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Fifteenth Year. No. 2 4 I'Wf'-'Wg

Rochester. M^ Y fllOfttordayi March % f | 9 0 i •»L> •'*>• T^j!U,MV1ijgH-iE-i i 'w»p^' ••'Hy^iJ 'JJ ' 4 j ^ ' j

S U n t Patrick's

Language Cht Iriib Literary "R#-tfhfal and the Study qf Gaelic

By MICHAEL O'LEARY

w [Copyright, 180i by Hamilton Miafc.J

•ILL the language of St Pat­rick again become the com­mon tongue of the Irish peo­ple? So we may fondly

hope, as to this end points the remark­able literary revival now In progress In the Green Isle and among ItB de­scendants in this country. And may we not also hope that with the restora­tion of the ancient Gaelic language Ireland may be restored to its pristine glory and again take its proud place among the nations of the earth ?

The literary revival which gives this promise took definite form in 1893, when was organized in Dublin the Gaelic league, whose purposes were de­fined to be:

First.—The preservation of Irish as the national language of Ireland and its extension as a spoken tongue.

Second.—The publication of existing Gaelic literature nud tee cultivation of modern literature In Irish.

In the pursuance of Its first named purpose the few scholars of the Gaelic language and literature gathered about the University of Dublin begun a vig­orous campaign for the preservation of

speaking people, and tons v a n begun a Gaelic revival, which la spreading with wonderful rapidity throughout the land. Never has the dying tongue of a people been resuscitated so quick* ly. Until a few years ago the landed gentry and nobility of Ireland almost without exception took pride In not knowing the language of their country, and Its use was confined to the peas­antry and a few scholars of the an­cient literature. Now everybody from the duke to the laborer has taken up Gaelic, and It is popular alike in castle and cottage. - Branches of "S» parent league are being established every­where throughout the Island, and the study of tho ancient language and its literature Is taken up with such en­thusiasm as to stimulate the hope that the Gaelic tongue may yet resume its once honored place in history and let­ters.

Not only is the Gaelic revival spread­ing throughout Ireland, but among the sons of Erin who have crossed the sea >

a tuna antedating the advert* of ^ JSnvaftenrtw'w trid^i^.

f4 % "Wfpi>" TX —

s i1* <i w y af|^Sr* nmeig*

£>fr>%«#;

Patrick* who preached in tfc« Ct&eitts tongue. " ^

The literary merit of these ancient productions has been dwelt on by many critics, both favorably and otherwise, tnd their* art, pathos, dignity, purity r.nd humor abundantly shown. No one who has delved Into Gaelic literature even cursorily will deny the high de­gree of technical flnfah and t&e par* gift of narrative ^splayed. It is 'a world} of barbarie grandeur, of unend­ing strife,' to which the earliest tales transport us, but also a world of noble though rugged ideals of chivalry, hon­or, loyalty and love, of picturesque flgw ures and scene! and a world withal' over which fancy has' spread Its wing*. Noir 'fir there "any "lack of theme* of perennial Interest to humanity—the •struggles of the' Individual with bis passions or against the trammels of the law, social conventions or against fate Itself; conflicts' of love and duty, of friendship and loyalty. If there la

la

the ancient tongue among those by , l n n o 8 e n s e pontical. though it is likely

„ ._ , . . _ . , one trait which distinguishes this early to America and their descendants there I I i t e r a t u p e f r o m t h a t o f o t h e r mtiom , n

is a growing desire to know more of fi - m U a r rf d e v e l o p n i e n t u the language and Uterature of historic Gael. In all the principal cities of this country there are Gaelic societies, de­voted to the awakening and preserva­tion of the ancient language, customs, art and music of Ireland, embracing in their membership hundreds who speak and write Gaelic. These societies are affiliated with the Gaelic league of Ire­land, to which they render substantial aid a ad have been greatly stimulated and encouraged by the presence in this country of William Butler Yeats, the distinguished Irish poet, orator and dramatist, who is now regarded as the master spirit of the Gaelic revival.

The Gaelic movement in Ireland is

Ireiliw A.

