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FEM 3002 KAEDAH PENYELIDIKAN

KUMPULAN 3DR NOBAYA AHMAD

JSKP BILIK A229

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Techniques for narrowing topic into a research question

• Examine the literature:• replicate previous research exactly or with slight variations:

eg kajian lalu menunjukkan bahawa pendapatan ada kesan ke atas perbelanjaan golongan berpendapatan rendah di Selangor. Adakah ia sama di Sabah?

• Explore unexpected findings discovered in previous research eg. Ada penemuan tentang perbezaan gender dalam interaksi sosial. Buat kajian baru untuk mengesahkan dapatan.

• Follow suggestions an author gives for future research eg dicadangkan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif untuk mendapatkan maklumat mendalam bagi isu yang dikaji.

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Techniques for narrowing topic into a research question

• Extend an existing explanation or theory to a new topic or setting eg. teori penyertaan diaplikasikan dari kajian masyarakat petani kepada masyarakat nelayan

• Challenge findings or attempt to refute a relationship eg mengesahkan perkaitan antara perhubungan anak lelaki dengan bapa dengan pencapaian akademik.

• Specify the intervening process and consider linking relations eg adakah latarbelakang tempat tinggal sebagai variable mengganggu mempunyai perkaitan antara pendapatan dengan cara gaya hidup

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Techniques for narrowing topic into a research question

• Talk over ideas with other people:• Ask people who are knowledgeable about the

topic for questions about it that they have thought about

• Seek out those who have opinions that differ from yours on the topic and discuss possible research questions with them

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Techniques for narrowing topic into a research question

• Apply to a specific content:• Focus the topic onto a specific society or

geographic unit• Narrow the topic to a specific society or

geographic unit• Consider which subgroups or categories of

people /units are involved and whether they are differences among them

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Techniques for narrowing topic into a research question

• Define the aim or desired outcome of the study:

• Will the research be exploratory, descriptive or explanatory?

• Will the study involve applied or basic research?

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Statement of the problem/Problem statement

• A problem statement is the description of an issue currently existing which needs to be addressed.

• It provides the context for the research study and generates the questions which the research aims to answer.

• The statement of the problem is the focal point of any research

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Statement of the problem/Problem statement

• A "Problem Statement" is a description of a difficulty or lack that needs to be solved or at least researched to see whether a solution can be found.

• It can also be described as either a gap between the real and the desired or a contradiction between principle and practice.

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Statement of the problem/Problem statement

• A persuasive problem statement consists of three parts: 1) the ideal, 2) the reality, and 3) the consequences.

• Part A- the ideal: Describes a desired goal or ideal situation; explains how things should be.

• Part B - the reality: Describes a condition that prevents the goal, state, or value in Part A from being achieved or realized at this time; explains how the current situation falls short of the goal or ideal.

• 3. Part C - the consequences: Identifies the way you propose to improve the current situation and move it closer to the goal or ideal.

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Example

• Part A. According to the XY university mission statement, the university seeks to provide students with a safe, healthy learning environment. Dormitories are one important aspect of that learning environment, since 55% of XY students live in campus dorms and most of these students spend a significant amount of time working in their dorm rooms.

• However,

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Example

• Part B. Students living in dorms A B C, and D currently do not have air conditioning units, and during the hot seasons, it is common for room temperatures to exceed 80 degrees F. Many students report that they are unable to do homework in their dorm rooms. Others report problems sleeping because of the humidity and temperature. The rooms are not only unhealthy, but they inhibit student productivity and academic achievement.

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Example• Part C. In response to this problem, our study proposes

to investigate several options for making the dorms more hospitable. We plan to carry out an all inclusive participatory investigation into options for purchasing air conditioners (university-funded; student-subsidized) and different types of air conditioning systems. We will also consider less expensive ways to mitigate some or all of the problems noted above (such as creating climate-controlled dorm lounges and equipping them with better study areas and computing space).

• What is the research about?

