A.P. U.S. History Notes Chapter 34: “Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War” ~ 1933 – 1941 ~
1933-1940. The New Deal-1933-1940 Franklin Delano Roosevelt Eleanor Roosevelt The Election of...
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Transcript of 1933-1940. The New Deal-1933-1940 Franklin Delano Roosevelt Eleanor Roosevelt The Election of...
The New Deal1933-1940
The New Deal-1933-1940
Franklin Delano RooseveltEleanor RooseveltThe Election of 1932—A New DealFDR builds hope for AmericansKey programs of the New DealEffects of the New DealForgotten AmericansCritics of the New DealCourt-packing planResults of the New Deal
Essential QuestionsHow did FDR build hope among Americans during
his first days in office?What were the key programs of the New Deal &
what problems were they trying to solve?How did the New Deal affect Americans?How did Eleanor & FDR help “forgotten” Americans?Who were the critics of the New Deal & what plans
did they want to put into action?Why did FDR try to “pack” the Supreme Court?
What were the results of his efforts?What were the most important results of the New
Deal?
The New Deal
The New DealPresident Franklin D. Roosevelt’s plan for
overcoming the Great DepressionGave government jobs to the unemployedIncreased government regulation of the
economyMixed results of success
Dewey Woodward, WPA worker
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Distant relative of Theodore Roosevelt
Assistant Secretary of the Navy under Wilson
Stricken with Polio in the 1920s
1929 governor of New YorkImpressive relief program
for New York depression victims
1932 Democratic candidate for president
Roosevelt with his dog Fala
1932 Presidential Campaign Roosevelt promised:
relief for the poor public works
programsGovernment-
funded building projects
Roosevelt won 57% of popular vote
Democrats gained control of both houses of Congress
FDRGreat personality
Cheerful, optimistic, & confident
Warm & charmingOvercame his
disability & used it as a strength
Fireside ChatsRadio addresses that
FDR made to Americans
Spoke plainly to people
FDR shortly after giving one of his famous fireside chats
Roosevelt’s PhilosophyReform-minded
DemocratBelieved it was the
government’s job to take direct action to help people
Had faith in the ability of government to solve economic & social problems
Eleanor RooseveltFDR’s distant cousinServed as FDR’s eyes
& earsStrong First LadyInvolved in social
issuesWomen & minorities
Wrote a newspaper column
Had many admirers & critics
Roosevelt takes officeFDR inaugurated
March 1933Lame Duck Hoover
had been unable to do much
The Depression had grown worse
FDR tried to help the confidence of Americans
“So, first of all, let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is fear itself—nameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror which paralyzes needed efforts to convert retreat into advance.
FDR, First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1933
Bank Crisis•Executive order closing all banks
▫“Bank Holiday”▫To stop panic, run on banks, & bank failures
•Emergency Banking Act, 1933▫Gave government power to examine
soundness of each bank before it could reopen▫Banks began to reopen
•Glass-Steagall Act, 1933▫Created Federal Deposit Insurance
Corporation (FDIC) Government insurance of depositors’ savings
The Hundred Days
FDR’s first 100 days in office
Critical period in which Roosevelt pushed Congress to put in place many of the key parts of his program he called the New Deal
The New Deal
•Three goals:▫Relief for those suffering the effects of the
Great Depression▫Recovery of the depressed economy▫Reforms that would help prevent serious
economic crisis in the future▫The Three Rs
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), 1933
Reform program for unemployed men 18-25 yrs. old
Paid to work on a variety of conservation projects Planting trees,
improving parksLived in army-style camps
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)• Recovery program• Gave farmers a subsidy to
grow fewer crops▫ Subsidy—government
payment
National Industrial Recovery Act, (NIRA)• Recovery program• Mandated that
businesses in the same industry cooperate with each other to set prices & levels of production
• Created the Public Works Administration (PWA)▫ $3.3 billion for public
works• Labor unions got
federal protection for the right to organize
More Reforms
•Federal Securities Act▫Forced companies to share certain financial
information with the public To help investors & restore confidence in the
market•Securities and Exchange Commission
(SEC)▫Government watchdog over the nation’s
stock markets
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)•One of the most far-reaching & ambitious
New Deal programs•Built dams & other projects along the
Tennessee River & its tributaries▫Controlled floods, aided navigation &
shipping along the river, & provided hydroelectric power
Tennessee Valley Authority
Only water source on farm
Flood damage
Tennessee Valley Authority
Civil Works Administration (CWA)• Provided winter
employment to 4 million workers
• Built miles of highways & sewer lines, hundreds of airports, & more
Rebuilding a sewer
Road Construction
Indian Reorganization Act
•“Indian New Deal”•Reversed previous policies by recognizing
the tribe as the key unit of social organization
•Limited the sale of Indian lands •Provided assistance to native groups in
developing their resources, economy, & culture