•a? ss^ ,-ftffiV!

a tlrouaandyearsu t , , , W»tt> the snec&»e»s1>t $w\k wm<

atsre yet astern hare b$e» a jpiai s isaJiJl continue to. be studied by j^nemtlwiui) ot historians, foiklorUits au4 «rch«o3'; oflsts, it is their l i j^arm^iH'JSW* qualities \, - e h auwe them to, gpni ,in„ popular favo;*. t'heyjftwsittiighi^diiil. th« argsjj the ppe$jtt4 P W l f H l l 4h« nn>seiij; _ Gaelic. r#ijlvs|i, jinejjt velop, and, when $Ui | it not unlikely t h l t tbe vc tture may once a^ln.4l».lnf,,,?7__

tnd thirteenth «w|toj!l|p..,J'; h ..;s •»,,, ^

FABIOLA, " - - ^ Or Thi Chyrch «f Ik* Caf«o«mbt By Ills Emlnince Cardinal WiiWmiri,

of tb« Eirt. Gwi»t« from P«Mi* mn Uid on Uw grottod, «tki from Cfai«, WMy^lour^ ii^fl. from

»'»'»•'

whom it was still used, urging tliem to keep alive the yet remtiiuiug spark of the literary liKht which once liurued so brightly. The work, therefore, of the Gaelic league was at flrat mainly confined to the so called "Irish speak­ing districts," which, roughly, embrace the portions of the island lying ulong the coasts north, went ud south from Donegal to YVaterfonl. They contain

to have a marked effect on the political status and sentiment of the country. I In the education of the Irish people and the revival of their language and , Uterature the national spirit is I strengthened, unified and intensified and the people inspired with keener ambition for the ultimate freedom of Ireland.

Aside from any sentiment of patriot the finest scenery in Ireland, uml their j i s m w n ich the study of the Gaelic lan­

guage and literature may awaken in the breast of the loyal son of Erin, it Is a fascinating theme. Though large­ly fragmentary and disconnected, the

Inhabitants are as pure Gaels ns extant, being in soiue places, like Arran Islands, wholly fairly estimated that

are the

unmixed. It is one-fifth of the SHE KNOWS HKB GAEXJC WEI,!,

(Published by Special B*fl.ti«fe,)

CHXPTBRIH.' • x " ' •'

"Thou hut inherited front %\ father," •poke the mother, with tli deeper *>hsmnity of tone, •'* noble name, a high lUtion, ample fob**, e*e*y edfld^r M*«ntt«e, Jtfut tlwre is one treMun, whjph I have MM»«dl for thee from hie inheritance, tilt tkotr shouldit prove thjtelf worthy pi it. I have conoealed it front thee till s o t ; though X valued it more than gold and jewels. It u now time that I msJce it over to thee."

With trembling hands ehs dre* from her neck the golden obmin rhiob hung around it; and for the fint tine her eon aair that it supported » eniijt bag or pane richly embroidered, and set with gems. She opened it, atid drew from it a sponge, dry indeed, but deeply stained.

"This, too, is thy father*! Wood;; Pancrstius," she said, with f*lteriDg voice tnd strcsmingfye4. ' I g»tbcrtd it myself from hie de»th-round,,ai» diigaised, I stood by his iid«i«n4 Sjif him die from the woundi he w d » -ceired for Christ,"

She gazed npoa it fondly,

HBSgS

s#iaiaeaVf

| t k a * F ._!?• was *ot

enjoy this life. In of «»y of "

for'w.twm &fmMmmfam& and no oas *ad a right to exsot wo« i The greater patt of hU^iywst at one or the otb^ of tlwgraiti which>sio^tb«purpo«tsiB>i>ll«d iif

readiog rooms, gs n b l i n s ; k M ^ g p

toq$h»bi^»g^p^|^Mf».! fc l ,. . »w«y Ali;jso«ri5WtjWB»ti?l# for a U«^ intoths Forum to hear loose orator •peakiDg, or »<itne adroclU pleadiaf,' or>at?oneofthemanyp<iblb| "*'"

. . . . , . - . . . . . . . * * - - - ^ J whither the fMhiodabjewurid of repaired. He returned

oerj. tiier , he tml$^.pfato&.^vv previously in Ti ted,or picked updunog ch© dsy, »monf ths many parAtii«s on; the Icofc'oai fo»^ Jd fer '-fcWfwstr

