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An OverviewFILMMAKINGIdea/ ConceptFinished Product/ Filmscriptwriting, shooting, editing, directingeconomic, social, and political contexts, and using a variety of technologies and techniques, involving a certain number of people, employing a certain amount of timeTHE PROCESSThere are five phases of production common to most professionally produced motion pictures. These are:DevelopmentPre-productionProductionPostproductionDistributionPHASESDEVELOPMENTThe movie treatment / summary tell the concept of the story. Then a script is written and drafted into a workable blueprint for a film.PRE-PRODUCTIONPreparations are made for the shoot, in which cast and crew are hired, locations are selected, and sets are built.

PRE-PRODUCTIONStoryboardingFundingAssembling CrewCastingCostume DesignLocationSet DesignSchedulePRE-PRODUCTIONStoryboarding:

A storyboard is a series of drawings intended to represent how the film will be shot, including how each frame will be composed and how subject and camera motion will occur.

PRE-PRODUCTION

PRE-PRODUCTIONFunding: A production budget is drawn up to plan expenditures for the film. For major productions, insurance is procured to protect against accidents.

Assembling Crew : The producer hires a crew.Can vary from 5-6 to hundreds in numbersPRE-PRODUCTIONCasting: The casting director finds actors to fill the parts in thescript. This normally requires audition.

Costume Design: Choosing or designing the clothing/costumes that the actors wear. The Costume Designer does this job.

Location Scouting: The location manager finds and manages film locations.

Set Design: The art director manages the art department, which makes production sets PRE-PRODUCTIONProperties (Props):Choosing the tools and objects used in the film.

Scheduling:Coordinating all aspects necessary to the production.The assistant director (AD) manages the shooting schedule and logistics of the production, among other tasksThe production manager manages the production budget and production schedule

PRODUCTIONIn production phase, the video/film is created and shotDirectionCameraLightingActingPRODUCTIONSound RecordingPRODUCTIONProduction Departments

DirectionDirector (oversees all aspects of the production)Assistant Director (drives the set)Second Assistant Director (works with the actors)

CameraCinematographer or DP (oversees camera operation)Camera Operator (operates the camera)Camera Assistants (loads camera, pulls focus)Clapper/Loader (loads film and slates scenes)

LightingCinematographer (oversees lighting design)Gaffer & Electricians (control the lights) Key Grip & Grips (control the shadows and do special rigging)

PRODUCTIONProduction Departments (continued)

SoundSound Mixer (records the sound)Boom operator (positions the microphone)Clapper (displays the clap slate for the camera)

TalentActors (perform before the camera)

MiscellaneousProduction Coordinator (scheduling) Make-up Artist (apply make-up to actors)Production Assistant (various jobs)CINEMATOGRAPHYFrame dimensionLensCamera angleCamera movementCamera DistanceCINEMATOGRAPHYFrame Dimension

Theaspect ratioof an image describes the proportional relationship between its width and its heightAcademy 1: 1.33Cinemascope 1: 2.35Widescreen 1: 1.85

CINEMATOGRAPHYCINEMATOGRAPHY

LensWide Angle LensHas the added effect of greatly emphasizing our perception of depth. Often used to bring distortionTo cover a large area. Has a very deep depth of field CINEMATOGRAPHYCINEMATOGRAPHY

LensTelephoto LensUsed to shoot distant objectsShallow depth-of-fieldNarrow angle of viewUsed for taking tight shotCINEMATOGRAPHYCINEMATOGRAPHY

Camera AnglesHigh AngleStraight AngleLow AngleDutch Angle

CINEMATOGRAPHY

CINEMATOGRAPHYHigh Angle Shot

Psycho

Low Angle Shot

Citizen KaneCINEMATOGRAPHY

Dutch Angle Shot

The Third ManCINEMATOGRAPHYCamera MovementsCamera movement is an effective artistic tool in filmmaking. By its movement alone, a camera reveals much more than simply the space through which it moves.

