Sil d lfSpatial and temporal free-ranging cow behavior pre ... · Sil d lfSpatial and temporal...
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S il d lf i bh i d i Spatial and temporal free ranging cow behavior pre and post weaning Spatial and temporal free-ranging cow behavior pre and post-weaning Spatial and temporal free ranging cow behavior pre and post weaning D M Anderson 1 C Winters 1 M Doniec 2 C Detweiler 2 D Rus 2 and B Nolen 1 D.M. Anderson , C. Winters , M. Doniec , C. Detweiler , D. Rus , and B. Nolen 1 USDA ARS J d E i tlR L C NM d 2 MIT C t Si d A tifi i l I t lli Lb t C b id MA 1 USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range, Las Cruces, NM and 2 MIT, Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Cambridge, MA Abstract Abstract Gl b l iti i t (GPS) t h l b d t td f i bh i Global positioning system (GPS) technology can be used to study free-ranging cow behaviors. GPS i t d l d h f t i i f 3 t 15 i d GPS equipment was deployed on each of ten cows ranging in age from 3 to 15 years in order to compare and contrast mean ± standard errors for pre- and post-weaning travel (m·time -1 ) in two similar (≤ 433 ha) arid rangeland paddocks. Data were collected at a rate of one position fix per second between 12 March and 8 April 2009 for a total of 8.7 million raw GPS fixes across both paddocks. In addition, all 10 instrumented cows, 5 per paddock, were observed for across both paddocks. In addition, all 10 instrumented cows, 5 per paddock, were observed for a total of 32 h across 13 d and their behaviors were recorded on a minute by minute basis a total of 32 h across 13 d and their behaviors were recorded on a minute by minute basis during daylight The observational data were used to classify rate of travel (m·min -1 ) into during daylight. The observational data were used to classify rate of travel (m·min 1 ) into walking foraging and stationary behaviors walking, foraging and stationary behaviors. Th b d bh i l dt d ith th GPS dt N t th d dt Figure 3 Range in path speeds (m s -1 ) obtained from GPS devices worn by free The observed behavioral data were merged with the GPS data. Next the merged data were Figure 3. Range in path speeds (m·s -1 ) obtained from GPS devices worn by free ranging cows programmed to record fixes at 1 s intervals between 13 March and 7 examined to classify the GPS data by path speed (m·s -1 ). Intervals of 30 s, 60 s, 120 s and 180 Figure 2 Plot of frequency of occurrence of cow 6034’s path speed (m·s -1) April 2009 on each of five cows over 6 d during 12 h in Paddock 10B and on each f fi 7 d d i 20 h i P dd k 14A th J d E i tl s were evaluated to determine the optimum path speed sampling period to discriminate among Figure 2. Plot of frequency of occurrence of cow 6034 s path speed (m s determined by summing the displacement of 1 s global positioning system of five cows over 7 d during 20 h in Paddock 14A on the Jornada Experimental Range. To categorize the GPS data into: stationary, foraging and walking walking, foraging and stationary behavior . The path speed associated with “stationary” was due (GPS) fixes and dividing these displacements in meters by the sample length in seconds Sample binning is geometric and starts at 0 10 m·s -1 with a multiple of Figure 4. Mean ± standard error of total travel (m·d -1 ) among 5 cows on two arid Figure 5. Mean ± standard error of total travel (m·6h -1 ) among 5 cows in Paddock 10B pre- Figure 6 Mean ± standard error of total travel (m 6h -1 ) among 5 cows in Paddock 14A pre behaviors, observations were manually recorded at I min intervals during these id ti l ti A i tl 35% f th lki th 10 t k l to the inherent variability within the uncorrected GPS data used in this study . Regardless of seconds. Sample binning is geometric and starts at 0.10 ms with a multiple of 1.1. rangeland paddocks ≤ 433 ha on the Jornada Experimental Range between 13 March and 7 April 2009 and post-weaning during each of four 6 h intervals between 13 and 22 March, 2009 on the J d E i tl R Figure 6. Mean ± standard error of total travel (m·6h -1 ) among 5 cows in Paddock 14A pre- and post-weaning during each of four 6 h intervals between 27 March and 7 April, 2009 on identical times. Approximately 35% of the walking among these 10 cows took place at a speed between 0.92 m·s -1 and 1.10 m·s -1 . to the inherent variability within the uncorrected GPS data used in this study . Regardless of interval chosen three distinct peaks were observed Within the ranges evaluated longer 13 March and 7 April, 2009. Jornada Experimental Range. the Jornada Experimental Range. at a speed between 0.92 ms and 1.10 ms . interval chosen, three distinct peaks were observed. Within the ranges evaluated, longer sampling intervals (180 s) appeared to show better peak definition especially for those peaks sampling intervals (180 s) appeared to show better peak definition, especially for those peaks associated with foraging (0 10 m·s -1 ) and “stationary” (0 03 m·s -1 ) behaviors Shorter sampling associated with foraging (0.10 m·s 1 ) and stationary (0.03 m·s 1 ) behaviors. Shorter sampling periods (30 s) produced smother curves having less distinct peaks probably as a result of more periods (30 s) produced smother curves having less distinct peaks, probably as a result of more l Th f t t t hd k t 1 00 1 d dd t id h samples. The fastest movement had a peak at 1.00 m·s -1 and corresponded to periods when 1 the cows were observed to be traveling between points on the landscape. A 1.00 m·s -1 rate of travel is roughly 2.2 miles per hour, a speed used to manually gather these cows. Subsequent analyses were performed using 60 s sampling intervals as a compromise for well defined peaks and troughs, smoothness of the curve, and relatively high frequency counts at the high speed and troughs, smoothness of the curve, and relatively high frequency counts at the high speed end of the distribution end of the distribution. Overall mean cow travel increased post weaning over 5 d in Paddock 10B from 1 428 ± 92 6 Overall, mean cow travel increased post-weaning over 5 d in Paddock 10B from 1,428 ± 92.6 m d -1 to 1 955 ± 143 4 m d -1 and over 8 d post weaning in Paddock 14A from 1 166 ± 105 8 m·d -1 to 1,955 ± 143.4 m·d -1 and over 8 d post-weaning in Paddock 14A from 1,166 ± 105.8 d 1 t 1 509 ± 92 0 d 1 M t l i th t dd k d i f i b th d m·d -1 to 1,509 ± 92.0 m·d -1 . Mean travel in the two paddocks during foraging both pre- and i id i hi d b i id i l h h h dd k 10B 14A post-weaning varied within a day but not in an identical manner even though the two paddocks 10B 14A 10B 14A were similar in size and topography . Among four 6 h time intervals foraging travel decreased following weaning between 0600 h (6 am) and noon and between 1800 h (6 pm) and midnight in both paddocks while travel associated with foraging increased between noon and 