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FDR and the Shadow of War
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London Economic Conference66 nations meet. Purpose and primary
goalRoosevelt pulls out. Why? Results:
World depression gets worse and everyone pursues their own policies.
Leads to an increase in nationalism.Reduces chances for international cooperation
on other issues
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FDR’s Foreign PolicyIncreased isolationismWithdrew from AsiaTydings-McDuffie Act – independence of the
Philippines1933 – recognized the Soviet Union
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“Good Neighbor Policy”Renounced armed intervention in Latin
America. Marines left Haiti in 1934; Cuba, under the Platt Amendment, was
released from American controlMexican government seized American oil
properties in 1938,FDR held to his unarmed intervention policy
and a settlement was worked out in 1941
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Dictators: Joseph Stalin1922: Control of Communist USSR
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Dictators: Benito Mussolini1922: Italy
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Dictators: Adolf HitlerNazi Party (Germany) – 1921Rome-Berlin Axis (1936)
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Isolationism: Dr. Seuss
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Neutrality Acts1935, 1936, 1937No American could legally sail on a
belligerent ship, sell or transport munitions to a belligerent, or make loans to a belligerent.
Provoked agression
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Japan
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Japan invades ChinaIn 1937, the Japanese militarists touched off an
explosion that led to the all-out invasion of China. President Roosevelt refused to call the "China
incident" an officially declared war. The Japanese, as a result, were able to continue
to buy war supplies in the United States.In 1937, Japanese planes sunk an American
gunboat, the Panay. Tokyo was quick to make apologies and the
United States accepted.
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Germany
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Hitler’s violation of the Treaty of Versailles
1935 - mandatory military service in Germany. I1936 - took over the demilitarized German
Rhineland.In March 1938, Hitler invaded Austria.
(Note: Austria actually voted for the occupation, fully aware that if it resisted, Germany would forcefully take over Austria.)
At a conference in Munich, Germany in September 1938, the Western European democracies, unprepared for war, gave away Sudetenland to Germany.
In March 1939, Hitler took control of Czechoslovakia.
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WWII in Europe BeginsHitler-Stalin Pact (1939)Pact of Steel (1939)
Italy and GermanyHitler invades Poland on Sept 1, 1939.
Blitzkrieg – “Lightning War”Britain and France declare war on Germany
Neutrality Act of 1939. European scould buy American war materials
as long as they would transport the munitions on their own ships.
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Other territorial gainsSoviet Union took FinlandGermany took Denmark and Norway (1940)Germany took Netherlands and Belgium
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Fall of FranceMay 10th , 1940The battle consisted of two main operations.
Fall Gelb (Case Yellow), German armored units pushed through the Ardennes to cut off and surround the Allied units that had advanced into Belgium.
Fall Rot Case Red), executed from June 5th, German forces attacked the larger territory of France across the Maginot line.
Italy declared war on France on June 10th. The French government fled to Bordeaux and Paris
was occupied on June 14th. France surrendered on June 25th.
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German occupation
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U.S. ReactionRoosevelt moved with tremendous speed to
call upon the nation to build huge air fleets and a two-ocean navy.
Congress approved spending of $37 billion. On September 6, 1940, Congress passed a
conscription law; First peacetime draft was initiatedprovision was made for training 1.2 million
troops and 800,000 reserves each year.At the Havana Conference of 1940,
responsibility of upholding the Monroe Doctrine.
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Germany v. BritainAugust 1940 - The Battle of Britain
Air battle radio broadcasts brought the drama from
London air raids directly to America homes. On September 2, 1940, President Roosevelt
agreed to transfer to 50 destroyers left over from WWI to Britain. Violated neutrality agreements
In return, Britain agreed to hand over to the United States 8 valuable defensive base sites.
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Battle of Britain
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Election of 1940Republican – Wendell Willkie
Dictatorship of FDRInefficiency of the New Deal
Democrat – FDRexperience
BothStay out of warStrengthen defenses
Voters felt FDR more prepared for war
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Lend-Lease BillPassed fearing the collapse of BritainAmerican arms could be leased to
democracies who needed them.Abandoned neutrality
Hitler – “unofficial declaration of war”Robin Moor – merchant ship destroyed by
German submarine
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Germany v. Soviet UnionJune 22, 1941, Hitler attacks the Soviet
Union. Roosevelt made military supplies available.
Atlantic Conference: August 1941. Roosevelt and Churchill8 points
no territorial changes contrary to the wishes of the inhabitants
it affirmed the right of a people to choose their own form of government
declared for disarmament and a peace of security,
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Atlantic Conference
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Repeal of Neutrality ActU.S. escorts the shipments of arms to Britain
by U.S. warships in July 1941. In September 1941, the U.S. destroyer Greer
was attacked by U-boatRoosevelt a then proclaimed a shoot-on-sight
policy. Congress voted in November 1941 to
repeal the Neutrality Act of 1939, enabling merchant ships to be legally armed and enter the combat zones with munitions for Britain.
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U.S.S Greer
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“A Day That Will Live in Infamy.”Japan had been allied with Germany.Washington imposed the first of its
embargoes on Japan-bound supplies in 1940. Asked Japan to move out of China
On "Black Sunday" December 7, 1941, Japanese bombers attacked Pearl Harbor, killing 2,348 people.
On December 11, 1941, Congress declared war.
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Kamikaze Pilots
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Declaration of War