Final Oral Defense 2009

Final Oral Defense May 11, 2009

Number of miles in my Honda from school to school in three months during this study: about 7,235.6 Removed 2 tons of carbon dioxide to offset the carbons produced during this study. (Carbon Planet Certificate ID: 231923288592)

“Peers Influencing Peers in Recovery Schools”

Debbie Lloyd, M.Ed. Doctoral Candidate University of Minnesota Department of Educational Policy and Administration

http://www.carbonplanet.com/home

http://aauw.tranguard.com/long.asp?tgs=2074143:17136964&cart_id=&item_id=410

“No ethical clinician would treat an adult alcoholic and upon discharge recommend that the newly recovering person spend six hours a day in a bar.

However, that is exactly what we do with the adolescent. School is the ‘bar.’

That is where the alcohol is. That is where the drugs are. That is where the pressure to use is found.”

Schulman, 1985, p. 21

“Virtually all post-treatment

adolescents returning to their old

school report being offered drugs

on their first day back.”

Spear & Skala, 1995, p. 350

The Problem:Meeting the needs of the student in recovery


MN Stats 2007

- 11% Illicit drug use (last month)*

- 37% (9th), 63% (12th), alcohol

- 13% (9th), 29% (12th), binge drinking, >5/party

- 15% (9th), 31% (12th), marijuana

MN Stats 2007

- 8% (9th), 14% (12th) before/during school

- 16% (9th), 19% (12th) offered, sold, or given

- 4% (9th), 24% (12th), drink & drive

- 19% (9th), 37% (12th), passenger w/drinking driver


• MN School Choices• Traditional school

setting • Homeschooling• Alternative education

program• Open Enrollment • Online learning• Postsecondary

Enrollment Options• Charter Schools• Recovery-based

Schools

- @ 9% are medically classified as having substance abuse or substance dependence

- 11% (ages12-17) received treatment during the last school year

- Relapse rate is high: 35% to 80%

- Complicating mental health issues for youth (depression, compulsion, bipolar, anxiety, etc)

Research Questions:Meeting the needs of the student in recovery

Student in Recovery

Substance UseSchool Environment

Research Questions:Meeting the needs of the student in recovery

Student


Social Learning Theories

School Role Models

Recovery Schools(15 schools; 358 students)

Recovery Schools1. Schools operate as state

recognized schools. 2. Schools provide treatment

support but do not act primarily as treatment centers.

3. All enrolled students must be sober and working a program of recovery.

4. Students completing required coursework receive high school credit.

5. Each school has a plan to deal with the therapeutic and crisis needs of its students.

Recovery Schools(15 schools; 358 students)







Participating Schools (50%)1. Aatshing2. Alliance Academy3. Arona Academy4. City West Academy5. Gateway6. INSIGHT7. Lakes Recovery School8. Libre Academy9. North Summit Academy10. Oak Land Sober School11. PEASE12. RSSM13. Safe Harbor14. West Campus15. Solace Alliance

ALC School Programs (350 schools; 12,000 students)

ALC• are performing substantially

below grade level• are at least one year behind in

credits for graduation• are pregnant or parents • have experienced physical or

sexual abuse • are chemically dependent• have mental health problems • have been homeless recently • have withdrawn from school or

been chronically truant• speak English as a second

language or have limited English proficiency

ALC School Programs (350 schools; 12,000 students)







Participating Schools (16% of 794)

1. Carver-Scott Ed Coop 2. Cass-Lake Bena ALC3. Crossroads ALC4. Detroit Lakes ALC5. Harmony ALC 6. Lincoln Hills ALC7. Rose Street Center8. Spring Lake Park ALC9. White Bear Lake ALC

RS and ALC Substance Use

RS, ALC, MN ALC 2007(Survey and Minnesota Department of Education)

86%

4%

87%

34%

20%

51%

22%

43%

22%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

No use in last month binge drinkers/use treatment

RS

ALC

MN ALC

RS and ALC (Survey)

77%

19%

85%

68%

50%

16%11%

30%

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

relapse relapse many times support meetings drug-free life

RS

ALC

MN ALC 2007(Minnesota Department of Education)

30% 30%23%

45%

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

Offered, sold drugson school property

Drank/Used BeforeSchool

Drank/Used DuringSchool

Drank/Used AfterSchool

MN ALC

Approach to Substance UseRecovery Schools

Accountability: Meetings & sober days are tracked. Sponsors are encouraged. Random drug tests (survey: RS 65%).

Support: Licensed drug counselors; Someone at school can talk to (survey: friends 100%; school counselor 98%; teachers 86%; other school adult 73%). Many staff are in recovery. “Group” at school.

Consequences: Restorative justice approach

ALC

Accountability: Random drug tests (survey: 29%), drug dogs (lockdown)

Support: Someone at school can talk to (survey: friends 65%; school counselor 60%; teachers 36%, other school adult 27%)

Consequences: Suspension

Demographics of Population(15 RS, 9 ALC; 306 students)

- Geography - Ethnicity - Gender @50% - Length of School Enrollment - Age (16, 17, 18) - Grade level (11th, 12th)

Length of School Enrollment

3.30%

27.60%22%

11.60%

35.30%

3.20%

9.60%

30.40%

10.40%

46.40%

0.00%5.00%

10.00%15.00%20.00%25.00%30.00%35.00%40.00%45.00%50.00%

< 1 month 1 to 3 months 3 to 6 months 6 months to 1year

1 year or more

RS

ALC

Methodology:Comparative Case Study- Survey

• 306 students: 181 R.S. & 125 ALC• Survey items (national & state surveys, research,

administrators, students, pilot study)• 54 items• @ 20 minutes• Confidentiality and anonymity • Link to survey

http://www.zoomerang.com/recipient/survey-intro.zgi?p

=WEB225ULSUKY98

http://www.zoomerang.com/recipient/survey-intro.zgi?p=WEB225ULSUKY98



Methodology:Comparative Case Study - Interview

• 90 interviews (RS 54; ALC 26)

• Interviewees (>3 months sobriety)• 30 hours @ 20

min/student• Recorded interview & took

notes• 600 typed pages

Confidentiality and anonymity

• Incentive ($5.00, thank you card)

Methodology:Comparative Case Study - Interview

• 90 interviews (RS 54; ALC 26)

• Interviewees (>3 months sobriety)• 30 hours @ 20

min/student• Recorded interview & took

notes• 600 typed pages

Confidentiality and anonymity

• Incentive ($5.00, thank you card)

1. Describe your school. 2. Describe your previous

school. Compare your attendance, grades, and classroom engagement at both schools. Future plans?

3. Describe friends. Influence your decision to use or not use?

4. Role models at school?5. Relapse? If so, why?6. What keeps you sober

today?7. What can schools do to

help kids stay sober?

Data Analysis: Constant Comparative Method - 1

G10001 transcriptIt’s just that we have similar

pasts, and I mean I haven’t really gotten to know a lot of people on a deeper level. Me and Katie were in treatment for six months of our treatment.

So I got to hear a lot of the things that she went through, and I could relate to a lot of the stuff. She really helped me to first understand that I don’t know everything about staying sober and that kind of stuff from prior experience being sober. And that hurting myself and that kind of stuff was not going to get me anywhere but locked up or dead.

Themes

• Shared past• Similar pasts• Helps her to understand

herself


Themes NS10016• Really smart• Gets work done• Long time sobriety

Themes G10001• Shared past• Similar pasts• Helps her to understand

herself

Common Themes (G10001, NS10016)

• Shared past• Similar pasts• Helps her to understand

herself• Smart• Gets work done• Long time sobriety


Themes NS10017• Seniors• Working a good program• Strong personalities• There for you• Good academically• Gets work done

Common Themes (G10001, NS10016, NS10017)

• Substance use: shared past, similar pasts, long time sobriety, working a good program

• Academically: gets work done, smart, upper classmen

• Personality: strong personality, helps her to understand herself, relates, available

Results:Definition of role model

Definition• Webster• Admired person and

role model; 93% RS, 86% ALC (survey)

• Attitude differences (interview)

“A person whose behavior in a particular role is imitated by others.”

