Feeding behavior of the high Why consider behavior at the ... · 18/02/2016 · producing cow 2016...
Transcript of Feeding behavior of the high Why consider behavior at the ... · 18/02/2016 · producing cow 2016...
Feeding behavior of the high
producing cow
2016 Virginia State Feed Association &
Nutritional Management “Cow” College
February 18, 2016
Trevor DeVries
Why consider behavior at the
feed bunk?
Changes in intake must be mediated
through changes in feeding behavior
DMI (lb/d)
Feeding time (min/d)
Feeding rate (lb/min)
Meal length (min/meal)
Meal frequency (meals/d)
Meal size (lb/meal)
Nielsen . B. L. 1999. Appl. Anim. Beh. Sci. 63:79-91
More time and meals at the bunk =
greater DMI
DMI was associated with:
◦ feeding time (+0.5 lb/10 min)
◦ meal frequency (+0.5 lb/meal)
Data from Johnston and DeVries. 2015. J. Dairy Sci. E-Suppl. 2 98:450-451.
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
DM
I (lb
/d)
Feeding time (min/d)
2016 Virginia State Feed Association & Nutritional Management "Cow" College 02/18/16
DeVries | University of Guelph 1
Why consider behavior at the
feed bunk?
Feeding behavior can have a direct impact
on rumen digestion, health, efficiency, and
productivity
◦ how feed is consumed
◦ when feed is consumed
◦ what feed was actually consumed
How do cows eat?
Eating behavior impacts rumen
function…
◦ Fewer, larger meals
Larger declines in rumen pH (Allen, 1997)
Data from Dohme et al. 2008 J. Dairy Sci. 91:3554–3567
Large declines in rumen pH following
feed consumption…
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
6:00 9:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 0:00 3:00
rum
en p
H
Time (h)
How do cows eat?
Eating behavior impacts rumen
function…
◦ Fewer, larger meals
Larger declines in rumen pH (Allen, 1997)
◦ Longer feeding times, slower feeding
rate
More stable rumen environment
2016 Virginia State Feed Association & Nutritional Management "Cow" College 02/18/16
DeVries | University of Guelph 2
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
6:00 9:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 0:00 3:00
Time (h)
rum
en p
H
Data from Dohme et al. 2008 J. Dairy Sci. 91:3554–3567
Minimal declines in rumen pH following
feed consumption…
0.000.501.001.502.002.503.003.504.004.505.00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Milk
fat c
onte
nt (
%)
Meal frequency (#/d) Data from DeVries and Chevaux. 2014. J. Dairy Sci. 97:6499-6510
More meals = greater milk fat %
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120.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
4% F
at-c
orre
cted
milk
yie
ld (
lb/d
)
Meal frequency (#/d)
More meals = greater 4% FCM yield
Data from DeVries and Chevaux. 2014. J. Dairy Sci. 97:6499-6510
When do cows eat?
2016 Virginia State Feed Association & Nutritional Management "Cow" College 02/18/16
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% c
ows
eatin
g
0
10
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60
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90
100
04:00 08:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 00:00
Time (h)
Tucker et al., 2007. J. Dairy Sci. 90:1692-1703
Feeding behavior on pasture… Delivery of TMR at the same time
as milking
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40
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80
100
4:00 7:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 19:00 22:00 1:00 4:00
Time (h)
% o
f cow
s at
the
feed
bun
k
DeVries and von Keyserlingk, 2005; J. Dairy Sci. 88: 3553-3562
0
20
40
60
80
100
4:00 7:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 19:00 22:00 1:00 4:00
Time (h)
% o
f cow
s at
the
feed
bun
k
DeVries and von Keyserlingk, 2005; J. Dairy Sci. 88: 3553-3562
Delivery of TMR 6 hours after
milking What do cows actually
consume?
2016 Virginia State Feed Association & Nutritional Management "Cow" College 02/18/16
DeVries | University of Guelph 4
What effects does feed soring
have?
At a cow level…
◦ Lower milk fat % DeVries et al. 2011. J. Dairy Sci. 94:4039-4045
Fish and DeVries. 2012. J. Dairy Sci. 95:850-855
Miller-Cushon and DeVries. 2015. J. Dairy Sci. E-Suppl. 2 98:13.
Other cows…
◦May not meet nutrient requirements
◦ Poor bunk access
30
33
36
39
42
45
% N
DF
5:30 11:00 15:15 22:30 5:00 (orts) Time (h)
Adapted from DeVries et al, 2005; J. Dairy Sci. 88: 3553-3562
What effects does feed soring
have?
What effects does feed soring
have?
At a herd level…
◦ Every 2% refusal of long particles =
-2.0 lb/d 4% fat corrected milk
2% decrease in production efficiency
Sova et al. 2013. J. Dairy Sci. 96:4759-4770
•Allow cows to eat…
•A ration balanced to meet their
requirements
•Their feed as delivered, and in a
manner conducive to rumen health
and efficiency
How do we use this knowledge to
optimize cow health and productivity?
