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AUTHOR Forbush, Julie, Ed.TITLE Air 6 Space, Volume 2, Number 4, March - April

1979.INSTITUTION Smithsonian -Institution, Washington, D.C. National

Air And Space Museum.PUB DATE 79NOTE 17p.; Photographs may not reproduce "well

EDRS PRICEDESCRIPTORS

ABSTRACT

MF01/PC01 Plus Postage.*Aerospace Education; *Aerospace Technology;*Astronomy; *Lunar Research; Science Education ;.*Space Sciences; Technology,

This newsletter, produced' by the National Air andSpace Museum of the'Smithsonian Institution, contains ap article onthe Apollo 11 spaceflight, an'article on hype'rsonic and superson,ixflight which compares the Concorde, the X-15, and the ShuttleCrbiter, an article presenting photographs of the construction of theShuttle Orbiter, and an article describing three NASA publicailoAsgeared to technology transfer. (BB

r

4************************************************************/c*******Reproductions supplied by ED -RS are the best that can be made,/ *

from the.original document.***************************************************************7******

U S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH.EDUCATIONAL WELFARENATIONAL INSTITUTE OF

EDUCATION

THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN RE PRO-OUCEO EXACTLY AS RECEIVEO FROMTHE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGIN.*TING IT POINTS OF VIEW.OR OPINIONSSTATED DO NOT NECESSARILY RE PRE.SENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE OFEDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY

As the little globe of- Earth roseMichael Colitns, in the Apollo IT Ipholograph'ed- one of the happiestHe had been orbiting the Moon I"Buzz" Aldrin went down for theirHon that mankind can indeed ism

' '

lunar horizon,?mice Module,its life, above.1rmstrong andng demonstra-ork elsewhere

.A,11104-

than on the hamthe ascent stacrendezvous, Juhof agonizing suldocking and twAll went well, ha

2

0° National Air & Space Museum

Smithsonian Institution

Vol. 2 No. 4 Mar.:Ap.r. 1979

II I

I

they had successfully launchednder and were closing in foris was one of the final momentsIf something went wrong duringn wert1)4tranded in lunar orbit?n this mission, Pages 3, 4 and 5.

SCANThe story of Apollo 11 actually beginsMarch 16., 19264. On that day, a mild-mahnered professor, Robert H. God-dard, launched the first rocket everpowered by liquid propellantsliquidoxygen (colder than 297°F) and gaso-line. Thtt flight lasted two and a halfseconds, reaching an estimated speedof 60 miles'per hbur and a height of41 feet. The event is to the space in-dustry as the Wright brothers' 1903flight is to aviation.

With Smithsonian Institution help,Goddard did early work on solid fuelsbut came to realize that only liquidscould provide enough thrust for spacetravel. He was the first rocket pioneerto go beyond theorizing and actuallybuild, test and fly the hist liquid pro-pellant systems.

For brevity, the National Air and SpaceMuseum is often referred to in thesepages as NASM. The National. Aeronau-tics and Space Administration is NASA.

Above: Detail 'of the NASM exhibit de-scribed In ,!'Briefing." It is an ingeniousdramatization of complex factorsrea-sons why new technology developedthrough funded research available to thepublic may or may not be adopted byother Interests as "spinoffs." (More onthis, Page 13.)Below' Model which was made beforeinstallation of the 'gallery In which Mr.Zisfein's exhibit appears (in tall cyllriderto the right).

Al

BriefingMelvin B. ZisfeinActing Director; NASM

While planning an article on Exhibits Concept Development for afuture issue of Air & Space, I came across one of those charming littledead ends that don't turn out as expected, but were greatvfun toconceive. About three years .ago, . I was in a plane en route fromChicago to Washington trying. to .hatch a,design for a machine thatwould demonstrate the successes and frustrations (mostly frustrations)of transferring the high technology of flight to the problems of lifehere on earth.

My concept worked out and is On exhibit in our Museum. Ping-pong balls (representing ideas) are dispensedfrom a central-booster-like shape onto four sets of rails radiating outward. The balls progressacross the rails toward a 49tating ring of "receivers," cartoon-likefigures representing succesiful transfers of aerospace technology toareas such 4 transportation, medicine, public safety, etc.'Moving in

circular path's under the rails are benevolent little figures representinghelpful factOrs such as "published data available," "transfer of skilledpeople," and "multiple uses." These advance the ping-pong ballstoward their ,goals, the receivers. Moving in circular paths above therails are malevolent little figures representing harmful factors such as"red tape," "skepticism," and "excessive complexity." These usuallykick the balls off the rails, preventing the technology transfer.

The idea worked out beautifully and is now one of our ,featureattractions. However, conceiving this machine took only half of the -

flight. During the remainder, I began composing a label in doggerel.It got longer and longer, and when (finally completed it I decidedthat the Technology Transfer Machine was best served by a far briefer.,label. I'm no poet and for your amusement (perhaps pity is better)"I now present some of the original long form so that members ,ofour audience more gifted,than I can writ a good one.