Results:Concept of positive role model

Examples (survey)• Family members• Sober friends• Teachers• Celebrities• Community members

Behaviors (survey)• Abstains from drugs• Encourages sobriety• Responsible for

actions• Cares for others

Results:Concept of negative role model

Examples (survey)• Family members• Using friends• Celebrities

Behaviors (survey)• User• Pressure to use• Problem with alcohol

or drug• Didn’t care about the

student

Results:Who are the role models in recovery schools?

Existence at school?• 67.4% RS and 41.6%

ALC identified admired person (survey)

• 93.4% RS and 65.2% identified school role model (interview)

Results:Who are the role models?

Existence at school?• 67.4% RS and 41.6%

ALC identified admired person (survey)

• 93.4% RS and 65.2% identified school role model (interview)

Who?• Good friend,

boy/girlfriend, acquaintance, unknown (survey)

• School friend, school staff, “self” (interview)

Who are the role models?(I10013 recovery student)

Results:What behaviors do role models exhibit?

Condone Drinking or Use(Times per Month)

90%

1% 0% 1% 1% 1% 3%

32%40%

4% 8%2% 4% 8%

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

0 1 to 2 3 to 5 6 to 9 10 to 19 20 to 30 over 40

RS

ALC

Substance Use & Attitudes of Admired

Person• current, last year,

lifetime (survey)• Condone use (survey)• Long time sobriety &

shared past (interview)

Substance Use of Admired Person

1%

26%

93%

28%

52%

66%

0%10%20%

30%40%50%60%70%

80%90%

100%

Monthly Last Year Lifetime

RS

ALC


Personality traits & Behaviors

• Traits of admired persons (survey)

• Open-ended item (survey)


Personality traits & Behaviors

• Traits of admired persons (survey)

• Open-ended item (survey)

Themes (interviews)

1. Enjoys life

2. Motivated

3. Honest & trustworthy

4. Available & dependable

5. Open & sharing

6. Respectful

Behaviors - Summary

“The most popular kids tend to be the kids who work the best programs and

have the most clean time.”

-W10004, RS student

long time sobriety, shared past, continued recovery work, happy & successful

Results: To what extent do recovering students emulate their role models?

Conversations about Drugs or Alcohol

68.20% 66.90%63% 60.40%

0.00%10.00%20.00%

30.00%40.00%50.00%60.00%70.00%

80.00%90.00%

100.00%

AP talks to You You talk to AP

RS

ALC

Time with Admired Person(Often or All of the time)

74.40%

43.90%

25.00%

50.50%

70.10%

52.90%

36.70%31.00%

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

80.00%

At School Outside of School Phone or Computer School-sponsored

RS

ALC

Time and Conversations• Talked about

substance use with one another (survey)

• After school activities vs school-sponsored activities (survey)


Non-users Influences

50% 54%

11% 10%

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

Student does not drink/use Student encourages me to be clean andsober

RS

ALC

Users Influences

1% 1%1%

2%

0%

1%

1%

2%

2%

3%

Student does not drink/use Student encourages me to be clean andsober

RS

ALC

Identifying Influencing Factors

“If you do not use alcohol, marijuana, or other drugs…”

“If you do use alcohol, marijuana, or other drugs…”

• Non-using student• Non-using student’s

encouragement


Adult Role Model

8% 12%

35%44%45%

9%

28%18%

0%10%20%

30%40%50%60%70%

80%90%

100%

None Not Much Some Most

RS

ALC

Amount of Influence

“How much influence do the following have on keeping you clean and sober?”

1. Adult role model

2. Peer role model

School Peer Role Model

15%20%

32% 33%

50%

19% 22%

10%0%

10%20%

30%40%50%60%70%

80%90%

100%

None Not Much Some Most

RS

ALC


Most Influence “Who has the most influence over your alcohol, marijuana, and other

drug use?” - A student at my school who I admire and look up to at school (34%)

Admired Student Has the Most Influence over Drug and Alcohol Use

44%

17%

34%

6%

71%

15%9% 5%

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

None Some Great Deal Don't Know

RS

ALC


Admired Person’s Influence

“How much influence do you think this person (identified admired person) has over your drinking, marijuana use,

or the use of other drugs?”

Admired Person's Influence

21.80%

50.80%

27.40%34.80% 34.80%

30.40%

0.00%10.00%20.00%

30.00%40.00%50.00%60.00%70.00%

80.00%90.00%

100.00%

None Some Great Deal

RS

ALC


Interview Statement of InfluenceStatements RS ALC Total

# % # % # %Positive Statements

17 94% 4 80% 21 91%

No Influence Statement

1 6% 1* 20% 2 9%

18 5* 23

Summary Research Questions

• Who are the role models in recovery schools?

• What behaviors do they exhibit?

• To what extent do recovering students emulate those role models?

1. 67-93% RS had role model at school

2. Staff, students, self

3. Long time sobriety, history of use, working a program of recovery, happy and successful

4. Testimonials of influence5. Survey items

Summary

• Sober Students and Recovery Schools

• Sober role models and their influence

• Transforming into role models

• Sober role models and self-empowerment

Summary

• Sober Students and Recovery Schools

• Sober role models and their influence

• Transforming into role models

• Sober role models and self-empowerment

1. RS students 89% (38%) sober last month

2. RS role model 27% (9%) sober over a year

3. 93% had role models4. Role model sober > yr5. Influence of recovery

school environment and role models on transformation

Recommendations(What can schools do?)

Recovery Schools

• Mentoring Programs• Program evaluation

Traditional Schools

• Placement decisions

SS Influences to Drink/Use- Results 1 -

Top 9 reasons "to use" in the past

1. High or buzz (96%)2. Deal with stress (87%)3. Forget problems (87%)4. Easy to get (79%)5. Became addicted (78%)6. Important friends drank/used (73%)7. Thrill to be bad or break the law (57%)8. Family drinks/uses (43%)9. To make friends (42%)


Top 10 reasons "to currently Use“

1. Enjoy the high (12%)2. Physical feeling (10%)3. Have more fun (9%)4. Deal with stress (9%)5. Something to do (8%)6. Helps me sleep (7%)7. Non-school friends drink/use (7%)8. I'm more creative (6%)9. I'm more fun (6%)10. To celebrate with the community (6%)

SS Influences to Not to Use - Results 2 -

Top 10 reasons "not to use“

1. School friends encourage sobriety (78%)2. I feel better about myself when sober (77%)3. I have better friends when sober (73%)4. Afraid of school dismissal (68%)5. Disappoint parents (67%)6. Higher Power (65%)7. Have more fun when sober (63%)8. Non-school friends encourage sobriety (63%)9. Police trouble (61%) and Drug Treatment program (61%)10. Non-drinking school friends (60%)


Top 7 “Most” Influential (scale 1 – 4)

1. Support group (65%)2. Effects on family and friends (52%)3. Higher Power (51%)4. Sponsor (49%)5. Hurting others (43%)6. School community (42%)7. Parents (40%)

Least Influential1. Community organizations (86%)2. TV Shows (74%)3. TV (72%)4. Religious organizations (65%)

Final Oral Doctoral Defense May 11, 2009


“Peers Influencing Peers in Recovery Schools”

Debbie Lloyd, M.Ed. Doctoral Candidate University of Minnesota Department of Educational Policy and Administration


http://aauw.tranguard.com/long.asp?tgs=2074143:17136964&cart_id=&item_id=410

Influences

1. Past reasons to drink/use

2. Current reasons to drink/use

3. Influences “not” to drink/use

- Self

- Family

-School

- Treatment

-Community

-Friends

-Role Models

Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007

Interview: “Influences and Reasons

to Use and Not to Use”

“I’m tired of fuckin’ up”

“divorce and breakup with girlfriend”

“my son, higher power, will to live, school”

“I’m pregnant”

“clean ‘till I leave parent’s house”

“to use is to die!”