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Approaches in Research

• Quantitative• Qualitative• Mixed method

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Quantitative Approach

• Used to quantify the problem by way of generating numerical data or data that can be transformed into useable statistics.

• It is used to quantify attitudes, opinions, behaviors, and other defined variables – and generalize results from a larger sample population.

• Measurable data to formulate facts and uncover patterns in research.

• Quantitative data collection methods are much more structured

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Quantitative Approach

• Speak the language of variables and hypotheses• Emphasize measuring variables and testing

hypothesis that are linked to general ‘causal’ relationships.

• Quantitative data collection methods include various forms of surveys – online surveys, paper surveys, mobile surveys and kiosk surveys, face-to-face interviews, telephone interviews, longitudinal studies, website interceptors, online polls, and systematic observations.

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Qualitative research

• Primarily exploratory research. • It is used to gain an understanding of

underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations. • It provides insights into the problem or helps

to develop ideas or hypotheses for potential quantitative research

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Qualitative Approach

• used to uncover trends in thought and opinions, and dive deeper into the problem.

• Qualitative data collection methods vary using unstructured or semi-structured techniques.

• Some common methods include focus groups (group discussions), individual interviews, and participation/observations. The sample size is typically small, and respondents are selected to fulfill a given quota.

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Mixed Method

• Creswell et al 2003. • ▪ Mixed methods research is a methodology for

conducting. research that involves collecting, analyzing, and integrating (or mixing) quantitative and qualitative research (and data) in a single study or a longitudinal program of inquiry.

• Comparing different methods types-compare.pdf

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Quantitative design Issues

• Variables: A variable is any entity that can take on different values. Anything that can vary can be considered a variable. For instance, age can be considered a variable because age can take different values for different people or for the same person at different times. Similarly, country can be considered a variable because a person's country can be assigned a value.

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Variable and attibutes

• An attribute is a specific value on a variable. For instance, the variable sex or gender has two attributes: male and female. Or, the variable agreement might be defined as having five attributes:

• 1 = strongly disagree• 2 = disagree• 3 = neutral• 4 = agree• 5 = strongly agree

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Independent and dependent variable

• Independent and dependent variable.• independent variable is what you (or nature)

manipulates -- a treatment or program or cause. • dependent variable is what is affected by the

independent variable -- your effects or outcomes.

• Eg Umur (IV) mempengaruhi keupayaan bekerja (DV)

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Intervening/Cofounding variable

• Variable logically or temporally after the independent variable and before the dependent variable and through which their causal relation operates

• (Variable antara IV dan DV yang mempunyai kesan ke atas perhubungan)

• Eg pendapatan mempunyai kesan ke atas saiz keluarga mempengaruhi perbelanjaan

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Antecedent Variable (AV)

• a variable that precedes another variable or consequence in a temporal sense.

• Latarbelakang kepada variable yang dikaji (IV dan DV)

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Example IV and DVIndependent Variable Dependent Variable

Registration difficulty leads to voter turnout.

Support for legal abortion leads to political party  identification.

Church membership leads to political tolerance.

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AV, IV and DVAntecedent IV DV

Type of school attended

leads to support for legal abortion

leads to political party identification.

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Hypothesis

• A statement of causal explanation or proposition that has at least one independent and one dependent variable and has yet to be tested empirically.

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Ways to state causal relations

• Causes eg. Religious attendance causes reduced divorce• Leads to: Religious attendance leads to reduced divorce• Influences : Religious attendance influences the rate of

divorce• Is related to : Religious attendance is related to reduced

divorce• The higher the religious attendance, the lower is the

rate of divorce – inverse relationship• If people attend religious classes, then the likelihood of

divorce will be reduced

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Null hypothesis H0

• There is no relationship between two measured phenomena, or no difference among groups.

• Eg There is no relationship between attending religious classes and divorce

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Conclusion

• Three approaches: quantitative, qualitative and mixed

• Independent, dependent, intervening and antecedent variables

• Hypothesis : Null and alternative