At home he was a kind ind ioottM p« gent mMter. His house WU well! kepi bij for him by *n abundaiiM ofsiaTSeV 0f n ^ n j D f gietpt j l a and; se ir4ul?l* wis ^ t o i t & ^ M ^ : i i t t f e ~ ; ^ ^ ^ i r t ^ so long as i f ery t j i^ m!MmM -i0&mrf^imif hi9dwm»p,d,w#^sewad,*n^ttl-1%j wiok^a^ss of beata*a he 1st tping* go,;oft qf^tmm^ mm$^iMf00t' direction pj Jfa.f^bm»ib*M&'*j.m her jsalottsly

It is not, however,' so much to hiak found h '"' that wa wish to introduce our reader, was oo. as to'wotber ibm^-6f hii hotisi, tb*; , U Jas

,B»aUriaJ,aad

*#?vf^

'.IffRij

• ^ g L ^ R ^ k j u S k " j

m & P:

people of Ireland still speak nie oltl Gaelic tongue with greater or less flu­ency, but it is most frequently h(\ar«l in Donegal and Galway, in Sligo. Mayo, Cork, Kerry, Clare and, most of all, in the Isle of Arran. In tlese sections, which may be termed the core of Gaeldom—sections which have most tenaciously clung to the tradi­tions of the old days of Ireland's inde-

Iflerature of ancient Gael is astonish­ingly rich and abundant. Hundreds of manuscripts, written in the days when thp lamp of Europe's learning was kept burning only in "the little isle of the west." are stored in Trinity college, Dublin, and in museums nnd libraries elsewhere throughout the World. They were n labor of love on the part of the old monk1*, nnd the illu-

pendence and most stoutly resisted i mination ami chIro?r:i')!iy of some of British innovations—the efforts of the

WILLIAM BUXI.EB VEATS, XBHIKISH POET.

Gaelic league met with a quick and enthusiastic reacoose. ftojn the Irish

them are vo-Itablo «•<>'•'<x of art. Divldlnir early Irish literature roucrh

ly Into two main groups, the prose tnle

.ii uie lyrical poetry, Gaelic students ...aniulii that there still exist in manu­scripts of various ages about 500 tales, of which only about 150 have been translated and printed, while a manu­script catalogue in the library of the Royal Irish academy enumerates the initial lines of nearly 7,500 poems still preserved. It is true that many of these tales and poems are known to the modern student only in late copies, but these often reach bade ln an un­broken chain to very early originals, so that It sometimes happens that a poem originally composed ln the eighth century had been preserred only tn a seventeenth century manuscripts. Ott­ers are clearly the productions of re­cent times, being merely modern Bet­tings of stories told and retold In Ire­land for centuries.

In the prose tales there is embalmed a vast mass of legendary lore of a character mythological, heroic, semi-historical and romantic. These tales were learned by heart and recited by generations of professional story tell­ers and were later written down and preserved by the scribes of the monas­teries. The oldest of them carry the student back to a pre-Ohristlan period and give a picture of.life Jn_Irelandjtt

the type of womanhood revealed ln i t "As It belonged to Celtic romance,"

says a prominent Irish writer, "to Im­pose upon the mind of Europe a new type and ideal of womanhood, the type of Iseult . and Elaine, of Guinevere and Enid, so it belonged to Ireland to create some of the earliest love tales of western Europe, the love tales of Deirdre and Eraer, of Etaine and Grainne."

The love tales of Ireland are not only among the most ancient of Europe,

but they have also a purity, a tender­ness and a charm hardly to be found elsewhere. They are indeed a special production of the Gael. The heroines of these tales are sprightly, winsome, very human maidens, belonging to an order of beings as unlike the Titanic women of the northern saga as they are nnllke the morbid, luxurious la­dles of southern romance. If one wishes to learn bow Irish youths.and maidens of those early centuries loved let him turn to the "Wooing of Emer," to the "Children of tJsnech," to "Dee^

mot and Grainne," or to "JLIadaln and Ourithlr."

The Irish have always been a poetic people, and the ancient Gaelic Is par­ticularly rich in poetry, much of i t of a high literary order. I t Is related that in the days of Oisln "about 40,000 persons were able to compose verse." One-third) of the men of Erin were poets In the time of Oolum-kille, and soon after every learned man was com­pelled to prove himself a poet Much of this poetry Is still preserved. It represents the cheerful, buoyant, hope­ful spirit of the Irish race which has survived the persecution and repression of centuries. Some o f ther old Gaelic songs, such, tor instance, as "Allfeen

it fervently ;and her gushing tears fell on it, and moistened it once more. And thus liquefied again, its colour glowed bright and warm, as if it bad only just left the martyr's heart.

