Filogenética

Bert Rivera Marchand, PhDUniversidad Interamericana de Puerto Rico

Recinto de BayamónDepartamento de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas

Parafilético

Polifilético

Monofilético

Algunos Términos

• Homoplasia- Analogía evolutiva• Plesiomórfico- Característica ancestral• Apomórfico- Característica única de un grupo• Autopomórfico- Característica única de una especie• Sinapomórfico (Homología)- Característica en dos o

más especies pero única en ancestro común más reciente

• Simplesiomórfico- Característica en muchos grupos y el ancestral

Baldwin, 2008

Sevilla, S. & P.C. van Welzen. 2001. Revision and Phylogeny of Agrostistachys and Chondrostylis (Euphorbiaceae). Blumea 46: 71-97.

Characters

1. Habit: 1 = shrub to tree; 2 = herb to subshrub.

2. Sexuality: 1 = dioecious; 2 = monoecious.

3. Fusion of stipules: 1 = free; 2 = united.

4. Length of stipules: 1 = up to l em; 2 = more than 1 cm.

5. Shape of stipules: 1 = ovate; 2 = triangular; 3 = narrowly triangular; 4 = linear triangular; 5 = acicular.

6. Blade margin: 1 = entire to crenulate; 2 = dentate to crenulate.

7. Blade glands: 1 = absent; 2 = present.

8. Petiole glands: 1 = absent; 2 = present.

9. Inflorescence branching: 1 = unbranched; 2 = branched.

10. Inflorescence length: 1 = up to 20 cm; 2 = more than 20 cm.

11. Inflorescence type: 1 = spikes or racemes; 2 = panicles; 3 = cymes; 4 = fascicles.

12. Inflorescence position: 1 = terminal; 2 = axillary.

13. Sepals: 1 = imbricate; 2 = valvate. 14. Staminate petals: 1 = imbricate; 2 = valvate. 15. Petal apex: 1 = emarginate to irregular; 2 = obtuse to acuminate. 16. Staminate disc: 1 = lobed; 2 = annular. 17. Pistillate disc: 1 = lobed; 2 = annular. 18. Pistillode: 1 = absent; 2 = present. 19. Stigma: 1 = sessile; 2 = style present. 20. Stamen grouping: l = in whorls; 2 = in a group. 21. Stamen number: I = 8-16; 2 = 20-55. 22. Connective: 1 = apically elongated; 2 = spade-like; 3 = broad, apically widened; 4 = glandular; 5 = curved

and thick; 6 = shortly appendiculate. 23. Anther dehiscence: 1 = introrsely, slits not adjoining; 2 = latrorsely, slits adjoined. 24. Cotyledons: l = scarcely broader than radicle; 2 = distinctly broader than radicle. 25. Staminodes: 1 = absent; 2 = present.

Sevilla, S. & P.C. van Welzen. 2001. Revision and Phylogeny of Agrostistachys and Chondrostylis (Euphorbiaceae). Blumea 46: 71-97.

Vasconcelos, et al. 2006

Wedel, 2010

http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/oec/images/tree.jpg

Gilbert, D.G., 2007. DroSpeGe: rapid access database for new Drosophila species genomes. Nucleic Acids Research, Vol. 35, Database issue D480-D485

Cho et al. Genome Biology 2002

Gugger PF, Sugita S, Cavender-Bares J. (2010) Phylogeography of Douglas-fir based on mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA sequences: testing hypotheses from the fossil record. Molecular Ecology.

Análisis

• Parsimonia• “Maximum Likelihood”• “Neighbor-joining”• “Jackknife”• “Distance”• “Bayesian”• “Bootstrap”

Phylogeny of the sunflower alliance of families reconstructed by parsimony analysis (21) of chloroplast DNA rbcL sequences.

Bremer K , Gustafsson M H G PNAS 1997;94:9188-9190

©1997 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA

Phylogeny of Neotropical Copelatus.

Balke M et al. PNAS 2008;105:6356-6361

©2008 by National Academy of Sciences