“It’s fun”

“to lose weight”

“i’m addicted”

“peace drug” “drugs kill fear”

“divorce”

“escape reality”

“to impress a boy… how stupid”

“loved getting fucked up”

“to fit in”

“nothing better to do” “felt important”

“school”

“friends and family”

“sponsor” “meetings”

“daughter”

“the future”

“life style”


Top 9 reasons "to use" in the past

1. High or buzz (96%)2. Deal with stress (87%)3. Forget problems (87%)4. Easy to get (79%)5. Became addicted (78%)6. Important friends drank/used (73%)7. Thrill to be bad or break the law (57%)8. Family drinks/uses (43%)9. To make friends (42%)



Top 10 reasons "to currently Use“

1. Enjoy the high (12%)2. Physical feeling (10%)3. Have more fun (9%)4. Deal with stress (9%)5. Something to do (8%)6. Helps me sleep (7%)7. Non-school friends drink/use (7%)8. I'm more creative (6%)9. I'm more fun (6%)10. To celebrate with the community (6%)



Top 10 reasons "not to use“

1. School friends encourage sobriety (78%)2. I feel better about myself when sober (77%)3. I have better friends when sober (73%)4. Afraid of school dismissal (68%)5. Disappoint parents (67%)6. Higher Power (65%)7. Have more fun when sober (63%)8. Non-school friends encourage sobriety (63%)9. Police trouble (61%) and Drug Treatment program (61%)10. Non-drinking school friends (60%)



Top 7 “Most” Influential (scale 1 – 4)

1. Support group (65%)2. Effects on family and friends (52%)3. Higher Power (51%)4. Sponsor (49%)5. Hurting others (43%)6. School community (42%)7. Parents (40%)

Least Influential1. Community organizations (86%)2. TV Shows (74%)3. TV (72%)4. Religious organizations (65%)


Friends - Sober School Results -

1.Majority of sober school students have school friends who do not drink or use, encourage sobriety, and have a great deal of influence over his or her decision to use or not use.

2.Over half of sober school students have non-school friends who drink or use, encourage sobriety, and have a great deal of influence over his or her decision to use or not use.

3. A large percentage (41%) have non-school friends who do NOT drink or use.



4.Non-drinking/non-using friends have more influence than drinking/using friends.

5.They feel that they have better friends and more friends when clean and sober.

6.The majority of students (83%) indicated that they drank/used in the past because friends important to them also drank/used.

7.Students appear to be tolerant of others who do drink/use.



8. Forty-five percent indicated they spend most of their time with school friends and 22% spend their time with both school and non-school friends.

9.Sober school students feel that their friends from their school and outside of their school care about them.

10. Majority of time spent with school friends. 11. Adult sober friends (64%) and adult sober role

models (80%) have some or most influence over decision to use or not use.


Past Reasons “To” Drink/Use

Sober Schools ALC’s

75%-100% -High or buzz (96%)

-Deal with stress (87%)

-Forget problems (87%)

-Easy to get (79%)

-Became addicted (78%)

50%- 75% -Important friends drank/used (73%)

-Thrill to be bad or break the law (57%)

-High or buzz (66%)-Deal with stress (62%)

-Easy to get (54%)

25%- 50% -Family drinks/uses (43%)

-To make friends (42%)

-Forget problems (48%)

-Important friends drank/used (38%)

-Thrill to be bad or break the law (27%)

-Family drinks/uses (26%)

-Became addicted (26%)

Under 25% -Community celebrations (25%) - Community celebrations (20%)

- Drank/used to make friends (14%)


Influences decision “to” use: S.S(+80% of SS stated they do “not” use; top 10 Influences)

Self Family School Community

-enjoy the high

(12%)

-physical feeling (10%)

-Have more fun (9%)

-deal with stress (9%)

-helps sleep (7%)

-I’m more creative (6%)

-I’m more fun (6%)

-better concentration (3%)

-feel better about self (3%)

-Believe it’s OK to drink/use (3%)

-Believe drinking/use not dangerous to my health (2%)

-rebel against family rules (3%)

-My brothers or sisters drink/use (3%)

-One or both of my parents encourages me to drink/use (1%)

-school friends drink/use (3%)

-school friends encourage me to drink/use (3%)

-I perform better in school (2%)

-Alcohol and other drugs are available at my school (2%)

-school role model encourages me to drink/use (1%)

-School role model drinks/uses (1%)

-something to do (8%)

-non-school friends drink/use (7%)

-community drinks/uses to celebrate (6%)

-have more friends when drinking/using (5%)

-Drinking/using makes me feel part of the community (2%)

-Have better friends when drinking/using (2%)


Influences decision “not” to use: S.S (3% use)% Self Family School Tx Community

70%-100%

I feel better about self when sober (77%)

School friends encourage sobriety (78%)

I have better friends when sober (73%)

50%-69%

-Have more fun (63%)

- Bad for health (50%)

-Disappoint parents (67%)

- Parents would object (56%)

-School dismissal (68%)- Non-drinking school friends (60%)

-Against school rules (57%)-Negative school performance (59%)

-Student role model encourages sobriety (53%)

- Nondrinking student (50%)

-Higher power (65%)-Drug Treatment (61%)

- Sponsor (50%)

-Non-school friends encourage sobriety (63%)

- Police trouble (61%)

25%-49%

-Worried about body in the future (30%)

-Don’t want to look stupid (26%)

-brothers and sisters do not drink/use (23%)

-alcohol and drugs not available at my school (40%)

-school alcohol/drug education (30%)

-Random drug tests (48%)

-have more friends (48%)

-non-school friends do not drink/use (41%)

-not lose job (34%)

Under 25%

-Drinking/using against my principles or religious beliefs (20%)

- Makes me physically sick (14%)

-Community disapproval (20%)


Self Influences “not” to use (S.S.) #1

No Influence Not much Influence

Some Influence Most Influence

“An” Influence Not to Use

SS ALC SS ALC SS ALC SS ALC SS ALC

Health 10% 14% 29% 18% 41% 40% 20% 28% 50% 27%

Medication 63% 87% 15% 10% 16% 1% 7% 3% NA NA

Future Body NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 30% 14%

Makes me sick NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 14% 6%

Appear to others

22% 33% 26% 18% 32% 31% 20% 19% NA NA

My appearance 18% 28% 24% 18% 31% 24% 28% 29% NA NA

Looking Stupid NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 26% 14%

10%

63%

22%18%

29%

15%

26% 24%

41%

16%

32% 31%

20%

7%

20%

28%

50%

30%

14%

26%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

Health Future Body Makes sick Medication Appear toothers

Myappearance

LookingStupid

None

Not Much

Some

Most

"An"


Self Influences “not” to use (S.S.) #2

No Influence

Not much Influence

Some Influence

Most Influence



My mood 12% 33% 22% 24% 33% 23% 33% 20% NA NA

I decide 20% 18% 21% 14% 25% 19% 34% 49% NA NA

Feel Better about self NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 77% 27%

Hurting self 20% 40% 20% 18% 33% 20% 27% 21% NA NA

Hurting others 11% 39% 16% 13% 30% 22% 43% 14% NA NA

My beliefs NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 20% 27%

Have more fun NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 63% 16%

12%20% 20%

11%

22% 22% 20%16%

33%25%

33% 30%33% 34%27%

43%

77%

20%

63%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

My Mood I decide Feel Better Hurt Self HurtOthers

My Beliefs More Fun

None

Not Much

Some

Most

"An"


Community Influences “not” to use (S.S.)

No Influence Not much Some Most “An” Influence


Organizations 86% 87& 10% 5% 4% 1% 1% 7% NA NA

Religious Orgs 65% 75% 15% 7% 15% 8% 5% 10% NA NA

Social Disapproval

NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 20% 11%

TV Shows 74% 64% 20% 21% 3% 9% 2% 6% NA NA

TV 72% 60% 17% 19% 8% 13% 4% 8% NA NA

My Music 37% 43% 22% 20% 28% 28% 13% 9% NA NA

Job 45% 46% 14% 9% 22% 26% 18% 30% 34% 14%

Prison/police 21% 41% 20% 7% 24% 23% 35% 29% 61% 29%

86%

65%

74% 72%

37%45%

21%

10%15%

20% 17%22%

14%20%

4%

15%

3%8%

28%22% 24%

1%5% 2% 4%

13%18%

35%

61%

20%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Organizations Religious Orgs TV Shows TV My Music Job Prison/Police CommunityDisapproval

None

Not Much

Some

Most

"An"


School Influences “not” to use (S.S.)(not include school friends/role models)


Some Influence

Most Influence



School Community 8% 52% 17% 24% 33% 17% 42% 8% NA NA

Staff 12% 47% 18% 21% 38% 21% 32% 12% NA NA

School Rules 17% 55% 21% 22% 32% 16% 31% 7% 57% 14%

Drug Availability NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 40% 6%

Drug Education NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 30% 6%

School dismissal NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 68% 18%

Neg School pfmc effect


SS

40%

30%

68%

59%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

Availability DrugEducation

SchoolDismissal

SchPfmce

SS

8%12%

17%17% 18%21%

33%

38%

32%

42%

32% 31%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

Community Staff Rules

None

Not Much

Some

Most


Family Influences “not” to use (S.S.)