1800 h (6 pm) in both paddocks. Foraging travel between midnight and 0600 h (6 am) decreased in pm) in both paddocks. Foraging travel between midnight and 0600 h (6 am) decreased in Paddock 10B following weaning (64 ± 5 6 m·6h -1 vs 42 ± 4 4 m·6h -1 ) but increased in Paddock Paddock 10B following weaning (64 ± 5.6 m 6h vs 42 ± 4.4 m 6h ) but increased in Paddock 14A (24 ± 6 6 m·6h -1 vs 60 ± 7 3 m·6h -1 ) during this same time interval following weaning Figure 10. Mean ± standard error of travel (m·6h -1 ) during foraging among five cows in Figure 9 Mean ± standard error of travel (m·6h -1 ) during foraging among five cows in 14A (24 ± 6.6 m·6h 1 vs 60 ± 7.3 m·6h 1 ) during this same time interval following weaning. Differences in foraging travel between midnight and 0600 h (6 am) in the two paddocks may Paddock 14A pre- and post-weaning during each of four 6 h intervals between 27 March d 7 A il 2009 th J d E i tl R Figure 9. Mean ± standard error of travel (m 6h ) during foraging among five cows in Paddock 10B pre- and post-weaning during each of four 6 h intervals between 13 and Differences in foraging travel between midnight and 0600 h (6 am) in the two paddocks may h lt d f l f t i l di th b f i t td bi and 7 April, 2009 on the Jornada Experimental Range. 22 March, 2009 on the Jornada Experimental Range. have resulted from several factors including: the number of non-instrumented cows being diff t i th t dd k diff t i dt 13 d t d diff t ti l different in the two paddocks, different weaning dates 13 d apart, and a different spatial distribution of cows within each paddock. Furthermore, GPS data were lost possibly due to battery failure. Only one 24 h period of data were lost from one cow in Paddock 10B (post- 0 20 weaning) compared to loss of GPS data from two and three of the five cows for 24 h pre- and 0 18 0.20 post-weaning, respectively, in Paddock 14A. Further data analysis evaluating tortuosity of 0 16 0.18 post weaning, respectively, in Paddock 14A. Further data analysis evaluating tortuosity of travel (a metric that relates path speed or the summation of distances between each of 60 0 14 0.16 ve) Stationary travel (a metric that relates path speed or the summation of distances between each of 60 positions within a minute to displacement speed the distance between only the first position and Figure 7. Spatial location of three behaviors among 5 cows pre-weaning in Paddocks 10B (13 to 17 March,2009) and 14A (27 to 30 March 2009) on the Jornada Experimental Range Figure 8. Spatial location of three behaviors among 5 cows post-weaning in Paddocks 10B (17 to 22 March,2009) and 14A (30 March to 7 April 2009) on the Jornada Experimental Range 0 12 0.14 lativ Foraging positions within a minute to displacement speed the distance between only the first position and the 60 th position within a minute) appears promising to further characterize free ranging cow to 30 March, 2009) on the Jornada Experimental Range. March to 7 April, 2009) on the Jornada Experimental Range. 0 10 0.12 (rel Walking the 60 th position within a minute) appears promising to further characterize free-ranging cow tra el 0 08 0.10 ncy travel. 0 06 0.08 que 0 04 0.06 Freq Obj ti 0 02 0.04 Objective 0 00 0.02 Objective 0.00 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 Angle above/below horizontal in degrees To determine the impact of weaning on inactive and active behaviors of mature free-ranging beef cows by monitoring cattle autonomously, using animal deployed electronics, verified with manual observations. Cow 4127 Cow 4127 Figure 13. Range in neck angles in degrees obtained from magnetometer and accelerometer hardware in electronic equipment packages worn by free ranging cows programmed to record every 0 1 s between 13 March and 7 April with manual observations. Cow 4127 March 16 2009 Cow 3039 Cow 4127 March 18 2009 Cow 3039 equipment packages worn by free ranging cows programmed to record every 0.1 s between 13 March and 7 April 2009 on each of five cows over 6 d during 12 h in Paddock 10B and on each of five cows over 7 d during 20 h in Mt il dM th d March 16, 2009 March 29, 2009 March 18, 2009 Cow 3039 March 31 2009 Paddock 14A on the Jornada Experimental Range. To categorize the GPS data into: stationary, foraging and walking behaviors observations were manually recorded at I min intervals during these identical times When walking the 10 Materials and Methods March 29, 2009 March 31, 2009 behaviors, observations were manually recorded at I min intervals during these identical times. When walking, the 10 cows kept their necks between -5 o and 0 o approximately 17% of the time. Materials and Methods Conclusions Rangeland, cattle, weather, training Conclusions The study was conducted near Las Cruces, New Mexico, on the U.S. Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service’s Jornada Experimental Range (USDA-ARS-JER) in Paddock Free-ranging cattle: Agricultural Research Service s Jornada Experimental Range (USDA ARS JER) in Paddock 10B and 14A Daily cow behavior was monitored in brush infested Chihuahuan Semidesert Free-ranging cattle : • do not utilize paddocks uniformly 10B and 14A. Daily cow behavior was monitored in brush infested Chihuahuan Semidesert Grassland paddocks between 12 March and 8 April 2009 using a single Hereford and nine 10B 14A 10B 14A • do not utilize paddocks uniformly. • travel throughout 24 h predominantly during daylight; however Grassland paddocks between 12 March and 8 April 2009 using a single Hereford, and nine crossbred Hereford x Brangus cow calf pairs No precipitation was recorded throughout the 10B 14A 10B 14A • travel throughout 24 h, predominantly during daylight; however, d il tt crossbred Hereford x Brangus cow-calf pairs. No precipitation was recorded throughout the til d bi t i t t d id d t i l f th l t f thi daily patterns vary. l f i ihi d i bili trial and ambient air temperatures and wind speeds were typical of the long-term means for this Th t (3 t 15 ld) ttl hd i l b tl d t t i • travel more after weaning, with increased variability among season. The mature (3 to 15 year old) cattle had previously been gentled to accept wearing cows. electronic equipment packages (Figure 1) by feeding cottonseed cubes to each cow individually as they were instrumented. Electronics: • either path speed as determined by 1 s GPS fix rates or vertical Electronic hardware, software either path speed as determined by 1 s GPS fix rates or vertical displacement of the head (degrees) as determined with magnetometer Electronic hardware, software Only mature cows were instrumented with electronic equipment packages (Schwager et al displacement of the head (degrees) as determined with magnetometer and accelerometer hardware allow cow behaviors to be autonomously Only mature cows were instrumented with electronic equipment packages (Schwager et al. 2008) that