable helped in weight reduction and long-term maintenance However the same did not hold for a liquid formula diet

bull The low energy diet and the high fiber diet which requires more chewing enhances the histamine based actions resulting in activation of the satiety centers and suppression of food intake

Conclusion

Possibilities to explore ndash

bull Could histamine blockers help individuals slow down when eating food and thereby reduce obesity

bull Could eating high fiber food that requires chewing food longer help reduce obesity

bull Could chewing food longer help reduce cognitive declines

bull Could access to calorie-dense artificially concentrated and fiber-removed diets of the modern day world be interfering with the CPG functions of sensory feedback resulting in hyperphagy

What this course has helped me understand better

bull Understand my motherrsquos final stage of cancer as the breast cancer metastasized to her brain causing balance issues due to possible impact on the cerebellum severe headaches potentially due to intracranial pressure slurred speech due to possible damage to the Brocarsquos area The final weeks when medical information dissemination was absent in India now helped me understand my motherrsquos pain and suffering better and feel closer to her now

bull In everyday life I realize I have been a good mother for maintaining a clean healthy lifestyle even before I found out I was pregnant since the critical brain development happens in the first couple weeks of conception limiting my childrenrsquos TV time helping their eyes develop normally and did not get glasses

bull When I hit the gym and lift weights I know that the doublets of action potential will only last 3 weeks That keeps me motivated to keep going week after week for my body to see improvements

Citations and Referencesbull Brainstem circuits that control mastication do they have anything to say during speechbull Lund JP1 Kolta Abull Generation of masticatory rhythm in the brainstembull Nakamura Y1 Katakura Nbull Anti-obesity actions of mastication driven by histamine neurons in ratsbull Sakata T1 Yoshimatsu H Masaki T Tsuda Kbull httpblogsscientificamericancomobservations20110803chew-on-this-more-

mastication-cuts-calorie-intake-by-12-percentbull Hypothalamic neuronal histamine implications of its homeostatic control of energy

metabolismbull Sakata T1 Yoshimatsu H Kurokawa Mbull httpbrainmapsorgindexphppm=mesencephalic20trigeminal20nucleusbull httpenwikipediaorgwikiVentromedial_nucleusbull The rise fall and resurrection of the ventromedial hypothalamus in the regulation of

feeding behavior and body weightbull King BMbull httpneurolexorgwikiCategoryMesencephalic_nucleus_of_trigeminal_nervebull httpparkinsonstmjcomwp-contentuploads201112occlusion-and-brain-functionpdfbull httpajcnnutritionorgcontent893794full

Conclusion

Possibilities to explore ndash

bull Could histamine blockers help individuals slow down when eating food and thereby reduce obesity

bull Could eating high fiber food that requires chewing food longer help reduce obesity

bull Could chewing food longer help reduce cognitive declines

bull Could access to calorie-dense artificially concentrated and fiber-removed diets of the modern day world be interfering with the CPG functions of sensory feedback resulting in hyperphagy

What this course has helped me understand better

bull Understand my motherrsquos final stage of cancer as the breast cancer metastasized to her brain causing balance issues due to possible impact on the cerebellum severe headaches potentially due to intracranial pressure slurred speech due to possible damage to the Brocarsquos area The final weeks when medical information dissemination was absent in India now helped me understand my motherrsquos pain and suffering better and feel closer to her now

bull In everyday life I realize I have been a good mother for maintaining a clean healthy lifestyle even before I found out I was pregnant since the critical brain development happens in the first couple weeks of conception limiting my childrenrsquos TV time helping their eyes develop normally and did not get glasses

bull When I hit the gym and lift weights I know that the doublets of action potential will only last 3 weeks That keeps me motivated to keep going week after week for my body to see improvements