2016 Virginia State Feed Association & Nutritional Management "Cow" College 02/18/16
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How do we ensure cows eat feed as
delivered, and in a manner conducive
to rumen health and efficiency?
Ensure cows have access to the
ration formulated for them
throughout the day!
How do we accomplish this?
Ensure cows…
Have access to feed
Are also stimulated to access
their feed throughout the day
Delivery of feed once per day
DeVries et al, 2005; J. Dairy Sci. 88: 3553-3562
0
20
40
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100
04:00 07:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 19:00 22:00 01:00 04:00
Time
% o
f cow
s at
the
feed
bun
k
2016 Virginia State Feed Association & Nutritional Management "Cow" College 02/18/16
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Delivery of feed twice per day
DeVries et al, 2005; J. Dairy Sci. 88: 3553-3562
0
20
40
60
80
100
04:00 07:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 19:00 22:00 01:00 04:00
Time
% o
f cow
s at
the
feed
bun
k
Delivery of feed four times per day
DeVries et al, 2005; J. Dairy Sci. 88: 3553-3562
0
20
40
60
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100
4:00 7:00 10:00 13:00 16:00 19:00 22:00 1:00 4:00
Time
% o
f cow
s at
the
feed
bun
k
Reduced sorting with >1x per day
feed delivery!
0
33
36
39
42
45
1x feeding
2x feeding
% N
DF
5:30 11:00 15:15 22:30 5:00 (orts) Time (h)
DeVries et al, 2005; J. Dairy Sci. 88: 3553-3562
Feeding more than 1x results in
greater:
◦Milk fat % and yield (Rottman et al. 2014;
Macmillan and Oba, 2015)
◦ Efficiency of production (Mantysaari et
al., 2006)
◦ Dry matter intake (Hart et al., 2014)
What does this translate into for
the cow?
2016 Virginia State Feed Association & Nutritional Management "Cow" College 02/18/16
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Greatest DMI observed when cows
were fed 3x/d
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 0:00 3:00 6:00 9:00
DM
I (kg
)
Time (h)
1x feeding2x feeding3x feeding
3x feeding
1x, 2x & 3x feeding
2x & 3x feeding
Hart et al. 2014. J. Dairy Sci. 97:1713-1724.
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00
DM
I (kg
/h)
Time (h)
Feeding at milking
Feeding between milkings
= milking King et al. 2016. J. Dairy Sci. 99:1471–1482
Stimulate feeding activity across
the day!
Ensure feed is pushed in and
within reach!
Time (h)
% o
f cow
s at
the
feed
bun
k Milking & feeding
Milking & feeding
Push up Push up
DeVries et al, 2003; J. Dairy Sci. 86:4079-4082
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00:00 04:00 08:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 00:00
Does feed push-up stimulate cows the
same as feed delivery?
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0
20
40
60
80
100
00:00 04:00 08:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 00:00
Time (h)
% o
f cow
s at
the
feed
bun
k Milking & feeding
Milking & feeding
Push up Push up Push up
Does feed push-up stimulate cows the
same as feed delivery?
DeVries et al, 2003; J. Dairy Sci. 86:4079-4082
Push-up feed frequently…
Ensures feed is in the bunk when the
cows go there
Provides a more consistent product in the
bunk
Minimize competition at the
feed bunk! 16 inches/cow
24 inches/cow
8 inches/cow
32 inches/cow
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100
0:00 3:00 6:00 9:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00
Fresh Feed
Fresh Feed
Push Up
Push Up
Push Up
Milking
Milking
Time (h)
% o
f co
ws
feedin
g
What happens when we increase
stocking density?
Huzzey et al., 2006. J. Dairy Sci. 89:126-133
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Results from study of parlor
milked, free-stall herds in Canada
Greater bunk space (per cow):
◦ +0.06% milk fat per 4 inch increase
◦ -13% SCC per 4 inch increase
Sova et al. 2013. J. Dairy Sci. 96:4759-4770
The manner in which cows consume
their feed may be just as important as
the feed that we provide to them!
◦Maximize time at the bunk!
◦ Encourage small, frequent meals!
◦ Discourage feed sorting!
Take home messages:
Questions???
Thank you to NSERC, Dairy Farmers of Canada, Agriculture and Agri-Food
Canada, the Canadian Dairy Commission, Dairy Farmers of Ontario, Lallemand
Animal Nutrition, Westgen, the Investment Agriculture Foundation of British
Columbia, the Canadian Bovine Mastitis Research Network, the Ontario
Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs, the University of Guelph, and the
University of British Columbia Animal Welfare Program for their financial
support.
2016 Virginia State Feed Association & Nutritional Management "Cow" College 02/18/16
DeVries | University of Guelph 10