Some Influence

Most Influence



Parents 6% 19% 10% 15% 45% 35% 40% 31% NA NA

disappoint parents NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 67% 22%

Parents would object NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 56% 20%

Siblings 18% 24% 22% 23% 35% 29% 25% 24% NA NA

Siblings not drink/use


Effects on family & friends

6% 38% 11% 14% 30% 26% 52% 22% NA NA

SS

67%56%

23%

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%

Dis

appoin

t

Pare

nts

Pare

nts

Obje

ct

Sib

lings

not

drink/u

se

SS

6% 6%

18%

11% 10%

22%

30%

45%

35%

52%

40%

25%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

Effects onFamily

Parents Siblings

No

Not Much

Some

Most


Treatment Influences “not” to use (S.S.)


Some Influence

Most Influence



Treatment Strategies 17% 53% 17% 14% 36% 24% 30% 9% NA NA

Drug Knowledge 25% 35% 26% 14% 26% 20% 23% 23% NA NA

Treatment Info NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 61% 9%

Support Group 7% 67% 6% 11% 22% 13% 65% 9% NA NA

Sponsor 26% 78% 8% 7% 25% 8% 49% 7% 50% 5%

Higher Power 14% 50% 9% 8% 26% 20% 51% 22% 65% 16%

Random Drug Tests NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 48% 10%

17%

25%

7%

26%

14%17%

26%

6% 7% 9%

36%

26%22%

8%

26%30%

23%

65%

49%

65%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

TreatmentStrategies

DrugKnowledge

SupportGroup

Sponsor HigherPower

None

Not Much

Some

Most

SS

61%

50%

65%

48%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

DrugTreatment

Sponsor HigherPower

RandomDrugTests

SS


Influences

1. Past reasons to drink/use

2. Current reasons to drink/use

3. Influences “not” to drink/use

- Self

- Family

-School

- Treatment

-Community

-Friends

-Role Models


Interview: “Influences and Reasons

to Use and Not to Use”

“I’m tired of fuckin’ up”

“divorce and breakup with girlfriend”

“my son, higher power, will to live, school”

“I’m pregnant”

“clean ‘till I leave parent’s house”

“to use is to die!”

“It’s fun”

“to lose weight”

“i’m addicted”

“peace drug” “drugs kill fear”

“divorce”

“escape reality”

“to impress a boy… how stupid”

“loved getting fucked up”

“to fit in”

“nothing better to do” “felt important”

“school”

“friends and family”

“sponsor” “meetings”

“daughter”

“the future”

“life style”

Friends

1. School friends

2. Non-school friends

3. Sober friends

4. Drinking/using friends

5. Friends care about me

6. Time spent with friends

7. Adult friends


Interview: “Friends(using and non-using)”

“true friend respects your decision”

“using friends are not your friends; they just want someone to use with”

“I’m my own person”

“using friends don’t drink around me”

“all sober”

“It’s their decision; now its not for me”

“they don’t drink to get drunk”

“two friends died”

“ditched

using friends”

“normies; not addicts”

“choosing friends”



1.Majority of sober school students have school friends who do not drink or use, encourage sobriety, and have a great deal of influence over his or her decision to use or not use.

2.Over half of sober school students have non-school friends who drink or use, encourage sobriety, and have a great deal of influence over his or her decision to use or not use.

3. A large percentage (41%) have non-school friends who do NOT drink or use.



4.Non-drinking/non-using friends have more influence than drinking/using friends.

5.They feel that they have better friends and more friends when clean and sober.

6.The majority of students (83%) indicated that they drank/used in the past because friends important to them also drank/used.

7.Students appear to be tolerant of others who do drink/use.



8. Forty-five percent indicated they spend most of their time with school friends and 22% spend their time with both school and non-school friends.

9.Sober school students feel that their friends from their school and outside of their school care about them.

10. Majority of time spent with school friends. 11. Adult sober friends (64%) and adult sober role

models (80%) have some or most influence over decision to use or not use.


School Friends Non School Friends

S.S ALC S.S. ALC

No friends 3% 5% 10% 3%

Not drink/use 60% 11% 41% 16%

Not drink/use 84% 6% 19% 12%

Drinks/uses 3% 33% 7% 37%

Some drink/use 12% 79% 58% 62%

All drink/use 1% 10% 14% 22%

Encourages sobriety 78% 18% 63% 24%

Encourages drink/use 3% 8% 3% 7%

School & Non-School Friends


Sober Schools: Friends

School Friends

Non School Friends

School Friends

Non School Friends

No friends 3% 10% Drinks/uses 3% 7%

Not drink/use 60% 41% All drink/use 1% 14%

Not drink/use 84% 19% Some drink/use 12% 58%

Encourages sobriety

78% 63% Encourages drink/use

3% 3%

3%

60%

84%78%

3% 1%12%

3%10%

41%

19%

63%

7%14%

58%

3%0%

10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

Q36/Q38: Nofriends

Q22: Does NOTdrink or use.

Q36/Q38: Doesnot drink or use

Q22:Encourages meto stay clean and

sober.

Q23: Drinks oruses.

Q36/Q38: AllUse

Q36/Q38: SomeUse

Q23: Encourageme to drink or

use.

Sch Friend

Non-Sch Friend


Influence of Friends: To Use

Influences Sober School ALCs

Most influence over your alcohol, marijuana, and other drug use?

#43: Friends who do NOT attend my school

None 31%

Some 37%

Great Deal 32%

None 46%

Some 30%

Great Deal 24%

#43: Friends who DO attend my school None 22%

Some 38%

Great Deal 40%

None 58%

Some 30%

Great Deal 13%

Past Reasons to Use

Drank/Used to make friends 42% 14%

Friends, important to me, drink or use drugs

83% 38%

To use Q23:I have more friends when I’m drinking or using drugs

5% 5%

Q23:I have better friends when I’m drinking or using drugs

3% 2%


“Who has the most influence over your alcohol, marijuana, and other drug use?”

Influences Sober School ALCs

#43: Friends who do NOT attend my school

None 31%

Some 37%

Great Deal 32%

None 46%

Some 30%

Great Deal 24%

#43: Friends who DO attend my school None 22%

Some 38%

Great Deal 40%

None 58%

Some 30%

Great Deal 13%

31%

37%

31%

22%

38%40%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

No Influence SomeInfluence

Great Deal ofInfluence

School Friends

Non-School FriendsSober School Students


Influence of Friends“Not to Use…”

Influences Sober Schools ALC’s

24: Your friends who DO drink/use have on keeping you clean and sober.

None: 55%

Some/Most: 24%

None: 48%

Some/Most: 26%

24: Your friends who do NOT drink/use have on keeping you clean and sober.

None: 5%

Some/Most: 85%

None: 31%

Some/Most: 56%

26: People my age who live clean and sober lives None: 8%

Some/Most: 83%

None: 33%

Some/Most: 43%

24. Non-school friends None: 25%

Some/Most: 52%

None: 38%

Some/Most: 39%

26: School friends None: 8%

Some/Most: 81%

None:22%

Some/Most: 34%

24. Boyfriend None: 62%

Some/Most: 29%

None: 58%

Some/Most: 34%

22: I have more friends when I'm clean and sober.

