FFF and Maps

CHY 4U

Unit 1

TO Map

Wikipedia, TO Map, 2007, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TO_map.gif (August 31, 2012).

TO Map

University of Texas at Arlington Library, N.d., http://libraries.uta.edu/SpecColl/Exhibits/weuromaps/tms1-T-O-map.jpg (August 31, 2012).

Mappae Mundi

“This, after all, was the great Age of Faith, and the mapmakers – most of them were churchmen or had been instructed by Church scholars – accepted what the Bible told them as the literal truth. They believed that their task was not simply to record or measure. Rather, it was to fit the world and what they thought they knew of it into the prevailing philosophical and religious viewpoints of the time.” = context

Jeremy Harwood, To the Ends of the Earth: 100 Maps that Changed the World (London: Marshall Editions, 2006), 31-32.

Exploration

See map on page 54 of textbook. Next two lessons are the CONTEXT for these

voyages of exploration. History of geography

Background for the Background

Humanism Background Highly interested in systematizing the way to

study the earth via the rediscovery of Ptolemy Kings and merchants want this knowledge to

expand their empires and wealth Economic Background

Rise of the “middle class” – not poor, not noble Engaged in business, trade, professions

No lord/vassal relationship like in medieval feudalism Thus land is not the basis of wealth

Economic, con’t

Emergence of capitalism Economic system in which wealth is in the

form of money rather than land Money (capital) is invested in order to earn more

money (profit) E.g., in voyages of exploration that will earn more

than they cost

Fate (geo and tech) Background

Why were western European countries so well placed for exploration? China on the Pacific (larger) China had explored Africa, India, Indonesia

but stopped in the Ming dynasty (1400s) May have “discovered” the new world?

TO Maps

T- 0 map (circle = 0 = ocean, T divides 3 zones – Asia, Europe, Africa) – lines are bodies of water that divide the continents (Mediterranean, Nile, Don).

Called mappaemundi (map of the world) As Christianity spread through the Roman Empire, maps

became adorned with symbols of Christian power (kings on thrones, T= the cross, 3 parts = holy trinity)

Earthly paradise = east Jerusalem centre of earth (navel) Since they’re illustrated, they show what Europeans thought

people in the zones looked like: Monstrous races in unknown places (are they human?) Fear of Apocalypse (Gog and Magog – marching to Europe as

barbarians and ending civilization)

Carte Pisane (portolan or maritime chart)

1290

Barnard College, History of American Maritime http://beatl.barnard.columbia.edu/maritime/atlas/photocd/Img0033.jpg (July 23, 2012).

Ptolemy’s World Map

British Library. Learning: Mapping Minds. Ptolemy’s World Map, 1482. N.d. http://www.bl.uk/learning/artimages/maphist/minds/ptolemysmap/ptolemy.html (July 23, 2012).

1482

Waldseemuller Map

Library of Congress. The Map that Named America. Sept. 2003. http://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/0309/maps.html (July 23, 2012).

First map showing North and South America

1507

Islamic Map

Late 17th century

Library of Congress, The Heavens and the Earth. Medieval Islamic Map of the World. N.d., http://myloc.gov/Exhibitions/EarlyAmericas/Interactives/HeavensAndEarth/html/earth/artifact8-earth.html (July 23, 2012).

Syrian Astrolabe

1230

Emily Winterburn, Astronomical Instruments Through Time, BBC History, 2011, http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/cultures/astronomical_instruments_01.shtml (July 23, 2012).

Henricus Martellus World Map

c. 1490

Martellus Map: Context for Columbus

“It's said that Columbus used this map or one like it to persuade Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile to support him in the early 1490s.

The map was made by a German cartographer living in Florence and reflects the latest theories about the form of the world and the most accurate ways of portraying it on a flat surface.

It seemed to prove that, as Columbus argued, there wasn't a great distance between Europe and China by sea.

The map is also the first to record the rounding of the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa by the Portuguese in 1488.

This proved that there wasn't a land link to Asia in the south - and that Europeans could reach the riches of the East Indies by sea without having to go through Muslim-held lands.”

Peter Barber, Ten of the Greatest: Maps that Changed the World, Mail Online, May 8, 2010, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/moslive/article-1272921/Ten-greatest-maps-changed-world.html (July 23, 2012).

Timeline of Mapping Developments

206 BCE – 220 CE: Han dynasty mapping of China; oldest known compass is attributed to this period

90 -168 CE: life of Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus, Greek geographer and astronomer who came up with the idea of using coordinates to locate places via longitude and latitude)

9th Century: Ptolemy’s Geography translated into Arabic

780-850: life of Al-Khwarizmi, Islamic mathematician who also made maps identifying cities in Asia and Africa

1270: marine (portolan) chart 1321: mappaemundi + marine chart

Focus on Forces (that start with F)

Causes and Consequences – Sophisticated Vocabulary Made more likely Set stage for Enabled Motivated Made possible Laid groundwork for Set up Triggered /

catalyzed

Inspired Conspired Resulted in Culminated in Provoked Prompted Encouraged Pushed Pulled

Intended * Decided * Expected * Foresaw * Predicted * Catalyzed * Incited * Kindled * Triggered *Sparked * Lead to * Contributed to * Made possible *Resulted in * Encouraged * Blocked * Prevented * Made worse * Accelerated * Exacerbated * Strengthened * Reinforced * Weakened * Blocked

Worksheet

For Fun

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/interactive/animations/map_making/index_embed.shtml BBC History: Animated History of European

Mapmaking