FF ,U -5 MSC-04112 f -f - NASA...AFOLLO SPACECRAFT FLIGHT HISTORY Mission report number B:2acecra:rt...

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MSC-04112

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

•

APOLLO 14 MISSION REPORT

DISTRIBUTION AND REFEREN1:1NG

This paper is not suitable for general distribution or referencing. It may be referenced only in other working correspondence and documents by participating orgonizationa.

MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTER HOUSTON.TEXAS

MAY 1971

. þÿ�_�.�_�'�° ��;�'�;�I�°�I�;�I FFþÿ � _,U » -5 ._._.~.-I-1314-212 f -f" 'O þÿ ��I�' NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND suce ADMINISTRATION

- -

APOLLO 14 M|ss|ON REPORT

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MOANNED SPACECR-AFT CENTER. O°=< p_'_ þÿ�~ ��__ HOUSTON_TEXAS

fr-1 MAY 1971

AFOLLO SPACECRAFT FLIGHT HISTORY

Mission report � number B:2acecra:rt Descrii!tion Launch date La\Ulch site PA-l Post launch BP-6 Firat pad abort Nov. 1, 1963 White Sands

me1110randum Missile Range. N. Mex. �

A-001 !llC-A-R-64-1 BP-12 Transonic abort Mey 13, 1964 White Sands ._ Missile Ra.nge 1 N. Mex.

,.. AS-101 !llC-A-R-64-2 BP-13 Nominal launch and May 28, 1964 Cape Kennedy,

exit environment Fla.

AS-102 MSC-A-R-64-3 BP-15 Nominal laWlch and Sept. 18, 1964 Cape Kennedy. exit environment Fla.

A-002 !llC-A-R-65-1 BP-23 Maximum dynamic Dec. 8, 1964 White Sands pressure abort Missile Range,

N. Mex.

AS-103 MPR-BAT-Fl!-66-4 BP-16 Micro meteoroid Feb. 16. 1965 Cape Kenneey, .(MSFC) experiment Fla.

A-003 !llC-A-R-65-2 BP-22 Low-altitude abort Mey 19. 1965 White Sands (planned high- Missile Range, e.lti tude abort) N. Mex.

AS-104 Not published BP-26 Micrometeoroid May 25, 1965 Cape Kennedy 1 experiment and Fla. service module reaction control system laWlch environment

PA-2 !llC-A-R-65-3 BP-23A Second pad abort June 29, 1965 White Sands Missile Range, N. Mex.

AS-105 Not published BP-9A Microrneteoroid Jul,y 30, 1965 Cape Kennedy, experiment and Fla. service module reaction control system launch

environment

A-004 !llC-A-R-66-3 SC-002 Pwer-on tumbling Jan. 20, 1966 White Sands boundary abort Missile Range,

N. Mex.

AS-201 !llC-A-R-66-4 SC-009 Supercircular Feb. 26. 1966 Cape Kenneey 1 entey with high Fla. heat rate '...

AS-202 !llC-A-R-66-5 SC-Oll Superci rcular Aug. 25, 1966 Cape Kenneey , entry vith high Fla. heat load

(Continued inside back cover)

Mission

PA- 1

A-00 1

A5-101

A5-102

A-00 2

AS-103

A-003

AS-10|l

PA-2

AS-105

A-00h

AS-201

AS-202

Mission reportnumber

Post launch

memorandum

IBC-A-R-631-1

BB C-A-R-6|%- 2

15 C-A-R- 6||-3

IB C-A-R-65- 1

MPR-SAT-FE-66-34þÿ�_�(�l�s�r�- ��c�)

:sc-A-R-65-2

Not published

ISC-A-R-65-3

Not publi she d

IBC-A-R-66-3

150-A-R-66-1|

IBC-A-R-66-5

_,L .AA A.

'

APOLLO SPACEQIAFI' FLIGHT HISTORY

Sgacecrstt

BP-6

BP- 12

BP- 13

BP- 15

BP- 23

BP-16

BP-22

BP-26

BP- 23A

BP-9 A

SC-002

SC-009

SC-011

Descrigtion

First pad abort

Transonic short

Nominal launch and

exit environment

Nominal launch and

exit environment

Maximum dynamicpressure abort

M1 crometeoroid

experiment

LGI-Bltittlde BIJOYC

(planned high-utituae abort)

Micrometeoroid

experiment andservice module

reaction control

system launchenvironment

Second pad short

Micrometeoroid

experiment mdservice module

reaction control

system launchenvironment

Power-on tumblingboundary abort

Superci rcular

entry with highheat rate

Superci rcularentry with highheat load

(Continued inside back cover)

Launch date

Nov. 7, 1963`

May 13 , 19615

MAY 28, 196k

Sept. 18, 196|l

Dec. 8, 196|%

Pen. 16, 1965

May 19. 1965

MAY 25. 1965

June 29, 1965

-THIN 30. 1965

Jan. zo, 1966

Feb. 26, 1966

Aug. 25, 1966

Launch site

White Sands

Missile Range,N. Mex.

Hhite Sands


Cape Kennew ,þÿ�I�- ��l�a.

Cape Kennew .Fla .

Hhite Sands


Cape Kenneq ,þÿ�I�- ��l�a.

White Sands


Cape Kennew ,þÿ�I�- ��l�a.

White Sands


Cape Kennew ,Fla .

White Sands


Cape Kennew ,Pls .

Cape Kennew ,Fla .

APOLL O 14 MISSION REPORT

PREPARED BY

Mis sion Evaluat i on Team

APPROVE D BY

James A . McDivitt Colonel, USAF

e r , Apol lo Spacecraft Program

NATIONAL AE RONAUT ICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

MANNE D SPACE CRAFT CE NTE R

HOUSTON, TEXAS

April 1971

MSC-0 4ll2

APOLLO lb MISSION REPORT

PREPARED BY

Mission Evaluation Team

APPROVED BY

W, Qgm ,EgJames A. McDivitt

Colonel, USAFMan er, Apollo Spacecraft Program

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMENISTRATION

MANNED SPAOEORAFT CENTER

HOUSTON, TEXAS

April 1971

MSC-0hll2

Apollo 14 lift-off.

Section

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

TABLE OF CONTENTS

MISSION SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION

LUNAR SURFACE EXPERIMENTS

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

3.6

3.7

3.8

APOLLO LUNAR SURFACE EXPERIMENTS PACKAGE

LASER Rfu�GING RETRO-REFLECTOR

LUNAR PORTABLE MAGNETOMETER EXPERIMENT

SOLAR WIND COMPOSITION EXPERIMENT

LUNAR GEOLOGY

LUNAR SOIL �lliCHANICS

MODULAR EQUIPMENT TRANSPORTER

APOLLO LANDING SITES

LUNAR ORBITAL EXPERIMENTS

4.1 S-BAND TRANSPONDER

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5

4.6

4.7

4.8

4.9

BISTATIC RADAR .

GEGENSCHEIN /�10ULTON POINT PHOTOGRAPHY FROM LUNAR ORBIT .

APOLLO WINDOW METEOROID EXPERIMENT

DIM-LIGHT PHOTOGRAPHY

COMMAND AND SERVICE MODULE ORBITAL SCIENCE PHOTOGRAPHY .

PHOTOGRAPHS OF A CANDIDATE EXPLORATION SITE

VISIBILITY AT HIGH SUN ANGLES

TRANSEARTH LUNAR PHOTOGRAPHY

INFLIGHT DEMONSTRATIONS

5.1 ELECTROPHORETIC SEPARATION

5.2

5.3

5.4

LIQUID TRANSFER

HEAT FLOW AND CONVECTION

COMPOSITE CASTING

i i i

Page

1-1

2-1

3-1

3-5

3-12

3-12

3-14

3-14

3-15

3-16

3-1d

4-1

4-1

4-l

4-2

4-3

4-4

4-4

4-5

4-5

4-6

5-1

5-1

5-1

5-4

5-4

\ h.O

iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section Page

1.0 MISSION SUMMARY_. . . 1-1

2.0 INTRODUCTION ...... . 2-1

3.0 LUNAR SURFACE EXPERIMENTS ........... . 3-1

3.1 APOLLO LUNAR SURFACE EXPERIMENTS PACKAGE . . 3-5

3.2 LASER RANGING RETRO-REFLECTOR ..... 3-12

3.3 LUNAR PORTABLE MAGNETOM TER EXPERIMENT . 3-12

3.h SOLAR WIND COMPOSITION EXPERIMENT . . . 3-1h

3.5 LUNAR GEOLOGY .......... 3-lb

3.6 LUNAR SOIL MECHANICS ..... 3-15

3.T MODULAR EQUIPMENT TRANSPORTER . . 3-16

3.8 APOLLO LANDING SITES ..... . 3-18

LUNAR ORBITAL EXPERIMENTS . . . h-1

h.1 S-BAND TRANSPONDER . M-1

h.2 BISTATIC RADAR ............ . M-1

h.3 GEGENSCHEIN/MOULTON POINT PHOTOGRAPHYFROM LUNAR ORBIT .......... L-2

h.h APOLLO WINDOW METEOROID EXPERIM NT . . M-3

h.5 DIM-LIGHT PHOTOGRAPHY .......... M-M

h.6 COMMAND AND SERVICE MODULE ORBITAL SCIENCEPHOTOGRAPHY ................. . M-h

h.T PHOTOGRAPHS OF A CANDIDATE EXPLORATION SITE . . M-5

U.8 VISIBILITY AT HIGH SUN ANGLES ....... M-5

h.9 TRANSEARTH LUNAR PHOTOGRAPHY . _ A-6

5.0 INFLIGHT DEMONSTRATIONS ...... . 5-1

5.1 ELECTROPHORETIC SEPARATION . . 5-1

5.2`

LIQUID TRANSFER ..... 5-1

5.3 HEAT FLOW AND CONVECTION . . 5-h

5.1+ COMPOSITE CASTING . . . 5-1#

iv

Section

6.0

7 . 0

8 . 0

9.0

TRAJECTORY . . • . • . • .