included global positioning system (GPS) receivers temperature compass and accelerometer hardware allow cow behaviors to be autonomously characterized into periods of foraging and non foraging 2008) that included global positioning system (GPS) receivers, temperature, compass, accelerometer and wireless radio hardware The receivers were programmed to collect 1 Hz (1 characterized into periods of foraging and non-foraging. li bl i l i ti d ti accelerometer and wireless radio hardware. The receivers were programmed to collect 1 Hz (1 ) l ti dt • reliable wireless communication and continuous power are t h ll tt b l d h l t i i ti s) cow location data. two challenges yet to be solved when electronic equipment is deployed on free-ranging cows. Data gathering, manipulation, analyses Intervals between 30 s and 180 s were evaluated to determine the optimum path speed Data presentation and analysis: sampling period to discriminate among walking, foraging and stationary behaviors. Regardless • ArcGIS 9.3 and Excel 2003 were used to produce figures that of interval chosen, three distinct peaks were observed (Figures 2 and 3). The data were ArcGIS 9.3 and Excel 2003 were used to produce figures that simultaneously depicted a cow’s location on the landscape its of interval chosen, three distinct peaks were observed (Figures 2 and 3). The data were distilled from approximately 8 7 million 1 s raw GPS fixes Mean rate of travel (m·s -1 ) for each Figure 11. The pre-weaning spatial and temporal behavior and direction of movement of two cows the day before weaning in Paddocks 10B and 14A on the Jornada Experimental Range These data were determined from 1 s global positioning system (GPS) data obtained from battery/solar powered electronic Figure 12. The post-weaning spatial and temporal behavior and direction of movement of two cows the day after weaning in Paddocks 10B and 14A on the Jornada Experimental Range These data were determined from 1 s global positioning system (GPS) data obtained from battery/solar powered electronic simultaneously depicted a cow s location on the landscape, its temporal activity and direction of movement distilled from approximately 8.7 million 1 s raw GPS fixes. Mean rate of travel (m s ) for each cow was determined by calculating consecutive differences among 60 fixes Behaviors were Jornada Experimental Range. These data were determined from 1 s global positioning system (GPS) data obtained from battery/solar powered electronic equipment worn by each animal. Stationary (< 0.057 m·s -1) , foraging (0.057 (m·s -1 ) to 0.382 (m·s -1 ) , and walking (> 0.382 (m·s -1 ) travel speeds were Jornada Experimental Range. These data were determined from 1 s global positioning system (GPS) data obtained from battery/solar powered electronic equipment worn by each animal. Stationary (< 0.057 (m·s -1 ) , foraging (0.057 (m·s -1 ) to 0.382 (m·s -1 ) , and walking (> 0.382 (m·s -1 ) travel speeds were temporal activity, and direction of movement. • other sensor hardware when time stamped to GPS data should cow was determined by calculating consecutive differences among 60 fixes. Behaviors were then categorized into travel speeds: Stationary (< 0 057 m·s -1 ) foraging (0 057 m·s -1 to 0 382 determined by observing and recording the behavior of these two cows and eight others minute by minute for approximately 32 h across 13 d. The observational data were used to characterize the displacement rate of consecutive 1 s global positioning system (GPS) fixes The three daily behaviors were determined by observing and recording the behavior of these two cows and eight others minute by minute for approximately 32 h across 13 d. The b ti l dt d t h t i th di l t t f ti 1 lbl iti i t (GPS) fi Th th d il bh i • other sensor hardware when time-stamped to GPS data should enhance nderstanding of free ranging cattle beha iors then categorized into travel speeds: Stationary (< 0.057 m·s 1 ), foraging (0.057 m·s 1 to 0.382 m s 1 ) and walking ( > 0 382 m s 1 ) These behaviors were based on observations recorded observational data were used to characterize the displacement rate of consecutive 1 s global positioning system (GPS) fixes. The three daily behaviors were further characterized as occurring during specific times related to the sun’s angle above the horizon: Morning (solar elevation -12 o to 45 o rising, ≈ 0604 h to observational data were used to characterize the displacement rate of consecutive 1 s global positioning system (GPS) fixes. The three daily behaviors were further characterized as occurring during specific times related to the sun’s angle above the horizon: Morning (solar elevation -12 o to 45 o rising, ≈ 0604 h to enhance understanding of free-ranging cattle behaviors. m·s -1 ) and walking ( > 0.382 m·s -1 ). These behaviors were based on observations recorded i t f i tl 12 h 6 d i P dd k 10B d f i tl 20 h 1042 h), midday (solar elevation 45 o rising to 40 o setting, ≈ 1043 h to 1607 h), evening (solar elevation 40 o to -12 o setting, ≈ 1608 h to 2019 h), and night (solar elevation < 12 o no sun ≈ 2020 h to 0603 h) 1042 h), midday (solar elevation 45 o rising to 40 o setting, ≈ 1043 h to 1607 h), evening (solar elevation 40 o to -12 o setting, ≈ 1608 h to 2019 h), and night ( l l ti < 12 o 2020 h t 0603 h) every minute for approximately 12 hr over 6 d in Paddock 10B and for approximately 20 hr over (solar elevation < -12 o no sun, ≈ 2020 h to 0603 h). (solar elevation < -12 o no sun, ≈ 2020 h to 0603 h). 7 d in Paddock 14A. All graphics and statistics were produced using ArcGis 9.3 and Excel 2003. Lit t Cit d Literature Cited Results and Discussion • Anderson D M 2007 Virtual fencing past present and Results and Discussion • Anderson, D. M. 2007. Virtual fencing – past, present and future The Rangeland Journal 29:65 78 future. The Rangeland Journal. 29:65-78. Cow travel increased for 5 to 8 d in the Spring of 2009 following weaning in Paddocks 10B and 14A W i lt d bh i I b th dd k th d i t i th i l ti t Sh M CD il IV il DMAd Cow travel increased for 5 to 8 d in the Spring of 2009 following weaning in Paddocks 10B and 14A, ti l (Fi 4) Th h th d il t l tt f ttl t l i il i th t dd k Weaning altered cow behavior . In both paddocks the day prior to weaning there was a single trip to d f th d i ki t b 4127 i P dd k 10B d 3039 i P dd k 14A I t t • Schwager, M., C. Detweiler, I. Vasilescu, D. M. Anderson, respectively (Figure 4). Though the daily temporal pattern of total travel was similar in the two paddocks th i ht tt diff d d h d th l t t f t l i b th dd k bt id i ht and from the drinking water by cow 4127 in Paddock 10B and 3039 in Paddock 14A. In contrast, on and D. Rus. 2008. Data-driven identification of the night pattern differed and showed the least amount of cow travel in both paddocks between midnight the day following weaning multiple trips were made by these same two cows to the drinking water group dynamics for motion prediction and control. and 0600 h (6 pm; Figures 5 and 6). Differences in the spatial location of the cows was observed when site throughout the 24 h (Figures 11 and 12). Each of the other instrumented cows not shown in Journal of Field Robotics. 