The transfer of technologyfrom air and space to you and meis- not an easy game.

The ships of flight require much,like 1rmets, microchips, and suchtoo numerous to name.

Inverited all to.,help us fly,which clever things can we applythere seems to be no dearth.

To transportation and to health,can we apply flight's bounteous wealthto improve life on Earth?

Does fire-fighting need flight's ways?Can housing find a change that paysfrom methods now in space?

Take management; here on Earthcan air and space enhance its worth,and ancient ways replace?

What factors 'neath tech transferMust people change their place of ork?Or merely change their laws?

Must applications be direct?Does luck ever help connect,avoiding voids and flaws?

Must federal funding start a change?Must education rearrangeour techniques of deSign?

Will ingrained ways prevent success?Or can new techniques still progressin ways we can't define?

What makes Our transfers work sometimesand sometimes not? Herewith theserhymes to introduce a fancy:

A game with "Transfer Factors" strangeand "Users" who could use a change ...All moving balls, quite chancy.

The pnem goes on a bit but you get the idea. Oh well, at least themachine worked out well.

2 3 Air & Space, Mar.-Apr. 1979

LEGACY OF T U.S. MOON LANDINGS

New Capacities" and. ScopeApollo 11 is the history-maker, thespaceflight which, for the first time,took men to the surface of anotherbody in the Sdlar System. The astro-nauts' names are remembered. ButNeil Armstrong, Michael Collins andEdwin E. ( "Buzz ") Aldiin, Jr. are alwaysquick to pay tribute to the precedingmanned flights. Each contributedsomething crucial to the final successwhich fulfilled the national commit-ment made by President John F. Ken-nedy in 1961to land a man on theMoon by the end of the decade. Andthe later Apollo trips should be brack-eted into any classroom study -sincethe five additional landings brought arich harvest of scientific data and op-

Left: A Saturn V on the launch pad iscradled by gantry arms which providefor fueling and for entry of-astronautsinto the Command Module, -the cone.near the p. The slender hp is part ofa rocketisystem to blast the mannedmodule free in case of trouble duringlaunch. Using the most powerful clusterof engines ever built, the Saturn Vclimaxed the family of launch vehiclesbased on ballistic missile technologyexpensive, expendable, never reused.(Large prints may beordered at cost;see Credits, Page 6.)

Below: Apollo 11 cofintdown demonstra-tion test In Firing Room No. 1, Launch .Control Center, Kennedy Space Center,Florida. Some 450 people worked here

, during the Apelfo lunar voyages.

erational experience. Students couldeach "adopt" one of th6 missions andreport on specific "advances made bythe Mercury. program, the Geminiseries, Apollo 7, 8, 9, and 10, the fa-mous 11, then 12, 14, 15, 16 and 17,

-and the near-disaster of Apollo 13.Many publications offer the 'techni.:

cal details. Here is an overview fromten years' perspective.

(1) During earlier flights, telecastsfrom space had fascinated viewers. ButJuly 20, 1969 was something special.Coirimunications satellites relayednews of the Moon landing by radio andtelevision around this globe. at thespeed of light, in "real time." It is

estimated that possibly half of allEarth's people shared the .suspense ofthe breathtaking event on a "withered,sun-seared peach.pit,4' as Michael Col-lins calls the Moon in his book (seenext page). By contrast, the Earthunderfoot looks .like a pretty goodplace. Never before, had one potentconcept been shared by so manypeople siniultaneouslythe sense ofEarth as only one globe in the void,and one deserving care. Let students"list Rime- new protective measures, andalso some old human habits whichcould lead to serious planetary dam-age.

(2) Not only in one lucky voyagebut in five more trips the U.S. put menon the Mode", and three times, a "dunebuggy." Telecasts froaLthe Moon, thenfrom Apollo-oyuz and Skylab drama-tized the facts that the human speciescan be protected in a lethal environ-ment and can work under strangeconditions. Now even careful scien-tists make startling plans for miningthe Moon, building huge Structures inspace, and drawing upon the solar en-ergy Which is so intense in space.

(3) To stay on President Kennedy'sschedule, U.S. science and technologydrove ahead with an intensity neverbefore seen outside war.tThe unprec-edented requirements were a "forc-ing function" in high technology, and

also in systems of management forhuge, complex enterprises. Federaladvances in both areas are preservedin a computer storehouse, available toany inquifer.. (See story, Page 13).

(4) Scientific data collected duringthe Apollo series are still yielding newinsights into the history of the SolarSystem, and also into the particularvaluessof the human observer versusautomated instruments in space.

4Air & Space, Mar.-Apr. 1979

0 0^4"

0 0

Apollo 11: First-Hand Storyxcerpts from the book, Carrying the fire* by the Apollo

.11'Command Module Pilot, Michael Collins:When underway: "The moon doesn't appear to be get-t.,

ting much bigger but the earth is shrinking noticeably....It is a sobering, almost melancholy, sight . . ."