6 . 1 LAUNCH AND TRANSLUNAR TRAJECTORIES

6 . 2

6 .3

6 . 4

LUNAR ORBIT

TRANSEARTH AND ENTRY TRAJECTORIES

SERVICE MODULE ENTRY . . .

COMMAND AND SERVICE MODULE PERFORMANCE

7 . 1 STRUCTURAL AND MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

7 . 2

7 . 3

7 . 4

7. 5

7. 6

7 . 7

7 . 8

7 . 9

7 . 10

ELECTRICAL POWER .

CRYOGENIC STORAGE

COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT

INSTRUMENTATION

GUIDANCE, NAVIGATION AND CONTROL

REACTION CONTROL SYSTEMS

SERVICE PROPULSION SYSTEM

ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL AND CREW STATION

CONSUMABLES

LUNAR MODULE PERFORMANCE

8 . 1 STRUCTURAL AND MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

8.2 ELECTRICAL POWER . .

8 .3 COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT

8 . 4 RADAR

8 . 5 INSTRUMENTATION

8 . 6 GUIDANCE, NAVIGATION AND CONTROL

8 . 7 DESCENT PROPULSION

8 . 8 ASCENT PROPULSION

8 . 9 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL AND CREW STATION

8 . 10 EXTRAVEHICULAR MOBILITY UNIT

8 . 11 CONSUMABLES

PILOT'S REPORT

9 . 1

9 . 2

TRAINING

LAUNCH .

Page

6-1

6-1

6-1

6-12

6-12

7-1

7-1

7-1

7-2

7-3

7-4

7-5

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7-15

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8-4

8-5

8-5

8-6

8-13

8-14

8-15

8-16

8-17

9-1

9-1

9-1

iv

Section

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

TRAJECTORY . - . . . ~ . . . . . . . - . .

6.1 LAUNCH AND TRANSLUNAR TRAJECTORIES . .

6.2 LUNAR ORBIT . . . . . . . . . . .

6.3 TRANSEARTH AND ENTRY TRAJECTORIES .

6.h SERVICE MODULE ENTRY . . . . . .

COMMAND AND SERVICE MODULE PERFORMANCE .

7.1 STRUCTURAL AND MECHANICAL SYSTEMS .

7.2 ELECTRICAL POWER . . . . . . . .

7.3 CRYOGENIC STORAGE . . . .

7.h COM UNICATIONS EQUIPM NT .

7.5 INSTRUMENTATION . . . . . . . . .

7.6 GUIDANCE, NAVIGATION AND CONTROL _ .

7.7 REACTION CONTROL SYSTEMS . . . .

7.8 SERVICE PROPULSION SYSTEM . . . . . .

7.9 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL AND CREW STATION

7.10 CONSUMABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LUNAR MODULE PERFORMANCE . . . . . . . .

8.1 STRUCTURAL AND MECHANICAL SYSTEMS .

8.2 ELECTRICAL POWER. . . . . . . .

8.3 COM UNICATIONS EQUIPM NT _

8.h RADAR . . . . . . . . .

8.5 INSTRUMENTATION . . . . . . . . .

8.6 GUIDANCE, NAVIGATION AND CONTROL . .

8.7 DESCENT PROPULSION . . . . . . .

8.8 ASCENT PROPULSION . . . . . . . . . .

8.9 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL AND CREW STATION

8.10 EXTRAVEHICULAR MOBILITY UNIT . . . . .

8.11 CONSUMABLES . . . . . . . .

PILOT'S REPORT_ . .

9.1 TRAINING . .

9.2 LAUNCH _

Page

6-1

6-1

6-1

6-12

6-12

7-1

7-1

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7-2

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7-M

7-5

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7-15

8-1

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8-M

8-5

8-5

8-6

8-13

8-1h

8-15

8-16

8-17

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9-1

9-1

Section

10.0

11.0

12.0

13.0

9.3

9.4

9.5

9.6

9.7

9.8

9.9

9.10

9.11

9.12

9.13

9.14

9.15

EARTH ORBIT

TRANSLUNAR INJECTION

TRANSLUNAR FLIGHT

LUNAR ORBIT INSERTION

DESCENT ORBIT INSERTION

LUNAR MODULE CHECKOUT

POWERED DESCENT

LUNAR SURFACE ACTIVITY

ASCENT, RENDEZVOUS, AND DOCKING

COMMAND AND SERVICE MODULE LUNAR ORBIT ACTIVITIES .

TRANSEAKTH INJECTION

TRANSEARTH COAST .

ENTRY AND LANDING

BIOMEDICAL EVALUATION .

10.1 BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION AND PHYSIOLOGICAL DATA

10.2 MEDICAL OBSERVATIONS .

10.3 PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONS

10.4 FLIGHT CREW HEALTH STABILIZATION

10.5 QUARANTINE . . .

MISSION SUPPORT PERFORMANCE

ll.l FLIGHT CONTROL

11. 2 NETWORK

11.3 RECOVERY OPERATIONS

ASSESSMENT OF MISSION OBJECTIVES

12.1 PARTIALLY COMPLETED OBJECTIVES

12.2 INFLIGHT DEMONSTRATIONS

12.3 APPROVED OPERATIONAL TESTS

LAUNCH PHASE SUMMARY

13.1 WEATHER CONDITIONS

v

Page

9-2

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13-l

Section Page

10.0

11.0

12.0

13.0

9. EARTH ORBIT ....

9. TRANSLUNAR INJECTION .

9. TRANSLUNAR FLIGHT . .

9. LUNAR ORBIT INSERTION .

9. DESCENT ORBIT INSERTION .

9. LUNAR MODULE CHECKOUT .

9. POWERED DESCENT ....

9.10 LUNAR SURFACE ACTIVITY ......

9.11 ASCENT, RENDEZVOUS, AND DOCKING ....

9.12 COM AND AND SERVICE MODULE LUNAR ORBIT

ACTIVITIES ..............

9.13 TRANSEARTH INJECTION .

9.1M TRANSEARTH COAST . .

9.15 ENTRY AND LANDING .

BIOMEDICAL EVALUATION_...............

10 1 BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION AND PHYSIOLOGICAL

DATA ...................

10 2 MEDICAL OBSERVATIONS .

10 3 PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONS ......

10

10

34

5

FLIGHT CREW HEALTH STABILIZATION .

QUARANTINE ...........

MISSION SUPPORT PERFORMANCE .

11.1 FLIGHT CONTROL . . .

11.2 NETWORK .....

11.3 RECOVERY OPERATIONS . . .

ASSESSMENT OF MISSION OBJECTIVES . .

12.1 PARTIALLY COMELETED OBJECTIVES . _

12.2 INFLIGHT DEMONSTRATIONS _ . .

12.3 APPROVED OPERATIONAL TESTS .

LAUNCH PHASE SUM ARY .......

13.1 WEATHER CONDITIONS . .

vi

Section

14 . 0

15.0

13 . 2 ATMOS PHERIC ELECTRICITY EXPERIMENTS

13 . 3 LAUNCH VEHI CLE SUMM ARY

ANOMALY SUMM ARY . • . . . . .

14 . 1 COMMAND AND SERVICE MODULE

14 . 2 LUNAR MODULE . . . . • . •

1 4 . 3 GOVERNMENT FURNISHED EQUIPMENT

1 4 .4 APOLLO LUNAR SURFACE EXPERIMENTS

CONCLUSIONS .

APPENDIX A - VEHICLE DESCRIPTION

A . 1

A . 2

A. 3

A . 4

A . 5

COMMAND AND SERVICE MODU LE

LUNAR MODULE . . . . . . .

EXTRAVEHI CU LAR MOBI LITY UNIT

EXPERIMENT EQUIPMENT

MASS PROPERTIES

APPENDIX B - SPACECRAFT HISTORIES

APPENDIX C - POSTFLIGHT TESTING

APPENDIX D - DATA AVAILABILITY

APPENDIX E - MISSION REPORT SUPP LEMENTS

APPENDIX F - GLOSSARY

REFERENCES

Page

13- 1

13-6

14-1

1 4- 1

14-24

1 4- 42

14-47

15-1

A-1

A-1

A-6

A-10

A- 10

A-1 3

B-1

C-1

D-1

E-1

F-1

R-1

vi

Section

13.2

ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY EXPERIMENTS

13.3 LAUNCH VEHICLE SUMMARY . . . . .

114. O

114

114

114

114

15.0

ANOMALY SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . .

COMMAND AND SERVICE MODULE . .

LUNAR MODULE . . . . . . . . .

GOVERNMENT FURNISHED EQUIPMENT .

APOLLO LUNAR SURFACE EXPERIMENTS

CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

APPENDIX A - VEHICLE DESCRIPTION_ . . . . .

A.1

A.2

A.3

A.l|

A.

APPENDIX B

APPENDIX C

APPENDIX D

APPENDIX E

APPENDIX F

REFERENCES

COMMAND AND SERVICE MODULE . .

LUNAR MODULE . . . .'

. . . .

EXTRAVEHICULAR MOBILITY UNIT .

EXPERIMENT EQUIPMENT . . . .

MAOS PROPERTIES . .

SPACECRAFT HISTORIES .

POSTFLIGHT TESTING . .

- DATA AVAILABILITY . . . .

MISSION REPORT SUPPLEMENTS . .

GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . .

1-l

1 . 0 MISSION SUMMARY

The Apollo 14 mission , manned by Alan Shepard , Jr . , Commander; Stuart A . Roos a , Command M odule Pilot; and Edgar D. Mitchell , Lunar Module Pilot ; was launched from Kennedy Space Center , Flori da , at 4 : 0 3 : 02 p .m. e . s . t . ( 21:03:02 G.m. t . ) on January 31 , 1971 . Because of uns atis factory weather conditions at the planned t ime of launch , a launch delay ( about 40 minutes ) was experienced for the first time in the Apollo program. The activities during earth orbit and trans lunar inject i on were similar to those of previous lunar landing missions ; however, during transpos ition and docking following t ranslunar injection , six attempts were required t o achieve docking because of mechanical difficulties . Televis ion was use d during t ranslunar coast to observe a crew inspection of the prob e and drogue . All indi cat i ons were that the system was functi oning normally . Except for a spe cial check of as cent battery 5 in the lunar module, t ranslunar coast after docking proceeded according to the flight plan . Two midcourse correcti ons were performed , one at about 30-l/2 hours and the other at about 77 hours . These corrections achieved the trajectory requi red for the des ired lunar orbit insert ion altitude and time parameters .