25(6-7):305-324. comparing pre- with post weaning data within each paddock (Figures 7 and 8). It was possible to assign Figures 11 and 12 showed unique differences in pre-weaning and post-weaning behaviors. The movement behavior categories, i.e., stationary, foraging and walking to the cow’s location on the instrumented cattle on the day following weaning tended to travel out from the drinking water but Disclaimer landscape based on displacement of the cow over a 60 s interval as a result of observing the cows instrumented cattle on the day following weaning tended to travel out from the drinking water but returned multiple times throughout the 24 h suggesting they were searching for their calves Disclaimer landscape based on displacement of the cow over a 60 s interval as a result of observing the cows wearing instruments when involved in various behaviors (Figures 2 and 3) returned multiple times throughout the 24 h suggesting they were searching for their calves. wearing instruments when involved in various behaviors (Figures 2 and 3). When observational data are used to categorize electronically obtained temporal and spatial GPS Trade names used in this poster are solely for the purpose of providing specific The location of drinking water appeared to be a major focal point for the cows Overall patterns were When observational data are used to categorize electronically obtained temporal and spatial GPS dt (Fi 3) ll t t d l t dt (Fi 13) it ibl t Trade names used in this poster are solely for the purpose of providing specific information and do not constitute a guarantee, endorsement, or warranty of the The location of drinking water appeared to be a major focal point for the cows. Overall, patterns were i il th h ttl b d th i t i il i P dd k 10B d 14A d t data (Figure 3) as well as magnetometer and accelerometer data (Figure 13) it appears possible to ik t t ti f i d lki bh i b d t f t l ( 1 ) ll f i information and do not constitute a guarantee, endorsement, or warranty of the product by the USDA-ARS and MIT over other products not mentioned. similar even though total cow numbers and their ages were not similar in Paddocks 10B and 14A due to h b d t it Th h i t k l i t diff t bt i il dd k t pick out stationary, foraging and walking behaviors based on rate of travel (m·s -1 ) as well as foraging husbandry constraints. Though weaning took place in two different but similar paddocks one cannot and non-foraging behaviors from head/neck displacement in the vertical direction (degrees). Using consider the two paddocks to be true replicates and hence it would not be prudent to speculate on the independent electronic hardware including GPS, magnetometer and accelerometer technology it was Acknowledgements exact causes for the differences recorded. possible to obtain two independent measurements of foraging behavior using rate of travel and Acknowledgements head/neck angle. Together they appeared useful in characterizing foraging behavior of free-ranging GPS data gives not only location on the landscape but also temporal information that may help to explain head/neck angle. Together they appeared useful in characterizing foraging behavior of free ranging cows These data made it possible to characterize not only when specific behaviors were occurring Fi 1 C i t th h lt / k ddl i t k d i td “M” th t ti lbl iti i t (GPS) h d d GPS data gives not only location on the landscape but also temporal information that may help to explain when an event occurs by using the angle of the sun above the horizon to characterize the data (Figures 11 cows. These data made it possible to characterize not only when specific behaviors were occurring but where on the landscape Information with this kind of detail holds great potential for improving the Figure 1. Cow wearing a stretch-halter/neck saddle equipment package designated “M” that contains global positioning system (GPS) hardware and other electronic components (blue rectangular electronics box with solar panels facing skyward) A speaker for administering audio cues to the animal’s MIT - Computer Science & when an event occurs by using the angle of the sun above the horizon to characterize the data (Figures 11 and 12) Calves were weaned by removing them from the cows at the drinking water around noon on but where on the landscape. Information with this kind of detail holds great potential for improving the precise and accurate management of free ranging cattle in near real time other electronic components (blue rectangular electronics box with solar panels facing skyward). A speaker for administering audio cues to the animal s left ear is located in the yellow housing and the two copper cylinders that can administer electric stimulation surround the stretch-halter located behind the Science & Artificial Intelligence and 12). Calves were weaned by removing them from the cows at the drinking water around noon on March 17 in Paddock 10B and March 30 in Paddock 14A The calves were then hauled by trailer to the precise and accurate management of free-ranging cattle in near real-time. cow’s left ear. Similar hardware is located on the cow’s right side for administering cues to that side of the animal. Algorithms contained in the system’s central processing unit (CPU) determine to which side of the animal the cues are to be administered based on the animal’s angle of approach to a virtual Laboratory March 17 in Paddock 10B and March 30 in Paddock 14A. The calves were then hauled by trailer to the Jornada Experimental Range headquarters located several kilometers north of these two paddocks central processing unit (CPU) determine to which side of the animal the cues are to be administered based on the animal s angle of approach to a virtual boundary (VB TM ) when the system is activated for controlling the animal’s location on the landscape (Anderson 2007). Power is supplied from a 3.7 V 17 Jornada Experimental Range headquarters located several kilometers north of these two paddocks. Ah Lithium Polymer Battery located in a water-proof container that hangs beneath the cow’s neck on the green belt located towards the rear of the neck saddle In this deployment no cues were activated to elicit control; only GPS data were recorded to identify the animal’s location on the landscape saddle. In this deployment, no cues were activated to elicit control; only GPS data were recorded to identify the animal s location on the landscape.
Transcript of Sil d lfSpatial and temporal free-ranging cow behavior pre ... · Sil d lfSpatial and temporal...