"I remember last December, during the flight of Apollo8, my five-Year-old son had one . . . question: who wasdriving? Was it his friend Mr. Borman (Commander FrankBorman)? One night when it was quiet in Mission ControlI relayed this . to the spacecraft, and Bill Anderspromptly replied that no not Borman, but Isaac Newtonwas driving. A truer descr ption . . . is not possible. Thesun is pulling us, the rth is pulling us, the moon ispulling us, just as Newton predicted they would. Ourpath bends from its initial direction and velocity after TLIin response to these three. mkgnets."

,After Armstrong and Aldrin enter the Lunar Module,separate from Collins' craft and go down for the historiclanding, Collins remains in lunar orbit. He does_not deny

a feeling of solitude. It is there, reinforced by thefact that radio contact with the earth abruptly Cuts'offat the instant I disappear behind the moon. I feel this ,.11.as awareness, anticipation . almost exultation."

As Armstrong and Aldrin lift off the surface and ap-proach for rendezvous .(photO on.the cover): "My hands

are full with the arcane, almost black-magical,manipula-tions called for . "

When all three are safely on the homeward course,"Houston pours out a potpourri, of news and congratu-latory messages (among them, one from) Mrs. RobertGoddard "

Excerpted.from CARRYING THE FIRE by Michael Collins.Copyright 1974 by Michael Collins. Reprinted with the permission

of" Farrar, Straus & Giroux, Inc., publishers.

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Abbreviations are: CM, CommandModule; CSM, Command and ServiceModules (the CM with the unit con-taining life-support and control ma-chinery); LM, Lunar Module (twoparts); N.M., "nautical mile," usedin space as well as in ocean meas-urements; LUN.$URF., lunar surface.

Far left: "Buzz" Aldrin deployingscientific instruments (photograph byNeil Armstrong). A duplicate of thelunar lender in the background is onexhibit at NASM.

Left: Locations of all lunar land-ings. A = Apollo. L = Luna, theSoviet unmanned landings.

AO,

OUTREACHby Kerry M. Joels

Chief, Education Division

One of the gints in the field of toydevelopment and \Marketing once toldme that the secret of a successful toyis one which children . can Irelate totheir everyday experiences. This is whysuch things as dolls and-model carsare so successful. An important seg-ment of toy sales relates to the child'saerospace experience.

We have all seen shelves stockedwith Star Trek and Star Wars figurines(dolls) and spaceships (vehicles). Theother side of the aerospace toy coinis, of course, airplanes. We have allseen helicopter rescue sets, modeljumbo jets, inflatable airplanes, kites,balsa gliders, and the more ambitiousairplane modeling kits. The toy air-plane gives the child a direct stimulusto one of the most fascinating areasof human endeavor. We have to ask,though, how much is being done inthe classrooms of America with thispowerful motivational force Since. themarket place is essentially proving indollars that children relate to airplanes,shouldn't we as teachers examine whatactivities or fundamental conceptscould best be taught using aviationk

Astronauts' Words--1Carrying the fire, an astronaut's jour-neys, Michael Collins, foreword byCharles Lindbergh; 478 pp., illus.Farrar, Straus and Giroux/ New York1974.

First on the Moon, a Voyage. -withNeil Armstrong, Michael Collins, EdwinE. Aldrin, Jr., written with Gene Farmerand Dora Jane Hamblin, epilogue byArthur C. Clarke; 434 pp., illus. LittleBrown & Boston, 1970.

Return to_Earth, Edwin E. ("Buzz")Aldrin, Jr. with Wayne Warga; 338 pp.,illus. Random House, New York, 1973.

We Reach the Moon, John Noble.'Wilford, New York Times; paperback,331. pp., illus. biblio., index. BantamBooks, New York, 1969.

.The First6iLutnar Landing as 'Fold bythe Astronauts Armstrong, Aldrin andCollins. in a Post-Flight Pi-ess Confer-ence, paperback 9 by 12 in., 24 pp.,42 color illus. NASA, 1969; GovEurimktPrinting Office, Washington, DC 20402,StoCk No. 033-000-'00162-2, $1.25.

Air & Space, Mar.-Apr. 1979

Air transportation alone' offers manyopportunities for ' mathematical exer-cises, e.g., calculating .paSsenger reve-nues, weights and ,measures, fuel con-sumption, etc. Word problems, -a

common mathematical bug-a-boo, canbe constructed around experiences thatchildren have in airports, e.g., thenumber of aircraft available versus thenumber of passengers.

- Aviation touches many fundamentalscience concepts. The principles offlight are based on such fundamentalnotions as action-reaction, pressure,weight, shape, friction, speed andheight. On the secondary level, phys-ics, chemistry, human, factors (biol-ogy), meteorology, even land use andpollution (particUlate and noise) can betopics for lively lessons-'and discus-sionS'. Elementary science is' a, naturalforum for learning about the, 'physicsand dimensions of .flight. Map-j: stu-dents lack a basic ability td-41ibmpre-hend spatial relationships, such .cltsl''-tance, time, orientatio o rs

Basic economics, ofittygi 'ai:Id

reading can draw on ,,a44rt ,tifprinted material's commo,-;(.-- n tb the n4,-,.. q-i.,

eral and commercial aviation commu-nity. History of famous aircrafrand theuse of aircraft 'in peace time and war-fare make fascinating reading for stu-dents, and suggest simulation gamesfor the operation of airports,-runways,airlines or aircrew operations.