The combined spacecraft were inserted into lunar orbit at approximately 82 hours, and two revolut i ons later, the descent orb it insert i on maneuver placed the spacecraft in a 5 8 . 8- by 9 . 1-mile orbit . The lunar module crew entered the vehi cle at approximately 101-l/4 hours to prepare for the des cent to the lunar surface .

The lunar module was undeck e d from the command module at about 103-3/4 hours . Prior to powered des cent, an abort command was delivered to the computer as the result of a malfuncti on but a routine was manually loaded in the computer that inhibited the recognition of an abort dis crete . The powered des cent maneuver was initiat e d at about 10 8 hours . A ranging scale problem , whi ch would have prevented acquisition of radar data until late in the descent , was corrected by cycling the ci rcuit breaker off and on . Landing in the Fra Mauro highlands occurred at 108 : 15 : 09 . 3. The landing coordinates were 3 degrees 40 minutes 24 seconds south lat itude and 17 degrees 27 minutes 5 5 seconds west longitude .

The command and servi ce module , after undocking and separati on, was placed in a circular orbit having an alti tude of approximately 60 miles to photograph the proposed Descartes landing site , as well as perform landmark tracking and other t asks requi red for the accomplishment of lunar orbit experiments and photography . Communi cat i ons between the command and servi ce module and earth during this period were intermittent because of a problem with the high-gain antenna.

1-l

1.0 MISSION SUMMARK

The Apollo lb mission, manned by Alan Shepard, Jr., Commander;Stuart A. Roosa, C mmand Module Pilot; and Edgar D. Mitchell, LunarModule Pilot; was launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, at

h:O3:O2 p.m. e.s.t. (2l:O3:O2 G.m.t.) on January 31, 1971. Because ofunsatisfactory weather conditions at the planned time of launch, alaunch delay (about ho minutes) was experienced for the first time inthe Apollo program. The activities during earth orbit and translunar

injection were similar to those of previous lunar landing missions; how-

ever, during transposition and docking following translunar injection,six attempts were required to achieve docking because of mechanical dif-ficulties. Television was used during translunar coast to observe acrew inspection of the probe and drogue. All indications were that the

system was functioning normally. Except for a special check of ascent

battery 5 in the lunar module, translunar coast after docking proceededaccording to the flight plan. Two midcourse corrections were performed,one at about 30-l/2 hours and the other at about 77 hours. These cor-rections achieved the trajectory required for the desired lunar orbitinsertion altitude and time parameters.

The combined spacecraft were inserted into lunar orbit at approxi-mately 82 hours, and two revolutions later, the descent orbit insertionmaneuver placed the spacecraft in a 58.8- by 9.1-mile orbit. The lunarmodule crew entered the vehicle at approximately lOl-l/h hours to pre-pare for the descent to the lunar surface.

The lunar module was undocked from the command module at about

103-3/h hours. Prior to powered descent, an abort command was deliveredto the computer as the result of a malfunction but a routine was manu-

ally loaded in the computer that inhibited the recognition of an abortdiscrete. The powered descent maneuver was initiated at about 108 hoursA ranging scale problem, which would have prevented acquisition of radardata until late in the descent, was corrected by cycling the circuitbreaker off and on. Landing in the Fra Mauro highlands occurred atlO8:l5:O9.3. The landing coordinates were 3 degrees ho minutes 2h sec-onds south latitude and 17 degrees 27 minutes 55 seconds west longitude.

The command and service module, after undocking and separation, was

placed in a circular orbit having an altitude of approximately 60 milesto photograph the proposed Descartes landing site, as well as performlandmark tracking and other tasks required for the acc mplishment oflunar orbit experiments and photography. Communications between the command and service module and earth during this period were intermittentbecause of a problem with the high-gain antenna.

1-2

Preparat i ons for the init i al period of lunar exploration began ab out 2 hours after landing. A procedural problem with the lunar module communi cations delayed cabin depressuri zat i on ab out 50 minutes . The Commander egressed at ab out 11 3- 3/4 hours and deployed the modular equipment stowage assembly as he descended the ladder, providing transmiss ion of color television . The Lunar Module Pilot egressed a few minutes later . Subsequently , the S-band antenna was erected and activate d , the Apollo lunar sur face experiments package was deploye d , and various documented lunar s amples were taken during the ext ravehicular period which lasted about 4 3/4 hours . A modular equipment t ransporter , used on this mission for the first t ime , ass isted the crew in carrying equipment and lunar s amples .

Preparations for the second extravehi cular period were begun following a 6 1/2-hour rest period. The goal of the second extravehi cular period was to traverse to the area of Cone Crater . Although the crew experienced di ffi culti es in navigat i ng , they reached a point within approximately 50 feet of the rim of the crater. Thus , the obj ectives as s oci at ed with reaching the vi cinity of this crater and obtai ning the des ired s amples were achieved. Various documented rock and soil s amp les were collected on the return t ravers e from Cone Crater , and , upon completing the traverse, the antenna on the lunar-experiment-package central st at i on was reali gne d . The s econd extravehi cular period lasted ab out 4-1/2 hours for a tot al extravehi cular time of approximately 9-1/4 hours . Ab out 9 6 pounds of lunar s amples were collected during the two extravehicular periods.

The as cent stage li fted off at about 141-3/4 hours and the vehicle was inserted into a 5 1. 7- by 8 . 5-mile orbit . A direct rende zvous was performed and the command-module-active docking operations were normal . Howeve r , during the final braking phas e , the lunar module abort gui dance system failed after the system was no longer required. Following crew transfer to the command module , the as cent stage was j ett is oned and gui ded to impact approximat ely 36 miles west of the Apollo 14 landing sit e .

Trans earth injection oc curred during the 34th lunar revolut ion at about 14 8-1/2 hours. During t ransearth coast , one midcourse correction was made using the servi ce module react i on control system. In addition , a spec ial oxygen flow rat e test was performed and a navigation exercise simulat ing a return to earth without ground control was conducted using only the gui dance and navi gation system. Inflight demonstrations of four types of processes under zero-gravity conditi ons were also performed and televised to earth .

Entry was normal and the command module landed in the Paci fic Ocean at 216:01: 5 8 . The landing coordinates were 27 degrees 0 minutes 45 s econds south latit ude and 172 degrees 39 minut es 30 s econds west longitude .

1-2

Preparations for the initial period of lunar exploration beganabout 2 hours after landing. A procedural problem with the lunar modulecommunications delayed cabin depressurization about 50 minutes. The Com-mander egressed at about 113-3/N hours and deployed the modular equipmentstowage assembly as he descended the ladder, providing transmission ofcolor television. The Lunar Module Pilot egressed a few minutes later.

Subsequently, the S-band antenna was erected and activated, the Apollolunar surface experiments package was deployed, and various documentedlunar samples were taken during the extravehicular period which lastedabout M 3/M hours. A modular equipment transporter, used on this mis-sion for the first time, assisted the crew in carrying equipment andlunar samples.

_

Preparations for the second extravehicular period were begun fol-

lowing a 6 1/2-hour rest period. The goal of the second extravehicularperiod was to traverse to the area of Cone Crater. Although the crew

experienced difficulties in navigating, they reached a point within

approximately 50 feet of the rim of the crater. Thus, the objectivesassociated with reaching the vicinity of this crater and obtaining thedesired samples were achieved. Various documented rock and soil sampleswere collected on the return traverse from Cone Crater, and, upon com-

pleting the traverse, the antenna on the lunar-experiment-package centralstation was realigned. The second extravehicular period lasted aboutM-1/2 hours for a total extravehicular time of approximately 9-1/M hours.About 96 pounds of lunar samples were collected during the two extra-vehicular periods.

The ascent stage lifted off at about lhl-3/lt hours and the vehiclewas inserted into a 51.7- by 8.5-mile orbit. A direct rendezvous was

performed and the command-module-active docking operations were normal.

However, during the final braking phase, the lunar module abort guidancesystem failed after the system was no longer required. Following crewtransfer to the command module, the ascent stage was jettisoned and

guided to impact approximately 36 miles west of the Apollo 11; landingsite.

Transearth injection occurred during the 3hth lunar revolution atabout lh8-1/2 hours. During transearth coast, one midcourse correction

was made using the service module reaction control system. In addition,a special oxygen flow rate test was performed and a navigation exercise

simulating a return to earth without ground control was conducted usingonly the guidance and navigation system. Inflight demonstrations of four

types of processes under zero-gravity conditions were also performed andtelevised to earth.

Entry was normal and the command module landed in the Pacific Oceanat 216:0l:58. The landing coordinates were 27 degrees 0 minutes M5 sec-onds south latitude and 172 degrees 39 minutes 30 seconds west longitude.

2-1

2.0 INTRODUCTION

The Apollo 14 mission was the 14th in a series using Apollo flight

hardware and achieved the third lunar landing. The objectives of the

mission were to investigate the lunar surface near a preselected point

in the Fra Mauro formation, deploy and activate an Apollo lunar surface experiments package, further develop man's capability to work in the

lunar environment, and obtain photographs of candidate exploration sites.

A complete analysis of all flight data is not possible within the

time allowed for preparation of this report. Therefore, report supple

ments will be published for certain Apollo 14 systems analyses, as shown in appendix E. This appendix also lists the current status of all Apollo

mission supplements, either published or in preparation. Other supplements will be published as necessary .

In this report, all actual times prior to earth landing are elapsed

time from range zero, established as the integral second before lift-off .

Range zero for this mission was 21:03:02 G.m.t . , January 31, 1971. The

clock onboard the spacecraft was changed at 54:53:36 by adding 40 min

utes and 2.90 seconds; however, the times given in this report do not

reflect this clock update. Had the clock update not been performed, indications of elapsed time in the crew's data file would have been in error by the amount of the delay in lift-off since the midcourse corrections

were targeted to achieve the prelaunch-desired lunar orbit insertion time.