S i l d l f i b h i d iSpatial and temporal free ranging cow behavior pre and post weaningSpatial and temporal free-ranging cow behavior pre and post-weaningSpatial and temporal free ranging cow behavior pre and post weaningD M Anderson1 C Winters1 M Doniec2 C Detweiler2 D Rus2 and B Nolen1D.M. Anderson , C. Winters , M. Doniec , C. Detweiler , D. Rus , and B. Nolen
1 USDA ARS J d E i t l R L C NM d 2 MIT C t S i d A tifi i l I t lli L b t C b id MA1 USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range, Las Cruces, NM and 2 MIT, Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Cambridge, MAp g , , , p g y, g ,
AbstractAbstractGl b l iti i t (GPS) t h l b d t t d f i b h iGlobal positioning system (GPS) technology can be used to study free-ranging cow behaviors.GPS i t d l d h f t i i f 3 t 15 i dGPS equipment was deployed on each of ten cows ranging in age from 3 to 15 years in orderto compare and contrast mean ± standard errors for pre- and post-weaning travel (m·time-1) intwo similar (≤ 433 ha) arid rangeland paddocks. Data were collected at a rate of one position( ) g p pfix per second between 12 March and 8 April 2009 for a total of 8.7 million raw GPS fixesp pacross both paddocks. In addition, all 10 instrumented cows, 5 per paddock, were observed foracross both paddocks. In addition, all 10 instrumented cows, 5 per paddock, were observed fora total of 32 h across 13 d and their behaviors were recorded on a minute by minute basisa total of 32 h across 13 d and their behaviors were recorded on a minute by minute basisduring daylight The observational data were used to classify rate of travel (m·min-1) intoduring daylight. The observational data were used to classify rate of travel (m·min 1) intowalking foraging and stationary behaviorswalking, foraging and stationary behaviors.
Th b d b h i l d t d ith th GPS d t N t th d d t Figure 3 Range in path speeds (m s-1) obtained from GPS devices worn by freeThe observed behavioral data were merged with the GPS data. Next the merged data were Figure 3. Range in path speeds (m·s-1) obtained from GPS devices worn by freeranging cows programmed to record fixes at 1 s intervals between 13 March and 7
examined to classify the GPS data by path speed (m·s-1). Intervals of 30 s, 60 s, 120 s and 180Figure 2 Plot of frequency of occurrence of cow 6034’s path speed (m·s-1)
g g p gApril 2009 on each of five cows over 6 d during 12 h in Paddock 10B and on each
f fi 7 d d i 20 h i P dd k 14A th J d E i t ls were evaluated to determine the optimum path speed sampling period to discriminate amongFigure 2. Plot of frequency of occurrence of cow 6034 s path speed (m s )
determined by summing the displacement of 1 s global positioning systemof five cows over 7 d during 20 h in Paddock 14A on the Jornada ExperimentalRange. To categorize the GPS data into: stationary, foraging and walkingp p p p g p g
walking, foraging and stationary behavior. The path speed associated with “stationary” was due (GPS) fixes and dividing these displacements in meters by the sample length inseconds Sample binning is geometric and starts at 0 10 m·s-1 with a multiple of Figure 4. Mean ± standard error of total travel (m·d-1) among 5 cows on two arid Figure 5. Mean ± standard error of total travel (m·6h-1) among 5 cows in Paddock 10B pre- Figure 6 Mean ± standard error of total travel (m 6h-1) among 5 cows in Paddock 14A pre
g g y, g g gbehaviors, observations were manually recorded at I min intervals during theseid ti l ti A i t l 35% f th lki th 10 t k l
g, g g y p p yto the inherent variability within the uncorrected GPS data used in this study. Regardless of
seconds. Sample binning is geometric and starts at 0.10 m s with a multiple of1.1. rangeland paddocks ≤ 433 ha on the Jornada Experimental Range between
13 March and 7 April 2009
g ( ) g pand post-weaning during each of four 6 h intervals between 13 and 22 March, 2009 on theJ d E i t l R
Figure 6. Mean ± standard error of total travel (m·6h-1) among 5 cows in Paddock 14A pre-and post-weaning during each of four 6 h intervals between 27 March and 7 April, 2009 on
identical times. Approximately 35% of the walking among these 10 cows took placeat a speed between 0.92 m·s-1 and 1.10 m·s-1.to the inherent variability within the uncorrected GPS data used in this study. Regardless of
interval chosen three distinct peaks were observed Within the ranges evaluated longer13 March and 7 April, 2009. Jornada Experimental Range.
p g g p ,the Jornada Experimental Range.
at a speed between 0.92 m s and 1.10 m s .
interval chosen, three distinct peaks were observed. Within the ranges evaluated, longersampling intervals (180 s) appeared to show better peak definition especially for those peakssampling intervals (180 s) appeared to show better peak definition, especially for those peaksassociated with foraging (0 10 m·s-1) and “stationary” (0 03 m·s-1) behaviors Shorter samplingassociated with foraging (0.10 m·s 1) and stationary (0.03 m·s 1) behaviors. Shorter samplingperiods (30 s) produced smother curves having less distinct peaks probably as a result of moreperiods (30 s) produced smother curves having less distinct peaks, probably as a result of more
l Th f t t t h d k t 1 00 1 d d d t i d hsamples. The fastest movement had a peak at 1.00 m·s-1 and corresponded to periods when1the cows were observed to be traveling between points on the landscape. A 1.00 m·s-1 rate of
travel is roughly 2.2 miles per hour, a speed used to manually gather these cows. Subsequentanalyses were performed using 60 s sampling intervals as a compromise for well defined peaksy p g p g p pand troughs, smoothness of the curve, and relatively high frequency counts at the high speedand troughs, smoothness of the curve, and relatively high frequency counts at the high speedend of the distributionend of the distribution.