Even the "old faithful activities ofpaper airplane contests and aircraft'model building activities provide thechild with hands-on psycho-motorexperiences.

Aviation must not be seen as thedomain of men. Women have not onlymade their Mark, but in many cases

,lead the way. Women build airplanes,design ,airplanes, fly airplanes, andwork in airplanes, In fact, various re -'search and projects have shown avia-tion to be a motivating catalyst forp---activity with both boys andgirls, andin sGhools of all socio-economic levels.High school classes have constructedexperimental aircraft, and studentswith little or no hope for the jobmarket have been stimulated to higherachievement by career possibilities inaviation.

If the toy stores aren't lying to us,children of all ages like airplanes.. .Ifthey like 'airplanes,about ,them will help them leirn,Themovement in today's schbOls:'called

Vbsack to basics'S still require,s motiva-tion of the learners, and.aerospaace

cane a significant 'corripOrnentin that motivation.

Timely Sou 4 2:150 Textbook6

Man in Flight; Biof7tedical Achieve- s. Your Aerospace" Work!, -filationalments in AerospA e ky Eloise Engle Headquarters, CiVil Air Patrol; paper-

, Arnold Lott, intr ductiOn by astrOnaut back '413y 10'/2 in., 231 'Top., illus.(now Senator) Hardt'on,-Schtnitt. 400 4 "tTexilDook at high school level; based

flus., bibl o., Indelc The 50th anni- ,on previous separateN600klets. Bookvers commernorafive volume from .Store, CAP, Maxwell Air Force Base,the A space- Medical Association, Alabama 36112, $2.50.WashOgton National Airport, Washing -'ton, 116C 20.001. To May 1, $13.95 in-cluding postage; afterward, $16.95 in-cluding postage. ILLUSTRATION CR.-EDITS

Directory of Aviation/Space, new Cover: NASA. Page 2: NASM (Dale Hrabak,thibiennial listing, hundreds of eca-tional resources, American Society for Michael

Hofmeister)i Page 3: Saturn V, Prof.M. Taylck University of Guelph.

Aerospace Education, 1750 Pennsyl- (Large prints available at cost; address himva-iia Ave. NW, Washington, DC20006, at Box 120, Rockwood, Ontario IStOB 2K0,first copy free to members, $2.95 to Canada.)-Firing, Room, NASA.:pages 4, 5:others. Lower prices for quantities. NASA; lunar map from Dr. Bevan French.

Varying timely releases concerning Page, British Aerospace. Pages 8, 9;their special interests are available from NASA (Shuttle); Flight International maga-

the Civil Aeronautics Board, 1825 Con-necticiit Ave. NW, Room 706, Wash-,ington, DC 20428;'from the AerospaceIndustries Association, 1725 DeSales St.NW, Washington, DC 20036; and fromthe General Aviation ManufacturersAssociation, 1025 Connectic Ave.NW, Suite 517, Washington, 0036?

6

zine (Concorde); Alf Enthusiast/Six maga-zine (X-15A-2). Page 10: Rockwell Inter-national. Page 11; NASA (cutaway); Spar.Aerospace, Ltd., Toronto (arm). Tagt1112:Rockwell International. -Page 13: AmericanTrailers, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; Cardi-nal Engineering, Conshocken, Penbsyl-vania. Page 15: NASA Ames Research Cen-ter. Back cover: NASA.

From the Sound BarrSince 1945, the major thrust in aero-nautics has been towards supersohicand hypersonic flight. Supersonic flightinvolves flying at speeds above that ofsound (Mach 1: 1,223 kilometers perhour, or 760 mph, at sea level). Hyper-sonic fli -ht involves flying at velocitiesfaster th n five times that of sound(Math 5).

T-he first flight faster than sound oc-curred on Octobei 14, 1947, whenCapt. Charles E. Yeager reached Mach1.06 'yhile flying the experimental BellXS-1 rocket research airplane. The XS-1(later _known as the X -1) is now sus-pended in the Mdestones of FlightC;allery at NASM.

In 1953, Mach 2 was exceeded forthe first time. With the frontier ofMnth 2 flight mapped out, scientistsand engineers embarked on a series ofdesign studies for supersonic militaryand commercial aircraft. So far, onlyone regularly scheduled commercialsupersonic aircraft has been devel-oped: the Anglo-French Concordesupersonic transport (SST). Britain andFrance began development work onsupersonic airliner design starting in

1956, and in November 1962, theBritish and French governments signeda joint agreement for the design, de-velopment and production of a sttper-sonic airliner. Such a craft must fly atsubsonic speeds, transonic speeds (thezone just below and above Mach,and at supersonic speeds.