Greenwich mean time is used for all times after earth landing. All references to mileage distance are in nautical miles .

2-l

2.0 INTRODUCTION

The Apollo lk mission was the lhth in a series using Apollo flighthardware and achieved the third lunar landing. The objectives of themission were to investigate the lunar surface near a preselected pointin the Fra Mauro formation, deploy and activate an Apollo lunar surface

experiments package, further develop man's capability to work in thelunar environment, and obtain photographs of candidate exploration sites.

A complete analysis of all flight data is not possible within thetime allowed for preparation of this report. Therefore, report supple-ments will be published for certain Apollo lk systems analyses, as shownin appendix E. This appendix also lists the current status of all Apollomission supplements, either published or in preparation. Other supple-ments will be published as necessary.

In this report, all actual times prior to earth landing are elapsedtime from range zero, established as the integral second before lift-off.

Range zero for this mission was 21:03:02 G.m.t., January 31, 1971. Theclock onboard the spacecraft was changed at 5h:53:36 by adding ho min-utes and 2.90 seconds; however, the times given in this report do notreflect this clock update. Had the clock update not been performed, in-dications of elapsed time in the crew's data file would have been in er-ror by the amount of the delay in lift-off since the midcourse correctionswere targeted to achieve the prelaunch-desired lunar orbit insertion time.Greenwich mean time is used for all times after earth landing. All ref-erences to mileage distance are in nautical miles.

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3. 0 LUNAR SURFACE EXPERIMENTS

The experiments dis cussed in this s ecti on cons ist of thos e as sociated with the Apollo lunar surface experiments package ( a suprathermal ion detector , a cold cathode gage , a pass ive s eismometer , an active seismometer , and a charge d part i cle environment detector ) , as well as a laser ranging retro-reflect or experiment , a lunar portable magnetometer experiment , a solar wind compos ition experiment , lunar geology , and soi l mechanics . Des criptions of the purpos es and equipment of experiments carri ed for the fi rst time on previous missions are given in the reports of those missions , and the applicab le reports are referenced where appropriate . A bri e f des cription of the experiment equipment used for the first time on Apollo 14 is given in appendix A .

Lunar surface s ci ent i fi c act ivities were performed generally as planned within the allotted t ime periods . Approximately 5 l /2 hours after landing , the crew egressed the lunar module for the first traverse of the lunar surface . During the first extravehicular activity period, which l as ted 4 hours 47 minutes 50 s econds , the crew:

a. Deployed the modular equipment stowage assembly .

b . Deployed and operated the color television camera as required t o televise crew activit i es in the vi cinity of the lunar module .

foil .

c . Trans ferred a contingency sample t o the lunar module .

d . Erected the United States flag an d the solar wind compos iti on

e . Deployed and loaded the modular equipment transporter used to aid the as tronauts in t ransporti ng equipment and samples .

f . Colle cted surface samples including two "small-football-si ze" specimens weighing approximately 4 . 4 and 5.5 pounds .

g . Photographed act ivities , panoramas and equipment .

h . Deployed the Apollo lunar surface experiments package for the continuing colle cti on of lunar sci enti fi c dat a vi a radi o link .

3-l

3.0 LUNAR SURFACE EXPERIMENTS_

The experiments discussed in this section consist of those associ-ated with the Apollo lunar surface experiments package (a suprathermalion detector, a cold cathode gage, a passive seismometer, an active seis-

mometer, and a charged particle environment detector), as well as a laserranging retro-reflector experiment, a lunar portable magnetometer experi~ment, a solar wind composition experiment, lunar geology, and soil mechan-ics. Descriptions of the purposes and equipment of experiments carriedfor the first time on previous missions are given in the reports of those

missions, and the applicable reports are referenced where appropriate.A brief description of the experiment equipment used for the first timeon Apollo lh is given in appendix A.

Lunar surface scientific activities were performed generally as

planned within the allotted time periods. Approximately 5 l/2 hoursafter landing, the crew egressed the lunar module for the first traverseof the lunar surface. During the first extravehicular activity period,which lasted M hours MT minutes 50 seconds, the crew:

a. Deployed the modular equipment stowage assembly.

b. Deployed and operated the color television camera as requiredto televise crew activities in the vicinity of the lunar module.

c. Transferred a contingency sample to the lunar module.

d. Erected the United States flag and the solar wind compositionfoil.

e. Deployed and loaded the modular equipment transporter used toaid the astronauts in transporting equipment and samples.

f. Collected surface samples including two "small-football-size"

specimens weighing approximately h.h and 5.5 pounds.

g. Photographed activities, panoramas and equipment.

h. Deployed the Apollo lunar surface experiments package for the

continuing collection of lunar scientific data via radio link.

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Following a planned rest period , the s econd extravehicular activity peri od began with preparations for an extended geologi cal travers e. The durat i on of the second extravehic ular activity period was 4 hours 34 minutes 41 seconds , covering a t ravers e of approximat ely 1 . 6 miles, during which the crew :

a. Obtained lunar portable magnetometer meas urements at two sites along the traverse .

b. Collected documented, core tube, and trench-s ite samples .

c . Collected a "large-football-s ize" spe cimen weighing approximat ely 19 pounds .

d . Photographe d the area covered, including panoramas and s ample s ites .

e . Retrieved the s olar wind composition foil .

f . Adj usted the antenna on the Apollo lu nar surface experiment s package central st ation .

The evaluat i ons dis cus s ed in this section are based on the data obtained during the first lunar day -- largely on crew comments and real-time informat i on . Cert ain equipment difficulties mentioned in this s e ction are di s cussed in greater detail in sect i on 14 . 4 . More comprehensive result s will be summ ari ze d in a separate s ci ence report to be published when the detailed analyses are complete ( appendi x E) . The s ites at whi ch the v arious lunar surface activiti es were condu cted are shown in the figure 3-1 . The spe cific activities at each locat i on are ident i fied in t ab le 3-I .

3-2

Following a planned rest period, the second extravehicular activityperiod began with preparations for an extended geological traverse. Theduration of the second extravehicular activity period was M hours 3h min-utes hl seconds, covering a traverse of approximately 1.6 miles, duringwhich the crew:

a. Obtained lunar portable magnetometer measurements at two sites

along the traverse.

b. Collected documented, core tube, and trench-site samples.

c. Collected a "large-football-size" specimen weighing approximately19 pounds.

d. Photographed the area covered, including panoramas and samplesites.

e. Retrieved the solar wind composition foil.

f. Adjusted the antenna on the Apollo lunar surface experimentspackage central station.

The evaluations discussed in this section are based on the data

obtained during the first lunar day - largely on crew comments andreal-time infonnation. Certain equipment difficulties mentioned in thissection are discussed in greater detail in section lh.h. More compre-hensive results will be su marized in a separate science report to be

published when the detailed analyses are complete (appendix E). Thesites at which the various lunar surface activities were conducted are

shown in the figure 3-l. The specific activities at each location areidentified in table 3-I.

Figure 3-1 .- Traverse for first and second extravehicular periods .

3- 4

TAB LE 3-I. - LUNAR SURFACE ACTIVITIES

Station Activities

First extravehicular activity period

Lunar module

Apollo lunar surface experiments package deployment site

Laser ranging retro- reflector site

Comprehensive sample site

Small- football- size rock site

Sampling and photography

Apollo lunar surface experiment a ctivities and photography

Deployment of instrument and photography



Second extravehicular activity period

A

B

B to B l

B l

B 2

B 3

C'

Cl

C2

C2 to E

E

F

G

Gl

H

Sampling, photography and first deployment of lunar portable magnetometer


Sampling

Photography


Photography

Sampling, photography and second deployment of lunar portable magnetometer



Sampling

Sampling





3-14

TABLE 3-I.- LUNAR SURFACE ACTIVITIES

Lunar module

Activities

First extravehicular activity period

Apollo lunar surface experimentspackage deployment site

Laser ranging retro-reflector site

Comprehensive sample site

to Bl

C2

C2 to E

E

F

G

Gl

Second extravehicular

Small-football-size rock site_

A

B

B

Bl

B2

B3

Cv

Cl

H


Apollo lunar surface experimentactivities and photography

Deployment of instrument and

photography



activity period

Sampling, photography and first

deployment of lunar portablemagnetometer


Sampling

Photography


Photography

Sampling, photography andsecond deployment of lunar

portable magnetometer



Sampling

Sampling





3- 5

3 . 1 APOLLO LUNAR SURFACE EXPERIMENTS PACKAGE

The Apollo lunar surface experiments package was deployed with the

central station positioned 600 feet west-northwest of the lunar module ( fig . 3-2 ) . No difficulties were experienced in off-loading the pallets or setting them up for the traverse other than an initial difficulty in

latching the dome removal tool in the fuel cask dome. The crew installed the fuel capsule in the radioisotope thermoelectric generator and lockon data were obtained with initial antenna alignment at 116 hours 48 minutes.

NASA -S -71-1618

Ll.aser ranging retro-reflector experiment

----100 ft----++-1

First geophone

Second geophone

Third geophone

Lunar north

Charged particle lunar environment experiment

t

600 ft Radioisotope ther� generator and base

od 1

Note: Distances not to scale

Lunar m u e

Suprathermal ion detector experiment

Cold cathode gage experiment

Figure 3-2 . - Arrangement of the Apollo lunar surface experiments.

3 . 1 . 1 Central Station

Initial conditions of the central station ( ref. l ) were normal. Power output of the radioisotope thermoelectric generator was 69 . 1 watts, and the central sta�ion thermal plate temperature averaged 73 . 8° F. A

3-5

3.1 APOLLO LUNAR SURFACE EXPERIMENTS PACKAGE

The Apollo lunar surface experiments package was deployed with thecentral station positioned 600 feet west-northwest of the lunar module

(fig. 3-2). No difficulties were experienced in off-loading the palletsor setting them up for the traverse other than an initial difficulty in

latching the dome removal tool in the fuel cask dome. The crew installedthe fuel capsule in the radioisotope thermoelectric generator and lock-on data were obtained with initial antenna alignment at 116 hours M8 min-utes.