Overall mean cow travel increased post weaning over 5 d in Paddock 10B from 1 428 ± 92 6Overall, mean cow travel increased post-weaning over 5 d in Paddock 10B from 1,428 ± 92.6m d-1 to 1 955 ± 143 4 m d-1 and over 8 d post weaning in Paddock 14A from 1 166 ± 105 8m·d-1 to 1,955 ± 143.4 m·d-1 and over 8 d post-weaning in Paddock 14A from 1,166 ± 105.8
d 1 t 1 509 ± 92 0 d 1 M t l i th t dd k d i f i b th dm·d-1 to 1,509 ± 92.0 m·d-1. Mean travel in the two paddocks during foraging both pre- andi i d i hi d b i id i l h h h dd k 10B 14Apost-weaning varied within a day but not in an identical manner even though the two paddocks 10B 14A 10B 14A
were similar in size and topography. Among four 6 h time intervals foraging travel decreasedfollowing weaning between 0600 h (6 am) and noon and between 1800 h (6 pm) and midnightg g ( ) ( p ) gin both paddocks while travel associated with foraging increased between noon and 1800 h (6p g g (pm) in both paddocks. Foraging travel between midnight and 0600 h (6 am) decreased inpm) in both paddocks. Foraging travel between midnight and 0600 h (6 am) decreased inPaddock 10B following weaning (64 ± 5 6 m·6h-1 vs 42 ± 4 4 m·6h-1) but increased in PaddockPaddock 10B following weaning (64 ± 5.6 m 6h vs 42 ± 4.4 m 6h ) but increased in Paddock14A (24 ± 6 6 m·6h-1 vs 60 ± 7 3 m·6h-1) during this same time interval following weaning Figure 10. Mean ± standard error of travel (m·6h-1) during foraging among five cows inFigure 9 Mean ± standard error of travel (m·6h-1) during foraging among five cows in14A (24 ± 6.6 m·6h 1 vs 60 ± 7.3 m·6h 1) during this same time interval following weaning.Differences in foraging travel between midnight and 0600 h (6 am) in the two paddocks may
g ( ) g g g gPaddock 14A pre- and post-weaning during each of four 6 h intervals between 27 March
d 7 A il 2009 th J d E i t l R
Figure 9. Mean ± standard error of travel (m 6h ) during foraging among five cows inPaddock 10B pre- and post-weaning during each of four 6 h intervals between 13 and
Differences in foraging travel between midnight and 0600 h (6 am) in the two paddocks mayh lt d f l f t i l di th b f i t t d b i
and 7 April, 2009 on the Jornada Experimental Range.22 March, 2009 on the Jornada Experimental Range.
have resulted from several factors including: the number of non-instrumented cows beingdiff t i th t dd k diff t i d t 13 d t d diff t ti ldifferent in the two paddocks, different weaning dates 13 d apart, and a different spatialdistribution of cows within each paddock. Furthermore, GPS data were lost possibly due tobattery failure. Only one 24 h period of data were lost from one cow in Paddock 10B (post-
0 20y y p (p
weaning) compared to loss of GPS data from two and three of the five cows for 24 h pre- and0 180.20g) p p
post-weaning, respectively, in Paddock 14A. Further data analysis evaluating tortuosity of 0 160.18
post weaning, respectively, in Paddock 14A. Further data analysis evaluating tortuosity oftravel (a metric that relates path speed or the summation of distances between each of 60 0 14
0.16
ve)
Stationarytravel (a metric that relates path speed or the summation of distances between each of 60positions within a minute to displacement speed the distance between only the first position and
Figure 7. Spatial location of three behaviors among 5 cows pre-weaning in Paddocks 10B (13 to 17 March,2009) and 14A (27to 30 March 2009) on the Jornada Experimental Range
Figure 8. Spatial location of three behaviors among 5 cows post-weaning in Paddocks 10B (17 to 22 March,2009) and 14A (30 March to 7 April 2009) on the Jornada Experimental Range 0 12
0.14
lativ
y
Foragingpositions within a minute to displacement speed the distance between only the first position andthe 60th position within a minute) appears promising to further characterize free ranging cow
to 30 March, 2009) on the Jornada Experimental Range. March to 7 April, 2009) on the Jornada Experimental Range.
0 100.12
(rel Walking
the 60th position within a minute) appears promising to further characterize free-ranging cowtra el 0 08
0.10
ncy
travel.0 060.08
que
0 040.06
Freq
Obj ti 0 020.04
Objective 0 000.02Objective 0.00
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 6060 0 0 0 0 0 60Angle above/below horizontal in degrees
To determine the impact of weaning on inactive and active behaviors of mature free-rangingg g
beef cows by monitoring cattle autonomously, using animal deployed electronics, verifiedy g y, g p y ,with manual observations. Cow 4127 Cow 4127 Figure 13. Range in neck angles in degrees obtained from magnetometer and accelerometer hardware in electronic
equipment packages worn by free ranging cows programmed to record every 0 1 s between 13 March and 7 Aprilwith manual observations. Cow 4127March 16 2009 Cow 3039
Cow 4127March 18 2009 Cow 3039
equipment packages worn by free ranging cows programmed to record every 0.1 s between 13 March and 7 April2009 on each of five cows over 6 d during 12 h in Paddock 10B and on each of five cows over 7 d during 20 h in
M t i l d M th dMarch 16, 2009
March 29, 2009March 18, 2009 Cow 3039
March 31 2009Paddock 14A on the Jornada Experimental Range. To categorize the GPS data into: stationary, foraging and walkingbehaviors observations were manually recorded at I min intervals during these identical times When walking the 10Materials and Methods March 29, 2009 March 31, 2009 behaviors, observations were manually recorded at I min intervals during these identical times. When walking, the 10cows kept their necks between -5o and 0o approximately 17% of the time.Materials and Methods
ConclusionsRangeland, cattle, weather, training Conclusionsg , , , gThe study was conducted near Las Cruces, New Mexico, on the U.S. Department of Agriculturee s udy as co duc ed ea as C uces, e e co, o e U S epa e o g cu u e– Agricultural Research Service’s Jornada Experimental Range (USDA-ARS-JER) in Paddock
Free-ranging cattle:Agricultural Research Service s Jornada Experimental Range (USDA ARS JER) in Paddock
10B and 14A Daily cow behavior was monitored in brush infested Chihuahuan Semidesert Free-ranging cattle: • do not utilize paddocks uniformly
10B and 14A. Daily cow behavior was monitored in brush infested Chihuahuan SemidesertGrassland paddocks between 12 March and 8 April 2009 using a single Hereford and nine 10B 14A 10B 14A • do not utilize paddocks uniformly.