48% 13%

22: I have better friends when I'm clean and sober

73% 19%


Sober School Students

Influences “not to use” None Not Much Some Most Yes

24: Drink/use 55% 21% 17% 7% NA

24: Do NOT drink/use 5% 10% 38% 47% NA

26: Sober Peers 8% 9% 44% 39% NA

24. Non-school friends 25% 23% 35% 17% NA

26: School friends 8% 11% 35% 46% NA

24. Boyfriend 65% 7% 15% 16% NA

24. Girlfriend 68% 2% 11% 18% NA

22. More friends NA NA NA NA 48%

22. Better friends NA NA NA NA 73%

55%

5% 8%

25%

8%

65% 68%

21%10% 9%

23%

11% 7%2%

17%

38%44%

35% 35%

15% 11%7%

47%39%

17%

46%

16% 18%

48%

73%

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%

Drinks

/Use

s

Nondrin

k/us

ing

Sober

Pee

rs

NonSch

Friend

s

SchFrie

nds

Boyfri

end

Girlf

riend

Mor

e Frie

nds

Bette

r Frie

nds

None

Not much

Some

Most

Yes


Other Friend information

Sober School ALC

Peers OK for friends but not for me

SA 23%; A 30%; T 53%

D 22%; SD 26%; T 48%

SA 11%; A 30%; T 41%

D 38%; SD 21%; T 59%

Friends talk to at school about drugs

Yes! 87% 63%

Adult Friends

Sober adult friends None 15% 38%

Not Much 21% 21%

Some 42% 26%

Most 22% 14%

Sober adult friends Role Models

None 8% 45%

Not Much 12% 9%

Some 35% 28%

Most 45% 17%


“Who do you spend the most time with after school?”

Influences Sober School

ALCs

School Friends

45% 26%

Non-School Friends

26% 56%

No one., I don’t have any friends

7% 4%

School and Non-School Friends

22% 14%


45%

26%

7%

22%

School Friends

NonschoolFriends

No one. I don'thave anyfriends

School andNonSchoolFriends


“Friends care about me?” School or Non-School Friends

Sober School ALCs

Friends who “DO” attend my school

Not at all: 1% Not at all: 8%

Some or little bit: 16%


Cares about me: 34%

Cares about me: 44%

Very much: 46% Very much:15%

Friends who do “NOT” attend my school

Not at all: 8% Not at all: 4%



Cares about me: 29%

Cares about me: 26%

Very much: 52% Very much: 50%

1%

16%

34%

46%

8% 10%

29%

52%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

Not atall

Some Careaboutme

Verymuch

School Friends

Non-SchoolFriends



Influence of Role Models(I10011, NS10017, L10003)

Limitations

ALC• Sample size• Possible hidden

bias• Substance use

attitude differences• Variety of “issues”• Continuum of care

Traditional Schools• Drug-free zones• Role model behavior

and trait differences in traditional school setting

• Effectiveness of random UAs• Responsible drinking vs abstinence• Cycle of adolescent recovery (addict, recovery, relapse, recovery, etc.)• Drug-free lifestyle for adolescents (in our world), sober fun• 12 step program in public schools? Charter?• Role of Non-using and using friends• Adolescent diagnosis as an addict• Will power vs physical dependence (moral weakness, disease model)• Social acceptance• New brain research (pharmocogenetic therapy)• Influences??• School safety• Best practices (restorative justice, school communities, small schools)• Recovery-based schools for non-addicts• Effectiveness of AA, NA, CMA, etc.

Many, many issues in the field…


Behavior of Role Models(G10001, NS10016, NS10017)


• Similar past


• Similar past• Long time sobriety


• Working a good, strong program

• Strong personalities• There for you• Doing well academically

• Similar past• Long time sobriety• Seniors

This study focuses on peer role models and his or her possible influence upon an individual’s sobriety.

As part of the study we conducted a web-based survey and interviewed students.

The purpose of this presentation is to share the preliminary results from the survey and interviews.

Thanks to the many participating schools that belong to ARS.




Shared Recovery-based High School Philosophy

1. Recovery Schools operate as State-recognized high schools designed specifically for students recovering from chemical dependency.

2. Recovery Schools provide academic services and recovery assistance, post-treatment support, or continuing care, but they do not operate primarily as treatment centers or mental health agencies.

3. Recovery Schools require all recovering students to be sober and working a program of recovery (as determined by the student and the school) while enrolled. In high school programs, all enrolled students are recovering students.

(Association of Recovery Schools (ARS), 2007, http://recoveryschools.org)


http://recoveryschools.org/


Shared Recovery-based High School Philosophy

4. Recovery Schools offer academic courses for which students receive credit towards a high school or college diploma and provide services which assist the student in making the transition into a college, a career, or another high school.

5. Recovery Schools have a plan in place to handle the therapeutic and crisis needs of students. These plans can include full or part-time licensed counselors on staff, out-sourced counseling contracts, or a written referral plan. Any identified counselors (preferably chemical dependency counselors) must meet their State’s requirements for licensure or certification.

(Association of Recovery Schools (ARS), 2007, http://recoveryschools.org)




Minnesota Alternative Education

• Alternative programs allow students who are at risk of not graduating to attend nontraditional schools, both public and private, and earn a diploma. Minnesota has more than 150 alternative programs at more than 600 sites throughout the state. Although most are focused on helping high school and adult students, alternative programs also serve students in grades K-8 whose education might otherwise be at risk. Many programs combine academics with a strong vocational emphasis.

Minnesota Department of Education, 2007

http://education.state.mn.us/mde/Academic_Excellence/School_Choice/Public_School_Choice/Alternative_Education/index.html




Minnesota Alternative Education

Eligible students under age 21 are those who meet any of the following criteria:

(1) performing substantially below grade level (2) one year behind in credits (3) pregnant or parents (4) physical or sexual abuse (5) chemically dependent (6) mental health problems (7) homeless (8) truant (9) limited English proficiency.

Minnesota Department of Education, 2007





• Survey items (national, state surveys, research, administrators, and students)

• 54 items

• 10-20 minutes

• Confidentiality and anonymity

• Link to surveyhttp://www.zoomerang.com/recipient/survey-intro.zgi?p=WEB225ULSUKY98

Web-based Survey(306 students: 181 S.S. & 125 ALC)



• Interviewees

(at least 3-6 months sobriety)• 30 hours @ 20 min/student• Recorded interview & took notes• 600 typed pages of transcription• Confidentiality and anonymity• Incentive ($5.00, thank you card)

One-to-One Interviews(80 students: 50 S.S. & 30 ALC)


One-to-One Interviews(80 students: 50 S.S. & 30 ALC)

• Describe your school. • Describe your previous school. Compare your

attendance, grades, and classroom engagement at both schools. Future plans?

• Describe friends. Influence your decision to use or not use?

• Role models at school?• Relapse? If so, why?• What keeps you sober today?• What can schools do to help kids stay sober?


The Road Map

Describe Students School Programs

Influences

Friends

School Peer Role Model

Drink/Drug Use

What does it all mean?Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007

Student Information

1. Demographic Information (gender, age, grade, report card)

2. Describe yourself (adjectives)

3. Other activities (job, volunteer work, court-supervised community service, court-supervised)

4. School attitudes (looking forward to school and doing one’s best)

5. Future plans


Sober School ALC

Gender - 88 Male (49%)- 91 Female (50%)- 1 Both (0.56%)

- 57 Male (46%)

- 68 Female (54%)

Age - range 13 -20

- most 16-18 (85%)

- range 14-19

- most 16-18 (87%)

Grade - range 9-12

-11th (30%), 12th (50%)

- range 8-12- 11th (23%), 12th (61%)

Grades -average “Mostly B’s”

-Mostly pass (69%)

-Some pass (19%

-Some fail (4%)

-Mostly fail (8%)

-average “Some B’s”

-Mostly pass (73%)

-Some pass (12%)

-Some fail (12%)

-Mostly fail (2%)

Student Survey Information


Other Student Activities

42%

28%

11%

26%

0%

5%10%

15%

20%25%

30%

35%40%

45%

Have job Communityvolunteer

Court-ordered

communityservice

Supervisedby thecourts

SS

Sober School

ALC

Have a job 42% 59%

Community volunteer

28% 14%

Community Service

(court-ordered)

11% 4%

Supervised

by the court

26% 5%


“Which words best describe you…”

Sober School ALC

+75% -cares about other people (87%), nice person (86%), funny (78%)

-nice person (84%)

+50% -happy (74%), smart (70%), many friends (66%), opinionated (64%), leader (61%), brave (56%)

-funny (72%), cares about other people (67%), happy (65%), many friends (62%), smart (60%), opinionated (54%)

+25% -rebel (43%), prefer to be by self (40%), moody (40%), looks cool or hot (39%)

-leader (49%), rebel (46%), brave (42%), prefer to be by self (35%), moody (33%), looks cool or hot (32%)

Under 25%

-loner (17%), dumb (8%), follower (7%)

-follower (11%), dumb (10%), loner (7%)


“wear my heart on my sleeve ”

“smart ass”

“probation, halfway house, job, community volunteer”

“try to learn how 2 b the person I want 2 b”

“crazy, angry, motivated”

“artistic and peaceful”

“fucked in tha’ head/krazie”

“great mother”

“Political music-snob”

“a happy, fun person”

“survivor”

“A.D.D.”