Citations and Referencesbull Brainstem circuits that control mastication do they have anything to say during speechbull Lund JP1 Kolta Abull Generation of masticatory rhythm in the brainstembull Nakamura Y1 Katakura Nbull Anti-obesity actions of mastication driven by histamine neurons in ratsbull Sakata T1 Yoshimatsu H Masaki T Tsuda Kbull httpblogsscientificamericancomobservations20110803chew-on-this-more-

mastication-cuts-calorie-intake-by-12-percentbull Hypothalamic neuronal histamine implications of its homeostatic control of energy

metabolismbull Sakata T1 Yoshimatsu H Kurokawa Mbull httpbrainmapsorgindexphppm=mesencephalic20trigeminal20nucleusbull httpenwikipediaorgwikiVentromedial_nucleusbull The rise fall and resurrection of the ventromedial hypothalamus in the regulation of

feeding behavior and body weightbull King BMbull httpneurolexorgwikiCategoryMesencephalic_nucleus_of_trigeminal_nervebull httpparkinsonstmjcomwp-contentuploads201112occlusion-and-brain-functionpdfbull httpajcnnutritionorgcontent893794full

What this course has helped me understand better

bull Understand my motherrsquos final stage of cancer as the breast cancer metastasized to her brain causing balance issues due to possible impact on the cerebellum severe headaches potentially due to intracranial pressure slurred speech due to possible damage to the Brocarsquos area The final weeks when medical information dissemination was absent in India now helped me understand my motherrsquos pain and suffering better and feel closer to her now

bull In everyday life I realize I have been a good mother for maintaining a clean healthy lifestyle even before I found out I was pregnant since the critical brain development happens in the first couple weeks of conception limiting my childrenrsquos TV time helping their eyes develop normally and did not get glasses

bull When I hit the gym and lift weights I know that the doublets of action potential will only last 3 weeks That keeps me motivated to keep going week after week for my body to see improvements

Citations and Referencesbull Brainstem circuits that control mastication do they have anything to say during speechbull Lund JP1 Kolta Abull Generation of masticatory rhythm in the brainstembull Nakamura Y1 Katakura Nbull Anti-obesity actions of mastication driven by histamine neurons in ratsbull Sakata T1 Yoshimatsu H Masaki T Tsuda Kbull httpblogsscientificamericancomobservations20110803chew-on-this-more-

mastication-cuts-calorie-intake-by-12-percentbull Hypothalamic neuronal histamine implications of its homeostatic control of energy

metabolismbull Sakata T1 Yoshimatsu H Kurokawa Mbull httpbrainmapsorgindexphppm=mesencephalic20trigeminal20nucleusbull httpenwikipediaorgwikiVentromedial_nucleusbull The rise fall and resurrection of the ventromedial hypothalamus in the regulation of

feeding behavior and body weightbull King BMbull httpneurolexorgwikiCategoryMesencephalic_nucleus_of_trigeminal_nervebull httpparkinsonstmjcomwp-contentuploads201112occlusion-and-brain-functionpdfbull httpajcnnutritionorgcontent893794full

Citations and Referencesbull Brainstem circuits that control mastication do they have anything to say during speechbull Lund JP1 Kolta Abull Generation of masticatory rhythm in the brainstembull Nakamura Y1 Katakura Nbull Anti-obesity actions of mastication driven by histamine neurons in ratsbull Sakata T1 Yoshimatsu H Masaki T Tsuda Kbull httpblogsscientificamericancomobservations20110803chew-on-this-more-

mastication-cuts-calorie-intake-by-12-percentbull Hypothalamic neuronal histamine implications of its homeostatic control of energy

metabolismbull Sakata T1 Yoshimatsu H Kurokawa Mbull httpbrainmapsorgindexphppm=mesencephalic20trigeminal20nucleusbull httpenwikipediaorgwikiVentromedial_nucleusbull The rise fall and resurrection of the ventromedial hypothalamus in the regulation of

feeding behavior and body weightbull King BMbull httpneurolexorgwikiCategoryMesencephalic_nucleus_of_trigeminal_nervebull httpparkinsonstmjcomwp-contentuploads201112occlusion-and-brain-functionpdfbull httpajcnnutritionorgcontent893794full