NASA -S -71-1618

Passive Lunar northMona' smsmmpackage @¥P9fim9ff Chargedparticle lunar

I . _ environ ment experimentLasef ranging fl 10 ff 10 ft

retro-retlector

experiment þÿ ��A1___________ C t I 10hþÿ ��M»

`

10 ft an fl

_

Antenna Radioisotopether moetectricFirst þÿ�9�9�0�|�>�h�0 ��9 generatorand base

Lunar module

150 fl 60 ft

Secondgeophone

Suprathermal ion

150 ft detector experiment

Third geophone- cmd þÿ�°�a�" ��°�d�e

gage experiment

Note: Distances not to scale

Figure 3-2.- Arrangement of the Apollo lunar surface experiments.

3.1.1 Central Station

Initial conditions of the central station (ref. l) were normal.Power output of the radioisotope thermoelectric generator was 69.1 watts ,and the central station thermal plate temperature averaged 73.8° F. A

3-6

reserve power reading of 43.5 watts indicated that the basic power consumption was normal for Apollo lunar scientific experiment package startup. As the generator warmed up, the power output increased to 72.0 watts and has remained nearly constant at that level.

The transmitter signal strength at initial acquisition was lower than expected, and about 4 dB lower than that of the Apollo 12 experiment package. This was partially the result of acquisition occurring at the time of the worst- case condition of the relative earth- moon positions. In addition, lunar surface photography shows that the antenna was not fully seated in the gimbal interface socket (resulting in a misalignment with gimbal settings) and the gimbal pointing toward the earth was off the nominal pointing angle. Subsequent monitoring indicates that the signal strength obtained from the Apollo 14 unit is now equal to that of the Apollo 12 unit and that signal strength variation can be predicted based on the relative earth- moon positions.

The Apollo lunar scientific experiment package central station was commanded to the high- bit-rate mode at 116 hours 56 minutes for the active seismic experiment/thumper mode of operation, which continued until 117 hours 3 4 minutes. Using the high-bit- rate mode, only the active seismic experiment data and limited engineering data can be received from the central station. The other experiments were turned on following the active seismic experiment/thumper mode of operation.

During the deployment of the central station, the sunshield erected normally. However, the crew had to lift one side on three occasions because it was sagging. Lunar surface photography indicates that the sunshield had been bumped downward in a counterclockwise direction. However, the sagging condition has had no adverse effect on the central station thermal control system, and the central station has been operating within thermal limits.

The Apollo lunar scientific experiment package 12- hour timer pulses did not occur after initial central station turn-on. Subsequent tests verified that the mechanical section of the timer was not operating. The timer functions started to occur on February 11 and the timer provided 12- hour pulses thirteen times in succession before failing. Loss of the timer has no adverse effect of the Apollo lunar experiment package since all functions are being accomplished by ground command. This problem is discussed further in section 14. 4.4.

The lunar dust detector of the central station is showing normal outputs from all three photoelectric cells. No changes in the outputs of these cells were observed during or after lunar module ascent, indicating that dust from the ascent engine exhaust did not settle on the central station.

3-6

reserve power reading of h3.5 watts indicated that the basic power con-sumption was normal for Apollo lunar scientific experiment package start-

up. As the generator warmed up, the power output increased to 72.0 wattsand has remained nearly constant at that level.

The transmitter signal strength at initial acquisition was lowerthan expected, and about M dB lower than that of the Apollo 12 experimentpackage. This was partially the result of acquisition occurring at thetime of the worst-case condition of the relative earth-moon positions.In addition, lunar surface photography shows that the antenna was not

fully seated in the gimbal interface socket (resulting in a misalignmentwith gimbal settings) and the gimbal pointing toward the earth was offthe nominal pointing angle. Subsequent monitoring indicates that the

signal strength obtained from the Apollo lh unit is now equal to that ofthe Apollo 12 unit and that signal strength variation can be predictedbased on the relative earth-moon positions.

The Apollo lunar scientific experiment package central station wascommanded to the high-bit-rate mode at 116 hours 56 minutes for theactive seismic experiment/thumper mode of operation, which continueduntil 117 hours 3h minutes. Using the high-bit-rate mode, only theactive seismic experiment data and limited engineering data can be re-ceived from the central station. The other experiments were turned on

following the active seismic experiment/thumper mode of operation.

During the deployment of the central station, the sunshield erected

normally. However, the crew had to lift one side on three occasions be-cause it was sagging. Lunar surface photography indicates that the sun-shield had been bumped downward in a counterclockwise direction. However,the sagging condition has had no adverse effect on the central stationthermal control system, and the central station has been operating withinthermal limits.

The Apollo lunar scientific experiment package 12-hour timer pulsesdid not occur after initial central station turn~on. Subsequent testsverified that the mechanical section of the timer was not operating. Thetimer functions started to occur on February ll and the timer provided12-hour pulses thirteen times in succession before failing. Loss of thetimer has no adverse effect of the Apollo lunar experiment package sinceall functions are being accomplished by ground command. This problem isdiscussed further in section 1h.h.h.

The lunar dust detector of the central station is showing normal

outputs from all three photoelectric cells. No changes in the outputsof these cells were observed during or after lunar module ascent, indi-

cating that dust from the ascent engine exhaust did not settle on thecentral station.

3-7

3.1. 2 Passive Seismic Experiment

The passive seismic experiment (ref. 2 ) was deployed 10 feet north of the central station (fig. 3- 2 ). No difficulty was experienced in deploying the experiment other than the inability to make the ribbon cable lie flat on the surface under the thermal shroud skirt. All elements have operated as planned with the following exceptions.

a. The long-period vertical component seismometer is unstable in the normal mode (flat- response mode). (See section 14. 4. 6 for a discussion of this anomaly.) The problem was eliminated by removing the feedback filter and operating in the peaked- response mode. In this mode, the siesmometer has a resonant period of 2 . 2 seconds instead of the normal period of 15 seconds. Without the extended flat response, the lowfrequency data is more difficult to extract. However, useful data are being obtained over the planned spectrum by data processing techniques.

b. The gimbal motor which levels the Y- axis long-period seismometer has not responded to commands on several occasions. In these cases, the reserve power status indicates that no power is being supplied to the motor. The power control circuit of the motor is considered to be the most likely cause of this problem. Response to commands has been achieved in all cases by repeating the motor drive command. (See section 1 4.4.5 for a more detailed discussion of this problem.)

3.1 . 3 Active Seismic Experiment

The active seismic experiment (appendix A, section A.4.1) was deployed during the first extravehicular period with the first geophone approximately 1 0 feet southwest of the central station and the geophone array extending in a southerly direction (figs. 3- 2 and 3-3 ) . The Apollo lunar scientific experiment package was commanded to the high- bit- rate mode for 28 minutes during the active seismic experiment/thumper mode of operation. Thumping operations began at geophone 3 (the furthest from the central station) and proceeded for 30 0 feet at 1 5-foot intervals toward geophone 1 .

The attempts to fire the initiators resulted in 1 3 fired and 5 misfired. Three initiators were deliberately not fired. In some instances, two attempts were made to fire an initiator. (See section 1 4. 4.1 for further discussion of this anomaly. )

A calibration pulse was sent prior to the last thumper firing verifying that all three geophones were operational. The mortar package, was deployed 10 feet north- northwest of the central station and aimed to fire four grenades on command from earth to distances of 50 0 , 1 0 0 0 , 30 0 0 and

3-7

3.1.2 Passive Seismic Experiment

The passive seismic experiment (ref. 2) was deployed 10 feet northof the central station (fig. 3-2). No difficulty was experienced in de-ploying the experiment other than the inability to make the ribbon cablelie flat on the surface under the thermal shroud skirt. All elements

have operated as planned with the following exceptions.

a. The long-period vertical component seismometer is unstable inthe normal mode (flat-response mode). (See section 1M.h.6 for a dis-cussion of this anomaly.) The problem was eliminated by removing thefeedback filter and operating in the peaked-response mode. In this mode,the siesmometer has a resonant period of 2.2 seconds instead of the nor-mal period of 15 seconds. Without the extended flat response, the low-

frequency data is more difficult to extract. However, useful data are

being obtained over the planned spectrum by data processing techniques.

b. The gimbal motor which levels the Y-axis long-period seismometerhas not responded to commands on several occasions. In these cases, thereserve power status indicates that no power is being supplied to themotor. The power control circuit of the motor is considered to be the

most likely cause of this problem. Response to commands has been achievedin all cases by repeating the motor drive command. (See section 1h.h.5for a more detailed discussion of this problem.)

3.1.3 Active Seismic Experiment

The active seismic experiment (appendix A, section A.h.1) was de-ployed during the first extravehicular period with the first geophoneapproximately 10 feet southwest of the central station and the geophonearray extending in a southerly direction (figs. 3-2 and 3-3). The Apollolunar scientific experiment package was commanded to the high-bit-ratemode for 28 minutes during the active seismic experiment/thumper mode ofoperation. Thumping operations began at geophone 3 (the furthest fromthe central station) and proceeded for 300 feet at 15-foot intervals to-ward geophone 1.

The attempts to fire the initiators resulted in 13 fired and 5 mis-fired. Three initiators were deliberately not fired. In some instances,two attempts were made to fire an initiator. (See section 1h.h.1 forfurther discussion of this anomaly.) _

A calibration pulse was sent prior to the last thumper firing veri-

fying that all three geophones were operational. The mortar package, was

deployed 10 feet north-northwest of the central station and aimed to firefour grenades on command from earth to distances of 500, 1000, 3000 and

3-8

F igure 3-3.- Apollo lunar surface experiment package components deployed on the lunar surface.

3-9

50 0 0 feet in a northerly dire ction. Firing of the four mortars has not be e n scheduled. Postmission tests and analyses are being performe d to e stablish the appropriate time and provisions for conducting this part of the experime nt.