• travel throughout 24 h predominantly during daylight; howeverGrassland paddocks between 12 March and 8 April 2009 using a single Hereford, and ninecrossbred Hereford x Brangus cow calf pairs No precipitation was recorded throughout the
10B 14A 10B 14A• travel throughout 24 h, predominantly during daylight; however,
d il ttcrossbred Hereford x Brangus cow-calf pairs. No precipitation was recorded throughout thet i l d bi t i t t d i d d t i l f th l t f thi daily patterns vary.
l f i i h i d i bilitrial and ambient air temperatures and wind speeds were typical of the long-term means for this
Th t (3 t 15 ld) ttl h d i l b tl d t t i • travel more after weaning, with increased variability among season. The mature (3 to 15 year old) cattle had previously been gentled to accept wearingcows.electronic equipment packages (Figure 1) by feeding cottonseed cubes to each cow individually
as they were instrumented.Electronics:
y
• either path speed as determined by 1 s GPS fix rates or verticalElectronic hardware, software either path speed as determined by 1 s GPS fix rates or vertical displacement of the head (degrees) as determined with magnetometer
Electronic hardware, softwareOnly mature cows were instrumented with electronic equipment packages (Schwager et al displacement of the head (degrees) as determined with magnetometer
and accelerometer hardware allow cow behaviors to be autonomouslyOnly mature cows were instrumented with electronic equipment packages (Schwager et al.2008) that included global positioning system (GPS) receivers temperature compass and accelerometer hardware allow cow behaviors to be autonomously
characterized into periods of foraging and non foraging2008) that included global positioning system (GPS) receivers, temperature, compass,accelerometer and wireless radio hardware The receivers were programmed to collect 1 Hz (1 characterized into periods of foraging and non-foraging.
li bl i l i ti d tiaccelerometer and wireless radio hardware. The receivers were programmed to collect 1 Hz (1) l ti d t • reliable wireless communication and continuous power are
t h ll t t b l d h l t i i t is) cow location data.
two challenges yet to be solved when electronic equipment is deployed on free-ranging cows.Data gathering, manipulation, analyses
Intervals between 30 s and 180 s were evaluated to determine the optimum path speedData presentation and analysis:
p p psampling period to discriminate among walking, foraging and stationary behaviors. Regardless p y
• ArcGIS 9.3 and Excel 2003 were used to produce figures thatp g p g g, g g y g
of interval chosen, three distinct peaks were observed (Figures 2 and 3). The data were ArcGIS 9.3 and Excel 2003 were used to produce figures that simultaneously depicted a cow’s location on the landscape its
of interval chosen, three distinct peaks were observed (Figures 2 and 3). The data weredistilled from approximately 8 7 million 1 s raw GPS fixes Mean rate of travel (m·s-1) for each Figure 11. The pre-weaning spatial and temporal behavior and direction of movement of two cows the day before weaning in Paddocks 10B and 14A on the
Jornada Experimental Range These data were determined from 1 s global positioning system (GPS) data obtained from battery/solar powered electronicFigure 12. The post-weaning spatial and temporal behavior and direction of movement of two cows the day after weaning in Paddocks 10B and 14A on theJornada Experimental Range These data were determined from 1 s global positioning system (GPS) data obtained from battery/solar powered electronic simultaneously depicted a cow s location on the landscape, its
temporal activity and direction of movementdistilled from approximately 8.7 million 1 s raw GPS fixes. Mean rate of travel (m s ) for eachcow was determined by calculating consecutive differences among 60 fixes Behaviors were
Jornada Experimental Range. These data were determined from 1 s global positioning system (GPS) data obtained from battery/solar powered electronicequipment worn by each animal. Stationary (< 0.057 m·s-1), foraging (0.057 (m·s-1) to 0.382 (m·s-1) , and walking (> 0.382 (m·s-1) travel speeds were
Jornada Experimental Range. These data were determined from 1 s global positioning system (GPS) data obtained from battery/solar powered electronicequipment worn by each animal. Stationary (< 0.057 (m·s-1) , foraging (0.057 (m·s-1) to 0.382 (m·s-1) , and walking (> 0.382 (m·s-1) travel speeds were temporal activity, and direction of movement.
• other sensor hardware when time stamped to GPS data shouldcow was determined by calculating consecutive differences among 60 fixes. Behaviors werethen categorized into travel speeds: Stationary (< 0 057 m·s-1) foraging (0 057 m·s-1 to 0 382
q p y y ( g g ( ( ) ( ) g ( ( ) pdetermined by observing and recording the behavior of these two cows and eight others minute by minute for approximately 32 h across 13 d. Theobservational data were used to characterize the displacement rate of consecutive 1 s global positioning system (GPS) fixes The three daily behaviors were
q p y y ( ( ) , g g ( ( ) ( ) , g ( ( ) pdetermined by observing and recording the behavior of these two cows and eight others minute by minute for approximately 32 h across 13 d. The
b ti l d t d t h t i th di l t t f ti 1 l b l iti i t (GPS) fi Th th d il b h i • other sensor hardware when time-stamped to GPS data should enhance nderstanding of free ranging cattle beha iors
then categorized into travel speeds: Stationary (< 0.057 m·s 1), foraging (0.057 m·s 1 to 0.382m s 1) and walking ( > 0 382 m s 1) These behaviors were based on observations recorded
observational data were used to characterize the displacement rate of consecutive 1 s global positioning system (GPS) fixes. The three daily behaviors werefurther characterized as occurring during specific times related to the sun’s angle above the horizon: Morning (solar elevation -12o to 45o rising, ≈ 0604 h to
observational data were used to characterize the displacement rate of consecutive 1 s global positioning system (GPS) fixes. The three daily behaviors werefurther characterized as occurring during specific times related to the sun’s angle above the horizon: Morning (solar elevation -12o to 45o rising, ≈ 0604 h to enhance understanding of free-ranging cattle behaviors.m·s-1) and walking ( > 0.382 m·s-1). These behaviors were based on observations recorded
i t f i t l 12 h 6 d i P dd k 10B d f i t l 20 h
g g p g g ( g,1042 h), midday (solar elevation 45o rising to 40o setting, ≈ 1043 h to 1607 h), evening (solar elevation 40o to -12o setting, ≈ 1608 h to 2019 h), and night(solar elevation < 12o no sun ≈ 2020 h to 0603 h)
g g p g g ( g,1042 h), midday (solar elevation 45o rising to 40o setting, ≈ 1043 h to 1607 h), evening (solar elevation 40o to -12o setting, ≈ 1608 h to 2019 h), and night( l l ti < 12o 2020 h t 0603 h)every minute for approximately 12 hr over 6 d in Paddock 10B and for approximately 20 hr over (solar elevation < -12o no sun, ≈ 2020 h to 0603 h). (solar elevation < -12o no sun, ≈ 2020 h to 0603 h).
