FCAT Review

Life Science

What does “Being Alive” mean?

n  Made of cells n  Respond to stimuli n  Respire (use energy) n  Adapt n  Reproduce n  Excrete wastes n  Secrete n  Have a life span

Life Needs:

n  Energy (solar or chemical)

n  Water n  Tolerable Temperatures n  Light n  Agreeable Atmosphere

Structure of the Cell

Single Cell vs. Multicellular

Cell Organization

n  Atom n  Molecule n  Organelle n  Cell n  Tissue n  Organ n  System n  Organism

Major Systems

Excretory Respiratory Digestive

Reproductive Male Female

Major Systems

Circulatory

Nervous

Muscular

Skeletal

Chemistry of the Cell

n  Cells are made of atoms and molecules Ø  Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Iron, Sodium, Potassium, etc.

Organic Inorganic

n  Organic compounds contain carbon Ø  Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, nucleic acids, etc.

n  Inorganic compounds are also necessary for life Ø  Water, salt, vitamins, etc.

Cell Transport…note error on class notes Passive Transport Active Transport

Exocytosis Endocytosis

Cellular Respiration

organisms use oxygen to break down glucose and release water and carbon dioxide as waste

C6H12O6 + 6O2 à Energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O

Photosynthesis

plants use solar energy to make glucose from water and carbon dioxide and release oxygen as waste Energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O à C6H12O6 + 6O2

Mitosis

n  Cell division for body cells - diploid

Meiosis

n  Cell division to produce sex cells - haploid

DNA

Nitrogen bases n  Adenine n  Thymine n  Guanine n  Cytosine

Sexual vs. Asexual Reproduction

Heredity – passing of traits from parents of offspring

Alleles – different forms a gene has for a trait Ø  A – dominant allele for a trait (upper case) Ø  a – recessive allele for a trait (lower case)

n  Heterozygous – different alleles n  Homozygous – identical alleles

Punnett Squares

n  Tools for predicting genetic crosses

n  Genotype – genetic makeup Ø  What alleles are present

n  Phenotype – physical makeup Ø  What is shown

Fill in the Punnett Square T t

t

t

How many offspring plants will be tall?

How many offspring plants will be short?

What percentage of offspring will be tall plants?

T – tall plants t – short plants

Fill in the Punnett Square T t

t Tt tt

t Tt tt

How many offspring plants will be tall?

How many offspring plants will be short?

What percentage of offspring will be tall plants?

T – tall plants t – short plants

Evolution – changes in kinds of animals and plants over time n  Evidence

Ø  Fossil record Ø  Continental drift

n  Why do kangaroos live in Australia?

From Eohippus to Equus

Survival of the Fittest

n  Ability to reproduce successfully

Charles Darwin

The fittest?

Ecology n  Biotic Factors

Ø  Living things

n  Abiotic Factors

Ø  Non-living things

Food Chain vs. Food Web

Energy Pyramid

Adaptation for Survival

n  Changes in n  structure n  behavior

Cycles of Nature

Carbon Nitrogen

Phosphorus Water

Environmental Issues n  Decrease in resources

leads to decrease in natural populations

n  Human activities Ø  Pollution Ø  Global warming Ø  Destruction of habitat

Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources

n  Renewable n  Wind n  Solar n  Water n  Trees n  Biomass

n  Non-renewable n  Coal n  Oil n  Gas

Scientific Classification

Scientific Classification

Dichotomous Key

Plant Kindom

Plant Reproduction Spores vs. Seeds

Fern

Angiosperm

Gymnosperm

Virus

n  Viruses are not alive until they invade a cell