“unique and moody”

“Type one or two words that best describes you…”


School Attitudes


Looking forward to school

-disagree or strongly disagree (9%)

-agree or somewhat agree (57%)

-strongly agree (33%)

-disagree or strongly disagree (16%)



Trying my best -disagree/strongly disagree (7%)


-strong agree (27%)

-disagree/strongly disagree (7%)



Future plans

(interview comments)

-Drop out of H.S. (not at all likely-ALC 87%;SS 83%)

-Graduate from H.S. (L, ML, VL +95% for SS and ALCs)

-Job training (33% SS; 25% ALCs)

-Graduate from college (L, ML, VL) +75% for SS and ALCs

-Armed Forces, not at all likely (56% SS; 65% ALCs)


Future Plans – Sober School Students

Graduate from High School

1%5% 5%

12%

77%

Not Likely

SomewhatLikely

Likely

More than Likely

Very Likely



Post High School Training

28%

19%

20%

15%

18%

Not Likely

SomewhatLikely

Likely

More thanLikely

Very Likely



Graduate from College

2%14%

19%

23%

42%

Not Likely

Somewhat Likely

Likely

More than Likely

Very Likely



Join the Armed Forces

62%17%

7%

7%7%

Not Likely

Somew hat Likely

Likely

More than Likely

Very Likely


Interview – “Future Plans?”

“cosmetology… piercing”

“accepted at Augsburg College”

“college… neuroscience”

“nursing”

“college… forensic psychology”

“mechanic”

“engineering”

“para-legal, maybe law”

“real estate agent”

“accountant”

“dental hygienist”

“prosthetic technician”

“Aveda consultant”

“living it”

“loving life… sober fun”

“pipe fitters union”


School Programs

1. Describe your school.

2. Length of school attendance

3. Course format

4. Rate courses

5. Favorite Activity

6. Someone to talk to at school about drugs

7. School monitors drink/use

8. Interventions/consequences of drink/use


Interview: “Describe your School.”

“no cliques”

“not skipping school; much better grades”

“school is like a family”

“drug dogs”

“random UA’s”

“friendly”

“supportive”

“responsible for actions”

“not a lot of drama”

“one on one time with teachers”

“relapse feedback group”

“30-30, choice to stay or leave”

“Sober Crew”


Length of School AttendanceSS ALC

< 1 mo 3% 3%

1 to 3 mo 27% 10%

3 to 6 mo 22% 30%

6 mo to 1 yr 12% 10%

1 yr or more 36% 46%

3%

27%

22%

12%

36%

3%

10%

30%

10%

46%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

<1 month 1 to 3months

3 to 6months

6 to 1 year 1 yr ormore

SS

ALC


Course FormatSober Schools ALC

Course packets 14% 21%

Computer courses 21% 13%

Own pace 38% 52%

Same Assignments 69% 59%

Lectures & Homework 40% 14%

14%21%

38%

69%

40%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

coursepackets

computercourses

own pace sameassignments

lectures &homework

SS


School Programs

Sober School ALC

Course ratings

NA Art (41%)

PE 42%)

Art (33%)

PE (26%)

A/SA Art (99%)

Eng (83%)

Science (78%)

Soc St (78%)

PE (81%)

Math (79%)

Art (89%)

Eng (60%)

Sci (73%)

Soc St (72%)

D/SDA none Math (45%)

Favorite activity

20 to 30 PE, Group PE

10 to 20 Art, socializing, lunch, Eng

Art, lunch

0-10 music, coursework, student council, MAAP Stars

time w/child, coursework, MAAP Stars, Human Rights, Leadership


“If I have a problem or concern with alcohol, marijuana, or other drugs, I know someone

at school I can talk to…”

2%

98%

87% 86%

73%

59%

7%

93%

63%58%

36%

26%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

No. Unchecked"No"

SchoolFriends

SchoolCounselor

Teachers Other SchoolAdult

SS

ALC


“My school checks for alcohol, marijuana, and other drug use.”

*Interview Data: What can schools do? Notice drug use!

8%

77%

61% 60%67%

84%

38%

9%

22%

7%

39%31%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

No. Sober Days Drug Tests Meetings StaffReports

StudentsReport

SS

ALC


“What happens in school if someone uses

alcohol, marijuana, or other drugs?”

*Interview Data: What can schools do? Do something!

70%

11%

26%

39%

68%74%

54%

17%

59%

46% 44%38%

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%

Report toPrincipal or

ProgramDirector

Student can'treturn toschool

Student issuspended

Parentsmeet with

the principal

Studentmeets with

thecounselor

Groupdecides whatwill happen

to thestudent

SS

ALC


Student Drink/Use

1. Last drink/use

2. Amount/times of drink/use in last 30 days

3. Commitment to drug-free lifestyle

4. Acceptable drinking/use

5. When having a good time…

6. Treatment

7. Pre-treatment use

8. Relapse

9. Support groupsPresentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007

Interview: “Drug Use, Attitudes, Treatment, Relapse, Support

Groups”

“relapse… many, many times”

“sober for 2 ½ years”

“injected meth every day, all day… to get through the day”

“last use… 1 ½ hrs ago.”

“never”

“every day, all day”

“sober 3 years on December 28”

“AA, NA, CMA (crystal meth), CA (cocaine), MA (marijuana)”

“two cases of beer a day.”

“under the influence 24/7”

“as much as humanly possible”


Last Drink or UseS.S. ALC

Less than 24 hrs none 11 students (9%)

Less than 2 weeks 6% 47%

2 weeks to 1 month 4% 11%

1 month to 3 months 18% 7%

3month to 6 months 18% 7%

6 months to 1 year 31% 7%

Over a year 24% 15%

6%4%

18%

31%

16%

24%

47%

11%13%

7% 6%

15%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

Less than2 weeks

2 to 4weeks

4 weeks to3 months

3 to 6months

6 monthsto 1 year

over 1 year

SS

ALC


Drinks or Use in last 30 days(current use)

Sober Schools ALC

-none (87%)

-1 to 5 (10%)

-6 to 20 (3%)

-20 to over 40 (<1%)

-none (39%)

-1 to 5 (34%)

-6 to 20 (15%)

-20 to over 40 (12%)

87%

10%3% 1%

39%34%

15% 12%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

none 1 to 5 6 to 20 20 to over40

SS

ALC


Amount used at one time in the last 30 days (current use)


-none (88%)

-1 to 2 (7%)

-3 to 5 (1%)

-over 5 (4%)

-none (36%)

-1 to 2 (24%)

-3 to 5 (17%)

-over 5 (23%)

88%

7%1% 4%

36%

24%17%

23%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

none 1 to 2 3 to 5 Over 5

SS

ALC


Drug Use Attitudes: “I am committed to living a drug-free life.”

68%

23%

8%1%

30%

20%

30%

20%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

EveryDay

Most ofthe time

some ofthe time

No

SS

ALC

Sober school ALC

Every Day 68% 30%

Most of the Time 23% 20%

Some of the Time 8% 30%

No 1% 20%


Drug Use AttitudesSober Schools ALC

1 or 2 Drinks/Use

SA 17%; A13%; T= 30%

D 12%; SD 59%; T= 71%

SA 24%; A 45%; T= 69%

D 8%; SD 23%; T= 30%

Heavy Drinking SA 17%; A 11%; T= 29%

D 10%; SD 62%; T= 72%

SA 19%; A 32%; T= 51%

D19%; DA 27%; T= 46%

Binge Drinking SA 18%; A7%; T= 25%

D 12%; DA 63%; T= 75%

SA 18%; A 31%; T= 49%

D 21%; SD 30%; T= 51%

OK for friends but not for me

SA 23%; A 30%; T= 53%

D 22%; SD 26%; T= 48%

SA 11%; A 30%; T= 41%

D 38%; SD 21%; T= 59%

17% 17% 18%23%

13% 11%7%

30%

12% 10% 12%

22%

59%62% 63%

26%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

Ocasional drink or two isOK

Heavy Drinking Binge Drinking Drinking and drug use isOK for my friends but not

for me

Strongly Agree

Agree

Disagree

Strongly Disagree


Sober School: Having a Good Time …

SS ALC SS ALC

Like to Use Yes: 15%

No: 71%

Yes: 43%

No: 35%

Will use depending on own feelings

39% 51%

Like to be around those using

Yes: 13%

No: 73%

Yes: 30%

No: 25%

Don’t care if others use or not 39% 59%

Don’t care if I use or not 9% 32%


15%

71%

13%

73%

39% 39%

9%

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%

Like to use Don't like touse

Like to bearound others

using

Don't like tobe around

others

Will use ornot use

depending onhow I'mfeeling.