To avoid aerodynamic heating prob-lems, the design teams opted to buildjust a Mach 2 airplane . . any faster,and the craft could not have used;aluminum as its primary structure. Thefirms also selected a low-aspect-ratio(slender) delta configuration. The firstConcorde was completed in France in1968, and made its first flight on

ll

by Richard P. HellionCurator, Science and Technology, NAS

March 2, 1969. On October , 196made its first supersonic flight,made its first Mach 2 flight over a ylater, on November 4, 1970. ProductConcordes subsequently entered seice with Air Frarice and with- BritAirways, flying to the Middle Eastto North and South America.

Hypersonic FlightThe X-15 series built by North Am

ican Aviation (now Rockwell Intnational) pioneered hypersonic fliEThree X-15s were built; the first onenow on exhibit at NASM.

Powered by a liquid-fuel ,roc.engine burning a mixture of liqioxygen and anhydrous ammonia,X-15 series was capable 'of flightMach 6, where surface temperatuoften rose above 1,200°F. The X'series were carried to high altitudea modified Boeing B-52 launch aircibefore being dropped. The X-15 piwould.then ignite the rocket pngiand the sleek black plane woiquickly accelerate to high speedshigh altitudes. After rocket burncthe pilot would then guide the airciback to a landing on the hard clay sface of Roger-s Dry Lake, California.

The three X--15s were used for aedynamic research on the problemsatmospheric reentry at hypersospeeds. Because they operated onfringes of space, often exceedingkilometers altitude (one reachedkilometers), they required both ccventional cpntrol surfaces for fli;within the atmosphere,.Sand specrocket "thruster" controls for ma

7. 8

Left, the Concorde, built by bothGreat Britaln and France to operatein two distinct aerodynamic regimes(sub- and supersonic) and at an enormousrange of atmospheric temperatures.Average speed Is often 2,100 kilometersper hour (1,300 mph). The Sovietsare flying their Tu-144 supersonictransport (SST). The U.S. cancelledIts SST for economic and environmentalreasons. Military supersonicaircrafthave been flying throughout the worldregularly since the mid-1950s, with little

, detectable impact upon the environment.

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taining attitude cbntrol in space. As-. pects of the X-15's esign and equip-

ment influenced Nich subsequerritventures as the Mercury spacecraft andthe Space Shuttle orbiters.

Space.FlightA more ambitious step beyond the

X-15 is the Space Shuttle, which repre-sents a design and development part-nership of NASA, other federal agen-cies, and many industrial concerns.

(Picture story of system operations inthe November-December issue of Air &Space; closeups of the second orbiter,Pages 10, 11 and 12, this issue.)

The orbiters, unlike earlier spaceventures, will return to Earth withaerodynamic controls, reentering the 'atmosphere at about Mach 25, glidinghypersonically. to lower altitudes, de-celerating to supersonic speeds, andthen landing like a large glider.

In 1977, NASA completed low-speedlanding tests of the Orbiter Enterprise(OV-101, for "orbitel' vehicle 101").This orbiter was carried aloft on theback of a 747 jet transport and re-leased for a series of short glides backto Rogers Dry Lake, criss-crossed withnatural "runways" at the NASA HughL. Dryde7 Flight Research Center,Ca li forftra

Orbiter OV-102 should roar intoorbit from Kennedy Space Center laterthis year, marking a new phase to theutilization of space. Its first orbitalflights will land on Rogers Dry Lake,'which is nearly 13 kilometers long (8mi). Subsequent flights will land atKennedy Space Center, Florida, or atVandenberg Air Force Base, California.These runways are identical, 4.57kilometers long (2.84 mi).

Air & Space, Mar.-Apr. 1979

Artfrom

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Copyrighted by Pilot Press, Ltd.Bromley, Kent, England.

AIRErabusiat used by permission.

These two pages may be photocopied only for classroom use. Any otherusage requires permission from both British publishers and NASM.

wed for distinctive requirements and environments

Copyrighted by and usedcourtesy IALD[BErff magazine, London

F. Munger, artist

Aerodynamic heating is a major problem for designers ofcraft which are to fly faster than sound. Metals have theirlimits of endurance. As Richard Hallion explains, on Page 7,Concorde was deliberately designed for speeds under Mach2 so that it could be built of the familiar aircraft material,aluminum. In supersonic cruising, the heat of the nose mustnever exceed 127°C (260°F); when the plane approaches

= that temperature, the crew slows it down.The X-15s had to withstand brief surges of heating to

-'500 °C. Frames were of stainless steel and titanium, which isstronger than steel at the same weight (and more expensive).Also, X-15s were covered with Inconel X, a nickel and steelalloy of great strength and heat resistance.

An orbiter's frame can be made of aluminum because thecraft i completely covered with thermal protectit'e materialsfor 'the few moments of peril during reentry (see Page 10).At that time, heat may reach 1200°C on the underside whichslams,into the atmosphere. New composites are also used tosave weight, as graphite epoxy for the doors of the cargobay. In the aft fuselage, the structure which must carry thethrust (df the engines is made of boron-epoxy diffusion-

.' bonded to titanium' .for extraordinary strength and heatresistanse,.