•Granted some limited rights of self-rule
New Deal Critics
•Reformers & radicals didn’t believe that the New Deal had gone far enough▫They wanted a complete overhaul of
capitalism
•Conservatives attacked the New Deal as a radical break with traditional American ideals
Senator Huey P. Long, Louisiana•Believed FDR’s policies were too friendly
to businesses & banks•Share Our Wealth Society
▫“Every Man a King”▫To give every family $5000 to buy a home & $2500/year income▫Financed by heavy taxes on the wealthy▫Millions of followers
Father Charles Coughlin
• Catholic priest• One-time FDR supporter who turned
against him• “radio priest”
▫One-third of the nation listened• Critical of nation’s bankers & financial
leaders▫Believed FDR wasn’t doing enough
against them• Radio addresses became increasingly
anti-Semitic ▫Catholic Church shut him down
Dr. Francis Townsend
•Criticized the New Deal for not doing enough for older Americans
•Proposed a pension plan for Americans over the age of 60▫$200 per month
•Attracted millions of followersTownsend supporters rally in
Columbus, Kansas in May 1936.
•Spoke for Conservatives who believed the New Deal went too far
•Included members from both parties•Included wealthy business leaders who
felt New Deal was anti-business
Opposition from the Supreme Court
•Critics believed New Deal gave president too much power
•Several cases reached the Supreme Court
Supreme Court decisions
•Schechter Poultry v. United States▫Supreme Court found NRA’s industry codes
for production, prices, & wages unconstitutional
•United States v. Butler▫Found a key part of the AAA
unconstitutional The tax used to raise the money for farmer
subsidies•Put major programs of the New Deal in
shambles
The New Deal
The Second New Deal
1934 Congressional Elections
First time in history the party in control of Congress gained seats in both houses
Democrats now held three-quarters of all seats
Liberals were demanding that FDR do more
Second New DealSpring 1935Congress passed laws extending
government oversight of the banking industry & raising taxes for the wealthy
It funded new relief programs
Works Progress Administration, 1935Largest peace-time jobs
program in US history◦Employed 8.5 million
Built roads, subways, airports, etc.
Worked in offices, schools, museums, factories
Funded artists, writers, composers, actors
People worked instead of getting a handout
1935
Social Security Act, 1935FDR hoped Social Security would undermine the attacks of Dr. Francis Townsend
A pension, or guaranteed, regular payments, for many people 65 & older
Unemployment insurance
Congress passed new taxes to fund the program
Wagner ActNational Labor Relations Act
Stronger than the NIRA
Outlawed some anti-labor practices
Established National Labor Relations Board ◦NLRB could conduct polls in workplaces about unions & could force employers to accept voting results
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
•Founded in 1886▫Samuel Gompers
•Created as a federation of smaller unions representing the interests of skilled workers
•Looked down upon unskilled factory workers
Committee for Industrial Organization
•Broke away from the AFL in 1935
•Led by John L. Lewis—head of the United Mine Workers
•Devoted to the interests of industrial workers
John L. Lewis
Young striker off sentry duty sleeping on assembly line of auto seats
• December 1936 United Auto Workers began a sit-down strike at General Motors in Flint, Michigan
• Workers stayed in the factory day & night
• Created a complicated situation for GM
• After 6 weeks GM agreed to recognize the union
• Helped establish the CIO as a major force ▫ US Steel strike in 1937
Rural Electrification Act
•Rural Electrification Administration (REA) loaned money to farm cooperatives to bring electricity to rural areas
•Number of rural homes with electricity grew from 10% to 90% within 10 years
Election of 1936• Republicans attacked New
Deal for being overly bureaucratic & creating a planned economy
• Republican candidate Alf Landon
• Union party formed by Father Charles Coughlin & Dr. Francis Townsend
• FDR won 48 states• Democrats gained seats in
both houses
Court-Packing Plan• FDR frustrated with
attacks on the New Deal by Supreme Court
• Presented Congress with plan to increase members of the Supreme Court
• Most saw it as an attempt to “pack” the Court with friendly justices
Farm Tenancy Act 1937Aided tenant farmers & sharecroppers Gave them a chance to buy land of their own
Sharecropper’s wife and children
Recovery in doubt• 1937 economy had a
setback• FDR had hoped to cut
back government programs he feared the growing deficit▫ Deficit—when
government spends more money than it takes in
• John Maynard Keynes▫ British economist▫ Argued that deficit
spending could provide jobs & stimulate the economy
• Summer of 1938 the economy was improving
WOMEN IN THE NEW DEAL
Eleanor Roosevelt Played major role in
husband’s administration
Actively pursued issues of importance to women
Helped leaders of women’s groups gain access to her husband
WOMEN IN THE NEW DEAL
Frances Perkins FDR’s Secretary of
Labor First woman to head
an executive department
Played a major role in the development of New Deal policies
WOMEN IN THE NEW DEAL
Ruth Bryan Owen Minister to Denmark William Jennings
Bryan’s daughter FDR appointed a lot
of women to important positions
Women still faced discrimination
Ruth Bryan Owen, Minister to Denmark, America's first woman envoy, taking the oath of office.
AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE NEW DEAL
William Haste First black federal
judge Black Cabinet
Blacks hired to fill posts in the government
Led by Mary McLeod Bethune
Director of Negro Affairs in the National Youth Administration
The cabin in Mayesville, South Carolina where Mary McLeod was born.
Mary McLeod Bethune enters the White House
AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE NEW DEAL Black Cabinet
Acted as unofficial advisers to the president
Blacks still faced discrimination in the New Deal
FDR feared southern Democrats would block New Deal if he helped blacks too much
Majority of Black Americans voted Democratic in 1934 First time since Civil
War
Dorothea Lange
Photographer Chronicler of the
Great Depression Worked for Farm
Security Administration
Took photos of jobless people, tenant farmers, rural poor
Photos raised awareness of the poor One of Lange’s most
famous photos. A destitute mother of seven children.
Let Us Now Praise Famous Men By writer James
Agee & photographer Walker Evans
Depicted the lives of sharecroppers in rural Alabama
Movies
Nearly 80 million of the US’s 127 million attended movies in 1935
Movie studios produced some 5000 films during the 1930s
Movies
Musicals Fred Astaire Ginger Rogers
Comedies The Marx Brothers Charlie Chaplin
Director Frank Capra Mr. Smith Goes to
Washington
Movies
New Techniques Walt Disney’s Snow
White and the Seven Dwarfs First full-length
animated feature The Wizard of Oz
Color photography & special effects
Gone With the Wind Color
Radio Very important role FDR—fireside chats, Father Coughlin Religion, news, music, sports, variety
The Lone Ranger Fibber McGee and Molly
The War of the Worlds Orson Welles People believed the world was under attack
Swing
New, highly orchestrated type of jazz swept the country in the 1930s
Played by big bands Duke Ellington Count Basie Benny Goodman
Sports
Baseball Joe Dimaggio Lou Gehrig
ALS –”Lou Gehrig’s Disease”
Babe Didrikson Zaharias Multisport star
Softball, golf, basketball, & track
Boxing Joe Louis
Babe Ruth hugs Gehrig at Yankee Stadium on July 4, 1939, “Lou Gehrig Appreciation Day”. He died two years later.
Marian Anderson
Black singer who went to Europe
International star DAR refused to let
her play at Constitution Hall
Eleanor Roosevelt arranged for her to play at Lincoln Memorial
Impact of the New Deal
• Relief– Millions of people received
some sort of help
• Recovery– Less successful– Unemployment remained
high
• Reform– More successful
• FDIC• SEC• Thousands of roads, buildings,
bridges, etc.
• Changed the role of government– Bigger– People now looked to it
for help
Boys goofing off in a CCC camp
Limits of the New Deal• Relief jobs were not
permanent• Some 4.7 million people
went unserved• Pay scales were low• Assistance varied state
by state• Permitted
discriminationEvans family flees South Dakota
End of the New Deal
• Lost support• Reasons– Court-packing plan– Economic downturn of
1937-1938
• Attacks from Republicans & southern Democrats
Fair Labor Standards Act• Last major New Deal
law, 1938• Established minimum
wage– Lowest wage an
employer can legally pay a worker
• Set maximum number of work week hours at 44
• Workers had to be paid 1½ overtime
1938 Elections
• FDR attempted to get congressmen against him voted out of office
• It backfired and each of the incumbents he targeted won reelection
• Incumbent—someone who is presently in office
After the New Deal
• After the 1938 elections FDR lacked support for his New Deal
• Attention turned to Europe which was headed toward war
• Within a year, war would do what the New Deal could not do—end the Great Depression