Don't care ifothers use

Don't care if Iuse or not

SS


TreatmentSober Schools ALC’s

-completed treatment (88%)

-current treatment (37%)

-incomplete treatment (34%)

-no treatment (13%)

-completed treatment (27%)

-current treatment (6%)

-incomplete treatment (10%)

-no treatment (51%)

88%

34% 37%

13%

27%

10%6%

51%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

completedtreatment

incompletedtreatment

currentlyparticipating

have notparticipated

SS

ALC


Sober Schools: Treatment

Completed Treatment

Current TreatmentPartial Treatment


SS 88%

SS 34% SS 37%

Sober Schools Treatment– Complicated!Completed Treatment

Current TreatmentPartial Treatment


SS 88%

SS 34% SS 37%

19% 19%

2%

14%

Pretreatment: frequency of use (30 days before treatment)

20%

30%

17%

51%

44%

23%

14%18%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

none 1 to 5 6 to 20 20 to over 40

SS

ALC


-none (20%)

-1 to 2 (20%)

-3 to 5 (10%)

-6 to 9 (4%)

-10 to 19 (13%)

-20 to 39 (21%)

-over 40 (30%)

-none (44%)

-1 to 2 (7%)

-3 to 5 (7%)

-6 to 9 (7%)

-10 to 19 (9%)

-20 to 39 (9%)

-over 40 (9%)


Compare Sober School students Pretreatment use and current use

20% 20%10%

4%13%

21%30%

87%

8%2% 1% 2% 0% 1%0%

10%20%

30%40%

50%

60%70%

80%90%

100%

None 1 to 2 3 to 5 6 to 9 10 to 19 20 to 39 Over 40

Pre-treatment Current Use


Pretreatment: amount of use

1%8%

14%

77%

27%

13%

23%

47%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%


SS

ALC


- None (1%)

-1 to 2 (8%)

-3 to 5 (14%)

-over 5 (77%)

-None (27%)

-1 to 2 (13%)

-3 to 5 (23%)

-over 5 (47%)


Relapse

20%

51%

80%

49%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

SS ALC

No Relapse Yes, Relapse


-no (20%)

-yes (80%)

-no (51%)

-yes (49%)


Relapse: If yes…

18%

12%

23%

19%

8%8%

23%

2%

15%

2%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

Slip; one timething

Stopped on myown

Went totreatment

Many times';Struggle

Combination

SS

ALC

Sober School ALC

-slip (19%)-stop on own (12%)-went to treatment (23%)

-many times (19%)

-combination (8%)

-slip (8%)

-stop on own (23%)

-went to treatment (2%)

-many times (15%)

-combination (2%)


Support GroupsSober Schools ALC’s

-no attend (16%)

-AA (22%)

-NA (11%)

-Other (1%)

-More than one group (50%)

-no attend (84%)

-AA (4%)

-NA (5%)

-Other (0%)

-More than one group (7%)

16%22%

11%

1%

50%

84%

4% 5%0%

7%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

none AA NA Other More thanone group

SS ALC


Role Models

1. Have one?

2. Gender

3. Relationship

4. Describe RM

5. Time spent with RM

6. RM drug attitudes

7. RM drink/use history

8. Influence of RMPresentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007

• Who are the role models in recovery schools?• What behaviors do they exhibit?• To what extent do recovering students emulate

those role models?• How do attendance, engagement and

performance of students who emulate positive role models compare with attendance, engagement, and performance of students who do not emulate positive role models?

Research Questions


Peer relationships: Social learning theory, social development theory, peer cluster theory, peer selection vs peer socialization

Medical Model: A disease with signs & symptoms; stages of alcohol use; abstinence-only as treatment goal; physical dependency; and biological vulnerability

Self-esteem theories (self-derogation, problem behavior, conflicting research results, self-presentation theory).

Theoretical Framework


1. Student you admire? (literature)

2. Consider a role model?

3. Define positive R.M.

4. Define negative R.M.

What is a role model? (Definition)


Interview: “Describe positive role model.”

“someone strong enough to get clean and stay clean”

“someone who doesn’t use or pressure others to use”

“someone who works a good program”

“Mom”

“achieving goals and doing the right thing”

“my grandpa”

“ex-step dad”

“my homeboy, Nick”

“strong-willed”

“someone who helps you stay clean and sober”

“I am a role model”

“smart”

“sexy girlfriend”

“kind-hearted”

“trustworthy”

“unique, clever”Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007

Describe Role Model


Have a role model? -Yes: 70%

-No: 31%

-Yes: 43%-No: 57%

Gender Male: 42%

Female: 53%

Both:5%

-Male: 42%-Female: 54%

-Both: 4%

Relationship Boy/girlfriend: 7%

Good friend: 72%

Acquaintance: 19%

Student, but doesn’t know me: 2%

Boy/girlfriend: 14%

Good friend: 80%

Acquaintance: 4%

Student, but doesn’t know me: 1%


RM Adjectives


+75% - cares about other people (91%), nice person (91%), happy (88%), smart (87%), funny (84%), leader (83%)

-Funny (81%), happy (79%), nice person (77%)

+50% -have many friends (73%), opinionated (73%), brave (70%)

-Smart (71%), cares about other (73%), opinionated (63%), leader (60%), has many friends (58%), brave (54%)

+25% -looks cool or hot (39%) -looks cool or hot (42%), rebel (27%)

Under 25%

-rebel (20%), moody (12%), follower (5%), dumb (2%), loner (2%)

-moody (13%), follower (13%), dumb (6%), loner (2%)


Role Models Described“ I look up to a student at my school who…” S.S. ALC

-does NOT drink or uses marijuana or other drugs. 50% 11%

-encourages me to stay clean and sober. 53% 10%

-drinks or uses marijuana and other drugs. 1% 1%

- encourages me to drink or to use marijuana and other drugs. 1% 2%

50%53%

1% 1%

11% 10%

1% 2%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

Non-UserR.M.

Non-UserR.M.

encouragesme

Using RM Using RMencourages

me

SS

ALC


Role Model Drug Use

Sober Schools

ALC’s

Uses now?

Yes (3%)

No (93%)

Don’t Know (5%)

Yes (30%

No (59%)

Don’t Know (11%)

Last year?

Yes (27%

No (68%)

Don’t Know (4%)

Yes (57%)

No (26%)

Don’t Know (17%)

Ever? Yes (95%)

No (2%)

Don’t Know (3%)

Yes (72%)

No (20%)

Don’t Know (9%)

3%

27%

95%93%

68%

2%5% 4% 3%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Uses Last year? Ever?

yes

no

don't know


“How many times a month do you think this person would think it was OK to drink, use

marijuana, or use other drugs?”

Times/Month Sober Schools

ALC

None 91% 29%

1 to 2 1% 41%

3 to 5 0% 4%

6 to 9 1% 8%

10 to 19 1% 2%

20 to 39 1% 4%

Over 40 3% 8%

Don’t Know 3% 4%

90%

1% 0% 1% 1% 1% 3% 3%

29%

41%

4% 8%2% 4% 8% 4%0%

10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

none

1 to

23

to 5

6 to

9

10 to

19

20 to

39

Over 4

0

Don't K

now

SS

ALC


“How many times during a social event (such as a party) do you think this person

would think it was OK to use alcohol, marijuana, or any other drugs last month?”