3. 1. 4 Suprathermal Ion Detector Experime nt

The suprathermal ion de tector expe rime nt (ref. 2) was deploye d southeast of the Apollo lunar surface experime nts package central station (fig. 3- 2). Noisy data we re rece ive d at turn- on (se ction 14 . 4 . 2) but the data we re satisfactory afte r se al break and dust cover re moval. The e xperiment is returning good scie ntific data, with low background rate s. De spite a large amount of lunar dust which adhe re d to one end of the package when it fe ll ove r several time s during de ployme nt (fig. 3-4 ), the te mpe rature s throughout the lunar day and night re mained within the range allowed for the instrume nt. ·Photographs show that the instrume nt is prope rly deployed and aligne d.

3 .1 . 5 Cold Cathode Gage Expe rime nt

The cold cathode gage (re f. 2) was de ploye d 4 fee t southeast of the suprathermal ion de te ctor, aime d slightly southwest (figs. 3- 2 and 3- 4 ). The de ployme nt was accomplished afte r se ve ral atte mpts in which the cre wman expe rience d difficulty with the stiffness of the connecting cable s while handling the suprathe rmal ion de tector e xpe rime nt, the cold cathode gage , and the ground scree n at the same time.

The e xperime nt was first turne d on shortly be fore lunar module de pre ssurization for the second e xtravehicular activity. Commands we re se nt to the instrume nt to turn on the high voltage and to ope n the cold cathode gage seal. The cold cathode gage data came off the initial fullscale indications much more rapidly than e xpe cte d, indicating that the se al may have be e n ope n earlier than commande d.

Be cause a spontane ous change in the operational mode of the cold cathode gage and the suprathermal ion de te ctor experime nt occurre d afte r about 1 /2 hour of ope ration, the high voltage s were switched off until afte r lunar sunse t. When the high voltages we re switche d back on afte r lunar sunset, the re sponse of the cold cathode gage we nt to the most sensitive range , indicative of the low ambient pre ssure. When the pressure rose at lunar sunrise as expe cted, the mode of ope ration was change d by a ground command to a less se nsitive range , and the calibrate pulses appeare d normal. The e xpe rime nt is ope rating normally.

3-9

5000 feet in a northerly direction. Firing of the four mortars has notbeen scheduled. Postmission tests and analyses are being performed toestablish the appropriate time and provisions for conducting this partof the experiment.

3.l.h Suprathermal Ion Detector Experiment

The suprathermal ion detector experiment (ref. 2) was deployedsoutheast of the Apollo lunar surface experiments package central sta-tion (fig. 3-2). Noisy data were received at turn-on (section lh.h.2)but the data were satisfactory after seal break and dust cover removal.The experiment is returning good scientific data, with low backgroundrates. Despite a large amount of lunar dust which adhered to one end ofthe package wh n it fell over several times during deployment (fig. 3-M),the temperatures throughout the lunar day and night remained within the

range allowed for the instrument. Photographs show that the instrumentis properly deployed and aligned.

3.1.5 Cold Cathode Gage Experiment

The cold cathode gage (ref. 2) was deployed M feet southeast of thcsuprathermal ion detector, aimed slightly southwest (figs. 3-2 and 3-M).The deployment was accomplished after several attempts in which the crew-man experienced difficulty with the stiffness of the connecting cableswhile handling the suprathermal ion detector experiment, the cold cathode

gage, and the ground screen at the same time.

The experiment was first turned on shortly before lunar module de-

pressurization for the second extravehicular activity. Commands weresent to the instrument to turn on the high voltage and to open the coldcathode gage seal. The cold cathode gage data came off the initial full-

scale indications much more rapidly than expected, indicating that theseal may have been open earlier than commanded.

Because a spontaneous change in the operational mode of the coldcathode gage and the suprathermal ion detector experiment occurred afterabout l/2 hour of operation, the high voltages were switched off untilafter lunar sunset. When the high voltages were switched back on afterlunar sunset, the response of the cold cathode gage went to the mostsensitive range, indicative of the low ambient pressure. Wh n the .

pressure rose at lunar sunrise as expected, the mode of operation was

changed by a ground com and to a less sensitive range, and the calibrate

pulses appeared normal. The experiment is operating normally.

3 -lO

NASA-S-71-1620

Figure 3 -4. - Suprathermal i on detector experiment and cold cathode gage experiment deployed on the lunar surface .

3.l .6 Charge d Part icle Lunar Envi ronment Experime nt

3-11

The charge d part i cle lunar e nvironme nt experime nt ( re f,. 3 ) instrument ( figs . 3-2 and 3-5 ) was fi rst commande d on at ll7 hours 58 mi nut es during the fi rst extravehicular activity for a 5-mi nute fun cti onal test and the i nstrume nt was normal. The complete instrument checkout sh owe d that prelaunch and post-dep loyment count i ng rates agreed with i n 20 percent , with the exception of ch annel 6 i n an alyzer B. . The count i ng rates on channel 6 were twi ce as high as the prelaunch values . The condi tion is at tributed t o the behavior of s cattered elect rons in the phys i cal analyzers whi ch behave �uite di fferently in the effectively zero magneti c fi eld of the moon compared with the 0 . 5-gaus s magnet i c fi eld of the earth . The h igh counting rates on channel 6 do not detriment ally

F igure 3-5 . - Charged parti cle lunar environment experiment deployed on the lunar surface.

3-12

affect the science data. All command functions cf the instrument were executed with the exception of the forced heater mode commands. Subsequent to the checkout, the experiment was commanded to standby.

After lunar module ascent, the charged particle lunar environment experiment was commanded on at 1 42 hours 7 minutes and the dust cover was removed about 15 hours and 20 minutes later. Operating temperatures are nominal. The maximum temperature during lunar day is 136 ° F and the minimum temperature during lunar night is minus 1 1 ° F. The instrument's operational heater cycled on automatically when the electronics temperature reached 32° F at lunar sunset, and was commanded on in the forced-on mode at 1 4° F, as planned.

The instrument, on one occasion, changed from the manual mode (at the plus 3 500-volt step) to the automatic mode. The instrument was subsequently commanded back into the manual mode. There is no evidence in the data which would indicate the cause of the mode change.

3 . 2 LASER RANGING RETRO-REFLECTOR

The laser ranging retro-reflector (ref. 4) was deployed during the first extravehicular activity at a distance of approximately 1 0 0 feet west of the Apollo lunar scientific experiment package central station (figs. 3-2 and 3-6 ) . Leveling and alignment were accomplished with no difficulty. The instrument was ranged on by the McDonald Observatory team prior to lunar module lift-off and a high- quality return signal was received. Ranging after lift- off, while not yet conclusive, indicates no serious degradation of the retro- reflector resulting from the effects of the ascent stage engine firing.

3. 3 LUNAR PORTAB LE MAGNETOMETER EXPERIMENT

The lunar portable magnetometer (appendix A, section A.4. 2) was deployed at site A and near the rim of Cone Crater (fig. 3- l) during the second extravehicular activity period. The instrument operated nominally in all respects. The temperature of the experiment electronics package reached equilibrium, between 120° and 150 ° F. Meter readings, relayed over the voice link, indicated total fields of 1 0 2 ±10 gammas at site A and 41 ±1 0 gammas at Cone Crater. Vector component measurements of these readings were well within the dynamic range of the instrument. Leveling, orientation, and positioning were accomplished without difficulty; however, the experiment cable was difficult to rewind. This proble m is discussed in greater detail in section 14 . 4. 3 .

3 - 1 2

a f f e c t t h e s c i e n c e d a t a . A l l c o m m a n d f u n c t i o n s c f t h e i n s t r u m e n t w e r e

e x e c u t e d w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f t h e f o r c e d h e a t e r m o d e c o m m a n d s . S u b s e -

q u e n t t o t h e c h e c k o u t , t h e e x p e r i m e n t w a s c o m m a n d e d t o s t a n d b y .

A f t e r l u n a r m o d u l e a s c e n t , t h e c h a r g e d p a r t i c l e l u n a r e n v i r o n m e n t

e x p e r i m e n t w a s c o m m a n d e d o n a t 1 h 2 h o u r s T m i n u t e s a n d t h e d u s t c o v e rw a s r e m o v e d a b o u t 1 5 h o u r s a n d 2 0 m i n u t e s l a t e r . O p e r a t i n g t e m p e r a t u r e sa r e n o m i n a l . T h e m a x i m u m t e m p e r a t u r e d u r i n g l u n a r d a y i s 1 3 6 ° F a n d t h em i n i m u m t e m p e r a t u r e d u r i n g l u n a r n i g h t i s m i n u s 1 1 ° F . T h e i n s t r u m e n t ' s

o p e r a t i o n a l h e a t e r c y c l e d o n a u t o m a t i c a l l y w h e n t h e e l e c t r o n i c s t e m p e r a -t u r e r e a c h e d 3 2 ° F a t l u n a r s u n s e t , a n d w a s c o m m a n d e d o n i n t h e f o r c e d - o nm o d e a t 1 h ° F , a s p l a n n e d .

T h e i n s t r u m e n t , o n o n e o c c a s i o n , c h a n g e d f r o m t h e m a n u a l m o d e ( a tt h e p l u s 3 5 0 0 - v o l t s t e p ) t o t h e a u t o m a t i c m o d e . T h e i n s t r u m e n t w a s s u b -s e q u e n t l y c o m m a n d e d b a c k i n t o t h e m a n u a l m o d e . T h e r e i s n o e v i d e n c e i nt h e d a t a w h i c h w o u l d i n d i c a t e t h e c a u s e o f t h e m o d e c h a n g e .

3 . 2 L A S E R R A N G I N G R E T R O - R E F L E C T O R

T h e l a s e r r a n g i n g r e t r o - r e f l e c t o r ( r e f . N ) w a s d e p l o y e d d u r i n g t h ef i r s t e x t r a v e h i c u l a r a c t i v i t y a t a d i s t a n c e o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 0 0 f e e tw e s t o f t h e A p o l l o l u n a r s c i e n t i f i c e x p e r i m e n t p a c k a g e c e n t r a l s t a t i o n

( f i g s . 3 - 2 a n d 3 - 6 ) . L e v e l i n g a n d a l i g n m e n t w e r e a c c o m p l i s h e d w i t h n od i f f i c u l t y . T h e i n s t r u m e n t w a s r a n g e d o n b y t h e M c D o n a l d O b s e r v a t o r yt e a m p r i o r t o l u n a r m o d u l e l i f t - o f f a n d a h i g h - q u a l i t y r e t u r n s i g n a l w a sr e c e i v e d . R a n g i n g a f t e r l i f t - o f f , w h i l e n o t y e t c o n c l u s i v e , i n d i c a t e sn o s e r i o u s d e g r a d a t i o n o f t h e r e t r o - r e f l e c t o r r e s u l t i n g f r o m t h e e f f e c t so f t h e a s c e n t s t a g e e n g i n e f i r i n g .