10Air & Space, Mar.-Apr. 1979

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,..

The Innards ofOrbiter 102

Only artists can illustrate the way Shuttle orbi-ters will work in space. But what is the vehicle,actually like, close up? Air & Space asked thebuilder, Rockwell Internationals to photographsome of the people now putting logether.OV-102, which- will be the first to orbit. Launchis presently set for late 1979. These scenes arein the Rockwell plant at Palmdale, California:The first orbiter, named "Enterprise," was alsobuilt here. Carried aloft by a 747 jet, it madeshort flights in the summer of 1977, anti is nowbeing used in tests simulating the stresses oflaunch.

The "spaghetti" of wiring in these pictureshints at the complexity of controls for a craftwhich must work as a launch vehicle, a space-craft, a scientific research laboratory, a spacestation for crew and scientists, and an aero-dynamically viable glider for returns to Earth.

Top left: F6rward bulkhead. The wall is the payloadbay side of the aft flight deck where two of thecrew are shown at work in the drawing, top of.opposite page. Wiring goes to the aft fuselage aswell as to operational elements lo the payload bay.Studs outline the hatch which can be removed forinstallation of an airlock or the tunnel cennection,to Spacelab, a scientific laboratory being built bythe European Space Agency to fit this bay.

Center left: One of the graphite epoxy payload baydoors mounted on a work structure. Woman is In-i stalling a strain gige for functional tests.

Bottom left and below: Putting on the outer "skin" ofmore than 30,000 silica tiles. These dissipate heatso rapidly and insulate so well that a person canhold one side even when the other side is red hot.First,adhesIve-coated strips of Nomex (nylon) feltare laid down as a base for the tiles. The felt itselfinsulates to 371°C (700°P) in the cracks betweentiles.

*

Inside a channel in the aft fuselage.fluids which work like automobile braket is Installing lines for flight control mach-tip of a standoff tool.

110

12

The Innards ofOrbiter 102

Coktinued

Left: Propulsion plumbing inal theaft fuselage. The 43.0.cent eterdiameter pipe (17 In.) OrIngsliquid hydrogen (LH,) from theexternal tank and °divides, here,to distribute the propellant partly

4,-to the thkee main engines, andpartly to tfo Lila till or drain dis-connect mdfhanism of the tank.

. Similar pipes feed in liquid oxy-gen (L02) propellant. The sheliesat the right are in avionics bayNo. 5 on the rear payload bay ,,bulkhead; the wiring is for flight'control subsystems.

First below: Control cables and hy"- -draulic lines inside the aft fuser

i lage; these run to the "aft bodyflap," a horizontal panel under ,

the three engine nozzles; the flapis movable for aerodynamic pur-poses during. return to Earth.

At bottom below: A control subsys-tem in the forward fuselage nearthe nose of the orbiter. The engi-neer is making electrical testsand wears a headset for com-munications with the centralcheckout control room at theRockwell International shop.

NASA's Space Benefits Briefing Notebook (free)gives,datastudents can° use to study the ways

in which ,NASA-developed aerospace technologyis re -used. to the advantage of earthly affairs.

NASA's research - and - development_(R&D) effort's force the evolution ofriew technology. The agency' makes.pioneering advances for aviation andcreates the program for space wheremany requirements are unlike any onEarth. Since the R&D is paid for bytaxpayers (about one cent in each taxdollar), the results belong to the pub-.lic. Further; the 1958 Space Act estab-lishing NASA directed the new agencyto "provide for the widest praclicableand appropriate dissemination of in-formation concerning its activities andthe results thereof." NASA's Technol-ogy Utilization Office works at this,but as Mr. Zisfein says in rhyme, Page2, the process is not simple.

Seven Industrial Applications Cen-ters around the country are linked toa master computer which has accessto more than 10 million technologicaldocuments. NASA's are included. Any-

rf;

one may search for information, payinga nominal charge for help. The staffincludes scientists and engineers whocan understand the technical talk oftheir clients, know. how to get themost from the computer, .and keeptheir transactions confidential.

Many smaller firms cannot affordR&D departments, but can draw onfederal resources. They may becomelicensed to,use certain material exclu-siVely.

NASA's Tech Utilization office pub-lishes information at\ three levels. Theannual Spinoff* is a glossy, colorful,popular story about the secondary usesof aerospace technology in ways andproducts which the public can readilyunderstand. Space Benefits** is a plain,unillustrated handbook, updated an-imally by the Denver Research Insti-tute, University of Denver. The 400 to500 condensed 'entries note the mostrecent, known secondary uses ofNASA's' technology. Some companiesadapt or adopt management.systems,computer programs or other quality-improving methods which are not vis-ible in the finished product. Whatmakes this book useful to students is

14

the thorough indexing, four waysbytopic, state, organization, and NASAffield Center. One can quickly identifyocal' users and perhaps get a first -hand

story. Items are grouped in 20 cate-gories, each prefaced by discussion ofone or more Key Issues; these couldprovide the framevork for studentpapers in bginess or economics.