7 d in Paddock 14A. All graphics and statistics were produced using ArcGis 9.3 and Excel2003. Lit t Cit dLiterature Cited
Results and Discussion• Anderson D M 2007 Virtual fencing past present and
Results and Discussion• Anderson, D. M. 2007. Virtual fencing – past, present and
future The Rangeland Journal 29:65 78future. The Rangeland Journal. 29:65-78.Cow travel increased for 5 to 8 d in the Spring of 2009 following weaning in Paddocks 10B and 14A W i lt d b h i I b th dd k th d i t i th i l t i t
S h M C D il I V il D M A dCow travel increased for 5 to 8 d in the Spring of 2009 following weaning in Paddocks 10B and 14A,
ti l (Fi 4) Th h th d il t l tt f t t l t l i il i th t dd kWeaning altered cow behavior. In both paddocks the day prior to weaning there was a single trip to
d f th d i ki t b 4127 i P dd k 10B d 3039 i P dd k 14A I t t • Schwager, M., C. Detweiler, I. Vasilescu, D. M. Anderson, respectively (Figure 4). Though the daily temporal pattern of total travel was similar in the two paddocksth i ht tt diff d d h d th l t t f t l i b th dd k b t id i ht
and from the drinking water by cow 4127 in Paddock 10B and 3039 in Paddock 14A. In contrast, onand D. Rus. 2008. Data-driven identification of the night pattern differed and showed the least amount of cow travel in both paddocks between midnight the day following weaning multiple trips were made by these same two cows to the drinking watergroup dynamics for motion prediction and control. and 0600 h (6 pm; Figures 5 and 6). Differences in the spatial location of the cows was observed when site throughout the 24 h (Figures 11 and 12). Each of the other instrumented cows not shown in g p y pJournal of Field Robotics. 25(6-7):305-324. comparing pre- with post weaning data within each paddock (Figures 7 and 8). It was possible to assign
g ( g )Figures 11 and 12 showed unique differences in pre-weaning and post-weaning behaviors. The ( )p g p p g p ( g ) p g
movement behavior categories, i.e., stationary, foraging and walking to the cow’s location on theg q p g p g
instrumented cattle on the day following weaning tended to travel out from the drinking water but
Disclaimerg , , y, g g g
landscape based on displacement of the cow over a 60 s interval as a result of observing the cowsinstrumented cattle on the day following weaning tended to travel out from the drinking water butreturned multiple times throughout the 24 h suggesting they were searching for their calves Disclaimerlandscape based on displacement of the cow over a 60 s interval as a result of observing the cows
wearing instruments when involved in various behaviors (Figures 2 and 3)returned multiple times throughout the 24 h suggesting they were searching for their calves.
wearing instruments when involved in various behaviors (Figures 2 and 3).When observational data are used to categorize electronically obtained temporal and spatial GPS
Trade names used in this poster are solely for the purpose of providing specificThe location of drinking water appeared to be a major focal point for the cows Overall patterns wereWhen observational data are used to categorize electronically obtained temporal and spatial GPSd t (Fi 3) ll t t d l t d t (Fi 13) it ibl t Trade names used in this poster are solely for the purpose of providing specific
information and do not constitute a guarantee, endorsement, or warranty of theThe location of drinking water appeared to be a major focal point for the cows. Overall, patterns werei il th h t t l b d th i t i il i P dd k 10B d 14A d t
data (Figure 3) as well as magnetometer and accelerometer data (Figure 13) it appears possible toi k t t ti f i d lki b h i b d t f t l ( 1) ll f i information and do not constitute a guarantee, endorsement, or warranty of the
product by the USDA-ARS and MIT over other products not mentioned.similar even though total cow numbers and their ages were not similar in Paddocks 10B and 14A due toh b d t i t Th h i t k l i t diff t b t i il dd k t
pick out stationary, foraging and walking behaviors based on rate of travel (m·s-1) as well as foraging p y phusbandry constraints. Though weaning took place in two different but similar paddocks one cannot and non-foraging behaviors from head/neck displacement in the vertical direction (degrees). Usingconsider the two paddocks to be true replicates and hence it would not be prudent to speculate on the independent electronic hardware including GPS, magnetometer and accelerometer technology it was
Acknowledgementsexact causes for the differences recorded.p g g gy
possible to obtain two independent measurements of foraging behavior using rate of travel and Acknowledgementsp p g g ghead/neck angle. Together they appeared useful in characterizing foraging behavior of free-ranging
GPS data gives not only location on the landscape but also temporal information that may help to explainhead/neck angle. Together they appeared useful in characterizing foraging behavior of free rangingcows These data made it possible to characterize not only when specific behaviors were occurringFi 1 C i t t h h lt / k ddl i t k d i t d “M” th t t i l b l iti i t (GPS) h d d GPS data gives not only location on the landscape but also temporal information that may help to explain
when an event occurs by using the angle of the sun above the horizon to characterize the data (Figures 11cows. These data made it possible to characterize not only when specific behaviors were occurringbut where on the landscape Information with this kind of detail holds great potential for improving the
Figure 1. Cow wearing a stretch-halter/neck saddle equipment package designated “M” that contains global positioning system (GPS) hardware andother electronic components (blue rectangular electronics box with solar panels facing skyward) A speaker for administering audio cues to the animal’s
MIT - Computer Science &
when an event occurs by using the angle of the sun above the horizon to characterize the data (Figures 11and 12) Calves were weaned by removing them from the cows at the drinking water around noon on
but where on the landscape. Information with this kind of detail holds great potential for improving theprecise and accurate management of free ranging cattle in near real time
other electronic components (blue rectangular electronics box with solar panels facing skyward). A speaker for administering audio cues to the animal sleft ear is located in the yellow housing and the two copper cylinders that can administer electric stimulation surround the stretch-halter located behind the
Science &Artificial Intelligence
and 12). Calves were weaned by removing them from the cows at the drinking water around noon onMarch 17 in Paddock 10B and March 30 in Paddock 14A The calves were then hauled by trailer to the
precise and accurate management of free-ranging cattle in near real-time.cow’s left ear. Similar hardware is located on the cow’s right side for administering cues to that side of the animal. Algorithms contained in the system’scentral processing unit (CPU) determine to which side of the animal the cues are to be administered based on the animal’s angle of approach to a virtual g
Laboratory March 17 in Paddock 10B and March 30 in Paddock 14A. The calves were then hauled by trailer to theJornada Experimental Range headquarters located several kilometers north of these two paddocks
central processing unit (CPU) determine to which side of the animal the cues are to be administered based on the animal s angle of approach to a virtualboundary (VBTM) when the system is activated for controlling the animal’s location on the landscape (Anderson 2007). Power is supplied from a 3.7 V 17
Jornada Experimental Range headquarters located several kilometers north of these two paddocks.Ah Lithium Polymer Battery located in a water-proof container that hangs beneath the cow’s neck on the green belt located towards the rear of the necksaddle In this deployment no cues were activated to elicit control; only GPS data were recorded to identify the animal’s location on the landscapesaddle. In this deployment, no cues were activated to elicit control; only GPS data were recorded to identify the animal s location on the landscape.