3 . 3 L U N A R P O R T A B L E M A G N E T O M E T E RE X P E R I M E N T

T h e l u n a r p o r t a b l e m a g n e t o m e t e r ( a p p e n d i xA , s e c t i o n A . h . 2 ) w a s d e -p l o y e d a t s i t e A a n d n e a r t h e r i m o f C o n e C r a t e r ( f i g . 3 - l ) d u r i n g t h es e c o n d e x t r a v e h i c u l a r a c t i v i t y p e r i o d . T h e i n s t r u m e n t o p e r a t e d n o m i n a l l yi n a l l r e s p e c t s . T h e t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t e l e c t r o n i c s p a c k a g er e a c h e d e q u i l i b r i u m , b e t w e e n 1 2 0 ° a n d 1 5 0 ° F . M e t e r r e a d i n g s , r e l a y e do v e r t h e v o i c e l i n k , i n d i c a t e d t o t a l f i e l d s o f 1 0 2 i 1 0 g a m m a s a t s i t e Aa n d M 1 i 1 0 g a m m a s a t C o n e C r a t e r . V e c t o r c o m p o n e n tm e a s u r e m e n t s o f t h e s e

r e a d i n g s w e r e w e l l w i t h i n t h e d y n a m i c r a n g e o f t h e i n s t r u m e n t . L e v e l i n g ,o r i e n t a t i o n , a n d p o s i t i o n i n g w e r e a c c o m p l i s h e dw i t h o u t d i f f i c u l t y ; h o w -

e v e r , t h e e x p e r i m e n t c a b l e w a s d i f f i c u l t t o r e w i n d . T h i s p r o b l e m i s d i s -c u s s e d i n g r e a t e r d e t a i l i n s e c t i o n l h . h . 3 .

Figure 3 - 6 . - Laser ranging retro-reflector experiment deployed on the lunar surface.

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3-14

3 . 4 SOLAR WIND COMPOSITION EXPERIMENT

The solar wind composition experiment ( ref. 4) , a specially prepared aluminum foil rolled on a staff, was deployed during the first extravehicular period for a foil exposure time of approximately 21 hours. Deployment was accomplished with no difficulty; however, during retrieval, approximately half the foil rolle d up mechanically and the remainder had to be rolled manually.

3 .5 LUNAR GEOLOGY

The landing site in the Fra Mauro highlands is characterized by north-south trending linear ridges that are typically 1 6 0 to 36 0 feet in height and 6 000 to 13 000 feet in width. The ridges and valleys are disfigured by craters ranging in size from very small up to several thousand feet in diameter.

The major objective of the geology survey was to collect, describe, and photograph materials of the Fra Mauro formation. The Fra Mauro formation is believed to be ejecta from the Imbrium B asin, which, in turn, is believed to have been created by a large impact. This material is probably best exposed in the vicinity of the landing site where it has been excavated from below the regolith by the impact that formed Cone Crater. The major part of the second extravehicular activity traverse, therefore, was designed to sample, describe, and photograph representative materials in the Cone Crater ejecta. Most of the returned rock samples consist of fragmental material . Photographs taken on the ejecta blanket of Cone Crater show various degrees of lay ering, sheeting, and foliation in the ejected boulders. A considerable variety in the nature of the returned fragmental rocks has been noted.

During the first extravehicular activity, the crew traversed a total distance of about 1 700 feet. On their way back to the lunar module after deployment of the Apollo lunar scientific experiment package, the crew collected a comprehensive sample and two "football- size" rocks. The comprehensive sample area was photographed with locator shots to the Apollo lunar scientific experiment package and to the lunar module prior to sampling, and stereo photographs were taken of the two "football-size" rocks before they were removed from the surface. The location of the Apollo. lunar scientific experiment package and the sampling and photographic sites for the first extravehicular activity are shown in figure 3-l.

3- lb

3.5 S O L A R W I N D C O M P O S I T I O N E X P E R I M N T

T h e s o l a r w i n d compos i t ion exper iment ( ref . M), a spec ia l ly p r e -pared a l u m i n u m f o i l r o l l e d o n a s ta f f , w a s dep loyed dur ing t h e f i r s t e x -t r a v e h i c u l a r per iod f o r a f o i l e x p o s u r e t i m e o f approx imate ly 2 1 h o u r s .

Deployment w a s accompl ished w i t h n o d i f f i cu l ty ; however , dur ing r e t r i e v a l

approx imate ly h a l f t h e f o i l r o l l e d u p mechanica l ly a n d t h e r e m a i n d e r h a dt o b e r o l l e d manual ly .

T h e l and ing s i t e i n

3 .5 L U N A R G E O L O G Y

t h e F r a M a u r o high lands i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d byn o r t h - s o u t h t rend ing l i n e a r r idges t h a t a r e t yp ica l ly 160 t o 360 f e e ti n height a n d 6000 t o 13 O O O f e e t i n w i d t h . T h e r idges a n d va l leys a r e

dis f igured by c r a t e r s rang ing i n s i z e f r o m v e r y s m a l l u p t o s e v e r a l t h o u -s a n d f e e t i n d i a m e t e r .

T h e major ob jec t ivea n d photograph m a t e r i a l sm a t i o n i s b e l i e v e d t o b e

i s b e l i e v e d t o h a v e b e e n

probab ly b e s t exposed i n

o f t h e geo logy s u r v e y w a s t o co l lec t , descr ibe,o f t h e F r a M a u r o f o r m a t i o n . T h e F r a M a u r o f o r -

e jec ta f r o m t h e Imb r i um Bas in , which, i n tu rn ,c r e a t e d by a l a rge impact . T h i s m a t e r i a l i st h e v ic in i ty o f t h e l and ing s i t e w h e r e i t h a s

b e e n e x c a v a t e d f r o m b e l o w t h e rego l i th by t h e impact t h a t f o r m e d C o n eC r a t e r . T h e major par t o f t h e s e c o n d e x t r a v e h i c u l a r act iv i ty t raverse ,there fore , w a s des igned t o sample , descr ibe , a n d photograph represen ta -t i v e m a t e r i a l s i n t h e C o n e C r a t e r e jec ta . M o s t o f t h e r e t u r n e d r o c k

samples c o n s i s t o f f ragmenta l m a t e r i a l . Photographs t a k e n o n t h e e jec tab l a n k e t o f C o n e C r a t e r s h o w v a r i o u s degrees o f layer ing, sheet ing , a n df o l i a t i o n i n t h e e jec ted b o u l d e r s . A c o n s i d e r a b l e var ie ty i n t h e n a t u r eo f t h e r e t u r n e d f ragmenta l r o c k s h a s b e e n n o t e d .

Dur ing t h e f i r s t e x t r a v e h i c u l a r act iv i ty , t h e c r e w t r a v e r s e d a t o t a ld i s t a n c e o f a b o u t ITOO f e e t . O n t h e i r w a y b a c k t o t h e l u n a r m o d u l e a f t e r

dep loyment o f t h e Apol lo l u n a r s c i e n t i f i c exper iment package, t h e c r e wc o l l e c t e d a comprehens ive sample a n d t w o " foo tba l l -s ize" r o c k s . T h e c o m -

prehens ive sample a r e a w a s photographed w i t h l o c a t o r s h o t s t o t h e Apol lol u n a r s c i e n t i f i c exper iment package a n d t o t h e l u n a r m o d u l e pr io r t o s a m -

t h e t w o " foo tba l l - s i ze" r o c k sT h e l o c a t i o n o f t h e Apol lo_sampl ing a n d photograph ica r e s h o w n i n f igure 3 - l .

pl ing, a n d s t e r e o photographs w e r e t a k e n o fb e f o r e they w e r e r e m o v e d f r o m t h e s u r f a c e .l u n a r s c i e n t i f i c exper iment package a n d t h es i t e s f o r t h e f i r s t e x t r a v e h i c u l a r act iv i ty

5

3-15

The traverse during the second extravehicular activity covered a total distance of about 10 000 feet. The actual line of traverse is shown in figure 3-l. The crew reached a point within about 50 feet of the rim of Cone Crater. The crew was behind the timeline when they neared the rim of the crater; therefore, several of the preplanned sample and photographic stations along the route back to the lunar module were omitted. There was difficulty in navigating to several of the preplanned station points because of the undulations in the surface which prevented sighting of the smaller landmarks that were to be used.

The crew collected approximately 96 pounds of rock fragments and soil samples. Approximately 25 samples can be accurately located using photographs and the air-to-ground transcript, and the orientation of 12 to 15 on the lunar surface prior to their removal can be established.

Driving the core tubes with a rock hammer was somewhat difficult. The double and triple cores could not be driven their full length, and the material in the single core fell out upon removal of the core tube because of the granular nature of the material. Some sample material was recovered from the double and triple core tubes.

The only geologic equipment problems reported were that the contingency sample bag cracked when folded, and the vacuum seal protector on one of the special environmental sample containers came off when the container was opened.

3. 6 LUNAR SOIL MECHANICS

Lunar surface erosion resulted from the descent engine exhaust as observed in previous lunar landings. Dust was first noted during descent at an altitude of 100 feet but did not hinder visibility during the final approach.

The lunar module footpad penetration on landing appears to have been greater than that observed on previous Apollo landings. Bootprint penetrations for the crew ranged from l/2 to 3/4 inch on level ground in the vicinity of the lunar module to 4 inches on the rims of small craters. Lunar soil adhered extensively to the crewmen's clothing and equipment as in earlier Apollo missions. Tracks from the modular equipment transporter were l/4 to 3/4 inch deep and were smooth.