NASA also issues Tech Briefs of ex-plicit, details for engineers.'

-"spinoff 1978, paperback, 81/2 by 11 in.,114 pp., lavish color illus. Lists 26 officesaround the country which channel NASAtechnology to other users. GovernmentPrinting Office, Washington, DC 20402,Stock No. 033-000-00712-4, $3.25. (Spinoff1979 available in April.)** Space Benefits, NASA Benefits BriefingNotebook, paperback, 8 by 10 in., usuallyabout 300 pp. From Director, TechnologyUtilization Office, P.O. Box 8757, Balti-more/Washington International Airport,Maryland 21240, free. (Also inquire ,hereabout Tech Briefs.)

NASA Films, catalog revised periodically;about 30 pp., titles to borrow at no costexcept return postage. From, regional NASACenters, or NASA Headquarters, CodeLFB-9 (Publications), Washington, DC20546, free. Several films cover spinoffs.

Left: The "Bull Nose" cattle transport is a new design based on NASA's aero-dynamics research. Reduced space between cab and trailer eliminates air turbu-lence and drag; fuel savings are significant. Below: A machine saws 1/4-inch

wide by 1/4 -inch deep grooves across an airport runway. NASA showed that theserain-drains minimize hydroplaning skids by landing aircraft. Highways also aremade safer; wet-highway accidents_kwrooved sections are sharply reduced.

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HOW TO USE THIS STAR MAPThis disk rimmed. the sky as Itappears in late March at 9:00p.m. or early April at 8:00p.m. Line up map In thedirection you are facing.The center of the mapis the point overyour head.

MarchSky

Sic111540--

p,30'a

PHASESOF THE MOONFirst Quarter March 5, April 4Full Moon March 13, April 12Last Quarter March 21, April 19New Moon March 27, April 26

by Dennis L MammanaStaff Astronomer

Flandrau Planetarium, Tucson, Arizona

.Spring comes to the northern hemisphereat approximately 22 minutes past mid-night on March 21, I:fringing weatherwhich should be more conducive to eve-ning stargazing.' 'The splendid deep-skyobjects of winter at early in the westas springtime stars r1a in the east.

From our own cosmic backyard, twoplanetsJupiter and Saturnare plainlyvisible to the unaided eye during Marchand April evenings. Three rules-of-thumbhelp Identify !hem: (t) Both planets arebright, Jupiter being brighter than Saturn;

Air & Space, Mar.-Apr. 1979

(2) planets are always seen among theconstellations of the zodiac; (3) stars ap-pear to twinkle more than planets do.

To find Jupiter this month, follow astraight line between the stars Castor andPollux southward until the line intersectsthe bright, planet. The Moon will appearjust south of Jupiter on the evenings ofMarch 9 and April 5.

It is fascinating to realize that twoU.S. spacecraft are up there near Jupiterat this time, nearly 811 million kilometersaway (532 million miles). After an 18-month trip, Voyager 1 made its closestapproach (within 351,000 kilometers) onMarch 5, 1979. Voyager 2, on a slowertrajectory, takes, 22, months to reach

14 15

Sky map byD. David Batch

Abrams PlanetariumMichigan State University

© NSTA, published inScience and Children,

reprinted by permission

Jupiter and will race by on July 9.. Bothprovide scientific data and spectacularcloseup photographs of the largest planet,11 times greater in diameter than Earth,with 1,316 times the volume of Earth.Jupiter's gravitational mass, more than300 times that of Earth, whips the space-craft around behind, adding velocity. TheVoyagers are the!) aimed for Saturn, andwill reach, the ringed planet in 1980 and1981. if all goes well, again they willreturn pictures and data.

To find Saturn this month, locate theconstellation Leo the Lion in the easternsky. Saturn is in the lion's belly. TheMoon will appear Just south of Saturn onthe evenngs of March 12 and April 8.

S

The Planets of the Sun in SongThe words below, by NASM's Ivin Zisfein and Robert W. Wolfe, aresung to the tune of ',',The Far r in the Dell" in the "For Space Juniorrsection of NASM's "Expl the Planets" Gallery.

The family of the Sun,The family of the Sun;Here are nine planets inThe family of the Sun.

Mercury is hotAnd Mercury, is small.Mercury has no atmosphere;It's just arocky

(Refrain to repeat as indicated:)

The family of the Sun, .The family of the Sun,Heise's another planet inThe family of the Sun.

Venus has thick cloudsThat hide what is below.The air is foul, the ground is hot.It rotates very "slow."

(Repeat Refrain)

We love the.Earth, our,home,Its oceans and its trees.We eat its food we breathe its air,So no pollutiori, please.

(Repeat hfrain)

Mars is very red.It's also dry and cold.Some day you might visit MarsIf you are really bold.

(Repeat Refrain)

Great Jupiter is big..We've studied it a lot.We found that it has 14 moonsAnd a big red spot.