The basic ways cinematographers move their cameras are (1) Steadicam (2) Dolly (3) Crane (4) Handheld

There are also a couple of basic movement techniques (1) tilt (2) pan

CINEMATOGRAPHY

Steadycam Shot from Hugo

CINEMATOGRAPHYBehind the scene Steadycam Shot from HugoCINEMATOGRAPHY

Crane Shot from High NoonCINEMATOGRAPHY

Panning CINEMATOGRAPHYTilt up & down from The Red Balloon

CINEMATOGRAPHYTracking Shot from The Red Balloon

Camera Distanceextreme long (ELS)long (LS)medium long shot (MLS)medium (MS)close-up (CU)extreme close-up (ECU)CINEMATOGRAPHYCINEMATOGRAPHY

Extreme Long ShotCINEMATOGRAPHY

Long shotCINEMATOGRAPHY

Mid Long ShotCINEMATOGRAPHY

Mid ShotCINEMATOGRAPHY

Close Up

Extreme Close UpCINEMATOGRAPHY

LIGHTINGStyles of Lighting Matches theme, mood, genre Intensity, direction, and quality of lighting have a profound effect on the way an image is perceived. Affects the way colors are rendered, both hue and depth Can focus attention on particular elements of the composition. Three Point Lighting

The standard lighting scheme for classical narrative cinema.

In order to model an actor's face (or another object) with a sense of depth, light from three directions is used,

A backlight picks out the subject from its background, a bright key light highlights the object and a fill light from the opposite side ensures that the key light casts only faint shadows. LIGHTINGLIGHTING Three Point Lighting

A backlight picks out the subject from its background

Bright key light highlights the object

Fill light from the opposite side ensures that the key light casts only faint shadows. LIGHTING

LIGHTING

Lighting affects the appearance of a character, defining or diminishing facial characteristics and making faces appear attractive or unattractive.LIGHTINGLIGHTING

Balanced Lighting

side lighting and shallow focus to create the dramatic effectLIGHTINGTwo general schools in cinematography have been referred to as 'naturalism' and 'pictorialism'. LIGHTING

Comparison of two shots from the movie Slumdog Millionaire brings out the difference between the two.SOUNDSound Recording

In traditional film production, sound is recorded separately from the image. This is known as double system sound recording. Generally speaking, there are at least four soundtracks in any feature length narrative film:

1 the dialog track.2 the room tone track.3 the music track.4 the sound effects trackSound Recording

Room ToneRoom tone is recorded silence. Normally, once all of the dialog is recorded, the sound mixer asks for about a minute of quiet to record the sound of silence in the particular setting.The reason for recording room tone is that all recordings have a low level of noise in the background and, during the editing process it is sometimes necessary to fill in gaps so that there is not an abrupt change in the tone of the background noise.

SOUNDPOST PRODUCTIONThe postproduction phase refers to the period of time after the film is shot, but before it is released in its final form.

Here the video/film is assembled by the video/film editor. POST PRODUCTIONBroadly includes

EditingFinal Audio Mixing

Editing is the arrangement of imagery and sounds into a sequence that tells the story of the film.The raw footage with which the editor works is called RushAn editor may arrange based on different aesthetic styles depending upon the needs of the storyVideo Editing is done in Software like Final Cut Pro (Mac), Adobe Premiere Pro, Sony Vegas etc.EDITINGEDITING

User interface of Adobe Premiere Pro 6EDITINGContinuity editing180 degree systemMatch on actionCross-cuttingContinuity editing is the most dominant editing style employed in films.It incorporates the rule of 180 degreeIt is designed to be seamless, meaning, creating minimum or no confusion in the minds of the viewers.EDITINGEDITING180 degree system

Line of ActionAn imaginary line between the subject and the item/ person he is interacting withorImaginary straight line along the path the subject is moving onEDITING

EDITINGMatch Cut

Amatch cut is a cut in film editingbetween either two different objects, two different spaces, or two different compositions in which objects in the two shots graphically match, often helping to establish a strong continuity of action and linking the two shots metaphoricallyEDITING

Match Cut used in 2001: A Space Odyssey by Stanley KubrickEDITINGCross-cutting

Cross-cuttingis an editing technique most often used in films to establish action occurring at the same time in two different locations. In a cross-cut, the camera willcutaway from one action to another action, which can suggest the simultaneity of these two actions but this is not always the case.EDITING

Cross-cutting from InceptionFew other techniques include

Jump CutMontage Editing

EDITINGEDITINGOverlapping in Editing

Cuts that repeat part or all of an action, thus expanding its viewing time and plot duration.EDITING

An overlapping sequence from MatrixSOUNDSound Recording

Sound Effects

For the most part, sound effects are obtained separately by a foley artist who coordinates sound effects in synchronization with the onscreen action through a process known as looping where a portion of the film is repeatedly played to perfect the timing of the sound effects.

SOUNDMusic that is scored is done in similar fashion to foley sound in the sense that film is playing during the recording session to enhance timing.Nuendo, Sound Forge are few examples of Sound Editing Software.

SOUND

User interface of NuendoTHANK YOUKunal Chakrabortychakraborty.kunal@outlook.com