The Apollo simple penetrometer ( also used as the geophone cable anchor ) was used for three penetration tests. In each case, the 26 l/2-inch-long penetrometer could be pushed to a depth of 16 to 19 inches with one hand and to the ext ens ion handle with both hands . No penetration interference attributable to rocks was encountered.

3-15

The traverse during the second extravehicular activity covered atotal distance of about 10 000 feet. The actual line of traverse is

shown in figure 3-1. The crew reached a point within about 50 feet ofthe rim of Cone Crater. The crew was behind the timeline when theyneared the rim of the crater; therefore, several of the preplanned sam-

ple and photographic stations along the route back to the lunar modulewere omitted. There was difficulty in navigating to several of the pre~planned station points because of the undulations in the surface which

prevented sighting of the smaller landmarks that were to be used.

The crew collected approximately 96 pounds of rock fragments andsoil samples. Approximately 25 samples can be accurately located usingphotographs and the air-to-ground transcript, and the orientation of 12to 15 on the lunar surface prior to their removal can be established.

Driving the core tubes with a rock hammer was somewhat difficult.The double and triple cores could not be driven their full length, andthe material in the single core fell out upon removal of the core tubebecause of the granular nature of the material. Some sample materialwas recovered from the double and triple core tubes.

The only geologic equipment problems reported were that the contin-

gency sample bag cracked when folded, and the vacuum seal protector onone of the special environmental sample containers came off when thecontainer was opened.

3.6 LUNAR SOIL M CHANICS

Lunar surface erosion resulted from the descent engine exhaust asobserved in previous lunar landings. Dust was first noted during de-scent at an altitude of 100 feet but did not hinder visibility duringthe final approach.

The lunar module footpad penetration on landing appears to havebeen greater than that observed on previous Apollo landings. Bootprintpenetrations for the crew ranged from 1/2 to 3/M inch on level groundin the vicinity of the lunar module to H inches on the rims of smallcraters. Lunar soil adhered extensively to the crewmen's clothing and

equipment as in earlier Apollo missions. Tracks from the modular equip-ment transporter were l/M to 3/M inch deep and were smooth.

The Apollo simple penetrometer (also used as the geophone cableanchor) was used for three penetration tests. In each case, the 26 1/2-inch-long penetrometer could be pushed to a depth of 16 to 19 incheswith one hand and to the extension handle with both hands. No penetra-tion interference attributable to rocks was encountered.

3- 16

A soil mechanics trench was dug in the rim of a small crater near North Triplet Crater. Excavation was easy, but was terminated at a depth of 18 inches because the trench walls were collapsing. Three distinct layers were observed and sampled: ( l ) The surface material was dark brown and fine-grained, ( 2) The middle layer was thin and composed predominantly of glas sy patches. (3) The lower layer was very light colored granular material.

3. 7 MODULAR EQUIPMENT TRANSPORTER

The modular equipment transporter ( described in appendix A, section A.2.l and shown in fig. 3- 7) was deployed at the beginning of the first extravehicular activity. Deployment was impeded by the thermal blanket which restrained the modular equipment transporter from rotating down from the bottom of the modular equipment stowage assembly. The crew released the transporter by pulling the upper pip-pins and allowing the transporter and thermal blanket to fall freely to the lunar surface. The thermal blanket was easily discarded and erection of the transporter went as planned. The tires had inflated as expected. Equipment was loaded on the transporter without difficulty. Two of the three pieces of Velcro which held the lunar maps on the transporter handles came off at the beginning of the first extravehicular activity. These pieces had been glued on a surface having a different finish than the one to which the Velcro adhered.

The modular equipment transporter stability was adequate during both traverses. Rotation in roll was felt by the crewman through the handle but was easily restrained by using a tighter grip if the rotation sensed was excessive. The jointed legs in the front of the transporter operated as expected in that they flexed when hit and would spring back to the vertical position readily. The smooth rubber tires threw no noticeable dust. No dust was noted on the wheel fenders or on top of the metal frame of the transporter.

The modular equipment transporter was carried by both crewmen at one point in the second extravehicular activity to reduce the effort required for one crewman to pull the vehicle. This was done for a short period of time because it was believed to be more effective when traveling over certain types of terrain.

3-16

A soil mechanics trench was dug in the rim of a small crater nearNorth Triplet Crater. Excavation was easy, but was terminated at a depthof l8 inches because the trench walls were collapsing. Three distinct

layers were observed and sampled: (1) The surface material was darkbrown and fine-grained, (2) The middle layer was thin and composed pre-dominantly of glassy patches. (3) The lower layer was very light coloredgranular material.

3.7 MODULAR EQUIPMENT TRANSPORTER

The modular equipment transporter (described in appendix A, sec-tion A.2.l and shown in fig. 3-T) was deployed at the beginning of thefirst extravehicular activity. Deployment was impeded by the thermalblanket which restrained the modular equipment transporter from rotatingdown from the bottom of the modular equipment stowage assembly. The crewreleased the transporter by pulling the upper pip-pins and allowing the

transporter and thermal blanket to fall freely to the lunar surface. Thethermal blanket was easily discarded and erection of the transporter wentas planned. The tires had inflated as expected. Equipment was loaded onthe transporter without difficulty. Two of the three pieces of Velcrowhich held the lunar maps on the transporter handles

ginning of the first extravehicular activity. Thesecame off at the be-

pieces had been

glued on a surface having a different finish than the one to which theVelcro adhered.

The modular equipment transporter stability wastraverses. Rotation in roll was felt by the crewmanbut was easily restrained by using a tighter grip ifwas excessive. The jointed legs in the front of the

adequate during both

through the handlethe rotation sensed

transporter operatedas expected in that they flexed when hit and would spring back to thevertical position readily. The smooth rubber tires threw no noticeabledust. No dust was noted on the wheel fenders or on top of the metalframe of the transporter.

The modular equi ment transporter was carried by both crewmenat one point in the second extravehicular activity to reduce the effort

required for one crewman to pull the vehicle. This was done for a short

period of time because it was believed to be more effective when travel-

ing over certain types of terrain.

Figure 3-7.- Modular equipment transporter in use during the second extravehicular period.

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3-18

3.8 APOLLO LANDING SITES

The Apollo 11 through 14 missions have placed a considerable amount of equipment on the lunar surface. Figure 3-8 shows the locations of all Apollo hardware that has been placed or impacted on the lunar surface.

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3.8 APOLLO LANDING SITES

The Apollo ll through lk missions have placed a considerable amountof equipment on the lunar surface. Figure 3-8 shows the locations ofall Apollo hardware that has been placed or impacted on the lunar surface

4. 0 LUNAR ORBITAL EXPERIMENTS

4-1

Four lunar orbital experiments were conducted on Apollo 14: the S-band transponder experiment, the downlink bistatic radar experiment, gegenschein/Moulton point photography from lunar orbit, and the Apollo window micrometeoroid experiment (a space exposure experiment not requiring crew participation). Detailed objectives associated with photography while in lunar orbit and during transearth flight are discussed in addition to the aforementioned experiments. The evaluations of the lunar orbital experiments given here are based on preliminary data. Final results will be published in a separate science report (appendix E) when the data have been completely analyzed.

4.1 S-BAND TRANSPONDER

The S-band transponder experiment was designed to detect variations in the lunar gravitational field caused by mass concentrations and deficiencies, and establish gravitational profiles of the spacecraft ground tracks. This will be accomplished by analysis of data obtained from S-band Doppler tracking of the command and service module and lunar module using the normal spacecraft S-band systems.

There were some difficulties during the prime data collection period (revolutions 3 through 14). Two-way telemetry lock was lost many times during revolutions 6 and 9 because of the high-gain antenna problem, making the data for those revolutions essentially useless. At other times maneuvers, orientations, and other operations interfered with the data. However, sufficient data were received to permit successful completion of the experiment objectives. Preliminary indications are that the mass concentrations in Nectaris will be better described and the distribution of gravitational forces associated with the Fra Mauro formation will be better known. The data will also permit other features to be evaluated.

4.2 BISTATIC RADAR

The objectives of the bistatic radar experiment were to obtain data on lunar surface roughness and the depth of the regolith to a limit of 30 to 60 feet. The experiment was also designed to determine the lunar surface Brewster angle, which is a function of the bulk dielectric constant of the lunar material. No spacecraft equipment other than the normal spacecraft systems was required for the experiment. The experiment data consists of records of VHF and S-band transmissions from the command

h-1

h.0 LUNAR ORBITAL EXPERIMENTS

Four lunar orbital experiments were conducted on Apollo lh: theS-band transponder experiment, the downlink bistatic radar experiment,gegenschein/Moulton point photography from lunar orbit, and the Apollowindow micrometeoroid experiment (a space exposure experiment not re-quiring crew participation). Detailed objectives associated with pho-tography while in lunar orbit and during transearth flight are discussedin addition to the aforementioned experiments. The evaluations of thelunar orbital experiments given here are based on preliminary data.Final results will be published in a separate science report (appendix E)when the data have been completely analyzed.

h.l S-BAND TRANSPONDER

The S-band transponder experiment was designed to detect variationsin the lunar gravitational field caused by mass concentrations and defi-

ciencies, and establish gravitational profiles of the spacecraft groundtracks. This will be accomplished by analysis of data obtained fromS-band Doppler tracking of the command and service module and lunar mod-ule using the normal spacecraft S-band systems.

There were some difficulties during the prime data collection period(revolutions 3 through lh}. Two-way telemetry lock was lost many timesduring revolutions 6 and 9 because of the high-gain antenna problem, mak-

ing the data for those revolutions essentially useless. At other times

maneuvers, orientations, and other operations interfered with the data.

However, sufficient data were received to permit successful completionof the experiment objectives. Preliminary indications are that the massconcentrations in Nectaris will be better described and the distribution

of gravitational forces associated with the Fra Mauro formation will bebetter known. The data will also permit other features to be evaluated.

h.2 BISTATIC RADAR

The objectives of the bistatic radar experiment we

FF ,U -5 MSC-04112 f -f - NASA...AFOLLO SPACECRAFT FLIGHT HISTORY Mission report number B:2acecra:rt...

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