(Repeat Refrain)

Saturn has great rings.We wondered what they were,Now we know they're icy rocksWhich we saw as a blur.

The family of the Sun,The family of the Sun,Here are two more planets inThe family of the Sun.

Uranus and NeptuneWe don't know much about.Maybe you will study themAnd then we'll all find out.

(Repeat Refrain)

Pluto's last in line.It's farthest from the Sun.*It's small and cold and icy too.To land there won't be fun.

The family Qf the Sun,The family of the Sun,There are nine planets inThe family of the Sun.

Every 248 years, Pluto's orbit (tilted 17' out of the ecliptic) brings it inside Neptune'sfor a period of 20 years. From 1979 to 1999, Neptune will be the farthest from the Sun.

TO PRESENT REGISTRANTS:For changes or corrections ofaddress, please send the mailinglabel or the coded Information atthe top of the label. if anyone isreceiving unwanted duplicates,kindly return, the unwanted label.

TO NEW READERS:Air & Space is a bimonthly, Sep-temberrMaysent at no charge tothose involved in disseminatingaerospace information. CollegiansIn teacher-training programs areeligible, but not other students.All material may be photocopiedfor classroom use. individualregistrations are -preferred (as toeach branch library); bulk mail-ings can be arranged if necessary,especially one-time packets foraerospace education workshopsand special events. NASM cannotsupply back Issues. These areavailable through University Mi-crofilms international, Inc., 300 N.Zeeb Rd., Ann Arbor, Michigan48108.

Air & Space, Mar.-Apr. 1979 15

What Is it? Why, the northern heniisphereof Venus, of course, day and night sidesaround the North Pole (white cross). ThisIs one of the first images returned bythe Infrared Radiometer on the Pioneerspacecraft tylich arrived in early Decem-ber. The Wrument measures thermalemission from the atmosphere, the darkcloud around the Pole being 30°C,warmer than cioudtops over the equator.

ApCall for PapersNASM is inviting pagers (or a detailedabstract) about multicultural programsin aerospace education, for a confer-ence on the subject at NASM nextJune.

Accepted papers will be publishedin a summary report. Selected authorsmay present their stories personally,sponsored by NASM. Further informa-tion is available from ence co-ordinator Lonnie &Inc 0

(Museum address on cover).Telephone: 202/381 -416.. Papersshould be received by. March 26, 1979.

NEW, FIRST-TIME REGISTRANTS: For complimentary copies of Air & Space, bi-monthly during the school year, mail this form (or a copy) to National Air andSpace Museum, Room 3569, Washington, DC 20560..

NAM!PLEASE PRtNT,

ADDRESS

Check ONE BOX ONLY in each group:POSITION

Administrator, curatorTeacher

o Staff member, educational organization(professional society, non-profit group,or business)Editor, writerOther

SUBJECTSEl Sciences

Aerospace in particularOther (social, arts, business, etc.)

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Kindergarten.PrimaryElementary or middle schoolHigh school or prepAdult (teachers' college, aerospace work-shops,'counseling, etc.)Wide range (as in museums)

AFFILIATIONSchool, museum, planetariumProfessional society, government, ornon-profit organizationBusiness

IG WITH PL,Winds that scourplanet Mars, apdover the deserts (leave similar streibehind obstacles,satellite views ofWhich is Earth?

Clue: Shoreline and s

SEUMON

Or

isionm 3569

ARY. GEOLOGISTSby Andy Chalk InCenter for Earth

and Planetary Studies, NASM

Before the era of satellite photographyand imagery, Earth's unexplored deserts

5, were about as much of a mystery astie surface of Mars. Now intriguingsimilarities are showing up.

FTr left is a photograph by Astro-ft. nauts aboard Gemini 11, 1966, showing

two circular mountains in southwesternEgypt, an area wit4 surface featuresthat are similar to those on Mars. Thelarger mountain, called Jebel Uweinat,is about 50 kilometers in diameter. Bothmountains have dark tails similar inappearance to the ones on Mars (nearleft). Last fall, a 1,000-mile explorationof. Egypt's Western.Desert was led byDr. Farouk El-Baz, Research Directorof NASM's Center for Earth and Plane-tary Studies, 'and science adviser toPresident Sadat of Egypt. His findingisuggest that the Uweinat streak is madeof dark materials eroded from themountain and deposited in the "windshadow" behind it.

The Mars image of the Memnoniaregion was taken from orbit by theMarine0 spacecraft in 1972. It shoa paif of craters (the larger one 25 kmin diameter) which' have dark tails or"wirisi streaks." These and other windstreaks on Mars are probably formedby deposition or erosion ot materialbehind crater rims ,by the everpresentand often strong wind. Did a similarprocess produce the streaks on bothplanets? Detailed comparisons under-way at NASM hopefully will give cluesto the origin of both the Martian andthe Egyptian features.

One way to simulate wind streaks at schoolis to blow superfine sugar over d model craterReside a long box used as a wind tunnel.

Non-Profit Org.U.S. Postage

PaidPermit No. 3055Beltsville, MD

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