The holy matron put i t to her son's quivering lips, snd they were empur­pled with its sanctifying touch. He venerated the sacred relic with the deepest emotions of a Christian and a eon; and felt se if his father's spirit had descended into him, and stirrer} to its depths the full vessel of his henrt, that its waters might be ready freely to flow. The whole family thus seemed to bim once more united, Lucana replaced her treasure in its sbrine,«nd hung it round the neck ofhersoni saying: "When next it is moistened,1

may i t be front a nobler Btream than that which gushes from a weak tfnl man's eyes!" But hesyen thought »ot so; and the future , combatant ,was anointed, snd the future martyr was consecrated, by the Mood «f his father mingled with his mother** tears

CHAFTilRlT* T H E HBATHEK HOUSEHGIJ), ^

While the scenes described in the three last chapters weretaJtiiig plsce,a very different one presented itself in another house, situated in the valley between the Quirinal and JSEquiline hills. It was that of Fabius, a man oi the equestrian order, whose family, % farming the revenues of Asiatic pro­vinces, had amassed immense wealth * His house was larger and more spies* did. It contained a third large peristyle or eonrfr, iwrtonnded" ftgr 'ImMgfty*. apartments; and besides poeaewLng

19 tit

sole heiress of bis wealth. Thirls his daughter, who, according to Boraan UBua e.beaw the fatter*** name,softeh-ed, however, Into the diminutive Pabiola. As we have done* before, we will conduct the reader at one* into her apartment A. marble stair­case leads to it from the swond court, ov<r the sides of which exfeods a suite of rooms, opening opob «terrace, re­freshed and adorned by * graceful fonntain.and covered with a profusion of the rarest exotic prints, In these chambers is concentrated whatever Is most exquisite and curious In native and foreign art, A refined taste directing ample means, atfd peculiar opportunities; has. evidently presided

of «tf arpun4 ^ i b * mom«nt, tb* hamM *fce #vening repast if MBP8*SS£ ing; and . we discover the mistress of this dainty abode engaged in prepsur' inghemlf, to appear with beconlBf

. ^ n e ^ ' - i e e J i i l S l ^ i ^ o f A t henias *orkman»hip,iniaid with silver ia<* room of Mmwffimim, *•>»* *» laving glajs windows to the ground,

surf'*}- '4»m^:mwM* »o*"7 to her hancs a mirror of polisbfd ail

iti8'.*,.co]

^IttlgeittJoW descrjpi^sea, that our reader will believe are requisite, to pat bin lav o f the state of material, i Rome at the period of our& and will make this the won ble. And should b«'b«*V think that we describe things splendid and refined for a i ai oline in arts snd good tsite,«si remind him that the year we,afe, px)wd4pTMit,Boni«isBotvas from the better periods of ~ for exampk, that 0/ UM our age is from that of O or Dooatello. Yet in how usury palaces are still preserved • these great aftists,fd!ly pffs#a no longer imitatsdf Whf# was with the houses

? % t f f f f t o bscontinasA)lf *

"At what *t^*y$:tM+tf the most cbamnngr ssABkrjhWI tlv* female of mere b# MsVatt age •*. * * : V

"At the s i c *t the the question srfswsisB i»A

W%&:^M:

Man, ^ was a diplon«t»Wsw'Y«ktfef' ^".

*£*# V * ******

« , . * . s , . * ^ ^ « , A % ^ « ^ T . . , _ _ ^ I 7 _ H . o n well «terjDodyhas downs'" «•

"That's rlftht ^dst jtt i^'''Kr¥EZ£S9rtmni».kL **»wn pretty low be-aus»llB

, - . » W « W V u m w » b I » , ~ I C x c h a n g e » r J ear* wmMmwWm&h o f w h f o h ' . •>**&#*& Ihe-Rom*ntao1el i i f t |bl | | taesotond 1 under the "" " " and on which thev lavish immense iptcd* 1 0^*ffimtijku of Indian sandal 'bseone ^ ^ ^ l H ' ^ ^ p i d i s p I a y of jewels and («

precious caskets, ftonS '"

" ^ S H ^ P ^ ^

^ • S S ^ * . ' * ^

Wimmiiimmmm^

t