96%

1% 1% 2%

37% 35%

17%10%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%


SS

ALC

Amount Sober Schools

ALC

None 96% 37%

1 to 2 1% 35%

3 to 5 1% 17%

Over 5 2% 10%


Contact and Conversations - 1

Sober Schools

ALC

Does “this person talk to you” about alcohol, marijuana, or other drugs?

Yes (70%)

No (28%)

Don’t Know (3%)

Yes (63%)

No (33%)

Don’t Know (4%)

Do “you talk to this person“ about alcohol, etc.

Yes (65%)

No (30%)

Don’t Know (5%)

Yes (55%)

No (38%)

Don’t Know (6%)


Contact and Conversations - 2

Time with Role Model

Sober Schools

ALC Sober School ALC

At School No time: 7%

Very little: 18%

Often: 54%

All the time: 21%

-No time: 6%

-Very little: 23%

-Often: 43%

-All the time: 28%

Outside of school

No time: 18%

Very little: 37%

Often: 36%

All the time: 9%

-No time: 14%

-Very little: 33%

-Often: 29%

-All the time: 24%

After School Activities

No time: 33%

Very little: 18%

Often: 38%

All the time: 11%

-No time: 42%

-Very little: 27%

-Often: 16%

-All the time: 16%

Phone or Computer

No time: 34%

Very little: 41%

Often: 21%

All the time: 4%

-No time: 24%

-Very little: 39%

-Often: 16%

-All the time: 20%

7%

33%

18%

34%

18% 18%

37%41%

54%

38% 36%

21%21%

11% 9%4%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

At School After SchoolActivities

Outside ofschool

Phone orcomputer

No Time

Very little time

Often

All of the time


Role Model Influence

Influences Measure Sober School

ALC

Q43: A student at my school who I admire and look up to at school.

No influence

Some

Great deal

Don’t Know

34%

35%

26%

4%

71%

15%

9%

5%

Q26: Role models at school who are my age

No influence

Not much

Some

Most

14%

20%

32%

33%

50%

19%

22%

10%

Q53: How much influence do you think this person has over your drinking, marijuana use, or the use of other drugs? (referring to role model)

No

Some

Great

23%

50%

28%

35%

37%

29%


Role Models - Sober School Results -

Seventy percent have peer role models at school.

There are slightly more female RM (53%) and RM is considered a good friend (72%).

Over 75% of role models are described as caring about other people (91%)nice person (91%)happy (88%)smart (87%)funny (84%)a leader (83%).



Over 50% of role models also have many friends (73%)opinionated (73%)brave (70%).

Role model has not used in over a year but has a history of use (95%).

He or she does not condone any amount of alcohol or drug use (91% to 96%).



Student talks with RM about drugs (65%) and RM talks with the student about drugs (70%).

Student spends all most all of his or her time and “often” spends time with RM

at school (75%)after school activities (49%)outside of school (45%)on the phone/computer (25%).

Role model has some or a great deal of influence over student’s drinking/use (78%).


Interview: “What can schools do?”

“student to student… know what you’re going through.”

“Clone Mary”

“how to use free time because every day is somebody’s birthday.”

“establish a relationship with the student”

“Stop and Think week”

“be more available for questions”

“More UA’s”

“inspirational speakers”

“tell people what it’s like”

“Notice when kids are high and do something about it.”

“more realistic information”

“someone who likes kids and what they are doing”

Implications and Recommendations

What can schools do?1. Notice drug use.

2. Do something about it.3. Establish and value

relationships.4. Recognize and cultivate peer

role models.5.6.7.8.9.

10.


MN Sober Schools and ALCs UMN Study 2006-2007

~ Preliminary Results ~

Debbie LloydUniversity of Minnesota

EdPA Doctoral Candidate

Blog: http://debumnstudy.blogspot.comE-mail: [email protected]


http://debumnstudy.blogspot.com/

mailto:[email protected]

Minnesota Choices

• Traditional school setting (home school)• Homeschooling• Alternative education program• Open Enrollment (outside own school

district) • Online learning• Postsecondary Enrollment Options• Charter Schools• Recovery-based Schools


Students in Recovery

School Environment Student

RS and ALC School Programs













Participating MN Schools (15 SS; 9 ALC)MN School

DistrictRecovery Schools (358 enrollment)

Survey(51%)

Interviews ALC (794 enroll)

Survey(16%)

Interviews

Burnsville Alliance Academy 16 2 no none none

Cambridge Oak Land Sober School 11 7 no none none

Cass Lake Aateshing 7 4 Cass Lake-Bena ALC 11 none

Chaska Solace Academy 17 4 Carver-Scott Ed Coop 9 none

Coon Rapids Arona Academy 15 4 Crossroads ALC 25 5

Detroit Lakes Lakes Recovery School 6 8 Detroit Lakes ALC 12 5

ISD #287 City West Academy (Eden Prairie) 6 1 Lincoln Hills ALC (Richfield)

10 none

West Campus (Edina) 39 6

Litchfield Libre Academy 6 2 no none none

Maplewood North Summit Academy 15 4 Harmony ALC 13 4

Minneapolis PEASE 16 2 no none none

Owatonna RSSM 7 1 Rose Street Center 11 4

Spring Lake Park

Safe Harbor 4 4 SLP ALC 7 none

St. Paul Gateway 8 3 no none none

White Bear L. INSIGHT 8 2 WBL ALC 27 8

TOTAL. Recovery Schools 181 54 ALC 125 26

What does an alcoholic or drug addict look like?


Student


MN School Choices

- Traditional school setting

- Homeschooling

- Alternative education program

- Open Enrollment

- Online learning

- Postsecondary Enrollment Options

- Charter Schools

- Recovery-based Schools



3.30%

27.60%22%

11.60%

35.30%

3.20%

9.60%

30.40%

10.40%

46.40%

0.00%5.00%

10.00%15.00%20.00%25.00%30.00%35.00%40.00%45.00%50.00%

< 1 month 1 to 3 months 3 to 6 months 6 months to 1year

1 year or more

RS

ALC

Demographics of Population(15 RS, 9 ALC; 306 students)

- Geography- Gender- Age- Grade level- Length of school

enrollment- Ethnicity

Survey: Gender

0.56%

49% 50%

0.00%

46%

54%

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

transgender Male Female

RS 1 TG; 88M; 91F

ALC 0 TG; 57M; 68F

Interview: Gender

41.00%

59.00%

38.00%

61.00%

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

Male Female

RS 22M; 32F

ALC 10M;16F


MN School Choices

- Traditional school setting

- Homeschooling

- Alternative education program

- Open Enrollment

- Online learning

- Postsecondary Enrollment Options

- Charter Schools

- Recovery-based Schools

MN Stats 2007


- 37% (9th), 63% (12th), alcohol


- 15% (9th), 31% (12th), marijuana

MN Stats 2007



- 4% (9th), 24% (12th), drink & drive



• MN School Choices• Traditional school

setting • Homeschooling• Alternative education

program• Open Enrollment • Online learning• Postsecondary

Enrollment Options• Charter Schools• Recovery-based

Schools

MN Stats 2007


- 37% (9th), 63% (12th), alcohol


- 15% (9th), 31% (12th), marijuana

MN Stats 2007



- 4% (9th), 24% (12th), drink & drive


- @ 9% are medically classified as having substance abuse or substance dependence

- 11% (ages12-17) received treatment during the last school year

- Relapse rate is high: 35% to 80%

- Complicating mental health issues for youth (depression, compulsion, bipolar, anxiety, etc)


MN School Choices• Traditional

school setting • Homeschooling• Alternative

education program

• Open Enrollment • Online learning• Postsecondary

Enrollment Options

• Charter Schools• Recovery-based

Schools

School Environment Student


Substance Use & Attitudes of Admired

Person• current, last year,

lifetime (survey)• Condone use (survey)• Long time sobriety &

shared past (interview)

Substance Use of Admired Person

1%

26%

93%

28%

52%

66%

0%10%20%

30%40%50%60%70%

80%90%

100%

Monthly Last Year Lifetime

RS

ALC

Condone Drinking or Use(Times per Month)

90%

1% 0% 1% 1% 1% 3%

32%40%

4% 8%2% 4% 8%

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

0 1 to 2 3 to 5 6 to 9 10 to 19 20 to 30 over 40

RS

ALC

Final Oral Defense 2009

Health & Medicine

Transcript of Final Oral Defense 2009